Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

1657: 1675: 1528: 1693: 1315:) settlements in the eastern part of the Cucuteni–Trypillia area, co-existing for some time with those of the Cucuteni–Trypillia. Artifacts from both cultures found within each of their respective archaeological settlement sites attest to an open trade in goods for a period, though he points out that the archaeological evidence clearly points to what he termed "a dark age," its population seeking refuge in every direction except east. He cites evidence of the refugees having used caves, islands and hilltops (abandoning in the process 600–700 settlements) to argue for the possibility of a gradual transformation rather than an armed onslaught bringing about cultural extinction. The potential issue with that theory is the limited common historical life-time between the Cucuteni–Trypillia (4800–2750 BC) and the 1666: 2851: 717: 1875: 3011:, "in conclusion, the results show that Verteba Cave represents a significant mortuary site that connects East and West. The genetic structure of the CTCC peoples includes ancestry related to both earlier hunter-gatherers from the west and farmers from the Near East, and one that is genetically distinct from those of Moldovan CTCC peoples. The lack of local ancestry associated with Ukrainian Neolithic hunter-gatherers suggests that these farmers mostly replaced local foragers. Additionally, during the Bronze Age, Verteba Cave was used by successive waves of nomadic pastoralists from the east that eventually brought significant genetic and cultural changes to Europe that eventually mixed with the local descendants of Trypillia-culture population". 1296: 2763:, which are believed to be imbued with powers that can help and protect the people who look after them. These Cucuteni–Trypillia figurines have become known popularly as goddesses; however, this term is not necessarily accurate for all female anthropomorphic clay figurines, as the archaeological evidence suggests that different figurines were used for different purposes (such as for protection), and so are not all representative of a goddess. There have been so many of these figurines discovered in Cucuteni–Trypillia sites that many museums in eastern Europe have a sizeable collection of them, and as a result, they have come to represent one of the more readily identifiable visual markers of this culture to many people. 1516:) began to appear throughout the region, and members of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture began to acquire skills necessary to use it to create various items. Along with the raw copper ore, finished copper tools, hunting weapons and other artefacts were also brought in from other cultures. This marked the transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic, also known as the Chalcolithic or Copper Age. Bronze artifacts began to show up in archaeological sites toward the very end of the culture. The primitive trade network of this society, that had been slowly growing more complex, was supplanted by the more complex trade network of the Proto-Indo-European culture that eventually replaced the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. 1319:(3300–2600 BC). At the same time, genetic analyses of Trypillian remains from the CII period of Trypillian chronology indicate a substantial presence of the so-called "steppe" genetic ancestry that characterizes representatives of the Yamna culture complex. Another potential contradicting indication is that the kurgans that replaced the traditional horizontal graves in the area now contain human remains of a fairly diversified skeletal type approximately ten centimeters taller on average than the previous population. At the same time, some Eneolithic steppe burials from the northwest Pontic region already displayed rather tall stature hundreds of years before the emergence of the Yamna culture complex. 1810: 1537: 1973: 2854:"(A) PCA built with modern European populations in which Neolithic and Bronze Age populations of Eastern Europe have been projected. It is observed that the Verteba_Trypillia individuals are located within the European Neolithic populations genetic diversity (B) ADMIXTURE analysis of the most representative populations included in the analysis (K = 4). The different colors represent the source ancestries of the studied individuals: Yellow represents Anatolia_N related ancestry, Red represents WHG related ancestry and the purple colors represent Steppe related ancestries, each individual is represented by the proportions of these ancestries" per Gelabert et al. 2022. 1732: 1212: 2153: 1753: 1819: 1501:. Although this culture's settlements sometimes grew to become the largest on Earth at the time (up to 15,000 people in the largest), there is no evidence that has been discovered of labour specialisation. Every household probably had members of the extended family who would work in the fields to raise crops, go to the woods to hunt game and bring back firewood, work by the river to bring back clay or fish and all of the other duties that would be needed to survive. Contrary to popular belief, the Neolithic people experienced considerable abundance of food and other resources. 2141: 1714: 2117: 2767: 1783: 1702: 827: 1567: 2261: 2129: 2086: 2196: 2168: 2273: 2180: 1630: 1603: 2403: 2736: 1648: 1098: 975: 2395: 1792: 1612: 2721:, an Indologist at the University of Helsinki in Finland, believe that the CT-culture used the wheel with wagons. However, only miniature models of animals and cups on 4 wheels have been found, and they date to the first half of the fourth millennium BC. Such models are often thought to have been children's toys; nevertheless, they do convey the idea that objects could be pulled on wheels. Up to now there is no evidence for wheels used with real wagons. 1741: 1549: 2101: 1490: 6683: 2379: 2387: 1558: 1774: 1639: 1594: 1585: 1118: 1621: 1576: 1955:

with extra sources of salt beyond their normal diet or their milk production is reduced. Cucuteni–Trypillia mega-sites, with a population of likely thousands of people and animals, are estimated to have required between 36,000 and 100,000 kg of salt per year. This was not available locally, and so had to be moved in bulk from distant sources on the western Black Sea coast and in the Carpathian Mountains, probably by river.

5548:"Results reveal that the CTCC individuals' ancestry is related to both western hunter-gatherers and Near Eastern farmers, has no local ancestry associated with Ukrainian Neolithic hunter-gatherers and has steppe ancestry...In fact, most of the Trypillian individuals can be modeled by Eneolithic populations from Europe that have steppe ancestry, however four out of the 20 individuals could be modeled as Moldovan Trypillians." 790:(Vikentiy Khvoyka), a Czech-born Ukrainian archeologist, in Kyiv at Kyrylivska street 55. The year of his discoveries has been variously claimed as 1893, 1896 and 1887. Subsequently, Vincenc Chvojka presented his findings at the 11th Congress of Archaeologists in 1897, which is considered the official date of the discovery of the Trypillia culture in Ukraine. In the same year, similar artifacts were found in the village of 117: 1684: 2748: 1723: 1292:

successfully imposing a new administrative system, language, and religion upon the indigenous groups. Accordingly, these proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis hold that this invasion took place during the third wave of Kurgan expansion between 3000–2800 BC, permanently ending the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. The theory "may find corroboration in the frequent evidence of violent death discovered in Verteba cave".

2343: 682:, with the inhabitants knowing how to grow plants that could withstand the ecological constraints of growth. Cultivation practices of the culture were important in the establishment of the cultural steppe in the present-day region as well. The civilization was further marked by social organization that avoided inequality in wealth, and it has been described by some as having invented civilization. 42: 1801: 1765: 2898:, the latter also being the oldest sample of the set. The authors conclude that the population living around Verteba Cave was fairly heterogenous, but that the wide chronological age of the specimens might indicate that the heterogeneity might have been due to natural population flow during this timeframe. The authors also link the R0(xHV) and HV(xH) haplogroups with European 2999:

H40, J1c5, K1a1b1, K1b1, N1a1a1a, T2, T2c1d1, U5a and U5a2. According to admixture analysis, all studied Ukrainian Trypillian samples "are mostly defined by the ancestral component dominant in Anatolia-Neolithic individuals, which suggests a strong relationship with European Neolithic populations, similar to previous studies. However, these samples also show the presence of

1283:, effectively destroyed the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture in a series of invasions undertaken during their expansion to the west. Based on this archaeological evidence Gimbutas saw distinct cultural differences between the patriarchal, warlike Kurgan culture and the more peaceful egalitarian Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, which she argued was a significant component of the " 1375: 2991:

to Anatolian farmers. Three of the specimens also showed considerable amounts of steppe-related ancestry, suggesting influx into the CTCC gene-pool from people affiliated with the steppe populations of the North Pontic. The authors conclude that "...the steppe component arrived in eastern Europe farming communities maybe as early as 3500 BCE".

2312:, Romania, which became known as the "Cucuteni Frumusica Dance" (after a nearby village of the same name). It was used as a support or stand, and upon its discovery was hailed as a symbolic masterpiece of Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. It is believed that the four stylised feminine silhouettes facing inward in an interlinked circle represented a 704:, with each single-habitation site having a lifetime of roughly 60 to 80 years. The purpose of burning these settlements is a subject of debate among scholars; some of the settlements were reconstructed several times on top of earlier habitational levels, preserving the shape and the orientation of the older buildings. One location, the 1343:, and were able to maintain their survival much more effectively in drought conditions. This has led some scholars to come to the conclusion that the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture ended not violently, but as a matter of survival, converting their economy from agriculture to pastoralism, and becoming integrated into the Yamnaya culture. 2034:

ceramic vases, ovens, figurines and innumerable objects made of perishable materials, shared the same circle of life, and all of the buildings in the settlement were physically linked together as a larger symbolic entity. As with living beings, the settlements may have been seen as also having a life cycle of death and rebirth.

6237:. Volume 16 of the Bibliotheca memoriae antiquitatis series (Papers originally presented at a conference co-hosted by the Cucuteni Culture International Research Centre in Piatra-Neamț, and the Institute of Archaeology in Iași, on 21–24 Oct. 2004 in Piatra Neamț, Romania); Piatra-Neamț, Romania: Constantin Matasa, 2005. 3657: 2744:

within the structure, that are clearly of a religious nature, and have provided insights into some of the beliefs, and perhaps some of the rituals and structure, of the members of this society. Additionally, artefacts of an apparent religious nature have also been found within many domestic Cucuteni–Trypillia homes.

5911:. Catalog of an exhibit co-hosted by the Romanian Ministry of Culture, the Romanian Academy and the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, held at the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, 21 September – 31 December 1997 – the English version of the catalog by Bogdan Stefanescu; Athena, Greece: Hypourgeio Politismou, 1997. 2818:. Although very large settlements have been explored by archaeologists, the evidence for mortuary activity is almost invisible. Making a distinction between the eastern Trypillia and the western Cucuteni regions of the Cucuteni–Trypillia geographical area, American archaeologist Douglass W. Bailey writes: 2990:

In 2020 Immel et al. published a study of four unrelated females from two late CTCC period sites in Moldova. They carried mtDNA haplogroup K1a1, T1a, T2c1d1, U4a1 and "all individuals carried a large Neolithic-derived ancestry component and were genetically more closely related to Linear Pottery than

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and the graves of warrior-chieftains, as well as in the religious transformation from the matriarchy to patriarchy, in a correlated east–west movement. In this, "the process of Indo-Europeanization was a cultural, not a physical, transformation and must be understood as a military victory in terms of

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in Ukraine for the manganese Jacobsite ore. No traces of the iron magnetite pigment mined in the easternmost limit of the Cucuteni–Trypillia region have been found to be used in ceramics from the western settlements, suggesting exchange throughout the entire cultural area was limited. In addition to

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Characteristically, vessels were elaborately decorated with swirling patterns and intricate designs. Sometimes decorative incisions were added prior to firing, and sometimes these were filled with coloured dye to produce a dimensional effect. In the early period, the colours used to decorate pottery

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These settlements underwent periodical acts of destruction and re-creation, as they were burned and then rebuilt every 60–80 years. Some scholars have theorised that the inhabitants of these settlements believed that every house symbolised an organic, almost living, entity. Each house, including its

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places it in the steppe region adjacent to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture at roughly the same time (4000–3500 BC), so it is possible the culture was familiar with the domestic horse. At this time horses could have been kept both for meat or as a work animal. The direct evidence remains inconclusive.

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Today, the finds from both Romania and Ukraine, as well as those from Moldova, are recognised as belonging to the same cultural complex. It is generally called the Cucuteni culture in Romania and the Trypillia culture in Ukraine. In English, "Cucuteni–Tripolye culture" is most commonly used to refer

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analyzed 18 individuals from Verteba Cave in Ukraine some of which have been reported in previous studies. With respect to Y-DNA haplogroup, three carried G2a2b2a3, two G2a2a1a, one G2a2a1, G2a2a1a3, C1a, I2a1a2a-L161.1, I2a2a1, and I2c, while mtDNA haplogroup, two J1c2, K1a2, T2b and one H, H15a1,

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In 2017, Nikitin et al. presented mtDNA data of eight additional individuals from Verteba Cave, seven of them dating to the Trypillian period and one dating to the Iron Age. The Trypillia-age individuals carried haplogroups H, HV, HV0, H5a, as well as T2b, U8b1b, and U8b1a2. The authors linked H5a,

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Each household was mostly self-sufficient and there was very little need for trade. However, there were certain mineral resources that, because of limitations due to distance and prevalence, did form the rudimentary foundation for a trade network that towards the end of the culture began to develop

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societies such as the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, where the first indications of social stratification began to be found. However, it would be a mistake to overemphasise the impact of social stratification in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, since it was still (even in its later phases) very much an

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Rivers in northern Ukraine and along both banks of the Dnieper river near Kiev. Members of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture who lived along the coastal regions near the Black Sea came into contact with other cultures. Animal husbandry increased in importance, as hunting diminished; horses also became

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and Dniester river valleys. During its middle phase (c. 4100 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in all of Eurasia, some of which contained as many as three thousand structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people. The

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The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is known by its distinctive settlements, architecture, intricately decorated pottery and anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, which are preserved in archaeological remains. At its peak it was one of the most technologically advanced societies in the world at the

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Throughout the 2,750 years of its existence, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was fairly stable and static; however, there were changes that took place. This article addresses some of these changes that have to do with the economic aspects. These include the basic economic conditions of the culture,

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The homepage for The Institute of Archaeomythology, an international organization of scholars dedicated to fostering an interdisciplinary approach to cultural research with particular emphasis on the beliefs, rituals, social structure and symbolism of ancient societies. Much of their focus covers

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Investigation of Neolithic ceramic pigments using synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction Roxana Bugoi and Bogdan Constantinescu "Horia Hulubei" National Institute of Nuclear Physics and Engineering, 077125 Bucharest, Romania Emmanuel Pantos CCLRC, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United

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from local clay. Long coils of clay were placed in circles to form first the base and then the walls of the vessel. Once the desired shape and height of the finished product was built up the sides would then be smoothed to create a seamless surface. This technique was the earliest form of pottery

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Some Cucuteni–Trypillia homes were two storeys tall, and evidence shows that the members of this culture sometimes decorated the outsides of their homes with many of the same red-ochre complex swirling designs that are to be found on their pottery. Most houses had thatched roofs and wooden floors

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The provision of salt was a major logistical problem for the largest Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements. As they came to rely upon cereal foods over salty meat and fish, Neolithic cultures had to incorporate supplementary sources of salt into their diet. Similarly, domestic cattle need to be provided

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The transition to today's arid climate was not gradual, but occurred in two specific episodes. The first, which was less severe, occurred between 6,700 and 5,500 years ago. The second, which was brutal, lasted from 4,000 to 3,600 years ago. Summer temperatures increased sharply, and precipitation

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Traditionally separate schemes of periodization have been used for the Ukrainian Trypillia and Romanian Cucuteni variants of the culture. The Cucuteni scheme, proposed by the German archaeologist Hubert Schmidt in 1932, distinguished three cultures: Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiștea–Foltești;

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Some Cucuteni–Trypillia communities have been found that contain a special building located in the centre of the settlement, which archaeologists have identified as sacred sanctuaries. Artefacts have been found inside these sanctuaries, some of them having been intentionally buried in the ground

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In the late period of Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, kilns with a controlled atmosphere were used for pottery production. These kilns were constructed with two separate chambers—the combustion chamber and the filling chamber— separated by a grate. Temperatures in the combustion chamber could reach

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rivers in present-day Russia. Dwellings were constructed differently from previous periods, and a new rope-like design replaced the older spiral-patterned designs on the pottery. Different forms of ritual burial were developed where the deceased were interred in the ground with elaborate burial

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spiral design, painted with black paint on a yellow and red base. Large pear-shaped pottery for the storage of grain, dining plates and other goods, was also prevalent. Additionally, ceramic statues of female "goddess" figures, as well as figurines of animals and models of houses dating to this

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analysis of these discoveries cannot be accurately determined at this time. Still, many questions remain concerning these issues, as well as why there seems to have been no male remains found at all. The only definite conclusion that can be drawn from archaeological evidence is that in the

2811:. However, Gimbutas' theories have been partially discredited by more recent discoveries and analyses. Today there are many scholars who disagree with Gimbutas, pointing to new evidence that suggests a much more complex society during the Neolithic era than she had been accounting for. 1886:

of Cucuteni–Trypillia sites indicate that the inhabitants practiced animal husbandry. Their domesticated livestock consisted primarily of cattle, but included smaller numbers of pigs, sheep and goats. There is evidence, based on some of the surviving artistic depictions of animals from

1053:- and garment-making, and played a leading role in community life. Men hunted, herded the livestock, made tools from flint, bone and stone. Of their livestock, cattle were the most important, with swine, sheep and goats playing lesser roles. The question of whether or not the horse was 1360:, notwithstanding the climatic evidence. Moreover, the technology stages varied widely globally. To this must be added that the first period of the climate transformation ended 500 years before the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture and the second approximately 1400 years after. 1069:, Moldova, consisting primarily of items of jewelry, which were dated back to the beginning of the fifth millennium BC. Some historians have used this evidence to support the theory that a social stratification was present in early Cucuteni culture, but this is disputed by others. 6316:

Marius Alexianu, Gheorghe Dumitroaia and Dan Monah, The Exploitation of the Salt-Water Sources in Moldavia: an Ethno-Archaeological Approach, in (eds.) D. Monah, Gh. Dumitroaia, O. Weller et J. Chapman, L'exploitation du sel à travers le temps, BMA, XVIII, Piatra-Neamt, 2007,

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Both remains and artistic depictions of horses have been discovered at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites. However, whether these finds are of domesticated or wild horses is debated. Before they were domesticated, humans hunted wild horses for meat. On the other hand, one hypothesis of

1267:, in her article "Notes on the chronology and expansion of the Pit-grave culture" (1961, later expanded by her and others), the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was destroyed by force. Arguing from archaeological and linguistic evidence, Gimbutas concluded that the people of the 1951:. The brine was then heated in a ceramic briquetage vessel until all moisture was evaporated, with the remaining crystallised salt adhering to the inside walls of the vessel. Then the briquetage vessel was broken open, and the salt was scraped from the shards. 3003:

EHG, CHG, and WHG components as described in Mathiesson et al., with the exception of one individual (I3151), who seems to be absent of any EHG/CHG ancestry". Phenotypically, all were lactose intolerant and almost all had a mutation associated with blue eyes.

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decorations. Toward the end of this early Cucuteni–Trypillia period, the pottery begins to be painted before firing. The white-painting technique found on some of the pottery from this period was imported from the earlier and contemporary (5th millennium)

2359:. It has also been suggested that these weights, especially "disposable" examples made from poor quality clay and inadequately fired, were used to weigh down fishing nets. These would probably have been frequently lost, explaining their inferior quality. 1002:

from the south. Through colonisation and acculturation from these other cultures, the formative Pre-Cucuteni/Trypillia A culture was established. Over the course of the fifth millennium, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture expanded from its 'homeland' in the

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Clay figurines, 4900–4750 BC, discovered in Balta Popii, Romania (Cucuteni Neolithic Art Museum, Piatra-Neamţ, Romania). The "Council of the Goddesses" was discovered consisting of 36 artifacts: 21 anthropomorphic statuettes, 13 thrones, 1 cone and 1

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in west Ukraine. The discovery of skulls is more frequent than other parts of the body, however because there has not yet been a comprehensive statistical survey done of all of the skeletal remains discovered at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites, precise

1030:, though they were accompanied by an ever-increasing incidence of above-ground clay houses. The floors and hearths of these structures were made of clay, and the walls of clay-plastered wood or reeds. Roofing was made of thatched straw or reeds. 1088:

Cucuteni and the neighbouring Gumelnița–Karanovo cultures seem to be largely contemporary; the "Cucuteni A phase seems to be very long (4600–4050) and covers the entire evolution of the Gumelnița–Karanovo A1, A2, B2 phases (maybe 4650–4050)."

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The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is commonly divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods, with varying smaller sub-divisions marked by changes in settlement and material culture. A key point of contention lies in how these phases correspond to

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Todorova, Henrietta (1995). "The Neolithic, Eneolithic, and Transitional in Bulgarian Prehistory". in Bailey, Douglass W.; Panayotov, Ivan. Prehistoric Bulgaria. Monographs in World Archaeology. 22. Madison, WI: Prehistoric Press. pp. 79–98.

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for white. The black pigment, which was introduced during the later period of the culture, was a rare commodity: taken from a few sources and circulated (to a limited degree) throughout the region. The probable sources of these pigments were

1330:, resulting in the worst drought in the history of Europe since the beginning of agriculture. The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture relied primarily on farming, which would have collapsed under these climatic conditions in a scenario similar to the 4960: 1347:

However, the Blytt–Sernander approach as a way to identify stages of technology in Europe with specific climate periods is an oversimplification not generally accepted. A conflict with that theoretical possibility is that during the warm

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theories on these Cucuteni–Trypillia clay figurines. Her conclusions, which were always controversial, today are discredited by many scholars, but still there are some scholars who support her theories about how neolithic societies were

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Clay statues of females and amulets have been found dating to this period. Copper items, primarily bracelets, rings and hooks, are occasionally found as well. A hoard of a large number of copper items was discovered in the village of

6481:Ткачук Т. М. Семіотичний аналіз трипільсько-кукутенських знакових систем (мальований посуд) / Ткачук Т. М., Мельник Я. Г.; Національний заповідник "Давній Галич"; Прикарпатський ун-т ім. В.Стефаника. – Івано-Франківськ: Плай, 2000. 1136:

Tools made of flint, rock, clay, wood and bones continued to be used for cultivation and other chores. Much less common than other materials, copper axes and other tools have been discovered that were made from ore mined in

1943:, and later by the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture in the Pre-Cucuteni period. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring-water through the process of 2355:(because the clay was placed there before it was fired). These show that woven fabrics were common in Cucuteni–Trypillia society. Finds of ceramic weights with drilled holes suggest that these were manufactured with a 2918:) influence on Trypillian population at Verteba. Since the representatives of the H clade of mtDNA comprised 28.6% of the sample, authors suggested a genetic link between the Trypillian population at Verteba and the 2350:

No examples of Cucuteni–Trypillia textiles have yet been found – preservation of prehistoric textiles is rare and the region does not have a suitable climate. However, impressions of textiles are found on pottery

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Archaeologists have uncovered a large number of artefacts from these ancient ruins. The largest collections of Cucuteni–Trypillia artefacts are to be found in museums in Russia, Ukraine and Romania, including the

2333:...the stiff nude to be representative of death on the basis that the color white is associated with the bone (that which shows after death). Stiff nudes can be found in Hamangia, Karanovo, and Cucuteni cultures 6596: 2220:

were limited to a rusty-red and white. Later, potters added additional colours to their products and experimented with more advanced ceramic techniques. The pigments used to decorate ceramics were based on

775:, subsequently began the first excavations at Cucuteni in the spring of 1885. Their findings were published in 1885 and 1889, and presented in two international conferences in 1889, both in Paris: at the 2291:

Toward the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, as copper became more readily available, advances in ceramic technology levelled off as more emphasis was placed on developing metallurgical techniques.

1133:, which was situated in the centre of the dwelling. As the population in this area grew, more land was put under cultivation. Hunting supplemented the practice of animal husbandry of domestic livestock. 3366: 1114:(or western side) of the Dnieper River, in present-day Ukraine. The population grew considerably during this time, resulting in settlements being established on plateaus, near major rivers and springs. 1322:

In the 1990s and 2000s, another theory regarding the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture emerged based on climatic change that took place at the end of their culture's existence that is known as the

2931:, included a whole-genome analysis of four males from the Nikitin et al., 2017 study, and described them as roughly 80% EEF, with around 20% of the rest of their ancestry being intermediate between 5199:

Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019,

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Kirleis, Wiebke; Corso, Marta Dal; Pashkevych, Galyna; Schlütz, Frank; Hofmann, Robert; Terna, Andreea; Dreibrodt, Stefan; Rud, Vitalii; Videiko, Mykhailo Y.; Müller, Johannes (1 January 2024).

1085:. Historians point to this transition to kiln-fired, white-painted pottery as the turning point for when the Pre-Cucuteni culture ended and Cucuteni Phase (or Cucuteni–Trypillia culture) began. 4515:

Saharasia: the 4000 BCE origins of child abuse, sex-repression, warfare and social violence in the deserts of the Old World: the revolutionary discovery of a geographic basis to human behavior

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during this time of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is disputed among historians; horse remains have been found in some of their settlements, but it is unclear whether these remains were from

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by several hundred years. The culture also has the oldest evidence of wheels for vehicles, which predate any evidence of wheels for vehicles in Mesopotamia by several hundred years as well.

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A page from the UK-based group "Arattagar" about Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, which has many great photographs of the group's trip to the Trypillian Museum in Trypillia, Ukraine (in English).

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Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia

1141:, Ukraine, as well as some deposits along the Dnieper river. Pottery-making by this time had become sophisticated, however they still relied on techniques of making pottery by hand (the 905:

climatic periods in which the culture flourished, Europe was at its warmest and moistest since the end of the last Ice Age, creating favorable conditions for agriculture in this region.

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Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics. B. Constantinescu, R. Bugoi, E. Pantos, D. Popovici Documenta Praehistorica XXXIV (2007)

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or scratch plough), harvesting crops and tending livestock was probably the main occupation for most people. Typically for a Neolithic culture, the majority of their diet consisted of

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Immel, Alexander; Țerna, Stanislav; Simalcsik, Angela; Susat, Julian; Šarov, Oleg; Sîrbu, Ghenadie; Hofmann, Robert; Müller, Johannes; Nebel, Almut; Krause-Kyora, Ben (6 March 2020).

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PANTA RHEI: Studies on the Chronology and Cultural Development of South-Eastern and Central Europe in Earlier Prehistory Presented to Juraj Pavúk on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday

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As of 2003, about 3,000 cultural sites have been identified, ranging from small villages to "vast settlements consisting of hundreds of dwellings surrounded by multiple ditches".

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Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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Extant figurines excavated at the Cucuteni sites are thought to represent religious artifacts, but their meaning or use is still unknown. Some historians as Gimbutas claim that:

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time, developing new techniques for ceramic production, housing building, agriculture and producing woven textiles (although these have not survived and are known indirectly).

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Chapman, John; Videiko, Mikhail Yu; Hale, Duncan; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Burdo, Natalia; Rassmann, Knut; Mischka, Carsten; Müller, Johannes; Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Aleksey (2014).

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populations, and consider the T4 and J haplogroups as hallmarks of Neolithic demic intrusions from the southeast (the north-pontic region) rather than from the west (i.e. the

776: 4590:

Comșa, Eugen (1973). "Cultura plantelor în cursul epocii neolitice pe teritoriul României" [Cultivated plants of the Neolithic current epoch in Romanian territory].

1907:, the spear and clubs. To help them in stalking game, they sometimes disguised themselves with camouflage. Remains of game species found at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites include 6153:. Catalog for an exhibit held at the Palazzo della Cancelleria museum in Vatican City from 16 September – 31 October 2008; Palazzo della Cancelleria: Rome–Vatican, 2008. 1311:, summarising the three existing theories concerning the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, mentions that archaeological findings in the region indicate Kurgan (i.e. 923: 6662: 2730: 149: 3322:

Diachenko, Aleksandr; Francesco Menotti (2012). "The gravity model: monitoring the formation and development of the Tripolye culture giant-settlements in Ukraine".

1110:

in the west to the Dnieper River in the east. During this period, the population immigrated into and settled along the banks of the upper and middle regions of the

6624: 1674: 768: 227: 4592:

Terra Nostra: Culegere de Materiale Privind Istoria Agriculturii în România (Our Earth: Selections from a Material Perspective of Agricultural History in Romania)

3808:[Cucuteni–Trypillia: a great civilization of ancient Europe] (Press release) (in Italian). Sapienza – Università di Roma. 16 September – 31 October 2008. 4182: 1242:

rituals. An increasingly larger number of Bronze Age artefacts originating from other lands were found as the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture drew near.

6512: 3601: 6672: 1527: 1251: 159: 4419:"Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe" 2430:. Presumably these tools were hafted with wood, but this is not preserved. Weapons are rare but not unknown, implying the culture was relatively peaceful. 1125:

Their dwellings were built by placing vertical poles in the form of circles or ovals. The construction techniques incorporated log floors covered in clay,

6313:

Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, IX, Iași, 2003 The Human Bone with Possible Marks of Human Teeth Found at Liveni Site (Cucuteni Culture) Sergiu Haimovici

930:, both schemes have been extended and revised since first proposed, incorporating new data and formalised mathematical techniques for artifact seriation. 6657: 3021: 1993: 1015:

rivers of central Ukraine. Settlements also developed in the southeastern stretches of the Carpathian Mountains, with the materials known locally as the

764: 8684: 6652: 4692: 1989: 139: 6122:

The Tripolye Culture giant-settlements in Ukraine. Formation, Development and Decline. F. Menotti, A. Korvin-Piotrovsky ed.; Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012

926:

in 1949 and divided the Trypillia culture into three main phases (A, B, and C) with further sub-phases (BI–II and CI–II). Initially based on informal

806:, Ukraine. As a result, this culture became identified in Ukrainian publications (and later in Soviet Russia), as the 'Tripolie' (or 'Tripolye', from 6647: 5659:

Bartel, Brad, "Cultural associations and mechanisms of change in anthropomorphic figurines during the Neolithic in the eastern Mediterranean basin".

1985: 1932: 1072:

Pottery remains from this early period are very rarely discovered; the remains that have been found indicate that the ceramics were used after being

134: 3695: 7323: 6275:

Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumänien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit

4036:

Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumănien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit

3846:

Butureanu, Grigore (1989). "Notita asupra sapaturilor si cercetarilor facute la Cucuteni" [Note on the Diggings and Research at Cucuteni].

4868: 1505:

into a more complex system, as is attested to by an increasing number of artifacts from other cultures that have been dated to the latter period.

9081: 8822: 8418: 7172: 5348:

Nikitin, Alexey G.; Potekhina, Inna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Reich, David; Lillie, Malcolm (24 February 2017). Capelli, Cristian (ed.).

4691:

Dergachev, Valentin A. (2002), "Two studies in defense of the migration concept", in Boyle, Katherine V.; Renfrew, Colin; Levine, Marsha (eds.),

994:(6500–5000 BC). During the early period of its existence (in the fifth millennium BC), the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was also influenced by the 4904: 3809: 3630: 2167: 1026:). Most of the settlements were located close to rivers, with fewer settlements located on the plateaus. Most early dwellings took the form of 421: 5726:

Drasovean, Florian; Popovici, Dragomir; Alamoreanu, Aledandru; Wullschleger, Manuela; Chamay, Jacques; van der Wielen-van Ommeren, Frederike.

7025: 6667: 6018:

Problems in European prehistory: a collection of 18 papers, each with a new introduction and bibliography, and an original introductory essay

1369: 638:

The majority of Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements were of small size, high density (spaced 3 to 4 kilometres apart), concentrated mainly in the

154: 3464:"A complex subsistence regime revealed for Cucuteni–Trypillia sites in Chalcolithic eastern Europe based on new and old macrobotanical data" 9037: 8546: 6617: 6586: 6552: 6523:

An interesting 6 minute video on an exhibition in Rome – "Cucuteni–Trypillia: A Great Civilization of Old Europe" with dialogue in English.

220: 5730:. Catalog for the exhibition held at the Historisches Museum in Olten, Switzerland, 3 June – 5 October 2008; Naples, Italy: arte'm, 2008. 5299:"Comprehensive Site Chronology and Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis from Verteba Cave – a Trypillian Culture Site of Eneolithic Ukraine" 2826:

Currently, the only Trypillian site where human remains dating to the first half of the 4th millennium BC have been consistently found is

1041:. Wheat, rye and peas were grown. Tools included ploughs made of antler, stone, bone and sharpened sticks. The harvest was collected with 9193: 9188: 9183: 5771:"Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture" 4354:"Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture" 674:, advanced architectural techniques that allowed for the construction of large buildings, advanced agricultural practices, and developed 410: 17: 6539: 5001: 3776:

Monah, Dan (2005), "Religie si arta in cultura Cucuteni" [Religion and art in Cucuteni culture], in Dumitroaia, Gheorghe (ed.),

9218: 9208: 8869: 8320: 7240: 6775: 6717: 6013: 4065:

Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2010). "New data regarding the chronology of the Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiștea–Erbiceni cultures".

330: 6517: 5565:(1982), "Old Europe in the Fifth Millenium B.C.: The European Situation on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans", in Polomé, Edgar C. (ed.), 5415:

Lillie, Malcolm C.; Budd, Chelsea E.; Potekhina, Inna D.; Price, Douglas; Sokhatsky, Mykhailo; Nikitin, Alexey G. (27 December 2017).

5046: 1536: 6322: 5323: 4677: 4253: 4920:"A fire cult in South European Chalcolithic traditions? On the relationship between ritual contexts and the instrumentality of fire" 2152: 9198: 5233:

Pre- & protohistorie van de lage landen, onder redactie van J.H.F. Bloemers & T. van Dorp 1991. De Haan/Open Universiteit.

4282: 3725: 3546: 2208:

shaping and the most common in the Neolithic; however, there is some evidence that they also used a primitive type of slow-turning

655:

as well. The settlements of the culture are claimed as the earliest cities to exist, and further represents the oldest evidence of

631:, and also as the "last great Eneolithic civilisation of Old Europe". The late Tripolye culture has also been described by scholar 4836: 4269: 2807:

Indo-European tribes who burst out of the steppes of Russia and Kazakhstan beginning around 2500 BC, and who worshipped a warlike

2179: 1692: 9178: 6610: 1903:

Hunting supplemented the Cucuteni–Trypillia diet. They used traps to catch their prey, as well as various weapons, including the

1473:. In between these two economic models (the hunter-gatherer tribes and Bronze Age civilisations) we find the later Neolithic and 484: 213: 6455:Дослідження трипільської цивілізації у науковій спадщині археолога Вікентія Хвойки. – Київ: Академперіодика,2007. – Частини І—ІІ 4926:, Cult in context: comparative approaches to prehistoric and ethnographic religious practices, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 269–284, 1665: 616:, encompassing an area of 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi), with a diameter of 500 km (300 mi; roughly from 548: 63: 50: 6151:

Cucuteni–Trypilla: a great civilization of old Europe; Palazzo della Cancelleria, Rome–Vatican, 16 September – 31 October 2008

2836:

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, in the vast majority of cases, the bodies were not formally deposited within the settlement area.

922:

which were further divided into phases (Pre-Cucuteni I–III and Cucuteni A and B). The Ukrainian scheme was first developed by

9203: 6158: 5886: 5735: 5714: 5594: 5417:"First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine" 5204: 5133: 4931: 4757: 4479: 4011: 3951: 3921: 3735: 3705: 3675: 3640: 3399: 3256: 1326:

phase. Beginning around 3200 BC, the Earth's climate became colder and drier than it had ever been since the end of the last

3167:"Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex: relations and synchronisms with other contemporaneous cultures from the Black Sea area" 2085: 7316: 5066: 4251:

Cucuteni–Tripolye Cultural Complex: Relations and Synchronisms with Other Contemporaneous Cultures from the Black Sea Area.

3865: 3419: 716: 2850: 2814:

One of the unanswered questions regarding the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is the small number of artefacts associated with

1482:

society. And of course, social stratification was just one of the many aspects of what is regarded as a fully established

5154: 3894: 2288:

1000–1100 °C but were usually maintained at around 900 °C to achieve a uniform and complete firing of vessels.

1874: 1390:

the development of trade, interaction with other cultures and the apparent use of barter tokens, an early form of money.

477: 6545: 6458:Дудкін В. П. Відейко М. Ю. Архітектура Трипільської цивілізації: від поселень до протоміст. – Київ: Мислене древо, 2009. 2250:

mineral sources, pigments derived from organic materials (including bone and wood) were used to create various colours.

1224:

During the late period, the Cucuteni–Trypillia territory expanded to include the Volyn region in northwest Ukraine, the

2116: 1752: 1295: 4162: 4040:

Cucuteni in upper Moldova, Romania: the fortified settlement with painted pottery from the stone age to the copper age

2030:

in Romania. However, smaller collections of artefacts are kept in many local museums scattered throughout the region.

2027: 8447: 7353: 6242: 6212: 6188: 6137: 6046: 6025: 5994: 5916: 5895: 5869: 5756: 5689: 5647: 5626: 5574: 5264: 5238: 4732: 4702: 4628: 4522: 4500: 3986: 3298: 3076: 1701: 81: 6935: 4090:], Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (in Russian), vol. 10, Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1082: 370: 8654: 8541: 7005: 5589:, Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series, vol. 18, Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man, 3784:], Bibliotheca memoriae antiquitatis XV (in Romanian), Piatra-Neamț, Romania: Editura Foton, pp. 162–173, 780: 4081: 3186: 2128: 1323: 814:

to the whole culture, with the Ukrainian-derived term "Cucuteni–Trypillia culture" gaining currency following the

9066: 8457: 7495: 7309: 3056: 2418:

was the most common material for stone tools, but a number of other types are known to have been used, including

2158: 815: 755:, investigated the quarry in Cucuteni from where the material was mined, where he found fragments of pottery and 708:

site in Romania, revealed thirteen habitation levels that were constructed on top of each other over many years.

4780: 1339:

decreased, according to carbon-14 dating. According to that theory, the neighboring Yamnaya culture people were

724:

ceramic vessels (from left to right): a bowl on stand, a vessel on stand and an amphora, ca. 4300–4000 BC; from

6768: 6323:"Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei (Cucuteni B period in the lower Carpathian region of Moldova)" 6098: 5187: 2858:

The first archaeogenetic analysis of Trypillian remains was conducted by Nikitin et al. in 2010. They analyzed

2414:

and polished stone, organic materials (bone, antler and horn), and in the later period, copper. Local Miorcani

2107: 2100: 1999: 2260: 1161:

in nature. Indeed, it was partially the archaeological evidence from Cucuteni–Trypillia culture that inspired

8679: 8209: 7469: 7271: 6382:Збенович В. Г. Ранний этап трипольской культуры на территории Украины / АН УССР. ИА. – К.: Наук. думка, 1989. 4919: 4878: 1011:

region along the eastern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains into the basins and plains of the Dnieper and

7537: 6533: 4716: 3127:"7,000 years ago, Neolithic optical art flourished – Technology & science – Science – DiscoveryNews.com" 2272: 1393:

Members of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture shared common features with other Neolithic societies, including:

1287:" which finally met extinction in a process visible in the progressing appearance of fortified settlements, 59: 8674: 8214: 7687: 5461: 5350:"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots" 2140: 1972: 1809: 1280: 7363: 5682:

Fragmentation in archaeology: People, places, and broken objects in the prehistory of south eastern Europe

2528: 1731: 9213: 7640: 2972: 1211: 273: 6379:Збенович В. Г. Позднетрипольские племена Северного Причерноморья / АН УССР. НА. – К.: Наук. думка, 1974. 6101:. "Aspects of settlement diversity and its classification in southeast Europe before the Roman period". 5297:

Nikitin, Alexey G.; Sokhatsky, Mykhailo P.; Kovaliukh, Mykola M.; Videiko, Mykhailo Y. (14 April 2011).

3238: 2514: 2018:, and these Eastern European settlements predate the Sumerian cities by more than half of a millennium. 1186: 729: 8942: 8743: 5416: 4890: 3036: 2878:, Ukraine). It revealed that seven of the individuals whose remains where analysed belonged to: two to 2755:

Many of these artefacts are clay figurines or statues. Archaeologists have identified many of these as

1054: 1022: 541: 509: 6905: 362: 8748: 8563: 6980: 6826: 6761: 6200: 4417:

Nikitin, Alexey G; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (June 2017).

2845: 2057: 1429:

Earlier societies of hunter-gatherer tribes had no social stratification, and later societies of the

1276: 1256:

There is a debate among scholars regarding how the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture took place.

5751:. Volume 217 of the BAR international series; British Archaeological Reports (B.A.R): Oxford, 1984. 5216: 3805: 3576:"Trypillia Mega-Sites Avoided Wealth Inequalities between Individual Households, Archaeologists Say" 8937: 8029: 7574: 7276: 6925: 6707: 3575: 3066: 2936: 2932: 1947:. First, the brackish water from the spring was boiled in large pottery vessels, producing a dense 1284: 991: 831: 185: 31: 8101: 8096: 3831:

Beldiceanu, Nicolae (1885). "Antichitățile de la Cucuteni" [The Antiquities at Cucuteni].

3248: 9054: 8964: 8136: 7903: 7722: 7655: 7387: 7212: 6562: 6527: 5002:"Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics" 3201: 2984: 2980: 1423: 927: 6753: 6436:Черниш Е. К. Энеолит Правобережной Украины и Молдавии // Энеолит СССР. – М., 1982. – С. 166—347. 6110: 5668: 5044:

Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Scientific report 2003–2004

2822:

There are no Cucuteni cemeteries and the Trypillia ones that have been discovered are very late.

2323: 1508:

Toward the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture's existence (from roughly 3000 BC to 2750 BC),

9142: 9016: 8622: 8513: 8501: 8197: 7938: 7777: 7414: 7348: 7332: 7222: 6842: 6831: 6722: 4806:"High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization" 3463: 3359:"High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization" 3051: 2976: 2915: 2911: 2903: 995: 585: 442: 7054: 6265:

Tripolje Großsiedlungen - Geomagnetische Prospektion und architektursoziologische Perspektiven

5586:

The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993

4961:"Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe" 4548:"The Second Phase of the Trypillia Mega-Site Methodological Revolution: A New Research Agenda" 3667: 3420:"Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe" 3389: 2960: 2301: 1936: 8881: 8817: 8691: 8384: 8310: 8084: 8079: 8017: 7956: 7893: 7841: 7834: 7380: 7079: 6808: 6556: 5176: 5008: 4805: 3000: 2968: 2919: 2895: 2887: 2879: 2469: 1818: 1398: 1225: 635:

as the "most thriving and populous agricultural community in the entire Copper Age world".

534: 8266: 7235: 5110:

Rekonstrukcija Ženske Odjeće U Eneolitiku Međuriječja Dunava, Drave I Save, Marina Milicevic

1740: 457: 9147: 9098: 9093: 9076: 9071: 9049: 8839: 8553: 8406: 8298: 8202: 7995: 7680: 7479: 7422: 7281: 7245: 7102: 6915: 5948: 5788: 5505: 5361: 5119:

Prehistoric textiles: the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze By E.J.W. Barber

5043: 4365: 3981:. BAR international series. Vol. 217. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (B.A.R). 3331: 3081: 2964: 2891: 2883: 2791: 2664: 2462: 2300:

An anthropomorphic ceramic artefact was discovered during an archaeological dig in 1942 on

2037:

The houses of the Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements were constructed in several general ways:

1442: 1299:

Cucuteni-Typillia ceramic vessel (National Museum of the History of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine)

1201: 1178: 1170: 878: 701: 144: 7650: 6870: 6342: 6333:. Piatra Neamț, Romania: Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț (Piatra Neamț Museum of History). 6235:

Cucuteni: 120 ans de recherches. Le temps du bilan = 120 years of research: time to sum up

4668:. Piatra Neamț, Romania: Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț (Historical Museum Piatra Neamț). 4657: 4250: 358: 8: 9137: 8802: 8607: 8440: 7973: 7846: 7727: 7702: 7147: 7020: 6985: 6821: 6732: 6702: 3091: 3071: 3026: 1896: 1832: 1410: 725: 391: 353: 322: 180: 7031: 6975: 6930: 6890: 6880: 5952: 5792: 5509: 5365: 4369: 4286: 3335: 1940: 1713: 983: 651:, and also in the entire world arguably. They were larger and older than sites found in 378: 374: 366: 9088: 8991: 8893: 8706: 7888: 7618: 7584: 7167: 7036: 6885: 6385:Круц В. А. Позднетрипольские племена Среднего Поднепровья. – Киев: Наукова думка, 1977. 6087: 5969: 5930: 5809: 5775: 5770: 5534: 5493: 5392: 5349: 5253: 4980: 4847: 4454: 4394: 4353: 4232: 3691: 3041: 2766: 2574: 2356: 2048: 1466: 1434: 1404: 1234: 1111: 1106:

In the middle era, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture spread over a wide area from Eastern

935: 795: 786:

At the same time, the first Ukrainian sites ascribed to the culture were discovered by

760: 437: 7069: 6910: 5298: 2002:(with a population of 15,000 and covering an area of 335 hectares) in the province of 9130: 9120: 9110: 9059: 8716: 8634: 7928: 7913: 7898: 7878: 7769: 7748: 7559: 7402: 7292: 6712: 6508:

The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley 5000–3500 BC, Exhibition Video (2010)

6429:Черныш Е. К., К истории населения энеолитического времени в Среднем Приднестровье // 6388:Маркевич В. И. Позднетрипольские племена Северной Молдавии. – Кишинев: Штиинца, 1981. 6334: 6278: 6245: 6238: 6215: 6208: 6191: 6184: 6161: 6154: 6140: 6133: 6113: 6106: 6091: 6079: 6042: 6028: 6021: 5990: 5974: 5919: 5912: 5898: 5891: 5872: 5865: 5849: 5814: 5759: 5752: 5749:

The Cucuteni–Tripolye culture: study in technology and the origins of complex society

5738: 5731: 5717: 5710: 5692: 5685: 5671: 5664: 5650: 5643: 5629: 5622: 5590: 5570: 5539: 5521: 5438: 5397: 5379: 5270: 5260: 5234: 5200: 5183: 5129: 4984: 4937: 4927: 4898: 4882: 4708: 4698: 4669: 4634: 4624: 4599: 4569: 4528: 4518: 4496: 4475: 4446: 4438: 4399: 4381: 4236: 4224: 4207:

Zbenovich, Vladimir G. (1 June 1996). "The Tripolye culture: Centenary of research".

4174: 4136: 4091: 4043: 4017: 3992: 3982: 3979:

The Cucuteni–Tripolye culture: study in technology and the origins of complex society

3785: 3741: 3731: 3701: 3671: 3636: 3524: 3483: 3439: 3395: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3252: 3178: 3046: 2948: 2944: 2787: 2559: 2242: 2225: 2209: 1860: 1498: 1349: 1260: 1142: 1073: 898: 830:

Chalcolithic cultures of Southeastern Europe, with major archaeological sites. (See:

690: 686: 660: 414: 383: 6995: 6530:

The French Government's Ministry of Culture's page on Cucuteni Culture (in English).

3635:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 40. 2204: 1334:

of the American Midwest in the 1930s. According to The American Geographical Union,

9125: 9032: 8775: 8558: 8358: 8278: 8234: 8034: 7856: 7707: 7667: 7266: 7162: 7074: 6955: 6940: 6784: 6742: 6697: 6173: 6071: 5964: 5956: 5935: 5839: 5804: 5796: 5529: 5513: 5428: 5387: 5369: 5313: 4972: 4817: 4564: 4559: 4547: 4458: 4430: 4389: 4373: 4216: 3663: 3514: 3475: 3431: 3339: 3244: 3213: 3061: 2952: 2926: 2501: 2495: 2366:, suggest that textiles were also knitted (specifically using a technique known as 2246: 2237: 2023: 2015: 1174: 1034: 855: 826: 807: 787: 747:, after having seen ceramic fragments in the gravel used to maintain the road from 679: 593: 578: 465: 175: 8617: 8573: 7064: 6727: 4749: 3955: 3925: 3101: 1782: 987: 335: 9006: 8976: 8738: 8666: 8644: 8602: 8497: 8467: 8332: 8327: 7978: 7861: 7432: 7127: 7000: 6960: 6816: 6582: 6125: 5987:

Maidanets'ke. Development and decline of a Trypillia mega-site in Central Ukraine

5944: 5784: 5584: 5562: 5374: 5050: 5034:

Kingdom Dragomir Popovici National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest, Romania

4736: 4618: 4257: 4099: 3626: 3217: 3106: 2875: 2832: 2783: 2041: 1566: 1383: 1379: 1316: 1312: 1272: 1264: 1205: 1166: 1162: 1126: 1038: 894: 851: 847: 772: 292: 288: 201: 7041: 6490:Цвек О. В. Поселення східнотрипільської культури (короткий нарис). – Київ, 2006. 6289:

Das Rätsel der Donauzivilisation. Die Entdeckung der ältesten Hochkultur Europas

5070: 3869: 2309: 1145:

was not used yet). Characteristics of the Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery included a

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on either side of the range. Its historical core lay around the middle to upper

748: 9115: 9042: 8864: 8829: 8760: 8649: 8521: 8229: 7814: 7804: 7625: 7606: 6950: 6945: 6900: 6865: 6855: 5800: 5517: 5494:"Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine" 4377: 3479: 3086: 2800: 2484: 2433:

The following types of tools have been discovered at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites:

2195: 1883: 1864: 1479: 1438: 1268: 284: 280: 7010: 6800: 6522: 6507: 6075: 5146: 4976: 3898: 3745: 3435: 3343: 3202:"Neo-Eneolithic settlement pattern and salt exploitation in Romanian Moldavia" 2367: 1855:

in clay ovens or on heated stones in the home. They also grew peas and beans,

740: 627:

It is described as a culture of "unequalled wealth and importance" during the

9172: 9001: 8986: 8932: 8910: 8807: 8795: 8711: 8580: 8462: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8111: 8022: 7951: 7692: 7635: 7613: 7522: 7454: 7449: 7427: 7207: 7202: 7187: 7182: 7157: 7059: 7049: 7015: 6970: 6965: 6920: 6875: 6860: 6850: 6737: 6602: 6590: 6576: 6338: 5881: 5853: 5583:

Gimbutas, Marija (1997), Dexter, Miriam Robbins; Jones-Bley, Karlene (eds.),

5525: 5442: 5383: 5274: 4941: 4924:

Explorations into the conditions of spiritual creativity in prehistoric Malta

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Like other Neolithic societies, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture had almost no

1308: 1181:

of peaceful, egalitarian (counter to a widespread misconception, "matristic"

999: 944:• Early (Pre-Cucuteni I–III to Cucuteni A–B, Trypillia A to Trypillia BI–II): 886: 744: 639: 470: 461: 451: 406: 387: 349: 339: 296: 196: 7542: 6083: 6039:

Tripolye Typo-Chronology: Mega and Smaller Sites in the Sinyukha River Basin

5318: 5312:(1–2). Archaeological Centre Olomouc, Government Funded Organisation: 9–18. 4712: 4638: 4603: 4532: 4418: 4178: 4140: 4103: 4095: 4021: 3996: 3007:

According to the paper, it indicates shared ancestry with the population of

1939:, Romania. It was first used in the early Neolithic, around 6050 BC, by the 1629: 8920: 8876: 8857: 8812: 8612: 8536: 8293: 8288: 8244: 7871: 7753: 7717: 7697: 7549: 7527: 7439: 7230: 7192: 7177: 7122: 6990: 6789: 5978: 5828:"Anthropomorphic statuettes from Cucuteni–Tripolye: some signs and symbols" 5818: 5543: 5401: 4450: 4403: 4047: 3721: 3234: 2867: 2863: 2827: 2775: 2718: 2612: 2605: 2314: 1904: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1602: 1483: 1458: 1446: 1414: 1263:

of the origin of Proto-Indo-Europeans, and in particular the archaeologist

1138: 1129:

walls that were woven from pliable branches and covered in clay and a clay

1107: 1012: 721: 656: 632: 582: 398: 243: 8969: 6249: 6165: 5923: 5742: 5721: 5638:

Bailey, Douglass Whitfield; Whittle, Alasdair W.R.; Cummings, Vicki, eds.

4729: 4163:"Archeological transformations: crossing the pastoral/agricultural bridge" 3126: 1076:. The outer colour of the pottery is a smoky grey, with raised and sunken 838:

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture flourished in the territory of what is now

663:. The population of the culture at its peak exceeded one million people. 8959: 8949: 8905: 8900: 8852: 8790: 8753: 8726: 8627: 8597: 8472: 8394: 8315: 8303: 8064: 8049: 8039: 8010: 7968: 7883: 7851: 7799: 7732: 7569: 7444: 7301: 7250: 7137: 7097: 6310:

Biblioteca Antiquitatis, The first Cucuteni Museum of Romania Foton, 2005

6219: 6195: 6144: 6008: 5902: 5890:, J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams (eds.), Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. 5876: 5763: 5696: 5654: 5633: 4130: 3727:

A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next

2899: 2871: 2804: 2796: 2735: 2521: 2402: 2091: 2007: 1977: 1647: 1419: 1340: 1238: 1229: 1046: 990:

cultures of the 6th to 5th millennia, with additional influence from the

803: 694: 652: 315: 6282: 6117: 6032: 5960: 5675: 4821: 4434: 3632:

Advancement in Ancient Civilizations: Life, Culture, Science and Thought

3602:"The rise and fall of the mysterious culture that invented civilisation" 1097: 9103: 8996: 8954: 8770: 8733: 8696: 8592: 8179: 8091: 7918: 7819: 7792: 7712: 7510: 7464: 7375: 7343: 6426:Трипольская культура в Украине. Поселение-гигант Тальянки. – Киев, 2008 6056: 5907:

Mantu, Cornelia-Magda; Dumitroaia, Gheorghe; Tsaravopoulos, Aris, eds.

5619:

Prehistoric figurines: representation and corporeality in the Neolithic

4697:, McDonald Institute monographs, Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 93–112, 4660:[Cucuteni B period in the lower Carpathian region of Moldova]. 4220: 4132:

Prehistoric figurines: representation and corporeality in the Neolithic

3031: 2808: 2595: 2221: 2003: 1944: 1791: 1611: 1474: 1430: 1353: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1158: 1146: 1058: 866: 756: 678:. The economy was based on a elaborate agricultural system, along with 675: 628: 519: 500: 311: 6513:

The rise and fall of the mysterious culture that invented civilisation

6268: 5067:"Will the "Great Goddess" resurface?: Reflections in Neolithic Europe" 4662:

Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis (BMA) (Memorial Library Antiquities)

2394: 2362:

Other pottery sherds with textile impressions, found at Frumușica and

2319: 2305: 1548: 1066: 9011: 8780: 8765: 8363: 8348: 8273: 8256: 8174: 8059: 8000: 7990: 7985: 7908: 7787: 7675: 7601: 7368: 7358: 7197: 6682: 6566: 6327:

BMA: Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis (Memorial Library Antiquities)

6179:. Part of the Cambridge world archaeology series (revised edition of 5844: 5827: 5433: 2922:

groups, which displayed similar frequencies of H-bearing haplotypes.

2756: 2233: 2229: 1920: 1852: 1489: 1357: 1331: 1154: 1027: 902: 870: 791: 303: 260: 255: 4837:"Regarding the Problem of the Size of the Settlement Near Tal'yanki" 4083:

Periodizatsiia tripolʹskikh poseleniĭ, iii–ii tysiacheletie do n. ė.

3656:

Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan; Hofmann, Daniela, eds. (1 March 2015).

2173:

House with raised platform at Maidanetsk, c. 3700 BC, reconstruction

1998:

In terms of overall size, some of Cucuteni–Trypillia sites, such as

1773: 1638: 1593: 1584: 1557: 621: 8785: 8721: 8568: 8526: 8261: 8169: 8044: 7866: 7829: 7809: 7142: 6049: 5998: 5663:

13, no. 1 (1981): pp. 73–86. Abingdon, UK: Routledge Journals

3358: 2771: 2427: 2386: 2378: 2363: 2213: 1912: 1908: 1620: 1575: 1288: 1117: 938:. The following chart represents this most current interpretation: 890: 759:

figurines. Burada and other scholars from Iași, including the poet

736: 597: 524: 433: 6572: 6549:

topics that relate to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (in English).

6233:

Chapman, John; Dumitroaia, Gheorghe; Weller, Olivier; et al, eds.

6170:

Mykhailo Videiko Ukraine: from Trypillia to Rus. Kiev, Krion, 2010

5306:

Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica - Natural Sciences in Archaeology

4945: 4788:

Tripolye settlements-giants. The international symposium materials

3240:

The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and The Indus Civilization

3166: 1878:

Site of a hill-top Trypillia settlement at Trinca-La Șanț, Moldova

8847: 8639: 8585: 8531: 8353: 8159: 8069: 7923: 7824: 7782: 7645: 7564: 7517: 7505: 6783: 6536:

The Romanian Dacian Museum page on Cucuteni Culture (in English).

3501:

Chapman, John; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Nebbia, Marco (31 May 2019).

1916: 1856: 1683: 1513: 1462: 1450: 1327: 1050: 874: 843: 839: 667: 648: 613: 609: 605: 601: 6130:

Economy and society in prehistoric Europe: changing perspectives

6105:

19, no.1 (1987) pp. 1–22. Abingdon, UK: Routledge Journals

5296: 2747: 1722: 1433:

had noticeable social stratification, which saw the creation of

1045:

made of flint-inlaid blades. The grain was milled into flour by

752: 116: 8915: 8452: 8430: 8283: 8219: 8164: 7554: 7532: 7500: 7474: 7152: 7117: 7112: 6405:Рыбаков Б. А., Космогония и мифология земледельцев энеолита // 5128:

Carmen Marian Mestesuguri Textile in Cultura Cucuteni page 102

3290:

In search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth

2616: 2423: 2352: 2342: 2212:, an innovation that did not become common in Europe until the 2071: 1840: 1509: 1470: 1454: 1077: 1042: 882: 862: 705: 447: 6414:Древнейшее металлообрабатывающее производство Восточной Европы 6057:"Neolithic stamps: cultural patterns, processes and potencies" 5347: 5069:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 3952:"The Trypilska Kultura – The Spiritual Birthplace of Ukraine?" 2318:, or ritualistic dance. Similar artefacts were later found in 777:

International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences

8981: 8701: 8435: 8389: 8251: 8106: 8054: 7630: 7596: 7132: 6583:

The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC

6469:Пізній етап трипільської культури. Археологія Української РСР 6267:. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 17, 2015, pp. 17–99. 3461: 2975:. According to admixture analysis they had approximately 75% 2956: 2940: 2859: 2760: 2419: 2415: 2011: 2006:, Ukraine, are as large as (or perhaps even larger than) the 1948: 1233:

more important. Outlying communities were established on the

1008: 693:

is the oldest ever found, and predates evidence of wheels in

504: 6518:

Trypillia: 7000-year-old civilisation silenced by communists

5909:

Cucuteni: the last great Chalcolithic civilization of Europe

4416: 3388:

Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (2016).

1867:– though there is no solid evidence that they actually made 1457:, contrasted with those individuals on the other end of the 982:

The roots of Cucuteni–Trypillia culture can be found in the

647:'mega-sites' of the culture were the largest settlements in 8927: 8888: 8368: 8224: 8154: 8074: 7946: 7459: 7107: 5178:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

4872: 4545: 3806:"Cucuteni-Trypillya: una grande civiltà dell'antica Europa" 3391:

Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE

2452: 1868: 1851:, barley and hemp, which were probably ground and baked as 1153:

Some scholars have used the abundance of these clay female

1130: 1004: 952:• Middle (Cucuteni B, Trypillia BII to CI–II): 671: 643: 617: 6495:Ранньотрипільське поселення Ленківці на Середньому Дністрі 5083:

This site was a student brief done for a class assignment.

4598:. Bucharest: Consiliul Superior al Agriculturii: 243–252. 3700:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6, 51–70. 3418:

Gaydarska, Bisserka; Nebbia, Marco; Chapman, John (2020).

3321: 1800: 1764: 8239: 8005: 7963: 6559:

in Romania, supported by many international institutions.

5470:, Extended Data Figure 2: Supervised ADMIXTURE analysis.. 4786:. In Korvin-Piotrovsky, A; Kruts, V; Ryzhov, S M (eds.). 4517:. Greensprings, Oregon: Orgone Biophysical Research Lab. 960:• Late (Horodiștea–Foltești, Trypillia CII): 5414: 5255:

The civilization of the Goddess: the world of Old Europe

4846:. Kiev: Institut Arkheologii NAN Ukrainy. Archived from 4351: 3547:"Cucuteni-Trypillia: Eastern Europe's lost civilisation" 1374: 700:

One of the most notable aspects of this culture was the

666:

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture had elaborately designed

6393:Раннеземледельческие (трипольские) племена Поднестровья 6374:Раннетрипольское поселение Лука-Врублевецкая на Днестре 4869:"The Tripolye house, a sacred and profane coexistence!" 4332: 4330: 4328: 2062: 1888: 1871:. There is also evidence that they may have kept bees. 6183:, 1985); Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 5703:

Mysteries of ancient Ukraine: the remarkable Trypilian

4922:, in Barrowclough, David A.; Malone, Caroline (eds.), 3868:. The Institute of archaeology in Iași. Archived from 3500: 3417: 6597:

360 Virtual Tour of Cucuteni Museum from Piatra-Neamt

6132:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997. 5449: 3954:. The Trypillian Civilization Society. Archived from 3924:. The Trypillian Civilization Society. Archived from 3922:"Trypillian Civilization in the prehistory of Europe" 3897:. The Trypillian Civilization Society. Archived from 3387: 2987:

and less than 5% traces of Yamnaya-related ancestry.

2731:

Religion and ritual of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

2185:

Illustration of interconnected houses from Maidanetsk

735:

The culture was initially named after the village of

6005:

Trypillia Mega-Sites: Neither Urban nor Low-Density?

5567:

The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and Third Millennia

4470: 4468: 4325: 4270:

Fibonacci Numbers In The Ancient “Cucuteni” Culture.

3655: 1189:

neolithic European societies that were wiped out by

121:

Characteristic example of Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery

6421:Труды одиннадцатого археологического сьезда в Киеве 6177:

Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds

4790:. Kiev: Institute of Archaeology. pp. 203–211. 1976:Reconstruction of the main occupation phase of the 596:. It extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the 5252: 4799: 4797: 4490: 4488: 4060: 4058: 4056: 3848:Arhiva Societății științifice și Literare din Iași 2803:, but were subsequently wiped out by invasions of 2739:A typical Cucuteni–Trypillia clay "goddess" fetish 1958: 6487:, т. І, АН УРСР, Інститут Археології. Київ, 1940. 5473: 4658:"Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei" 4620:The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting 4465: 3730:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–5. 3381: 1931:The earliest known salt works in the world is at 1252:Decline and end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 1157:statues to base the theory that this culture was 9170: 6450:Трипільська культура. Археологія Української РСР 5147:"The Cucutenian Communities in the Bahlui Basin" 4778: 3889: 3887: 2925:A study by Mathiesson et al., published 2018 in 1831:The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was a society of 6419:Хвойко В. Каменный век Среднего Поднепровья // 6020:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1979. 4996: 4994: 4794: 4485: 4053: 3022:Barter tokens of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 2910:T2b and U8b1 with Anatolian Neolithic Farmers ( 2633:Flint pieces inlaid into antler or wood blades 1994:House burning of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 1512:traded from other societies (notably, from the 1092: 810:Триполье), 'Tripolian' or 'Trypillia' culture. 6632: 4781:"The provision of salt to Tripolye mega-sites" 4694:Ancient Interactions: East and West in Eurasia 4272:Romania Journal (2023) - www.romaniajournal.ro 1990:Architecture of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 969: 430:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation 7317: 6769: 6618: 4347: 4345: 3884: 3199: 1986:Settlements of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 1219: 861:The culture thus extended northeast from the 542: 221: 6587:Institute for the Study of the Ancient World 5931:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe" 4991: 4009: 2774:', 4500 BC. Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum, 6497:. АН УРСР, Інститут Археології. Київ, 1959. 6431:Неолит и энеолит юга Европейской части СССР 4828: 3800: 3798: 3243:. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–46. 2947:(G-CTS688 and G-PF3330), while one carried 1486:, which began to appear in the Bronze Age. 27:Neolithic–Eneolithic archaeological culture 7331: 7324: 7310: 6776: 6762: 6718:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe 6625: 6611: 6593:, from 10 November 2009 to 25 April 2010 . 6207:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. 5825: 5292: 5290: 5060: 5058: 4903:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4862: 4860: 4342: 4260:Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, VII, 2000 4064: 4042:] (in German), Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 3945: 3943: 3830: 3206:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2799:, non-warlike, and worshipped an "earthy" 2245:in Romania for the iron magnetite ore and 2199:Model of a Cucuteni-Trypillia pottery kiln 608:and covering substantial parts of western 549: 535: 331:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe 228: 214: 6007:Journal of Urban Archaeology, 5, 81-100. 5968: 5928: 5843: 5808: 5533: 5467: 5455: 5432: 5391: 5373: 5317: 4958: 4917: 4690: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4563: 4393: 4206: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 3845: 3518: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3249:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190226909.001.0001 2914:) and Early Neolithic Farmers of Europe ( 1370:Economy of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 6464:, Київ, Укрполіграфмедіа, 2004, т. І—ІІ. 5582: 5561: 5491: 5250: 4803: 4779:Chapman, J; Gaydarska, Bisserka (2003). 4585: 4583: 4336: 4319: 4307: 3795: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3720: 3662:. Oxford University Press. p. 113. 3625: 3200:Brigand, Robin; Weller, Olivier (2018). 2862:recovered from Cucuteni–Trypillia human 2849: 2765: 2746: 2734: 2506:plungers, pressing and retouching tools 2410:Cucuteni–Trypillia tools were made from 2401: 2393: 2385: 2377: 2341: 2194: 1971: 1873: 1835:farmers. Cultivating the soil (using an 1488: 1373: 1294: 1210: 1116: 1096: 973: 825: 715: 6277:. Berlin–Leipzig: W. de Gruyter, 1932. 6054: 5709:. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 2008. 5287: 5144: 5055: 4866: 4857: 4623:, New York: Routledge, pp. 40–41, 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4033: 3940: 3690: 3668:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545841.001.0001 3659:The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe 3599: 3573: 3286: 3233: 3177:. Iași, Romania: Iași University: 267. 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 978:Goddess figurine, Romania, 4050–3900 BC 14: 9171: 6009:https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JUA.5.129844 5862:Early stamp seals in South-east Europe 4834: 4644: 4128: 4109: 4079: 4073: 3697:The Wheel: Inventions And Reinventions 3544: 3265: 2724: 8495: 8134: 7400: 7305: 6757: 6606: 6462:Енциклопедія Трипільської цивілізації 6320: 5887:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5768: 5621:. London; New York, Routledge, 2005. 5479: 5259:, San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 4959:Gaydarska, Bisserka (February 2020). 4760:from the original on 21 February 2009 4655: 4616: 4589: 4580: 4512: 4506: 4202: 4200: 4013:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 3976: 3782:The first Cucuteni museum for Romania 3775: 3752: 3569: 3567: 3540: 3538: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3394:. Taylor & Francis. p. 347. 3164: 3137:from the original on 24 December 2015 2669:hammer axes and possible battle axes 2346:Reconstructed Cucuteni–Trypillia loom 1445:of individuals who were of the elite 1121:One of the 'Council of the Goddesses' 779:by Butureanu and at a meeting of the 8496: 6307:. București: Editura Meridiane, 1979 5929:Mathieson, Iain (21 February 2018). 5251:Gimbutas, Marija Alseikaitė (1991), 4680:from the original on 9 October 2010. 4160: 4147: 3895:"Welcome to the Trypillian e-Museum" 3503:"The Origins of Trypillia Megasites" 3468:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 3413: 3411: 3369:from the original on 13 January 2017 3229: 3227: 3149: 2373: 2295: 2203:Most Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery was 1279:, being most likely speakers of the 1259:According to some proponents of the 35: 6563:National Museum of Romanian History 6269:https://doi.org/10.12766/jna.2015.3 5864:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984. 5826:Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2005). 5217:"The temple pediment from Trușești" 5064: 4088:Trypillia settlement periodization… 4080:Passek, Tatiana Sergeyevna (1949), 4010:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (1997), 3949: 3919: 3619: 3600:Spinney, Laura (24 February 2021). 1887:Cucuteni–Trypillia sites, that the 1409:Rudimentary economy, most likely a 1033:The inhabitants were involved with 702:periodic destruction of settlements 24: 9194:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine 9189:Archaeological cultures in Romania 9184:Archaeological cultures in Moldova 6573:National History Museum of Moldova 6400:Периодизация трипольских поселений 5329:from the original on 24 April 2012 4747: 4197: 3564: 3535: 3450: 3356: 3189:from the original on 11 July 2011. 2839: 1245: 1150:period have also been discovered. 1049:. Women were involved in pottery, 25: 9230: 9219:Archaeological cultures of Europe 9209:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 8448:Megalithic architectural elements 7293:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓ 6801:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑ 6546:The Institute of Archaeomythology 6501: 6205:The Ukrainians: unexpected nation 5989:. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2020. 5769:Immel, Alexander (6 March 2020). 5145:Boghian, Dumitru (7 April 2008). 4185:from the original on 17 July 2011 3812:from the original on 17 July 2011 3778:Primul muzeu Cucuteni din Romania 3545:Kovtun, Valeria (6 August 2021). 3408: 3324:Journal of Archaeological Science 3224: 3077:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 1208:north and east of the Black Sea. 8135: 6681: 6569:. Their web site is in Romanian. 6402:. МИА, н. 10. М. — П. 1949. 6064:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6050:https://doi.org/10.59641/m5457py 5999:https://doi.org/10.59641/h0912kt 5569:, Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 5157:from the original on 8 July 2011 4965:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4810:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 4283:"Interview with Marija Gimbutas" 4249:Cornelia-Magda Mantu (PDF file) 3424:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2271: 2259: 2178: 2166: 2151: 2139: 2134:Top view of Cucuteni house model 2127: 2115: 2099: 2094:mega-site, c. 3700 BC, 3D model. 2084: 1891:was employed as a draft animal. 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1700: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1535: 1526: 1449:or religious classes, full-time 916: 781:Society of Anthropology of Paris 730:Moldavia National Museum Complex 604:regions, centered on modern-day 115: 40: 9199:Chalcolithic cultures of Europe 9067:Evolutionary origin of religion 6540:Trypillian Culture from Ukraine 6376:. МИА н. 38. М. — П. 1953. 5604: 5485: 5408: 5341: 5244: 5227: 5209: 5193: 5169: 5138: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5037: 5027: 4952: 4911: 4772: 4741: 4723: 4684: 4610: 4552:European Journal of Archaeology 4539: 4410: 4313: 4301: 4275: 4263: 4243: 4173:. Leiden: E.J. Brill: 151–190. 4135:. London; New York: Routledge. 4027: 4003: 3970: 3913: 3858: 3839: 3824: 3714: 3684: 3649: 3593: 3580:Sci.News: Breaking Science News 3574:Prostak, Sergio (2 July 2024). 3507:Frontiers in Digital Humanities 3494: 3171:Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 3057:Nebelivka (archaeological site) 2667:, including double-headed axes, 2028:Archaeology Museum Piatra Neamț 1959:Technology and material culture 1935:, near the village of Lunca in 1307:, Irish-American archaeologist 1305:In Search of the Indo-Europeans 816:dissolution of the Soviet Union 728:, Romania and displayed at the 711: 670:made with the help of advanced 5554: 4565:10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000062 3350: 3315: 3193: 3165:Mantu, Cornelia-Magda (2000). 3119: 2252: 2070:Semi-underground homes called 1967: 1215:Pottery, Romania, 3700-3500 BC 13: 1: 8680:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 8210:British megalith architecture 7272:Secondary products revolution 5492:Gelabert, Pere (4 May 2022). 5151:Eneoliticul est-carpatic blog 4879:World Archaeological Congress 4016:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 3293:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2122:House interior reconstruction 1707:Anthropomorphic clay figurine 1275:and its predecessors) of the 1169:and some latter 20th century 911: 877:. It encompassed the central 589: 103: 9204:Neolithic cultures of Europe 8675:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 8215:Nordic megalith architecture 6553:The Vădastra Village Project 6149:Stratulat, Lacramioara, ed. 5617:Bailey, Douglass Whitfield, 5375:10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 4844:Title Forthcoming (in press) 4129:Bailey, Douglass W. (2005). 3218:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.032 2504:tools, e.g. abrasive pieces, 2479:Stone, antler, horn, copper 2278:Pottery wheel reconstruction 2266:Pottery wheel reconstruction 1281:Proto-Indo-European language 1093:Middle period (5000–3500 BC) 821: 7: 6395:, МИА, н. 84. Москва, 1961. 6041:. Leiden: Sidestone Press. 5684:. London: Routledge, 2000. 4867:Menotti, Francesco (2007), 4209:Journal of World Prehistory 3014: 2786:based at least part of her 2337: 2063: 1435:occupational specialization 1037:, agriculture, fishing and 998:from the north, and by the 970:Early period (5800–5000 BC) 842:, eastern and northeastern 18:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture 10: 9235: 9179:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 8823:British Isles and Brittany 8744:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 6634:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 6291:. München: C.H.Beck, 2011. 6037:Shatilo, Liudmyla (2021). 5801:10.1038/s41598-020-61190-0 5640:(Un)settling the neolithic 5518:10.1038/s41598-022-11117-8 4918:Gheorghiu, Dragoș (2006), 4378:10.1038/s41598-020-61190-0 3480:10.1007/s00334-023-00936-y 2994:A 2022 study published in 2843: 2728: 2691: 2657: 2636: 2588: 2572: 2544: 2492: 2445: 2190: 2026:in St. Petersburg and the 1983: 1519: 1367: 1363: 1352:, Denmark was occupied by 1324:Blytt–Sernander Sub-Boreal 1249: 1220:Late period (3500–3000 BC) 1083:Gumelnița–Karanovo culture 1023:Prehistory of Transylvania 958: 950: 942: 563:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 510:Domestication of the horse 371:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture 345:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 98:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 29: 9025: 8838: 8665: 8512: 8508: 8491: 8377: 8341: 8190: 8147: 8143: 8130: 7937: 7768: 7741: 7666: 7592: 7583: 7488: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7396: 7339: 7290: 7259: 7221: 7088: 6841: 6827:First Temperate Neolithic 6807: 6798: 6690: 6679: 6640: 6367:Археология Украинской ССР 6076:10.1017/S0959774307000248 4977:10.1017/S0959774319000301 4423:Journal of Human Genetics 3436:10.1017/S0959774319000301 3344:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.025 3287:Mallory, James P (1989). 2943:, two carried haplogroup 2846:Archaeogenetics of Europe 2751:Ceramic altar (replica). 2712: 2695: 2658: 2637: 2599: 2589: 2579: 2553: 2545: 2508: 2493: 2456: 2446: 2438: 1204:tribes that swept out of 924:Tatiana Sergeyevna Passek 799: 659:, at least dating to the 6708:Old Europe (archaeology) 5728:Neolithic art in Romania 5049:24 December 2015 at the 4161:Khol, Philip L. (2002). 4034:Schmidt, Hubert (1932), 3866:"In search of time past" 3520:10.3389/fdigh.2019.00010 3113: 2717:Some researchers, e.g., 1843:grains. They cultivated 247:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic, 54:may need to be rewritten 32:Old Europe (archaeology) 9055:Evolutionary musicology 8458:Oldest extant buildings 8385:Archaeological features 7904:Prepared-core technique 7213:Unchambered long barrow 6174:Whittle, Alasdair W. R. 6055:Skeates, Robin (2007). 5832:Documenta Praehistorica 5642:. Oxford: Oxbow, 2005. 5421:Documenta Praehistorica 5319:10.24916/iansa.2011.1.1 4804:Rassmann, Knut (2014). 4750:"Sarea, Timpul și Omul" 2985:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer 2161:temple, reconstruction. 1926: 1826: 1197:-worshipping, warlike, 881:as well as the plains, 865:river basin around the 689:from the middle of the 363:Decea Mureşului culture 9017:Unchambered long cairn 8865:Mound Builders culture 8198:Neolithic architecture 7333:Prehistoric technology 6832:Linear Pottery culture 6723:Linear Pottery culture 6321:Cucoș, Ștefan (1999). 6305:Arta culturii Cucuteni 4835:Harper, T. K. (2012). 4656:Cucoș, Ștefan (1999). 3052:Linear Pottery culture 3037:Dnieper–Donets culture 2904:Linear Pottery culture 2855: 2824: 2779: 2752: 2740: 2407: 2399: 2391: 2383: 2347: 2335: 2200: 2106:Reconstruction of the 2052: 1981: 1980:mega-site, c. 3800 BC. 1923:, fox and brown bear. 1879: 1494: 1386: 1378:Dniester landscape in 1356:cultures, rather than 1345: 1300: 1216: 1122: 1103: 1061:or domesticated ones. 996:Linear Pottery culture 979: 835: 769:Dimitrie C. Butculescu 732: 586:archaeological culture 8692:List of Stone Age art 7894:Microblade technology 7842:Langdale axe industry 7440:Ard / plough 6557:living history museum 6003:Ohlrau, René (2022). 5985:Ohlrau, René (2020). 5707:culture, 5400–2700 BC 5701:Ciuk, Krzysztof, ed. 4735:30 April 2011 at the 4513:DeMeo, James (1998). 3977:Ellis, Linda (1984). 3133:. 22 September 2008. 2920:Funnel Beaker culture 2866:remains found in the 2853: 2844:Further information: 2820: 2769: 2750: 2738: 2457:Stone, flint, copper 2405: 2397: 2389: 2381: 2345: 2331: 2198: 1975: 1877: 1758:Copper and gold hoard 1542:Copper hoard, 4000 BC 1492: 1399:social stratification 1377: 1336: 1298: 1285:Old European cultures 1277:Pontic–Caspian steppe 1271:(a term grouping the 1214: 1120: 1100: 977: 829: 719: 9099:Prehistoric medicine 9094:Prehistoric counting 9077:Prehistoric religion 9072:Paleolithic religion 9050:Behavioral modernity 8407:Causewayed enclosure 8299:Abri de la Madeleine 7423:Neolithic Revolution 7282:Proto-Indo-Europeans 7246:Neolithic long house 7103:Causewayed enclosure 6485:Трипільська культура 6407:Советская археология 5884:"Tripolye culture". 3835:(in Romanian). Iași. 3237:(1 September 2015). 3082:Proto-Indo-Europeans 2870:(on the bank of the 2792:Old European culture 2688:Flint, bone, copper 1179:Old European culture 992:Bug–Dniester culture 879:Carpathian Mountains 743:, Romania. In 1884, 624:in the southwest). 620:in the northeast to 592:5500 to 2750 BC) of 565:, also known as the 9138:Prehistoric warfare 7884:Magdalenian culture 7847:Levallois technique 7778:Earliest toolmaking 7148:Megalithic entrance 7026:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 6822:Corded Ware culture 6733:Sredny Stog culture 6703:Chalcolithic Europe 6663:Religion and ritual 6471:, т. I. Київ, 1971. 6452:, т. І. Київ, 1971. 5961:10.1038/nature25778 5953:2018Natur.555..197M 5793:2020NatSR..10.4253I 5510:2022NatSR..12.7242G 5366:2017PLoSO..1272952N 5153:. Dumitru Boghian. 4822:10.12766/jna.2014.3 4719:on 21 February 2012 4617:Crane, Eva (1999), 4435:10.1038/jhg.2017.12 4370:2020NatSR..10.4253I 4256:8 June 2015 at the 3920:Videiko, Mykhailo. 3872:on 4 September 2011 3692:Bulliet, Richard W. 3336:2012JArSc..39.2810D 3092:Sredny Stog culture 3072:Prehistoric Romania 3027:Chalcolithic Europe 2725:Ritual and religion 2685:Knives and daggers 2577:and spindle whorls 2236:ores for black and 2234:manganese Jacobsite 2079:covered with clay. 2047:Log homes, called ( 1897:horse domestication 1424:subsistence farmers 1397:Almost nonexistent 1202:Proto-Indo-European 984:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 661:fifth millennium BC 392:Monte Claro culture 181:Chalcolithic Europe 150:Religion and ritual 9214:Pre-Indo-Europeans 9089:Origin of language 9082:Spiritual drug use 8992:Rectangular dolmen 8894:Dartmoor kistvaens 8707:Carved stone balls 8419:Circular enclosure 8378:Other architecture 8321:Alp pile dwellings 7909:Solutrean industry 7820:Gravettian culture 7470:Secondary products 7168:Rectangular dolmen 6936:Gumelnița–Karanovo 6896:Cucuteni–Trypillia 6585:an exhibit at the 6476:Археологія України 6287:Haarmann, Harald. 5776:Scientific Reports 5498:Scientific Reports 5175:Christoph Baumer, 5073:on 12 October 1999 4358:Scientific Reports 4221:10.1007/BF02221076 3950:Taranec, Natalie. 3833:Schiță Arheologică 3357:Müller, Johannes. 3042:History of Ukraine 2996:Scientific Reports 2955:. With respect to 2939:. With respect to 2888:haplogroup R0(xHV) 2856: 2782:The archaeologist 2780: 2770:'The Thinker from 2753: 2741: 2660:Other/multipurpose 2442:Typical materials 2408: 2400: 2392: 2384: 2357:warp-weighted loom 2348: 2201: 1982: 1880: 1495: 1387: 1301: 1217: 1123: 1104: 980: 836: 763:and archeologists 761:Nicolae Beldiceanu 733: 443:Ahar–Banas culture 438:Hakra Ware culture 312:Ghassulian culture 9166: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9111:Prehistoric music 9060:music archaeology 8717:Cup and ring mark 8542:Clothing/textiles 8487: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8121: 7929:Yubetsu technique 7914:Striking platform 7879:Lithic technology 7764: 7763: 7749:Game drive system 7668:Projectile points 7560:Mortar and pestle 7299: 7298: 7236:Lithic industries 6793: 6751: 6750: 6713:Kurgan hypothesis 6369:, Киев, 1985, т.1 6345:on 9 October 2010 6273:Schmidt, Hubert. 6159:978-973-0-05830-7 6103:World Archaeology 5882:Mallory, James P. 5736:978-88-569-0001-9 5715:978-0-88854-465-0 5661:World archaeology 5596:978-0-941694-56-8 5221:capodopere2019.ro 5205:978-615-5766-30-5 5182:I.B.Tauris, 2012 5134:978-973-155-128-9 5065:Collins, Gloria. 4933:978-1-84217-303-9 4853:on 13 April 2014. 4480:978-0-691-05887-0 4289:on 7 October 2016 3737:978-1-63557-361-9 3707:978-0-231-54061-2 3677:978-0-19-954584-1 3642:978-1-4766-4075-4 3401:978-1-317-24791-3 3258:978-0-19-022690-9 3047:Khvalynsk culture 2880:haplogroup HV(xH) 2788:Kurgan hypothesis 2710: 2709: 2551:Knitting needles 2374:Weapons and tools 2296:Ceramic figurines 2285: 2284: 2226:calcium carbonate 2061: 1499:division of labor 1484:civilised society 1459:economic spectrum 1303:In his 1989 book 1261:Kurgan hypothesis 1173:to set forth the 967: 966: 928:ceramic seriation 765:Grigore Butureanu 691:5th millennium BC 612:and northeastern 571:Trypillia culture 559: 558: 415:Afanasevo culture 384:Remedello culture 359:Cernavodă culture 276:(2600 BC–1600 AD) 238: 237: 92: 91: 84: 64:lead layout guide 16:(Redirected from 9226: 9126:Divje Babe flute 9033:Archaeoastronomy 8776:Petrosomatoglyph 8510: 8509: 8493: 8492: 8342:Water management 8145: 8144: 8132: 8131: 8035:Denticulate tool 7857:Lithic reduction 7590: 7589: 7411: 7410: 7398: 7397: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7267:Danubian culture 7163:Polygonal dolmen 7006:Seine–Oise–Marne 6926:Globular Amphora 6787: 6785:Neolithic Europe 6778: 6771: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6743:Catacomb culture 6698:Neolithic Europe 6685: 6641:Topical articles 6627: 6620: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6534:Cucuteni Culture 6528:Cucuteni Culture 6478:. Торонто, 1961. 6423:. І. Киев, 1901. 6354: 6352: 6350: 6341:. Archived from 6317:pp. 279–298 6181:Neolithic Europe 6126:Sherratt, Andrew 6095: 6061: 5982: 5972: 5857: 5847: 5845:10.4312/dp.32.10 5822: 5812: 5599: 5579: 5563:Gimbutas, Marija 5549: 5547: 5537: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5434:10.4312/dp.44.18 5412: 5406: 5405: 5395: 5377: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5321: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5258: 5248: 5242: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5213: 5207: 5197: 5191: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5142: 5136: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5062: 5053: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5007:. Archived from 5006: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4944:, archived from 4915: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4894: 4893:on 13 April 2014 4889:, archived from 4881:(WAC6), Dublin, 4864: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4841: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4748:Andrei, Vasile. 4745: 4739: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4715:, archived from 4688: 4682: 4681: 4653: 4642: 4641: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4510: 4504: 4492: 4483: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4397: 4349: 4340: 4334: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4285:. Archived from 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4158: 4145: 4144: 4126: 4107: 4106: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4051: 4050: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3773: 3750: 3749: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3627:Haarmann, Harald 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3522: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3459: 3448: 3447: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3330:(8): 2810–2817. 3319: 3313: 3312: 3284: 3263: 3262: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3162: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3123: 3062:Neolithic Europe 2538:Polishing tools 2502:Pressure flaking 2496:Lithic reduction 2436: 2435: 2275: 2263: 2253: 2238:calcium silicate 2182: 2170: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2103: 2088: 2066: 2056: 2024:Hermitage Museum 2016:Fertile Crescent 1941:Starčevo culture 1853:unleavened bread 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1755: 1746:Copper jewellery 1743: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1704: 1695: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1539: 1530: 1035:animal husbandry 963:3500 to 3000 BC 955:5000 to 3500 BC 947:5800 to 5000 BC 941: 940: 936:radiocarbon data 856:Southern Ukraine 801: 745:Teodor T. Burada 680:animal husbandry 594:Southeast Europe 591: 575:Tripolye culture 567:Cucuteni culture 551: 544: 537: 466:Anarta tradition 434:Bhirrana culture 379:Coțofeni culture 375:Petreşti culture 367:Gorneşti culture 240: 239: 230: 223: 216: 176:Neolithic Europe 168:Related articles 119: 110: 108: 105: 94: 93: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 60:improve the lead 44: 43: 36: 21: 9234: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9154: 9021: 9007:Stone box grave 8977:Megalithic tomb 8882:Cotswold-Severn 8834: 8739:Guardian stones 8667:Prehistoric art 8661: 8504: 8479: 8468:Timber trackway 8373: 8337: 8333:Wattle and daub 8186: 8165:Standing stones 8139: 8118: 7933: 7760: 7737: 7662: 7579: 7489:Food processing 7484: 7433:New World crops 7405: 7392: 7335: 7330: 7300: 7295: 7286: 7255: 7217: 7128:Guardian stones 7090: 7084: 7046: 6906:Decea Mureşului 6837: 6817:Cardium pottery 6803: 6794: 6788:(including the 6782: 6752: 6747: 6686: 6677: 6673:Decline and end 6636: 6631: 6504: 6433:, Москва, 1962. 6348: 6346: 6303:Dumitrescu, V. 6099:Taylor, Timothy 6059: 5945:Nature Research 5860:Makkay, János. 5785:Nature Research 5607: 5602: 5597: 5577: 5557: 5552: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5413: 5409: 5360:(2): e0172952. 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5301: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5277: 5267: 5249: 5245: 5232: 5228: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5198: 5194: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5139: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5076: 5074: 5063: 5056: 5051:Wayback Machine 5042: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4957: 4953: 4934: 4916: 4912: 4896: 4895: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4802: 4795: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4746: 4742: 4737:Wayback Machine 4728: 4724: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4664:(in Romanian). 4654: 4645: 4631: 4615: 4611: 4588: 4581: 4544: 4540: 4525: 4511: 4507: 4493: 4486: 4473: 4466: 4415: 4411: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4258:Wayback Machine 4248: 4244: 4205: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4167:Iranica Antiqua 4159: 4148: 4127: 4110: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4054: 4032: 4028: 4008: 4004: 3989: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3958:on 21 June 2008 3948: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3928:on 21 June 2008 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3850:(in Romanian). 3844: 3840: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3774: 3753: 3738: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3572: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3543: 3536: 3499: 3495: 3460: 3451: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3351: 3320: 3316: 3301: 3285: 3266: 3259: 3232: 3225: 3198: 3194: 3163: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107:Yamnaya culture 3017: 2959:, they carried 2876:Ternopil Oblast 2848: 2842: 2840:Archaeogenetics 2833:post excavation 2784:Marija Gimbutas 2733: 2727: 2715: 2668: 2566:Sewing needles 2505: 2376: 2340: 2298: 2279: 2276: 2267: 2264: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2174: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2147: 2144: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2120: 2111: 2104: 2095: 2089: 2042:Wattle-and-daub 1996: 1984:Main articles: 1970: 1961: 1933:Poiana Slatinei 1929: 1829: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1756: 1747: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1405:political elite 1384:Western Ukraine 1380:Ternopil Oblast 1372: 1366: 1350:Atlantic period 1317:Yamnaya culture 1313:Yamnaya culture 1273:Yamnaya culture 1265:Marija Gimbutas 1254: 1248: 1246:Decline and end 1222: 1187:goddess-centred 1167:Joseph Campbell 1163:Marija Gimbutas 1127:wattle-and-daub 1095: 1074:fired in a kiln 972: 919: 914: 895:Podolian Upland 824: 788:Vincenc Chvojka 773:George Diamandy 714: 555: 522: 513: 512: 508: 498: 490: 489: 458:Savalda Culture 293:C-Group culture 289:A-Group culture 270: 258: 248: 246: 234: 205: 202:Yamnaya culture 199: 160:Decline and end 122: 106: 101: 100: 88: 77: 71: 68: 57: 45: 41: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9232: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9140: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9116:Alligator drum 9108: 9107: 9106: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9052: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9043:lunar calendar 9040: 9029: 9027: 9026:Other cultural 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8844: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8830:Venus figurine 8827: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8761:Megalithic art 8758: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8719: 8714: 8712:Cave paintings 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8518: 8516: 8514:Material goods 8506: 8505: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8433: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8313: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8237: 8232: 8230:Cliff dwelling 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8140: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8008: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7815:Fire hardening 7812: 7807: 7805:Clovis culture 7802: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7774: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7728:Manis Mastodon 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7672: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7607:throwing stick 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7503: 7498: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7419: 7417: 7407: 7406: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6691:Related topics 6688: 6687: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6599:(in Romanian). 6594: 6580: 6570: 6560: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6502:External links 6500: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6427: 6424: 6417: 6412:Рындина Н. В. 6410: 6409:, 1965, № 1—2. 6403: 6396: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6370: 6356: 6355: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6271: 6263:Ohlrau, René, 6253: 6252: 6223: 6222: 6201:Wilson, Andrew 6198: 6171: 6168: 6147: 6123: 6120: 6096: 6070:(2): 183–198. 6052: 6035: 6014:Renfrew, Colin 6011: 6001: 5983: 5926: 5905: 5879: 5858: 5823: 5766: 5747:Ellis, Linda. 5745: 5724: 5699: 5680:Chapman, John 5678: 5657: 5636: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5580: 5575: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5484: 5472: 5468:Mathieson 2018 5460: 5456:Mathieson 2018 5448: 5407: 5340: 5286: 5265: 5243: 5226: 5208: 5192: 5168: 5137: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5092:Pasternak 1963 5085: 5054: 5036: 5026: 5014:on 14 May 2011 4990: 4951: 4948:on 11 May 2008 4932: 4910: 4856: 4827: 4793: 4771: 4740: 4722: 4703: 4683: 4643: 4629: 4609: 4579: 4558:(3): 369–406. 4538: 4523: 4505: 4484: 4464: 4429:(6): 605–613. 4409: 4341: 4324: 4320:Gimbutas (1997 4312: 4308:Gimbutas (1982 4300: 4274: 4262: 4242: 4215:(2): 199–241. 4196: 4146: 4108: 4072: 4052: 4026: 4002: 3987: 3969: 3939: 3912: 3901:on 7 June 2008 3883: 3857: 3838: 3823: 3794: 3751: 3736: 3713: 3706: 3683: 3676: 3648: 3641: 3618: 3592: 3563: 3534: 3493: 3449: 3407: 3400: 3380: 3349: 3314: 3299: 3264: 3257: 3223: 3192: 3148: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3087:Samara culture 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3013: 2841: 2838: 2816:funerary rites 2801:mother goddess 2729:Main article: 2726: 2723: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2672:Stone, copper 2670: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2621:grinding slabs 2609: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2485:Gouges/chisels 2481: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2406:Bone artefacts 2375: 2372: 2339: 2336: 2297: 2294: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2258: 2230:iron magnetite 2224:for red hues, 2210:potter's wheel 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2045: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1937:Vânători-Neamț 1928: 1925: 1884:zooarchaeology 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1798: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1627: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1591: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1564: 1562: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1443:social classes 1427: 1426: 1417: 1407: 1401: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1269:Kurgan culture 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1221: 1218: 1185:matriarchal), 1175:popular theory 1143:potter's wheel 1094: 1091: 1017:Ariușd culture 971: 968: 965: 964: 961: 957: 956: 953: 949: 948: 945: 918: 915: 913: 910: 897:). During the 823: 820: 713: 710: 687:potter's wheel 557: 556: 554: 553: 546: 539: 531: 528: 527: 515: 514: 499: 497:Related topics 496: 495: 492: 491: 487:(6500–1000 BC) 480:(5000–2900 BC) 474: 473: 468: 455: 448:Kaytha culture 445: 440: 424:(4300–1800 BC) 418: 417: 401:(3700–1700 BC) 395: 394: 381: 356: 347: 342: 333: 325:(5500–2200 BC) 319: 318: 306:(6000–3500 BC) 300: 299: 285:Gerzeh culture 281:Naqada culture 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 251: 250: 236: 235: 233: 232: 225: 218: 210: 207: 206: 200: 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 183: 178: 170: 169: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 112: 111: 90: 89: 49:The article's 48: 46: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9231: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9002:Simple dolmen 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:Passage grave 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8933:Gallery grave 8931: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8848:Burial mounds 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8808:Statue menhir 8806: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8796:Stone carving 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635:Sewing needle 8633: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8463:Timber circle 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8412:Tor enclosure 8410: 8409: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8400:fulacht fiadh 8398: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7636:spear-thrower 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7614:Bow and arrow 7612: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7523:Grinding slab 7521: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:Domestication 7453: 7451: 7450:Digging stick 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7428:Founder crops 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7369:New Stone Age 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7322: 7320: 7315: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7208:Tor enclosure 7206: 7204: 7203:Timber circle 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:Statue menhir 7186: 7184: 7183:Simple dolmen 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7158:Passage grave 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7080:Windmill Hill 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981:Pit–Comb Ware 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6786: 6779: 6774: 6772: 6767: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738:Yamna culture 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6728:Vinča culture 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:House burning 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6591:New York City 6588: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474:Пастернак Я. 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243:973-7777-02-6 6240: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213:0-300-08355-6 6210: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189:0-521-44476-4 6186: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138:0-691-01697-6 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047:9789088909511 6044: 6040: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6026:0-85224-355-3 6023: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995:9789088908484 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917:973-98191-6-8 5914: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896:1-884964-98-2 5893: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870:963-05-3424-X 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5757:0-86054-279-3 5754: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690:0-415-15803-6 5687: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648:1-84217-179-8 5645: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627:0-415-33151-X 5624: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576:0-89720-041-1 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5291: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5266:0-06-250368-5 5262: 5257: 5256: 5247: 5240: 5239:90-269-4448-9 5236: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5179: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5010: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4971:(1): 97–121. 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4704:1-902937-19-8 4700: 4696: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4630:0-415-92467-7 4626: 4622: 4621: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4524:0-9621855-5-8 4520: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4501:1-881094-11-1 4498: 4491: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4338: 4337:Gelabert 2022 4333: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3988:0-86054-279-3 3984: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3827: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3722:Standage, Tom 3717: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3652: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3607: 3606:New Scientist 3603: 3596: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430:(1): 97–121. 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3300:0-500-05052-X 3296: 3292: 3291: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3235:Parpola, Asko 3230: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3102:Vinča culture 3100: 3098: 3097:Varna culture 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3010: 3009:Baden culture 3005: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:haplogroup T4 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2847: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2654:Bone, copper 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:Ground stones 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600:Antler, horn 2597: 2594: 2592: 2585:Loom weights 2584: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2569:Bone, copper 2568: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2533:Antler, horn 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2396: 2388: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:Cetatuia Hill 2293: 2289: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2197: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2149: 2146:Village model 2142: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:bow and arrow 1901: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847:, oats, rye, 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:J. P. Mallory 1306: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 1000:Boian culture 997: 993: 989: 985: 976: 962: 959: 954: 951: 946: 943: 939: 937: 931: 929: 925: 917:Periodization 909: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887:forest steppe 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 846:and parts of 845: 841: 833: 828: 819: 817: 811: 809: 805: 797: 793: 789: 784: 783:by Diamandi. 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 731: 727: 723: 718: 709: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 552: 547: 545: 540: 538: 533: 532: 530: 529: 526: 521: 517: 516: 511: 506: 502: 494: 493: 488: 486: 482: 481: 479: 472: 469: 467: 463: 462:Jorwe culture 459: 456: 453: 452:Malwa culture 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 435: 431: 428: 427: 426: 425: 423: 416: 412: 408: 407:Botai culture 405: 404: 403: 402: 400: 393: 389: 388:Gaudo culture 385: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 355: 351: 350:Yamna culture 348: 346: 343: 341: 340:Varna culture 337: 336:Vinča culture 334: 332: 329: 328: 327: 326: 324: 317: 313: 310: 309: 308: 307: 305: 298: 297:Kerma culture 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 278: 277: 275: 266: 265: 262: 257: 253: 252: 249:or Copper Age 245: 242: 241: 231: 226: 224: 219: 217: 212: 211: 209: 208: 203: 198: 197:Boian culture 193: 192: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 172: 171: 167: 166: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 145:House burning 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 131: 130: 126: 125: 118: 114: 113: 99: 96: 95: 86: 83: 75: 65: 62:and read the 61: 55: 52: 47: 38: 37: 33: 19: 8943:wedge-shaped 8928:Funeral pyre 8921:Great dolmen 8877:Chamber tomb 8858:Round barrow 8813:Stone circle 8685:Blombos Cave 8613:Grooved ware 8537:Chalcolithic 8441:Thornborough 8359:Flush toilet 8294:Blombos Cave 8289:Rock shelter 8245:Quiggly hole 8137:Architecture 8112:illustration 7754:Buffalo jump 7575:Storage pits 7538:Aşıklı Höyük 7528:Ground stone 7364:Subdivisions 7231:Grooved ware 7193:Stone circle 7178:Round barrow 7123:Great dolmen 7091:architecture 6916:Funnelbeaker 6895: 6790:Chalcolithic 6653:Architecture 6633: 6494: 6484: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6449: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6430: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6347:. 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Retrieved 3130: 3121: 3006: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2927: 2924: 2908: 2892:haplogroup J 2884:haplogroup H 2868:Verteba Cave 2864:osteological 2857: 2828:Verteba Cave 2825: 2821: 2813: 2781: 2776:Piatra Neamt 2754: 2742: 2719:Asko Parpola 2716: 2696:Flint, bone 2659: 2638: 2590: 2546: 2541:Bone, stone 2529:Soft hammers 2522:Hammerstones 2494: 2489:Stone, bone 2447: 2432: 2409: 2382:loom weights 2361: 2349: 2332: 2328: 2313: 2310:Neamț County 2299: 2290: 2286: 2218: 2202: 2077: 2036: 2032: 2020: 1997: 1962: 1953: 1930: 1902: 1893: 1881: 1849:proso millet 1830: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1493:Copper tools 1453:and wealthy 1428: 1420:Pastoralists 1415:gift economy 1392: 1388: 1346: 1341:pastoralists 1337: 1321: 1304: 1302: 1258: 1255: 1223: 1182: 1152: 1135: 1124: 1108:Transylvania 1105: 1087: 1071: 1063: 1055:domesticated 1047:quern-stones 1032: 1020: 1016: 1013:Southern Bug 981: 932: 920: 907: 860: 837: 812: 785: 749:Târgu Frumos 734: 722:Chalcolithic 712:Nomenclature 699: 684: 665: 637: 633:Asko Parpola 626: 583:Chalcolithic 574: 570: 566: 562: 560: 483: 476: 475: 471:Ajay culture 420: 419: 411:BMAC culture 399:Central Asia 397: 396: 344: 321: 320: 302: 301: 272: 244:Chalcolithic 186:"Old Europe" 140:Architecture 97: 78: 72:January 2023 69: 58:Please help 53: 51:lead section 8965:unchambered 8960:Long barrow 8950:Grave goods 8906:Court cairn 8901:Clava cairn 8853:Bowl barrow 8791:Rock cupule 8734:Golden hats 8727:Hill figure 8628:Unstan ware 8608:Cord-marked 8473:Sweet Track 8395:Burnt mound 8316:Stilt house 8304:Sibudu Cave 8097:Tally stick 8065:Quern-stone 8050:Hammerstone 8040:Fire plough 8011:Pesse canoe 7969:Bannerstone 7939:Other tools 7852:Lithic core 7800:Aurignacian 7688:Bare Island 7570:Quern-stone 7251:Unstan ware 7138:Long barrow 7098:Bank barrow 7055:Tiszapolgár 7021:Sredny Stog 6986:Pitted Ware 6648:Settlements 6467:Захарук Ю. 6448:Бібіков С. 6416:, М., 1971. 6372:Бибиков С. 6349:28 November 5947:: 197–203. 5838:: 145–154. 5555:Works cited 5504:(1): 7242. 5427:: 306–325. 5280:11 December 5161:22 February 4364:(1): 4253. 4189:21 November 3962:21 November 3932:21 November 3905:21 November 3876:21 November 3816:21 November 3551:www.bbc.com 3141:24 December 2979:, 10% both 2900:Paleolithic 2894:and one to 2872:Seret River 2805:patriarchal 2797:matriarchal 2693:Arrow tips 2651:Fish hooks 2448:Woodworking 2398:Stone tools 2390:Stone tools 2205:hand coiled 2092:Maidanetske 2064:ploshchadky 2008:city-states 1978:Maidanetske 1968:Settlements 1865:wine grapes 1861:cherry plum 1833:subsistence 1480:egalitarian 1411:subsistence 1206:the steppes 1191:patriarchal 1159:matriarchal 1147:monochromic 1059:wild horses 804:Kiev Oblast 741:Iași County 695:Mesopotamia 653:Mesopotamia 485:Mesoamerica 354:Corded Ware 316:Uruk period 135:Settlements 109:to 3000 BC) 107: 4800 9173:Categories 9104:trepanning 8997:Ring cairn 8955:Jar burial 8938:transepted 8870:U.S. sites 8771:Petroglyph 8697:Bird stone 8655:wine press 8328:Stone roof 8311:Roundhouse 8203:long house 8180:Stonehenge 8148:Ceremonial 8092:Stone tool 7919:Tool stone 7889:Metallurgy 7793:Mousterian 7770:Toolmaking 7708:Cumberland 7681:Transverse 7651:Schöningen 7543:Qesem cave 7511:Earth oven 7465:Irrigation 7376:Technology 7344:Prehistory 7277:Old Europe 7241:Metallurgy 7223:Technology 7089:Monumental 6886:Cortaillod 6493:Черниш К. 6398:Пассек Т. 6391:Пассек Т. 5480:Immel 2020 5241:, NUGI 644 5188:1780760604 5077:1 December 5018:17 January 4816:: 96–134. 3746:1184237267 3067:Old Europe 3032:Copper Age 2953:E-CTS10894 2949:G2a-PF3141 2778:, Moldavia 2368:nalbinding 2222:iron oxide 2004:Uman Raion 1945:briquetage 1845:club wheat 1475:Eneolithic 1431:Bronze Age 1403:Lack of a 1354:Mesolithic 1199:Bronze-Age 1195:Sky Father 1112:Right Bank 1028:pit-houses 1021:see also: 912:Chronology 867:Iron Gates 832:Old Europe 757:terracotta 676:metallurgy 629:Eneolithic 520:Bronze Age 501:Metallurgy 422:South Asia 30:See also: 9148:symbolism 9012:Tor cairn 8970:Grønsalen 8911:Cremation 8803:Sculpture 8781:Pictogram 8766:Petroform 8586:amber use 8554:Cosmetics 8364:Reservoir 8349:Check dam 8279:Pueblitos 8274:Pit-house 8257:Longhouse 8191:Dwellings 8060:Microlith 7991:Bow drill 7986:Bone tool 7979:prismatic 7788:Acheulean 7703:Cresswell 7676:Arrowhead 7602:Boomerang 7518:Granaries 7480:Terracing 7359:Stone Age 7198:Stone row 6871:Cernavodă 6567:Bucharest 6442:Ukrainian 6339:223302267 6250:243473152 6166:481221536 6111:0043-8243 6092:162937371 5924:480166927 5854:442196598 5743:260224420 5722:267124474 5669:0043-8243 5526:2045-2322 5443:1854-2492 5384:1932-6203 5275:123210574 4985:208245898 4942:309578661 4887:368044032 4674:223302267 4574:1461-9571 4443:1434-5161 4386:2045-2322 4237:161588641 4229:1573-7802 4104:22401126M 3790:319165024 3529:2297-2668 3488:1617-6278 3444:0959-7743 3309:246601873 3212:: 68–78. 3183:228808567 2890:, one to 2886:, one to 2882:, two to 2706:Spatulas 2643:Harpoons 2324:Drăgușeni 2159:Nebelivka 2110:mega-site 2058:romanized 2049:Ukrainian 1921:wild boar 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7693:Cascade 7656:woomera 7646:harpoon 7619:history 7585:Hunting 7565:Pottery 7506:Cooking 7415:Farming 7381:history 7354:Outline 7070:Vučedol 7001:Rzucewo 6961:Lengyel 6911:Dudești 6668:Economy 6360:Russian 6283:4942033 6118:2243103 6033:6092588 5970:6091220 5949:Bibcode 5810:7060214 5789:Bibcode 5676:2243103 5611:English 5535:9068698 5506:Bibcode 5393:5325568 5362:Bibcode 5223:. 2019. 4459:7459815 4395:7060214 4366:Bibcode 4293:17 July 4048:4942033 3611:29 July 3332:Bibcode 2981:Western 2945:G2a2b2a 2809:Sky God 2639:Fishing 2617:metates 2591:Farming 2412:knapped 2320:Berești 2306:Bodești 2247:Nikopol 2191:Pottery 2060:: 2014:in the 1917:aurochs 1857:apricot 1520:Gallery 1514:Balkans 1364:Economy 1328:Ice age 1067:Cărbuna 1051:textile 1043:scythes 875:Dnieper 869:to the 852:Central 848:Western 844:Romania 840:Moldova 808:Russian 668:pottery 649:Eurasia 614:Romania 610:Ukraine 606:Moldova 602:Dnieper 204:→ 155:Economy 9121:flutes 8916:Dolmen 8840:Burial 8650:winery 8623:Linear 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Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

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