102:(c. 1300–1377), which dates to before 1365 is generally not considered to be a true cyclic mass, but is the earliest surviving complete mass setting by a single composer, although the existence of at least four earlier such pieces is known.) Some mass cycles from the period 1420–1435, especially from northern Italy, show that composers were working in the direction of a unified mass, but were solving the problem in a different way: often a separate tenor would be used for each movement of a mass that was otherwise unified stylistically.
225:, also known as the imitation mass (for the use of the word "parody" implies no satire, but is based on a misreading of a 16th-century source), uses many voices from a polyphonic source to unify the different movements of a cyclic mass. Parody technique was the most commonly used of all the methods in the 16th century: Palestrina alone wrote 51 parody masses. Either sacred or secular source material could be used in constructing a parody mass, and some of the songs were secular indeed: a late example was
123:, "one of the most revered compositions of the 15th century", which was to be the most influential on continental practice; this work appears in seven separate continental sources of the 15th century, more than any other mass prior to the 1480s. Among other features, it was the first widely influential work to use a freely-written bass line underneath the tenor cantus firmus. As a result of the spread of the
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By the beginning of the 16th century, the cantus firmus technique was no longer the preferred method for composition of masses, except in some areas distant from Rome and the Low
Countries (Spanish composers, in particular, used the method into the 16th century). Some other methods of organizing
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During the late 15th century, cantus firmus technique was by far the most frequent method used to unify cyclic masses. The cantus firmus, which at first was drawn from
Gregorian chant, but later from other sources such as secular chansons, was usually set in longer notes in the tenor voice (the
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Prior to complete settings of the Mass
Ordinary by a single composer, which had become the norm by around the middle of the 15th century, composers often set pairs of movements. Gloria-Credo pairs, as well as Sanctus-Agnus Dei pairs, are found in many manuscripts of the early 15th century, by
134:, also known as a "motto". In this case, a recognizable theme or thematic fragment began each of the important sections of the mass. Many "motto" masses were also unified by some other means, but such a procedure was not necessary. An early example of a "motto" mass is the
180:, with the interval of imitation expanding from the unison to the octave during the course of the mass (Leeman Perkins called this "the most extraordinary contrapuntal achievement of the 15th century", and compared it in scope and execution with the
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J. Peter
Burkholder: "Borrowing"; Hans Schoop/J. Michael Allsen: "Arnold de Lantins"; Lewis Lockwood, "Mass"; Andrew Kirkman, "Caput"; Leeman Perkins, "Johannes Ockeghem". Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed November 12, 2006),
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The period of composition of cyclic masses was from about 1430 until around 1600, although some composers, especially in conservative musical centers, wrote them after that date. Types of cyclic masses include the
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technique, a source tune, which could be either sacred or secular, is elaborated, usually by ornamentation but occasionally by compression. Usually in paraphrase masses the tune appears in any voice.
142:. Many of Dufay's masses use the head-motif technique, even when they employ another, such as cantus-firmus. The motto technique was common on the continent, but rare with English composers.
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by Arnold de
Lantins, probably from around 1430, in which each movement is linked by use of a head motif. Additionally, the movements contain subtle references to his own motet
127:, composers commonly added this lower voice to their polyphonic textures after about mid-century; this allowed a harmonic and cadential flexibility which was previously lacking.
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The true cyclic mass most likely originated in
England, and the first composers known to have organized a mass by using the same cantus firmus in each movement were
92:. While it is possible that some of these composers wrote an entire setting of the mass, no complete cyclic setting by a single composer has survived. (The
43:, thus making it a unified whole. The cyclic mass was the first multi-movement form in western music to be subject to a single organizing principle.
154:. In some cases the cantus firmus appeared also in voices other than then tenor, with increasing freedom as the century reached its close. Secular
39:, in which each of the movements – Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei – shared a common musical theme, commonly a
438:
Masses and Motet". Journal of the
American Musicological Society, Vol. 59 No. 3., pp. 537-630. Fall 2006. ISSN 0003-0139
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was a particularly experimental composer, writing probably the first example of a mass organized entirely by canon: the
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and his generation (the last third of the 15th century), and composers began writing their own; for example
Ockeghem's
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next-to-lowest). The other voices could be used in many ways, ranging from freely composed
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The earliest consistently-used method for organizing the movements of the mass was use of a
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380:(Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986.
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410:, ed. Don Randel. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1986.
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to strict canon, but the texture was predominantly polyphonic but non-
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also used the method extensively, second only to parody technique.
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became the favored source for cantus firmi by the time of
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395:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
198:cyclic masses include paraphrase and parody.
233:(1581), based on an obscene popular song by
366:. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
166:is based on his own chanson of that name.
378:Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
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190:). Another of Ockeghem's masses, the
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332:Haar, "Orlande de Lassus", Grove
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51:(or "head-motif" mass),
231:Missa entre vous filles
136:Missa verbum incarnatum
422:The Josquin Companion.
140:O pulcherrima mulierum
113:. However it was the
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269:Gomez, "Mass," Grove.
164:Missa au travail suis
420:Robert Scherr, ed.,
296:Robertson, p. 537-8.
100:Guillaume de Machaut
95:Messe de Nostre Dame
192:Missa cuiusvis toni
183:Goldberg Variations
353:2008-05-16 at the
252:Cantus firmus mass
212:Missa Pange lingua
80:composers such as
53:cantus-firmus mass
26:musical setting of
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216:Palestrina
203:paraphrase
132:head motif
57:tenor mass
188:J.S. Bach
152:imitative
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351:Archived
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