3112:
3086:
210:
201:
354:) for some constituents, such as genitive-noun constructions. However, in certain contexts, there is flexibility in the word order, allowing verbs to be shifted to the initial part of a sentence or arguments to follow verbs.
3172:
295:
Throughout the 1890s, there was debate over whether the Cupeño people should be allowed to continue living on traditional Cupeño territory. After many years of public protests, the
362:
Nouns, as well as demonstratives, determiners, quantifiers, and adjectives, in Cupeño are marked for case and number and agree with each other in complex nominal constructions.
3153:
434:
Future simple verbs remain unmarked. Past simple verbs include past-tense pronouns, while past imperfect verbs add the imperfect modifier as shown below.
3202:
2213:
1530:
1498:
1334:
3192:
220:
3146:
1129:
3197:
351:
3139:
2206:
2167:
2125:
712:
3119:
1523:
1094:
1074:
496:
The pronominals in Cupeño manifest in various forms and structures. The following are only attached to past-tense verbs.
288:
means 'people from the sleeping place', referring to their traditional homeland, prior to 1902, of Ktipa (at the base of
242:
2240:
1103:
976:
3182:
3090:
2199:
918:
913:
720:
232:
2998:
2087:
1770:
1547:
1516:
756:
625:
619:
95:
307:
1628:
740:
347:
1488:
1021:
969:
748:
651:
645:
323:
187:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1156:
764:
734:
728:
706:
700:
688:
684:
3059:
2954:
2000:
1849:
1005:
590:
584:
296:
2798:
2494:
2481:
2154:
2074:
2041:
1820:
1815:
1579:
1065:
989:
904:
897:
673:
667:
289:
282:(d. 1987) was the last native speaker of Cupeño. The Cupeño people now speak English. The native name
2734:
1975:
1866:
983:
770:
768:
754:
746:
738:
718:
710:
3187:
2872:
2803:
1571:
939:
605:
599:
2222:
1028:
925:
327:
300:
71:
2834:
1756:
3067:
2610:
2570:
2514:
2500:
2005:
1494:
1039:
371:
3127:
2345:
1354:
2759:
2673:
2667:
2655:
2507:
2488:
2161:
2082:
2064:
1841:
1539:
1053:
861:
854:
267:
90:
2366:
2359:
2661:
2641:
2276:
870:
2331:
2049:
8:
3111:
3049:
2648:
2321:
1854:
954:
2792:
2352:
2338:
2015:
1794:
1731:
2986:
2933:
2785:
2741:
2634:
2596:
2582:
2561:
2457:
2395:
1995:
1926:
1799:
1686:
877:
788:
379:
279:
3177:
179:
3003:
2850:
2821:
2808:
2779:
2767:
2727:
2717:
2680:
2535:
2474:
2468:
2402:
2059:
1984:
1957:
1903:
1826:
1779:
1719:
1693:
1640:
1612:
1607:
1595:
1374:
1086:
1014:
821:
813:
798:
793:
638:
632:
375:
110:
238:
3044:
3034:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2981:
2949:
2943:
2927:
2891:
2860:
2814:
2703:
2603:
2520:
2416:
2378:
2309:
2295:
2054:
2031:
2010:
1939:
1876:
1671:
1663:
1461:
828:
808:
383:
306:
Cupeño shows linguistic influence from both the languages that preceded it and the
61:
342:
language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several
271:
3039:
2991:
2866:
2828:
2748:
2697:
2628:
2576:
2530:
2448:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2409:
2388:
2284:
2249:
2104:
2099:
2092:
1990:
1945:
1885:
1711:
1700:
1654:
1600:
1556:
1119:
848:
803:
105:
100:
82:
1503:
1401:. UC Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 136. University of California Press.
192:
3123:
2938:
2907:
2879:
2692:
2686:
2623:
2589:
2525:
2463:
2302:
2265:
2258:
2182:
2109:
1911:
1892:
1860:
1437:
1193:
891:
322:
The language was originally spoken in Cupa, Wilaqalpa, and
Paluqla, located in
264:
136:
3166:
2901:
2616:
2548:
2541:
2289:
1934:
1916:
1751:
1160:
996:
960:
932:
840:
566:
387:
339:
44:
2839:
1396:
946:
143:
2191:
1677:
292:). A smaller village was located to the south of Ktipa, named Wildkalpa.
163:
1633:
561:
1508:
578:
571:
275:
200:
40:
696:
692:
659:
613:
172:
156:
209:
54:
343:
311:
250:
1966:
394:
246:
217:
397:, typically appearing near the beginning of the sentence:
249:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1423:. Vol. 8. California: Smithsonian Institution.
1377:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
3164:
1504:OLAC resources in and about the Cupeño language
1499:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1335:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
731:may reduce to a schwa in unstressed syllables.
1381:
3147:
2207:
1524:
299:decided to relocate the Cupeño people to the
283:
27:
2221:
1206:
1204:
1202:
3203:Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs
3154:
3140:
2214:
2200:
1531:
1517:
1418:
393:Evidentiality in Cupeño is expressed with
208:
199:
66:1987, with the death of Roscinda Nolasquez
16:Extinct Uto-Aztecan language of California
1538:
3173:Articles containing Cupeño-language text
1375:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1199:
221:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
243:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
216:Cupeño is classified as Extinct by the
3165:
1965:
1355:"Language Revitalization – Pala Tribe"
1234:English words and Cupeño counterparts
429:
418:There are two inflected moods, realis
2195:
2168:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
2126:Nahuatl language in the United States
1512:
785:
3120:Indigenous languages of the Americas
3106:
1432:
1430:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1394:
1438:"Did you know Cupeño is awakening?"
350:, with a mostly strict word order (
326:, California, and later around the
314:, who share their southern border.
13:
3193:Extinct languages of North America
1421:Handbook of North American Indians
1175:is realized as before unstressed
346:strung together. It is dominantly
14:
3214:
1482:
1427:
1405:
1221:appear only in Spanish loanwords.
1128:
1102:
1093:
1073:
1064:
1038:
1027:
1020:
1004:
995:
988:
982:
975:
968:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
912:
903:
896:
876:
869:
860:
853:
672:
666:
650:
644:
637:
631:
624:
618:
604:
598:
589:
583:
3110:
3085:
3084:
1454:
1419:Sturtevant, William C. (1978).
3198:Languages extinct in the 1980s
1632:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
1367:
1347:
1186:
1166:
1150:
370:Cupeño inflects its verbs for
1:
1340:
778:
333:
270:language, once spoken by the
3126:. You can help Knowledge by
3118:This article related to the
1395:Hill, Jane H. (2005-10-18).
546:
7:
1491:, Four Directions Institute
1328:
753:after labials and , and as
717:in closed syllables and as
691:primarily occur in Spanish
491:
10:
3219:
3105:
2234:indicate extinct languages
2088:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
1228:
407:'and it is said that...')
29:Kupangaxwicham Pe'me̲melki
3080:
3058:
3027:
2974:
2967:
2917:
2889:
2848:
2758:
2715:
2560:
2447:
2376:
2319:
2275:
2248:
2239:
2229:
2176:
2146:
2118:
2073:
2040:
2024:
1974:
1956:
1925:
1902:
1875:
1840:
1808:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1744:
1710:
1662:
1653:
1621:
1588:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1118:
1085:
1052:
953:
911:
890:
847:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
551:
317:
229:
207:
198:
186:
170:
154:
149:
133:
79:
70:
60:
50:
35:
26:
21:
1466:www.native-languages.org
745:when long and stressed,
725:in some open syllables.
703:in native Cupeño words.
365:
357:
297:California Supreme Court
3183:Agglutinative languages
2223:Languages of California
2001:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
328:Pala Indian Reservation
284:
28:
3068:American Sign Language
2006:Central Puebla Nahuatl
386:, person, number, and
231:This article contains
2674:Southern Sierra Miwok
2668:Northern Sierra Miwok
2083:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
2065:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
1540:Uto-Aztecan languages
1192:and appear to be in
2662:Central Sierra Miwok
1442:Endangered Languages
767:is also realized as
290:Warner's Hot Springs
96:Northern Uto-Aztecan
2999:Californian Spanish
1575:(including Bannock)
1489:The Cupeño language
1398:A Grammar of Cupeño
1235:
1159:is realized as in
709:can be realized as
430:Tense-Aspect system
2987:California English
2918:Language isolates
2611:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
2597:Kings River Yokuts
2583:Buena Vista Yokuts
1996:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
1850:Downriver Guarijio
1233:
695:but also serve as
280:Roscinda Nolasquez
3135:
3134:
3100:
3099:
3076:
3075:
2963:
2962:
2495:Southeastern Pomo
2482:Northeastern Pomo
2189:
2188:
2183:extinct languages
2155:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2050:Michoacán Nahuatl
1985:Classical Nahuatl
1836:
1835:
1821:Southern Tepehuan
1816:Northern Tepehuan
1765:
1764:
1740:
1739:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1604:
1576:
1326:
1325:
1146:
1145:
1017:
963:
843:
836:
831:
824:
682:
681:
544:
543:
489:
488:
278:, United States.
257:
256:
239:rendering support
235:phonetic symbols.
3210:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3114:
3107:
3088:
3087:
2982:American English
2972:
2971:
2955:Plains Sign Talk
2920:and unclassified
2735:New River Shasta
2246:
2245:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2055:Coatepec Nahuatl
2032:Huasteca Nahuatl
2016:Ometepec Náhuatl
2011:Guerrero Nahuatl
1972:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1867:Upriver Guarijio
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1660:
1659:
1631:
1598:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1132:
1106:
1097:
1077:
1068:
1042:
1031:
1024:
1013:
1008:
999:
992:
986:
979:
972:
959:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
916:
907:
900:
880:
873:
864:
857:
839:
834:
827:
820:
783:
782:
775:before uvulars.
774:
766:
760:
752:
744:
737:also appears as
736:
730:
724:
716:
708:
702:
690:
686:
676:
670:
654:
648:
641:
635:
628:
622:
608:
602:
593:
587:
556:
555:
499:
498:
437:
436:
324:San Diego County
301:Pala Reservation
287:
223:
212:
203:
182:
166:
159:
139:
85:
31:
19:
18:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3188:Takic languages
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3072:
3054:
3023:
2992:Chicano English
2959:
2953:
2919:
2913:
2885:
2873:Southern Patwin
2844:
2804:Northern Paiute
2793:Luiseño-Juaneño
2754:
2711:
2556:
2443:
2372:
2315:
2271:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2190:
2185:
2172:
2130:
2114:
2105:Tabasco Nahuatl
2100:Isthmus Nahuatl
2093:Orizaba Nahuatl
2069:
2036:
2020:
1991:Morelos Nahuatl
1952:
1921:
1898:
1871:
1832:
1804:
1761:
1736:
1732:Luiseño-Juaneño
1706:
1645:
1617:
1584:
1572:Northern Paiute
1542:
1537:
1495:Cupeño language
1485:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1331:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1155:
1151:
781:
554:
549:
494:
432:
403:'reportative' (
368:
360:
336:
320:
261:Cupeño language
237:Without proper
225:
224:
215:
178:
162:
155:
140:
135:
129:
86:
83:Language family
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3115:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2968:Non-Indigenous
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2590:Gashowu Yokuts
2586:
2574:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
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2270:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1629:Colorado River
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1483:External links
1481:
1478:
1477:
1462:"Cupeno Words"
1453:
1426:
1404:
1380:
1366:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1198:
1194:free variation
1185:
1165:
1161:syllable codas
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
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285:Kupangaxwicham
255:
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241:, you may see
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196:
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150:Language codes
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137:Writing system
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3093:
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3079:
3069:
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3065:
3063:
3061:
3060:Sign language
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
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3026:
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2988:
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2975:Indo-European
2973:
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2618:
2617:Valley Yokuts
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2571:Klamath-Modoc
2568:
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2515:Southern Pomo
2512:
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2501:Northern Pomo
2498:
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450:
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427:
425:
422:and irrealis
421:
416:
415:'dubitative'
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
391:
389:
388:evidentiality
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:agglutinative
338:Cupeño is an
331:
329:
325:
315:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
293:
291:
286:
281:
277:
273:
272:Cupeño people
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206:
202:
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118:
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73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
45:United States
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3128:expanding it
3117:
3102:
3089:
2948:
2942:
2932:
2926:
2906:
2900:
2890:
2878:
2871:
2859:
2849:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2791:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2716:
2702:
2685:
2666:
2656:Plains Miwok
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2569:
2547:
2540:
2513:
2508:Central Pomo
2506:
2499:
2489:Eastern Pomo
2487:
2480:
2473:
2456:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2377:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2320:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2264:
2257:
2231:
2178:
2162:Proto-Nahuan
2160:
2153:
1983:
1944:
1891:
1884:
1859:
1825:
1725:
1724:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1456:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1420:
1397:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1349:
1282:numaqananax
1188:
1168:
1152:
763:
733:
727:
705:
683:
495:
433:
423:
419:
417:
412:
411:'mirative'
408:
404:
400:
399:
392:
372:transitivity
369:
361:
337:
321:
305:
294:
274:of southern
260:
258:
230:
171:
116:
2835:Tübatulabal
2760:Uto Aztecan
2642:Coast Miwok
1842:Tarahumaran
1757:Tübatulabal
1599:(including
1054:Approximant
534:3rd person
523:2nd person
512:1st person
268:Uto-Aztecan
245:instead of
91:Uto-Aztecan
3167:Categories
3050:Vietnamese
2649:Lake Miwok
2346:Purisimeño
2277:Athabaskan
2241:Indigenous
1855:Tarahumara
1471:2022-07-11
1447:2022-07-11
1360:2024-05-19
1341:References
779:Consonants
697:allophones
451:Customary
348:head-final
334:Morphology
310:-speaking
276:California
41:California
2934:Chimariko
2786:Kitanemuk
2742:Okwanuchu
2635:Bay Miwok
2604:Palewyami
2458:Chimariko
2403:Ramaytush
2396:Chochenyo
2367:Ventureño
2360:Barbareño
2322:Chumashan
2181:indicate
1800:Pima Bajo
1687:Kitanemuk
1250:suplawut
961:voiceless
955:Fricative
761:before .
693:loanwords
547:Phonology
456:Singular
445:Imperfect
344:morphemes
173:Glottolog
157:ISO 639-3
51:Ethnicity
39:Southern
3091:Category
3004:Armenian
2822:Tataviam
2809:Panamint
2780:Kawaiisu
2768:Cahuilla
2728:Konomihu
2562:Penutian
2536:Kumeyaay
2475:Atsugewi
2469:Achomawi
2332:Obispeño
2060:Pochutec
2025:Huasteca
1927:Corachol
1827:Tepecano
1809:Tepehuan
1771:Southern
1720:Cahuilla
1694:Tataviam
1641:Kawaiisu
1622:Southern
1613:Timbisha
1608:Comanche
1596:Shoshoni
1548:Northern
1329:See also
1298:muwikut
1290:naxanis
1239:English
789:Bilabial
504:Singular
492:Pronouns
448:Fut. Imp
405:mu=kuʼut
251:Help:IPA
180:cupe1243
111:Cahuilla
3045:Tagalog
3035:Chinese
3019:Russian
3014:Punjabi
3009:Persian
2950:Takelma
2944:Salinan
2928:Esselen
2861:Nomlaki
2851:Wintuan
2815:Serrano
2718:Shastan
2704:Nisenan
2681:Maiduan
2521:Kashaya
2417:Awaswas
2353:Ineseño
2339:Cruzeño
2310:Wailaki
2296:Mattole
2232:Italics
2179:Italics
2147:History
2075:Eastern
2042:Western
1976:Central
1967:Nahuatl
1958:Aztecan
1940:Huichol
1795:Oʼodham
1780:Tepiman
1678:Vanyume
1672:Serrano
1601:Gosiute
1589:Central
1565:Western
1306:tamyut
1242:Cupeño
1229:Lexicon
1087:Lateral
892:Plosive
841:labial.
822:laminal
814:Glottal
799:Palatal
794:Coronal
567:Central
507:Plural
473:Plural
442:Present
395:clitics
265:extinct
247:Unicode
113:–Cupeño
72:Revival
62:Extinct
3178:Cupeño
3040:Korean
2892:Yukian
2867:Patwin
2829:Tongva
2774:Cupeño
2749:Shasta
2698:Konkow
2577:Yokuts
2531:Mojave
2438:Chalon
2431:Rumsen
2424:Mutsun
2410:Tamyen
2389:Karkin
2379:Ohlone
2285:Tolowa
1946:Cazcan
1904:Cahita
1886:Eudeve
1877:Opatan
1726:Cupeño
1701:Tongva
1664:Serran
1319:water
1314:munil
1295:woman
1274:wichu
1263:three
1217:, and
1015:voiced
829:apical
809:Uvular
552:Vowels
518:chem-
485:-wene
401:=kuʼut
380:aspect
318:Region
263:is an
218:UNESCO
193:Cupeño
117:Cupeño
55:Cupeño
36:Region
22:Cupeño
3122:is a
3028:Asian
2939:Karuk
2908:Wappo
2880:Wintu
2693:Maidu
2687:Chico
2629:Miwok
2624:Wintu
2526:Washo
2464:Karuk
2449:Hokan
2303:Cahto
2266:Yurok
2259:Wiyot
2250:Algic
2119:Other
2110:Pipil
1912:Yaqui
1893:Opata
1861:Tubar
1788:Pimic
1745:Other
1712:Cupan
1655:Takic
1557:Numic
1311:moon
1279:five
1271:four
1120:Trill
849:Nasal
835:plain
804:Velar
773:]
769:[
759:]
755:[
751:]
747:[
743:]
739:[
723:]
719:[
715:]
711:[
562:Front
540:pem-
482:-wene
465:-nash
413:=$ he
376:tense
366:Verbs
358:Nouns
308:Yuman
144:Latin
106:Cupan
101:Takic
3124:stub
2902:Yuki
2799:Mono
2549:Yahi
2542:Yana
2290:Hupa
1935:Cora
1917:Mayo
1752:Hopi
1580:Mono
1322:pal
1303:sun
1287:man
1258:wiʼ
1255:two
1247:one
1173:/kʷ/
1157:/tʃ/
687:and
579:High
572:Back
529:em-
479:-wen
468:-ne
462:-qal
424:=eʼp
384:mood
312:Ipai
259:The
2840:Ute
1634:Ute
1266:pa
1219:/ɾ/
1215:/ð/
1211:/v/
1181:/e/
1179:or
1177:/a/
914:(t)
765:/a/
735:/ə/
729:/u/
707:/i/
701:/ə/
699:of
689:/o/
685:/ɛ/
660:Low
614:Mid
537:pe-
515:ne-
476:-we
459:-qa
420:=pe
409:=am
352:SOV
233:IPA
188:ELP
164:cup
3169::
2947:,
2941:,
2937:,
2931:,
2905:,
1497:,
1464:.
1440:.
1429:^
1407:^
1383:^
1213:,
1201:^
997:xʷ
987:~
977:s̺
933:kʷ
741:ɨː
674:aː
671:,
652:oː
649:,
639:əː
636:,
626:ɛː
623:,
606:uː
603:,
591:iː
588:,
526:e-
426:.
390:.
382:,
378:,
374:,
330:.
303:.
43:,
3155:e
3148:t
3141:v
3130:.
2215:e
2208:t
2201:v
1949:?
1636:)
1603:)
1532:e
1525:t
1518:v
1474:.
1450:.
1363:.
1196:.
1183:.
1163:.
1130:ɾ
1104:ʎ
1095:l
1075:w
1066:j
1040:ɣ
1029:ð
1022:v
1006:h
990:χ
984:x
970:s
947:ʔ
940:q
926:k
919:ʃ
905:t
898:p
878:ŋ
871:ɲ
862:n
855:m
771:ɑ
757:ɛ
749:o
721:e
713:ɪ
668:a
646:o
633:ə
620:ɛ
600:u
585:i
253:.
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