1567:
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1400:
695:
1264:
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1536:
33:
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in 1909, with the blessing of Sultan Abdülhamid II, the Union Club provided the first reliable stadium in which thousands of
Istanbul spectators could gather to watch sports. Contrary to the strict homosocial exclusivity of many clubs, the Union Club allowed women to spectate athletic competitions. With this rise in spectatorship, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe in particular, became recognized as the city's preeminent clubs. While heavily connected to football, the Union Club hosted a plethora events organized by a variety of Istanbul athletic clubs, including races, gymnastics, and more. For example, in 1911, the Union Club was the site of the first Armenian Olympics.
1272:
characters such as
Curcunabazlar, Çengiler (women dancers), and Köçekler (young men dancers imitating women dancers). Other characters represented various stereotypes from different Ottoman millets, including Arabs, Armenians, Albanians, Kurds, Laz people, and Jews. The performance area was known as the "Meydan" (Square), and there was another space called the "Yeni Dünya" (New World) where men and women audience members observed the play. The men's section was referred to as "mevki" (position), while the women's section was called the "kafes" (cage). İsmail Dümbüllü, who passed away in 1973, was the last notable figure associated with Orta Oyunu.
1379:
299:
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1289:
482:
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1329:
the coming years, Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club, the
Galatasaray Sports Club, and the Fenerbahçe Sports Club — Istanbul's "big three" — were founded. Exercise, as well as football and gymnastics were commonplace among the primarily affluent members of these clubs. In contrast to the fairly exclusive "big three", Vefa Sports Club, established after the progressive Young Turk revolution in 1908, served as an amateur sports and football club of the people.
1004:
1616:
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1319:
after his visits to Europe, ordered the translation of gymnastics books which will be used as school books in the
Ottoman Empire. In 1869 Rüştiyeler (Junior High Schools), in 1870 Mekteb-i Tıbbiye (Ottoman Medical School), in 1887 İdadiler (High Schools) were now having gymnastics and fencing classes
713:
was particularly significant in the
Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the
679:
We can establish approximatively the reign of Mehmed II (1451–81) as a moment of `birth´ of the production of the
Ottoman miniatures with the first pieces having been found coming from this era. During that era many manuscripts show a desire in the court to establish a painting studio in the recently
1148:
shadow play is unknown. However, the shadow play itself was invented in China and then transferred into
Turkish tradition with the contribution of Mongols. The other theory is that the tradition of shadow play was introduced to Ottoman Empire from Egypt. And it is known that Egypt got this tradition
1386:
The cuisine of
Ottoman Turkey can be divided between that of the Ottoman court itself, which was a highly sophisticated and elaborate fusion of many of the culinary traditions found in the Empire, its predecessors (notably the Byzantine Empire), and the regional cuisines of the peasantry and of the
1359:
Growth in sports related readership coincided with a growing sports spectating culture in
Istanbul. 1905 saw the creation of the Constantinople Association Football League, which organized soccer matches among athletic clubs, while also providing entertainment for thousands of spectators. Completed
1284:
was particularly important in terms of the development of sports and gymnastics in the
Ottoman Empire. As other fields like education, the influence of France is the most visible one. It is known that in Mekteb-i Harbiye (Staff Officer Academy), activities of gymnastics were added on the curriculum
1348:
The development of athletic clubs enabled the rise of team sports in Istanbul — principally football — serving as contrasts to the more traditional Ottoman sports of oil wrestling and archery. For instance, upon its opening in 1905, Galatasaray functioned exclusively as a football club. This shift
1344:
The turn of the twentieth century saw clubs spring up throughout Istanbul to appeal to many niches of young men, whether Muslim, Christian, or Jewish. Almost all athletic clubs were ethnically and religiously homogeneous, however they all shared a focus on physicality. Furthermore, the function of
1328:
The Jewish Gymnastics Club of Constantinople, founded in 1895, was the first of Istanbul's sports clubs, soon followed by Kurtuluş Sports Club founded in 1896 by Ottoman Greeks. The opening of these athletic clubs symbolized a general growth in sports and sports culture in Istanbul at the time. In
775:
they produced. Jewelry had particular importance as it was commonly given at weddings, as a gift that could be used as a form of savings. Silver was the most common material used, with gold reserved for more high-status pieces; designs often displayed complex filigree work and incorporated Persian
1226:
The Orta Oyunu is an open stage theatric play that consists of two main characters "Kavuklu" and "Pişekar". The play is based on discourse, two main characters of Orta Oyunu tell jokes from one to another to create an environment of humour, similar to Karagöz and Hacivat. However, Medyan's way of
546:
1271:
The play took place in an open area where people gathered around the field. Orta Oyunu is unique as it lacks a specific plot, emphasizing improvisation. Music, particularly folk songs and poems, plays a significant role in the performance. Alongside Kavuklu and Pişekar, there are supporting
1246:
plays that are based on performing imitation and personification were common. However, with the combination of raks (dance), musiki (music), muhavere (discourse), and histrionics the play of Orta Oyunu took its final shape. Other influential plays such as
1363:
In the past century, many of these clubs have only continued to gain popularity. Now under the Republic of Turkey, the Süper Lig represents the region's most popular football league, and Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe are the league's most popular teams.
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The forming elements of Orta Oyunu are the music, different forms of dances and wizardries of the different regions within the Ottoman Empire. Alongside these, cultural way of mocking, mimicking and discourses also have a part to play in Orta Oyunu.
1391:, for example, was a staple of high-status cookery (Imperial cooks were hired according to the skill they displayed in cooking it) but would have been regarded as a luxury item through most of Anatolia, where bread was the staple grain food.
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community. Today, living in Istanbul's Roma neighbourhoods like Sulukule, Kuştepe, Cennet and Kasımpaşa, they still dominate the traditional belly dancing and musical entertainment shows throughout the city's traditional taverns.
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toward team competition represented a general modernization of sports in Istanbul, a modernization that can also be seen, for example, in the Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club as traditional Turkish wrestling embraced new mat technology.
1547:
1308:
were the pioneers of the Ottoman Empire in gymnastics. Galatasaray High School was the school of Faik Üstünidman who will later be known as "Şeyhü’l-İdman" because of his leadership in educating gymnastics students.
383:
and the Ottoman Empire but with an Islamic intervention. The name aşık was adopted starting from the 14th and 15th centuries, it was an equivalent of the name ozan. Aşıks were the poets with an instrument called
3075:
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In Introduction part, Hacivat enters the stage with the sound of Nareke – a tool that sounds like a buzzing of a bee, and starts reading poems which is an invitation for Karagöz to come to the stage.
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annexed capital of the empire Istanbul. This project seems to have succeeded in the 1480s, while we have clear proof of its existence and of the opening of new studios in other cities around 1825.
1908:
Georg Jacob, geschicte des schattenthearts, Hannover, 1925, quoted in Oğuz Dağ, "Hacivat ve Karagöz Piyeslerinde Komik ve Uyumsuz Dilsel Öğeler," Master's Thesis, (Atatürk Üniversitesi, 2006.)
1140:. Today, scholars generally consider the technique of a single puppeteer creating voices for a dialogue, narrating a story, and possibly even singing, all while manipulating puppets, to be an
1251:, Kukla (puppet play), dans (dance), meddah (encomiastics) and prestidigitation were also significant in the shaping of Medyan, it is because those plays were also based on personification.
339:, until then largely oral, began to appear in Turkish poetry, and there was increasing influence from the literature of Europe; there was a corresponding decline in classical court poetry.
2160:
Krawietz, Birgit. The Sportification and Heritagisation of Traditional Turkish Oil Wrestling. The International Journal of the History of Sport, volume 29, issue 15. October 2012. Pg 2149.
279:
As the Ottoman Empire expanded it assimilated the culture of numerous regions under its rule and beyond, being particularly influenced by Turkic, Greco-Roman, Arabic, and Persian culture.
1175:
was a reflection of Ottoman society. The cosmopolite structure of the Empire – especially of Istanbul, was shown to the audience. Here is the list of some characters of the shadow play:
1103:
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BULGU, Nefise, and ÇELİK, Veli Onur. "Geç Osmanlı döneminde batılılaşma ekseninde beden eğitimi ve spor". Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü dergisi, no. 24 (2010): 141.
2051:
BULGU, Nefise, and ÇELİK, Veli Onur. "Geç Osmanlı döneminde batılılaşma ekseninde beden eğitimi ve spor". Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü dergisi, no. 24 (2010): 140.
1345:
these institutions expanded beyond sports, as they taught young men proper hygiene, dress, and posture, in addition to serving as environments for male discourse and socializing.
718:
cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and
197:
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would use props such as an umbrella, a handkerchief, or different headwear, to signal a change of character, and was skilled at manipulating his voice and imitating different
926:
Dancing was an important element of Ottoman culture, which incorporated the folkloric dancing traditions of many different countries and lands on three continents; from the
1399:
218:
absorbed, adapted and modified the various native cultures of conquered lands and their peoples. There was influence from the customs and languages of nearby
3082:
2438:
2214:
Ali Sami, "Galatasaray Kulübünün Tarihçesi", İdman (May 28, 1913), p. 9; Mehmet Nasuhi, "Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü Tarihçesi", İdman (June 28, 1913), pp. 46-47.
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not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to
1073:
410:, and was much less highly developed than Ottoman poetry, in part because much of it followed the rules of the originally Arabic tradition of rhymed prose (
2093:
3012:
190:
694:
3092:
1356:, written in Ottoman Turkish and initially released in 1910, served as Istanbul's first sports magazine, principally following club football matches.
2882:
1313:
was also one of the pioneers of sports of the Ottoman Empire, he was the first person who put forward the ideal of competing in the olympic games.
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1535:
1263:
183:
3124:
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1987:
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or "Türkmen" carpets. "Yörük" and "Türkmen" represented more stylized designs, whereas naturalistic designs were prevalent in "Palace".
3017:
2475:
1725:
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and in the retinues of high-ranking officials. These bands were the ancestors of the modern Ottoman military bands, as well as of the
3315:
2812:
2485:
3280:
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652:
The Ottoman tradition of painting miniatures, to illustrate manuscripts or used in dedicated albums, was heavily influenced by the
1234:
The first mention of the name Orta Oyunu is in 1834 in the wedding ceremony inscription of Saliha Sultan in those lines of poetry:
1136:
The Turkish shadow theatre, also known as Karagöz ("Black-Eyed") after one of its main characters, is descended from the Oriental
796:), but the designs of Constantinople nevertheless spread throughout Ottoman territory and were reflected even in the metalwork of
2621:
2460:
1091:
s were known to integrate musical instruments into their stories: this was a main difference between them and the East Anatolian
1588:
Tile with floral and Cloud-band design, c.1578, Iznik Tile, Ottoman Empire, in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3438:
3364:
3156:
3144:
3061:
2743:
2616:
2480:
3275:
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1765:
1970:
Dağ, Oğuz. "HACİVAT İLE KARAGÖZ PİYESLERİNDE KOMİK VE UYUMSUZ DİLSEL ÖĞELER", Mater's Thesis, (Atatürk Üniversitesi, 2006.)
2753:
2728:
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603:(1520–66). The highly decorative script was distinguished by its complexity of line and by the close juxtaposition of the
2539:
2360:
2301:
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developed in the 16th and early 17th centuries. It was invented by Housam Roumi, reaching its greatest development under
263:
846:
Apart from the music traditions of its constituent peoples, the Ottoman Empire evolved a distinct style of court music,
3409:
3369:
3343:
3297:
3038:
2785:
2433:
803:
Most jewelers and goldsmiths were Christian Armenians and Jews, but the interest of the Ottomans in the related art of
1931:
2667:
2584:
2574:
2418:
1896:
1875:
1836:
1677:
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s were generally traveling artists whose route took them from one large city to another, such along the towns of the
1732:
Aytas, Giyasettin. "Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem’in Divan Edebiyati, Halk Edebiyati, Din Ve Kultur Hakkindaki Gorusleri".
902:
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3134:
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1911:
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Athletic clubs revolutionized sports reporting in the Ottoman Empire, as publications began to cover club games.
388:(saz), they were travelling around Anatolia and telling epics from old Turkic tradition with Islamic influence."
267:
259:
2270:
Many articles about the Ottoman history and culture including art, culture, literature, economics, architecture
1214:
Entertainers: Male Köçek Dancer, Female Çengi Dancer, Singer, Magician, Acrobat, Musician, Illusionist, Reveller
429:, widely considered the first Turkish novel, was published in 1872; other notable Ottoman writers of prose were
276:
system of the Ottoman government, and whose distinctive cultures were adopted and adapted by the Ottoman state.
3129:
2955:
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in 1514. In the rural areas of the Empire, jewelry was simpler and often incorporated gold coins (the Ottoman
3402:
3348:
3188:
2682:
2470:
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1211:
Characters who has mental or physical setbacks: Hımhım, the Stutterer, the Madman, the Cannabis addict, Denyo
600:
347:, an Ottoman writer and intellectual had also started his early career by writing poems in the newspaper of
2966:
2748:
2497:
414:). Nevertheless, a number of genres – the travelogue, the political treatise and biography – were current.
293:
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Calligraphy had a prestigious status under the Ottomans, its traditions having been shaped by the work of
3374:
3338:
3320:
3287:
3258:
2773:
397:
119:
32:
2091:"Strengthening Male Bodies and Building Robust Communities: Physical Culture in the Late Ottoman Empire"
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1650:
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in 1863 which makes it the first mandatory modern sports lesson of the Empire – Riyazat-ı Bedeniye.
298:
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505:
1084:
s also included true stories, modified depending on the audience, artist and political situation.
3416:
2922:
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1310:
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s were the same as the methods of the itinerant storytellers who related Greek epics such as the
847:
829:
661:
336:
272:
1165:) consists of four parts: Giriş (Introduction); Muhavere (Conversation); Fasıl; Bitiş (Ending).
451:
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580:, whose influence had spread across the Islamic world, al-Musta'simi himself possibly being of
573:
467:
360:
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344:
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1228:
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1172:
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since the 9th century by telling epics, stories, and performing religious acts with their
47:
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8:
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2707:
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2233:
1700:"Turkish literature | History, Authors, Books, Characteristics, & Facts | Britannica"
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in the 15th century, while early in the following century a similar Persian academy, the
623:
596:
525:
348:
227:
62:
16:
Pattern of human activity and symbolism associated with the Ottoman Empire and its people
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2382:
322:
loanwords entered the literary language, and Persian metres and forms (such as those of
3253:
2512:
2389:
2365:
1810:
1771:
1440:
1337:
616:
401:
2778:
3384:
3226:
2579:
2034:
2016:
1953:
1892:
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1832:
1802:
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Empire's minorities, which were influenced by the produce of their respective areas.
1201:
Non-Muslim Characters: Rum (Greek), Frank (European), Ermeni (Armenian), Yahudi (Jew)
1030:
playing different characters, and was usually introduced by drawing attention to the
876:
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traditions, . It reached its greatest development in large public buildings, such as
52:
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303:
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3002:
2800:
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The most significant figure in the field, the 16th-century architect and engineer
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1915:
1729:
1467:
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with the interaction through Arab merchants starting from 7th to 10th centuries.
856:, a set of melodic systems, with a corresponding set of rhythmic patterns called
513:
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235:
219:
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161:
140:
109:
1948:
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2317:
1644:
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850:. This was a principally vocal form, with instrumental accompaniment, built on
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had the skill to adjust the story depending on interaction with the audience.
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resulted in many European goldsmiths, watchmakers and gem engravers moving to
635:
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3171:
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1957:
1889:
East encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century
1806:
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culture, coffee became central to Ottoman society – often accompanied with a
965:
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689:
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380:
340:
311:
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135:
93:
57:
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978:, who took part in the entertainment shows and celebrations, accompanied by
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2100:(PhD Dissertation, UCLA, 2015), April 2014, 1,76 , accessed March 1, 2018.
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989:, performing difficult tricks, and other shows which attracted curiosity.
481:
343:, born in 1867, is often considered the founder of modern Turkish poetry.
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and Byzantine motifs. Developments in design reflected the tastes of the
768:
743:, and intricately knotted. Other significant designs included "Palace", "
501:
497:
407:
890:
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2790:
1971:
1814:
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255:
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1909:
1003:
385:
3161:
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Supernatural Characters: Wizard, Cadılar (Witches), Djins and Demons,
931:
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553:
250:, language, habits, customs and cuisines.Throughout its history, the
2517:
1829:
Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire
784:
art, for example, becoming an influence after the Ottoman defeat of
355:. Later in his career he helped a literary movement in the Empire –
310:
As with many Ottoman Turkish art forms, the poetry produced for the
2960:
2692:
2406:
2260:
2072:
http://dergisosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/susbed/article/download/217/201
2053:
http://dergisosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/susbed/article/download/217/201
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1104:
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
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evolved over several centuries as the ruling administration of the
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1506:
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1125:
1069:
927:
781:
772:
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592:
577:
569:
471:
411:
3097:
1446:
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Provincial Characters: Laz, Kürd, Kayserili, Kastamonulu, Eğinli
699:
417:
From the 19th century, the increasing influence of the European
3379:
2856:
2839:
2687:
1486:
1437:
drink still popular throughout many areas of the former Empire.
1434:
1424:
1292:
Mekteb-i Sultani (Galatasaray Lisesi – Galatasaray High School)
998:
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880:
812:
740:
707:
588:
550:
509:
421:, and particularly that of the French novel, began to be felt.
324:
145:
83:
1936:
Móin-Móin - Revista de Estudos sobre Teatro de Formas Animadas
1736:
1, no. 2 (2012): 60–75. https://doi.org/10.7816/idil-01-02-05.
363:, had published poems like, Ah Nijad!, Şevki Yok and Güzelim.
2276:
1625:
1554:
1521:
1491:
1481:
1430:
1242:
Medyan took its final form in the start of the 19th century.
1188:
Characters from Istanbul: Çelebi, Tiryaki, Beberuhi and Matiz
1065:
1057:
1031:
950:
797:
722:
715:
418:
376:
319:
2250:
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Cümle etraf-nişin-i meydan oldu / Oldu orta oyunundan handan
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audience. The play was generally about a single topic, the
736:
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script, invented by the tenth-century Abbasid calligrapher
1198:(Turkish Balkan immigrant), Arab, Fars, Arnavut (Albanian)
270:, who were allowed a certain amount of autonomy under the
949:
Dancing was also one of the most popular pastimes in the
406:
Prior to the 19th century, Ottoman prose was exclusively
1723:
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/758839
1144:
invention. According to Georg Jacob the certain date of
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within words. Other forms included the flowing, rounded
1022:
played in front of a small group of viewers, such as a
234:' predecessors. Despite more recent amalgamations, the
865:
Another distinctive feature of Ottoman music were the
222:
societies such as Jordan, Egypt and Palestine, while
1925:
1923:
1042:. There was no time limitation on the shows; a good
763:
The Ottoman Empire was noted for the quality of its
379:
This tradition lived in Anatolia in the time of the
1868:
Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East
1791:"Ottoman Miniature Painting under Sultan Mehmed II"
562:
Mahmud Khan son of Abdülhamid is forever victorious
560:was written in an expressive calligraphy. It reads
500:, was a Muslim convert, having a background in the
302:Reconstruction of an Ottoman style library, in the
226:culture had a significant contribution through the
1156:
683:
656:art form, though it also included elements of the
371:Poet-musicians (ozan), were travelling around the
1920:
838:Musicians and dancers entertain the crowds, from
729:, which often amassed large collections of them.
3430:
811:, where they worked in the foreigners' quarter,
735:were of particularly high status, being made of
462:Ottoman architecture was largely a synthesis of
1382:Coffee delight at the Harem, early 18th century
664:and painting. A Greek academy of painters, the
2302:
2226:
314:circle had a strong influence from classical
191:
1302:Galatasaray Lisesi – Galatasaray High School
2279:Traditional arts in Ottoman Empire (mainly
1749:The Turkish Long-Necked Lute Saz or Bağlama
2309:
2295:
2253:Source on Islamic Calligraphy Art (mainly
1851:
1842:
1572:A lady from the Ottoman court playing the
198:
184:
2028:
1947:
1678:Learn how and when to remove this message
2234:"Tile with Floral and Cloud-band Design"
2120:
2118:
1860:
1745:
1398:
1377:
1331:
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1072:, even though the main stories were now
1056:; the tradition supposedly goes back to
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833:
693:
544:
528:, considered the last great building of
480:
450:
297:
2108:
2106:
1258:
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1194:Muslim Characters outside of Anatolia:
619:, based on the Persian Nastalīq style.
254:had substantial subject populations of
3431:
1995:Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi
1821:
1109:
2290:
2115:
2014:
1981:
1979:
1411:– probably introduced from Levantine
1227:playing is more flexible compared to
2103:
2017:"OSMANLI MODERNLEŞMESİ VE ORTAOYUNU"
1985:
1972:http://www.takey.com/Thesis_175.pdf.
1929:
1881:
1788:
1649:, as they are easily broken. Please
1609:
972:There were also male dancers, named
885:
622:Noted Ottoman calligraphers include
1208:, Matiz, Külhanbeyi, Sarhoş (Drunk)
595:and distinctively Ottoman style of
331:By the 19th century and the era of
13:
2734:(reform and constitutional period)
2316:
1976:
1553:Women and children dancing in the
1367:
871:, the military bands used by the
535:
524:, designed the early 17th century
366:
14:
3450:
2622:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
2585:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
2244:
2023:(in Turkish): 93–109, pp. 94–95.
504:. His most famous works were the
238:, like their predecessors in the
2617:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1734:Idil Journal of Art and Language
1614:
1581:
1565:
1546:
1534:
1403:Turkish women baking bread, 1790
960:The female belly dancers, named
889:
31:
2698:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2083:
2064:
2045:
2008:
1964:
1902:
1752:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
1157:Sections of play and characters
684:Carpet-weaving and textile arts
455:Tile walls of the harem of the
440:
2439:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1782:
1739:
1716:
1692:
818:
698:16th-century wool carpet from
540:
530:classical Ottoman architecture
489:, one of the best examples of
1:
3439:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
1746:de Zeeuw, Hans (2020-09-24).
1663:), or an abbreviated title.
1605:
739:or a combination of silk and
641:
282:
212:culture of the Ottoman Empire
1443:– a spiced cold fruit drink.
1034:contained in the story. The
294:Poetry of the Ottoman Empire
7:
2883:Vassal and tributary states
1949:10.5965/2595034701152016234
1593:
771:, and particularly for the
398:Prose of the Ottoman Empire
10:
3455:
1527:
1371:
1113:
996:
827:
758:
687:
645:
601:Süleyman I the Magnificent
549:The stylized signature of
444:
395:
335:reforms, the influence of
291:
88:
3397:
3357:
3329:
3296:
3197:
3152:
3143:
3060:
3026:
2976:
2904:
2895:
2832:
2764:
2726:
2665:
2654:
2557:
2548:
2456:
2449:
2402:Decline and modernization
2324:
1394:
1275:
1204:Bullies and Drunks: Efe,
1080:. The repertoires of the
992:
427:Taaşuk-u Tal'at ve Fitnat
287:
2930:Six Divisions of Cavalry
2466:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1541:Boat tour at Göksu Creek
1171:In terms of characters,
1060:'s time. The methods of
921:
823:
391:
102:Languages and literature
2923:Agha of the Janissaries
2570:List of Ottoman sultans
1653:by replacing them with
1645:Knowledge's style guide
1457:
1098:In 2008 the art of the
1007:Meddah performing at a
964:, were mostly from the
879:popular in traditional
848:Ottoman classical music
830:Ottoman classical music
668:was established in the
613:Ali Muhammad ibn Muqlah
478:, of the 16th century.
337:Turkish folk literature
3125:Science and technology
2575:Roman succession claim
2169:Ibid, Yildiz, 160-161.
2030:10.1501/TAD_0000000253
1932:"500 years of Karagöz"
1831:, I. B. Tauris, 2005,
1404:
1383:
1341:
1293:
1268:
1240:
1133:
1102:s was relisted in the
1011:
843:
703:
565:
493:
459:
361:Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem
345:Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem
307:
2998:Dragoman of the Fleet
2713:Dragoman of the Porte
2503:Armenian Constitution
2390:Stagnation and reform
2261:Osmanlimedeniyeti.com
2015:Balay, Metin (2010).
1997:: 402. Archived from
1930:Özek, Cengiz (2016).
1600:Empire of the Sultans
1402:
1381:
1335:
1320:in their syllabuses.
1291:
1266:
1236:
1161:Karagöz shadow play (
1123:
1006:
837:
697:
688:Further information:
548:
520:. One of his pupils,
484:
454:
301:
2718:Outer Palace Service
2634:Inner Palace Service
2089:Murat Cihan Yildiz,
2004:on 10 February 2018.
1986:Albayrak, Nurettin.
1758:10.2307/j.ctv177tjt1
1651:improve this article
1259:Stage and characters
1222:Orta Oyunu or Medyan
522:Sedefkar Mehmed Agha
491:Ottoman architecture
447:Ottoman architecture
435:Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil
318:; a large number of
2913:Classic period army
2754:Chamber of Deputies
2729:Imperial Government
1789:Atil, Esin (1973).
1623:Constructs such as
1453:alcoholic beverage.
1296:Other schools like
1249:Karagöz and Hacivat
1229:Karagöz and Hacivat
1181:Karagöz and Hacivat
1173:Karagöz and Hacivat
1146:Karagöz and Hacivat
1116:Karagöz and Hacivat
1110:Karagöz shadow play
790:Battle of Chaldiran
624:Seyyid Kasim Gubari
574:Yaqut al-Musta'simi
246:were influenced by
2540:Translation Office
2424:2nd Constitutional
2412:1st Constitutional
2366:Sultanate of Women
2266:2005-08-01 at the
2223:Ibid, Yildiz, 227.
2096:2022-05-15 at the
2077:2020-02-01 at the
2058:2020-02-01 at the
1914:2020-03-31 at the
1728:2022-04-21 at the
1704:www.britannica.com
1405:
1384:
1342:
1311:Selim Sırrı Tarcan
1294:
1269:
1134:
1012:
930:peninsula and the
901:. You can help by
844:
800:and North Africa.
704:
674:Nakkashane-i-Irani
597:Arabic calligraphy
566:
494:
487:Süleymaniye Mosque
460:
402:Turkish literature
316:Persian traditions
308:
3426:
3425:
3393:
3392:
3385:Star and crescent
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
2891:
2890:
2828:
2827:
2580:Ottoman Caliphate
2461:Foreign relations
1767:978-1-78969-433-8
1688:
1687:
1680:
1179:Main Characters:
919:
918:
840:Surname-i Hümayun
648:Ottoman miniature
256:Orthodox subjects
208:
207:
3446:
3157:Social structure
3150:
3149:
3003:Imperial Arsenal
2902:
2901:
2736:
2675:
2673:(classic period)
2668:Imperial Council
2663:
2662:
2555:
2554:
2454:
2453:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2273:
2256:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
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2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
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2149:
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2134:
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2122:
2113:
2110:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1927:
1918:
1906:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1866:Newman, A. (ed)
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1743:
1737:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1655:named references
1618:
1617:
1610:
1585:
1569:
1550:
1538:
1473:Şeker (Candies)
1449:– a traditional
1433:– a traditional
1317:Sultan Abdülaziz
1298:Mekteb-i Sultani
1078:Layla and Majnun
1074:Ferhat ile Şirin
914:
911:
893:
886:
666:Nakkashane-i-Rum
632:Ahmed Karahisari
240:Sultanate of Rum
200:
193:
186:
35:
19:
18:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3389:
3353:
3325:
3292:
3193:
3182:Ottoman Turkish
3139:
3048:
3022:
2972:
2967:Modernized army
2951:Sekban-i Djedid
2887:
2824:
2779:Shaykh al-Islām
2760:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2650:
2565:Ottoman dynasty
2544:
2445:
2320:
2315:
2280:
2277:KalemGuzeli.net
2271:
2268:Wayback Machine
2254:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:Ibid, 214-215.
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2098:Wayback Machine
2088:
2084:
2079:Wayback Machine
2069:
2065:
2060:Wayback Machine
2050:
2046:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1942:(15): 234–241.
1928:
1921:
1916:Wayback Machine
1907:
1903:
1886:
1882:
1870:, BRILL, 2003,
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1826:
1822:
1787:
1783:
1768:
1744:
1740:
1730:Wayback Machine
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1643:discouraged by
1619:
1615:
1608:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1530:
1468:Turkish delight
1460:
1397:
1376:
1374:Ottoman cuisine
1370:
1368:Ottoman cuisine
1282:Tanzimat period
1278:
1261:
1224:
1159:
1118:
1112:
1001:
995:
934:regions to the
924:
915:
909:
906:
899:needs expansion
877:brass ensembles
832:
826:
821:
780:, with Persian
761:
692:
686:
650:
644:
543:
538:
536:Decorative arts
514:Suleiman Mosque
506:Selimiye Mosque
449:
443:
404:
396:Main articles:
394:
369:
367:Folk literature
296:
290:
285:
248:Persian culture
236:Ottoman dynasty
204:
110:Ottoman Turkish
71:Performing arts
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3424:
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3398:
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3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
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3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
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3120:
3115:
3110:
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3090:
3085:
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3078:
3073:
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3058:
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3024:
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3015:
3010:
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2995:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Nizam-i Djedid
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2871:
2869:Mutasarrifates
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
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2740:
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2727:
2724:
2723:
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2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Reis ül-Küttab
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2649:
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2647:
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2644:Palace Schools
2641:
2631:
2630:
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2619:
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2609:
2604:
2599:
2592:Imperial Harem
2589:
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2582:
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2572:
2561:
2559:
2558:House of Osman
2552:
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2426:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2378:Decline thesis
2373:Transformation
2370:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:Constantinople
2351:
2346:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:Ottoman Empire
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2258:
2251:Hatvesanat.com
2246:
2245:External links
2243:
2240:
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2007:
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1963:
1919:
1901:
1880:
1859:
1857:Foroqhi, p.108
1850:
1848:Foroqhi, p.153
1841:
1820:
1795:Ars Orientalis
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1559:Topkapı Palace
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1409:Turkish coffee
1396:
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1372:Main article:
1369:
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1306:Robert College
1277:
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1267:Median theatre
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1151:Island of Java
1138:Shadow theatre
1114:Main article:
1111:
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997:Main article:
994:
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955:Topkapı Palace
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920:
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828:Main article:
825:
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820:
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809:Constantinople
760:
757:
733:Hereke carpets
685:
682:
670:Topkapi Palace
646:Main article:
643:
640:
628:Şeyh Hamdullah
558:Ottoman Empire
542:
539:
537:
534:
518:Constantinople
457:Topkapi Palace
445:Main article:
442:
439:
423:Şemsettin Sami
393:
390:
368:
365:
357:Servet-i Fünun
353:Tasvir-i Efkar
349:İbrahim Şinasi
304:Topkapı Palace
292:Main article:
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252:Ottoman Empire
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25:Ottoman Empire
23:Culture of the
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3172:Ottoman court
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3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Naval battles
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:Kapudan Pasha
2984:
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2968:
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2941:Reform period
2938:
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2807:
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2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Haseki sultan
2600:
2598:
2597:Valide sultan
2595:
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2476:United States
2474:
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2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:Classical Age
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Osman's Dream
2332:
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2329:
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2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
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2193:
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2166:
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2073:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1897:0-19-504826-1
1894:
1891:, OUP, 1987,
1890:
1884:
1877:
1876:90-04-12774-7
1873:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1838:
1837:1-85043-760-2
1834:
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1701:
1695:
1691:
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1679:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:for footnotes
1646:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1597:
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1392:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1338:Beşiktaş J.K.
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1307:
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1299:
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1177:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1124:Shadow Play:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:The Istanbul
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
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1045:
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963:
958:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
913:
904:
900:
897:This section
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
863:
861:
860:
855:
854:
849:
841:
836:
831:
816:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:Ottoman court
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
728:
724:
721:
717:
712:
709:
701:
696:
691:
690:Anatolian rug
681:
677:
676:, was added.
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:tradition of
659:
655:
649:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
572:calligrapher
571:
563:
559:
555:
552:
547:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
488:
483:
479:
477:
476:caravanserais
473:
469:
465:
458:
453:
448:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
408:non-fictional
403:
399:
389:
387:
382:
378:
374:
364:
362:
359:, to emerge.
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Tevfik Fikret
338:
334:
329:
328:) were used.
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
312:Ottoman court
305:
300:
295:
280:
277:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Seljuk Empire
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
201:
196:
194:
189:
187:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
136:Oil wrestling
134:
133:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
44:
43:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
21:
20:
3415:
3410:Bibliography
3408:
3401:
3370:Coat of arms
3344:Christianity
3298:Demographics
3281:of Armenians
3222:Illumination
3207:Architecture
3198:
3088:Central bank
3039:Conscription
2965:
2956:Mansure Army
2939:
2911:
2818:Hakham Bashi
2786:Christianity
2733:
2683:Grand Vizier
2672:
2524:Civil codes
2498:Constitution
2344:Ghaza thesis
2281:(in Turkish)
2272:(in Turkish)
2255:(in Turkish)
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2020:
2010:
1999:the original
1994:
1988:"Orta Oyunu"
1966:
1939:
1935:
1904:
1888:
1883:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1828:
1827:Foroqhi, S.
1823:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1718:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1694:
1674:
1668:October 2019
1665:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1576:at the Harem
1573:
1476:Akide Şekeri
1385:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1324:Sports clubs
1323:
1322:
1315:
1295:
1279:
1270:
1253:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1185:Women: Zenne
1170:
1167:
1160:
1135:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1020:story teller
1015:
1013:
986:
973:
971:
961:
959:
948:
944:North Africa
925:
907:
903:adding to it
898:
866:
864:
857:
851:
845:
802:
793:
769:silversmiths
762:
731:
705:
678:
673:
665:
662:illumination
651:
621:
591:script is a
586:
567:
561:
495:
461:
441:Architecture
431:Ahmet Mithat
426:
416:
405:
373:Central Asia
370:
330:
323:
309:
278:
271:
228:Seljuq Turks
211:
209:
48:Architecture
22:
3237:Shadow play
3083:Agriculture
3076:Reformation
3072:Enlargement
2918:Janissaries
2627:Kizlar Agha
2612:Hanımefendi
2607:Kadınefendi
2419:Dissolution
2349:Interregnum
2196:Ibid, 213.
2021:Tiyatro Ara
1801:: 103–120.
1660:quick guide
1497:Shish Kebab
1336:Members of
1163:gölge oyunu
1128:(left) and
1024:coffeehouse
1009:coffeehouse
940:Middle East
873:Janissaries
819:Performance
805:watchmaking
706:The art of
636:Hâfiz Osman
541:Calligraphy
526:Blue Mosque
502:Janissaries
498:Mimar Sinan
485:Details of
63:Calligraphy
40:Visual arts
3254:Literature
3167:Ottomanism
2862:Sanjakbeys
2845:Beylerbeys
2833:Provincial
2550:Government
2513:Family law
2187:Ibid, 211.
2178:Ibid, 154.
2151:Ibid, 103.
1887:Göçek, F.
1709:2024-04-14
1606:References
1142:Indonesian
1054:spice road
910:April 2022
788:after the
642:Miniatures
283:Literature
79:Shadowplay
3306:Armenians
3271:Education
3227:Miniature
3177:Languages
3162:Devshirme
3135:Transport
2935:Timariots
2801:Bulgarian
2693:Kazaskers
2655:Central (
2639:Kapi Agha
2508:Electoral
2434:Abolition
2429:Partition
2142:Ibid, 58.
2133:Ibid, 70.
2124:Ibid, 26.
2039:1300-1523
1958:2595-0347
1807:0571-1371
1776:230660042
1632:loc. cit.
1149:from the
1093:Dengbejin
932:Black Sea
720:patterned
658:Byzantine
582:Anatolian
554:Mahmud II
468:Byzantine
268:Assyrians
260:Armenians
53:Miniature
3433:Category
3417:Category
3331:Religion
3244:Clothing
3130:Taxation
3093:Currency
3034:Aviation
3008:Admirals
2961:Hamidieh
2897:Military
2878:Kadiluks
2852:Vilayets
2806:Armenian
2744:Assembly
2481:Treaties
2450:Politics
2407:Tanzimat
2264:Archived
2112:Ibid, 2.
2094:Archived
2075:Archived
2056:Archived
1912:Archived
1839:, p. 152
1726:Archived
1594:See also
1512:Lahmacun
1421:Narguile
1040:dialects
985:, named
983:acrobats
936:Caucasus
868:mehterân
853:makamlar
842:, 1720.
786:Ismail I
702:, Turkey
584:origin.
512:and the
333:Tanzimat
242:and the
232:Ottomans
172:Clothing
3403:Outline
3358:Symbols
3349:Judaism
3276:Schools
3249:Cuisine
3212:Mosques
3199:Culture
3189:Slavery
3145:Society
3108:Sultani
3069:By era
3062:Economy
3044:Weapons
2857:Sanjaks
2840:Eyalets
2813:Judaism
2766:Millets
2703:Nişancı
2688:Viziers
2533:Halakha
2528:Mecelle
2471:Safavid
2383:Köprülü
2326:History
1899:, p.106
1878:, p.177
1815:4629273
1528:Gallery
1507:Baklava
1451:Turkish
1441:Sherbet
1417:Nargile
1340:in 1903
1196:Muhacir
1132:(right)
1130:Karagöz
1126:Hacivat
1070:Odyssey
782:Safavid
773:jewelry
759:Jewelry
727:mosques
716:nomadic
711:weaving
654:Persian
605:letters
593:cursive
578:Baghdad
570:Abbasid
556:of the
472:mosques
386:bağlama
320:Persian
224:Persian
220:Islamic
167:Carpets
162:Cuisine
141:Archery
58:Pottery
3380:Tughra
3365:Anthem
3311:Greeks
3264:Poetry
2749:Senate
2518:Düstur
2037:
1956:
1895:
1874:
1835:
1813:
1805:
1774:
1764:
1487:Pestil
1435:yogurt
1425:Hookah
1413:Arabic
1395:Drinks
1354:Futbol
1304:) and
1276:Sports
1244:Seljuk
1206:Zeybek
1100:meddah
1089:meddah
1082:meddah
1062:meddah
1050:Meddah
1044:meddah
1036:meddah
1028:meddah
1016:meddah
999:Meddah
993:Meddah
987:Cambaz
980:circus
938:, the
928:Balkan
883:music.
881:Balkan
813:Galata
751:, and
741:cotton
723:kilims
708:carpet
634:, and
617:Ta'liq
615:, and
609:Nashki
589:Diwani
551:Sultan
510:Edirne
464:Seljuk
381:Seljuk
325:Ghazal
306:museum
288:Poetry
273:millet
230:, the
128:Sports
115:Poetry
84:Meddah
3339:Islam
3321:Women
3288:Media
3259:Prose
3232:Music
3113:Kuruş
3027:Other
3018:Ships
2874:Kazas
2796:Ullah
2774:Islam
2657:Porte
2395:Tulip
2002:(PDF)
1991:(PDF)
1811:JSTOR
1772:S2CID
1626:ibid.
1555:Harem
1522:Kebab
1517:Döner
1502:Çörek
1492:Sucuk
1482:Macun
1464:Lokum
1431:Ayran
1066:Iliad
1058:Homer
1032:moral
975:Köçek
962:Çengi
951:Harem
922:Dance
824:Music
798:Egypt
794:altin
765:gold-
753:Milas
749:Ushak
745:Yörük
700:Ushak
419:novel
392:Prose
377:kopuz
216:Turks
154:Other
146:Cirit
120:Prose
94:Music
89:Dance
3375:Flag
3316:Jews
3218:Art
3118:Lira
3103:Para
3098:Akçe
2991:List
2978:Navy
2905:Army
2486:Wars
2339:Rise
2035:ISSN
1954:ISSN
1893:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1803:ISSN
1762:ISBN
1641:are
1638:idem
1635:and
1458:Food
1447:Rakı
1389:Rice
1280:The
1068:and
1014:The
966:Roma
942:and
859:usul
767:and
737:silk
587:The
474:and
466:and
433:and
412:Saj'
400:and
266:and
264:Jews
210:The
2791:Rūm
2493:Law
2025:doi
1944:doi
1754:doi
1574:Def
1557:of
1076:or
1018:or
953:of
905:.
747:",
576:of
516:in
508:in
425:'s
3435::
2944::
2916::
2117:^
2105:^
2033:.
2019:.
1993:.
1978:^
1952:.
1938:.
1934:.
1922:^
1809:.
1797:.
1793:.
1770:.
1760:.
1702:.
1629:,
1427:).
1423:/
1231:.
1106:.
1095:.
957:.
946:.
862:.
815:.
638:.
630:,
626:,
532:.
437:.
351:,
262:,
258:,
2876:/
2659:)
2310:e
2303:t
2296:v
2283:)
2257:)
2236:.
2041:.
2027::
1960:.
1946::
1940:1
1817:.
1799:9
1778:.
1756::
1712:.
1681:)
1675:(
1670:)
1666:(
1657:(
1470:)
1466:(
1419:(
1300:(
912:)
908:(
564:.
199:e
192:t
185:v
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