67:
2724:
simplify web development by promoting reusability and maintainability, it also improves site performance because styles can be offloaded into dedicated .css files that browsers can cache. Additionally, even if the styles cannot be loaded or are disabled, this separation maintains the accessibility and readability of the content, ensuring that the site is usable for all users, including those with disabilities. Its multi-faceted approach, including considerations for selector specificity, rule order, and media types, ensures that websites are visually coherent and adaptive across different devices and user needs, striking a balance between design intent and user accessibility.
7536:
52:
9768:
4914:
4041:
2424:
another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML. And additionally, as more and more devices are able to access responsive web pages, different screen sizes and layouts begin to appear. Customizing a website for each device size is costly and increasingly difficult. The modular nature of CSS means that styles can be reused in different parts of a site or even across sites, promoting consistency and efficiency.
375:
4381:
2753:. Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the website, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all added styles, and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes. Browser extensions like
5225:. They provide a number of ready-made options for designing and laying out the web page. Although many of these frameworks have been published, some authors use them mostly for rapid prototyping, or for learning from, and prefer to 'handcraft' CSS that is appropriate to each published site without the design, maintenance and download overhead of having many unused features in the site's styling.
4280:
were dropped, and in a few cases, defined behaviors were changed to bring the standard into line with the predominant existing implementations. CSS 2.1 became a
Candidate Recommendation on February 25, 2004, but CSS 2.1 was pulled back to Working Draft status on June 13, 2005, and only returned to Candidate Recommendation status on July 19, 2007.
3338:
letter spacing, line-height, list-style, text-align, text-indent, text-transform, visibility, white-space, and word-spacing. Properties that cannot be inherited are background, border, display, float and clear, height, and width, margin, min- and max-height and -width, outline, overflow, padding, position, text-decoration, vertical-align, and z-index.
5107:(e.g., desktop, tablet, or mobile device), screen resolutions, the geographic location of the user, and many other variables. CSS also enables responsive design, ensuring that content dynamically adapts to different screen sizes and orientations, enhancing accessibility and user experience across a wide range of environments.
2387:, which means that factors such as the font size of a parent element can affect the rendered measurement. These eight units were a feature of CSS 1 and retained in all subsequent revisions. The proposed CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 will, if adopted as a W3C Recommendation, provide seven further length units:
4916:
4920:
4919:
4915:
5003:, which are pieces of JavaScript code designed to make browsers behave consistently. These workarounds—and the need to support fallback functionality—can add complexity to development projects, and consequently, companies frequently define a list of browser versions that they will and will not support.
4921:
5121:
When CSS is used effectively, in terms of inheritance and "cascading", a global style sheet can be used to affect and style elements site-wide. If the situation arises that the styling of the elements should be changed or adjusted, these changes can be made by editing rules in the global style sheet.
5106:
CSS facilitates the publication of content in multiple presentation formats by adjusting styles based on various nominal parameters. These parameters include explicit user preferences (such as themes or font size), compatibility with different web browsers, the type of device used to view the content
4951:
Since these specification snapshots are primarily intended for developers, there has been a growing demand for a similar versioned reference document targeted at authors, which would present the state of interoperable implementations as meanwhile documented by sites like Can I Use... and the MDN Web
4112:
Improving web presentation capabilities was a topic of interest to many in the web community and nine different style sheet languages were proposed on the www-style mailing list. Of these nine proposals, two were especially influential on what became CSS: Cascading HTML Style Sheets and Stream-based
4947:
The CSS Working Group sometimes publishes "Snapshots", a collection of whole modules and parts of other drafts that are considered stable enough to be implemented by browser developers. So far, five such "best current practices" documents have been published as Notes, in 2007, 2010, 2015, 2017, and
4369:
Prefixed properties are rendered obsolete by the time of standardization. Programs are available to automatically add prefixes for older browsers and to point out standardized versions of prefixed parameters. Since prefixes are limited to a small subset of browsers, removing the prefix allows other
5366:
As the size of CSS resources used in a project increases, a development team often needs to decide on a common design methodology to keep them organized. The goals are ease of development, ease of collaboration during development, and performance of the deployed stylesheets in the browser. Popular
5057:
CSS styles often must be duplicated in several rules to achieve the desired effect, causing additional maintenance and requiring more thorough testing. Some new CSS features were proposed to solve this but were abandoned afterward. Instead, authors may gain this ability by using more sophisticated
5006:
As websites adopt newer code standards that are incompatible with older browsers, these browsers can be cut off from accessing many of the resources on the web (sometimes intentionally). Many of the most popular sites on the internet are not just visually degraded on older browsers due to poor CSS
4467:
on 25 February 2004, but it was reverted to a
Working Draft on 13 June 2005 for further review. It returned to Candidate Recommendation on 19 July 2007 and then updated twice in 2009. However, because changes and clarifications were made, it again went back to Last Call Working Draft on 7 December
2470:
headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type. This made documents more complex, larger, and more error-prone and difficult to maintain. CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders,
5152:
With a simple change of one line, a different style sheet can be used for the same page. This has advantages for accessibility, as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to different target devices. Furthermore, devices not able to understand the styling still display the content.
4279:
Problems with the patchy adoption of CSS and errata in the original specification led the W3C to revise the CSS 2 standards into CSS 2.1, which moved nearer to a working snapshot of current CSS support in HTML browsers. Some CSS 2 properties that no browser successfully implemented
3337:
elements in a page based on nesting. Descendant elements may inherit CSS property values from any ancestor element enclosing them. In general, descendant elements inherit text-related properties, but their box-related properties are not inherited. Properties that can be inherited are color, font,
2423:
Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders, and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to
4489:
Unlike CSS 2, which is a large single specification defining various features, CSS 3 is divided into several separate documents called "modules". Each module adds new capabilities or extends features defined in CSS 2, preserving backward compatibility. Work on CSS level 3 started
2916:
refers to the relative weights of various rules. It determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply. Based on the specification, a simple selector (e.g. H1) has a specificity of 1, class selectors have a specificity of 1,0, and ID selectors have a specificity of
2761:
have been created to facilitate the management of such user style sheets. In the case of large projects, cascading can be used to determine which style has a higher priority when developers do integrate third-party styles that have conflicting priorities, and to further resolve those conflicts.
4388:
CSS has various levels and profiles. Each level of CSS builds upon the last, typically adding new features and typically denoted as CSS 1, CSS 2, CSS 3, and CSS 4. Profiles are typically a subset of one or more levels of CSS built for a particular device or user interface.
2723:
CSS, or
Cascading Style Sheets, offers a flexible way to style web content, with styles originating from browser defaults, user preferences, or web designers. These styles can be applied inline, within an HTML document, or through external .css files for broader consistency. Not only does this
5023:
Scoping rules for properties such as z-index look for the closest parent element with a position: absolute or position: relative attribute. This odd coupling has undesired effects. For example, it is impossible to avoid declaring a new scope when one is forced to adjust an element's position,
4973:
or CSS filters). The adoption of new functionality in CSS can be hindered by a lack of support in major browsers. For example, Internet
Explorer was slow to add support for many CSS 3 features, which slowed the adoption of those features and damaged the browser's reputation among developers.
4462:
CSS level 2 revision 1, often referred to as "CSS 2.1", fixes errors in CSS 2, removes poorly supported or not fully interoperable features and adds already implemented browser extensions to the specification. To comply with the W3C Process for standardizing technical specifications,
4183:
The CSS Working Group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1, resulting in the creation of CSS level 2 on
November 4, 1997. It was published as a W3C Recommendation on May 12, 1998. CSS level 3, which was started in 1998, is still under development as of 2014.
3332:
Inheritance is a key feature in CSS; it relies on the ancestor-descendant relationship to operate. Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants. Inheritance relies on the document tree, which is the hierarchy of
4105:, made consistent site appearance difficult, and users had less control over how web content was displayed. The browser/editor developed by Tim Berners-Lee had style sheets that were hard-coded into the program. The style sheets could therefore not be linked to documents on the web.
5041:", is dynamic (equivalent of JavaScript "onmouseover") and has potential for misuse (e.g., implementing cursor-proximity popups), but CSS has no ability for a client to disable it (no "disable"-like property) or limit its effects (no "nochange"-like values for each property).
4918:
4187:
In 2005, the CSS Working Groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more strictly. This meant that already published standards like CSS 2.1, CSS 3 Selectors, and CSS 3 Text were pulled back from
Candidate Recommendation to Working Draft level.
3633:
One common way to format CSS for readability is to indent each property and give it its own line. In addition to formatting CSS for readability, shorthand properties can be used to write out the code faster, which also gets processed more quickly when being rendered:
2732:
Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version, so authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium.
2564:
The advantages of this may not be immediately clear but the power of CSS becomes more apparent when the style properties are placed in an internal style element or, even better, an external CSS file. For example, suppose the document contains the style element:
4978:
property was used in some versions. In order to ensure a consistent experience for their users, web developers often test their sites across multiple operating systems, browsers, and browser versions, increasing development time and complexity. Tools such as
4137:" conference (later called WWW2) in Chicago, Illinois in 1994, and again with Bert Bos in 1995. Around this time the W3C was already being established and took an interest in the development of CSS. It organized a workshop toward that end chaired by
4968:
to render web pages, and support for CSS functionality is not consistent between them. Because browsers do not parse CSS perfectly, multiple coding techniques have been developed to target specific browsers with workarounds (commonly known as
4446:
CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation in May 1998. A superset of CSS 1, CSS 2 includes a number of new capabilities like absolute, relative, and fixed positioning of elements and
4078:) in the 1980s, and CSS was developed to provide style sheets for the web. One requirement for a web style sheet language was for style sheets to come from different sources on the web. Therefore, existing style sheet languages like
990:
Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include alphanumeric characters, hyphens, and underscores. A class may apply to any number of instances of any element. An ID may only be applied to a single element.
4314:
Individual browser vendors occasionally introduced new parameters ahead of standardization and universalization. To prevent interfering with future implementations, vendors prepended unique names to the parameters, such as
2741:
The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. The process is called
2471:
spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles, such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers. The
5450:
JavaScript is part of the triad of technologies that all Web developers must learn: HTML to specify the content of web pages, CSS to specify the presentation of web pages, and JavaScript to specify the behavior of web
4998:
directive that will allow developers to target browsers with support for certain functionality directly within their CSS. CSS that is not supported by older browsers can also sometimes be patched in using JavaScript
4141:. This resulted in W3C adding work on CSS to the deliverables of the HTML editorial review board (ERB). Lie and Bos were the primary technical staff on this aspect of the project, with additional members, including
2917:
1,0,0. Because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system, commas are used to separate the "digits" (a CSS rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11,11, not 121).
786:
Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or
4939:
Modules that build on things from CSS Level 2 started at Level 3. Some of them have already reached Level 4 or are already approaching Level 5. Other modules that define entirely new functionality, such as
5497:
4917:
4227:
However, even when later "version 5" web browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of CSS, they were still incorrect in certain areas. They were fraught with inconsistencies, bugs, and other
4129:
browser. Thereafter, Lie and Bos worked together to develop the CSS standard (the 'H' was removed from the name because these style sheets could also be applied to other markup languages besides HTML).
3438:
If no color is assigned to the em element, the emphasized word "illustrate" inherits the color of the parent element, p. The style sheet p has the color pink, hence, the em element is likewise pink:
1092:
Multiple simple selectors may be joined using combinators to specify elements by location, element type, id, class, or any combination thereof. The order of the selectors is important. For example,
806:
comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which declaration applies if more than one declaration of a property match a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is predictable.
4109:, also of CERN, wanted to separate the structure from the presentation so that different style sheets could describe different presentation for printing, screen-based presentations, and editors.
2118:
Properties are specified in the CSS standard. Each property has a set of possible values. Some properties can affect any type of element, and others apply only to particular groups of elements.
5367:
methodologies include OOCSS (object-oriented CSS), ACSS (atomic CSS), CSS (organic
Cascade Style Sheet), SMACSS (scalable and modular architecture for CSS), and BEM (block, element, modifier).
4224:, which had been the leader since its introduction of CSS support fifteen months earlier. Other browsers followed soon afterward, and many of them additionally implemented parts of CSS 2.
7278:
5134:, type or relationship to others. This is much more efficient than repeating style information inline for each occurrence of the element. An external stylesheet is usually stored in the
4451:, the concept of media types, support for aural style sheets (which were later replaced by the CSS 3 speech modules) and bidirectional text, and new font properties such as shadows.
3807:
items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in the text, one after the other across the available space until there is no more room, then starting a new line below.
775:, since the content can be written without concern for its presentation; provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics; enable multiple
4244:, as compared with the CSS standards. Such inconsistencies and variation in feature support made it difficult for designers to achieve a consistent appearance across browsers and
3823:
An absolutely positioned item has no place in, and no effect on, the normal flow of other items. It occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items.
4471:
CSS 2.1 went to
Proposed Recommendation on 12 April 2011. After being reviewed by the W3C Advisory Committee, it was finally published as a W3C Recommendation on 7 June 2011.
3817:
A floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the space available. Other content then flows alongside the floated item.
4276:. Without this marker, web browsers with the "quirks mode"-switching capability will size objects in web pages as IE 5 on Windows would, rather than following CSS standards.
779:
to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, which reduces complexity and repetition in the structural content; and enable the .css file to be
4264:") alongside an alternative, corrected "standards mode". Other non-Microsoft browsers also provided mode-switch capabilities. It, therefore, became necessary for authors of
4153:(JSSS). The spec was never finished, and is deprecated. By the end of 1996, CSS was ready to become official, and the CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in December.
3811:
items stack vertically, like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list. Normal flow also includes the relative positioning of block or inline items and run-in boxes.
5910:
7188:
9736:
5349:
components, templates, and code snippets, including typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other interface elements, as well as optional functionality provided by
4389:
Currently, there are profiles for mobile devices, printers, and television sets. Profiles should not be confused with media types, which were added in CSS 2.
5489:
5284:
1014:, which identifies content only when the user "points to" the visible element, usually by holding the mouse cursor over it. It is appended to a selector as in
7218:
4212:
that prevented CSS from being usefully adopted. It was more than three years before any web browser achieved near-full implementation of the specification.
2715:
This further decouples the styling from the HTML document and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external CSS file.
9742:
9532:
5213:
and
Materialize. Like programming and scripting language libraries, CSS frameworks are usually incorporated as external .css sheets referenced in the HTML
5167:
Without CSS, web designers must typically lay out their pages with techniques such as HTML tables that hinder accessibility for vision-impaired users (see
4134:
8764:
4079:
7431:
4272:
to show that the authors intended CSS to be interpreted correctly, in compliance with standards, as opposed to being intended for the now long-obsolete
2762:
Additionally, cascading can help create themed designs, which help designers fine-tune aspects of a design without compromising the overall layout.
6875:
6212:
7270:
9793:
6366:
6362:
5931:
4374:
prefixed properties, which are so common and persistent on the web that other families of browsers have decided to support them for compatibility.
535:
4936:
There is no single, integrated CSS4 specification, because the specification has been split into many separate modules which level independently.
6480:
5814:
9037:
8710:
6358:
7248:
6328:
9813:
9047:
5049:
There is no way to name a CSS rule, which would allow (for example) client-side scripts to refer to the rule even if its selector changes.
4160:
had all been taking place in one group, the HTML Editorial Review Board (ERB). Early in 1997, the ERB was split into three working groups:
4114:
2303:
Non-zero numeric values representing linear measures must include a length unit, which is either an alphabetic code or abbreviation, as in
6208:
5783:
5032:
CSS implements pseudo-classes that allow a degree of user feedback by conditional application of alternate styles. One CSS pseudo-class, "
9537:
7381:
4463:
CSS 2.1 went back and forth between
Working Draft status and Candidate Recommendation status for many years. CSS 2.1 first became a
4063:. Several other style sheet languages for the web were proposed around the same time, and discussions on public mailing lists and inside
1084:. Note the distinction between the double-colon notation used for pseudo-elements and the single-colon notation used for pseudo-classes.
5974:
1146:
applies to all div elements that are inside elements of class myClass. This is not to be confused with concatenated identifiers such as
9803:
5547:
4086:
were not suitable. CSS, on the other hand, let a document's style be influenced by multiple style sheets by way of "cascading" styles.
6717:
4490:
around the time of publication of the original CSS 2 recommendation. The earliest CSS 3 drafts were published in June 1999.
969:—is a markup feature that is distinct from browsers' CSS subsystem and the related W3C/WHATWG standards work on document styles; see
5724:
5467:
5403:
2615:
elements in the document will then automatically become red without requiring any explicit code. If the author later wanted to make
9594:
9057:
8790:
4083:
6578:
5881:
4952:
Docs. A W3C Community Group has been established in early 2020 in order to discuss and define such a resource. The actual kind of
1228:
an E element that is the source anchor of a hyperlink whose target is either not yet visited (:link) or already visited (:visited)
9730:
9328:
8871:
7299:
6374:
661:
66:
5902:
5753:
7563:
7325:
6400:
5856:
5101:
756:
8898:
7166:
6035:
5256:(CSS). It also serves as a foundation for many tools designed to make CSS development easier and more accessible to beginners.
3341:
Inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in a style sheet, allowing for shorter CSS.
9378:
7375:
5435:
3962:
items cannot be floated. Other elements normally flow around floated items, unless they are prevented from doing so by their
6246:
4269:
822:
9616:
9404:
9042:
6745:
6695:
6276:
2750:
7514:
6770:
6458:
6113:
5650:
9020:
8743:
3348:, where it is possible to define class B as "like class A, but with modifications". With CSS, it is possible to style an
1471:
an E element whose "foo" attribute value is a list of whitespace-separated values, one of which is exactly equal to "bar"
9320:
6174:
4986:
In addition to these testing tools, many sites maintain lists of browser support for specific CSS properties, including
9461:
9310:
8838:
8703:
7728:
6853:
6791:
6429:
5577:
3916:, and then shifted or offset from that position. Subsequent flow items are laid out as if the item had not been moved.
362:
6521:
6147:
4397:
The first CSS specification to become an official W3C Recommendation is CSS level 1, published on 17 December 1996.
4093:. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML. Variations in
1181:
The following table provides a summary of selector syntax indicating usage and the version of CSS that introduced it.
9131:
7500:
7479:
6647:
6543:
6086:
6008:
5850:
5675:
5138:, and can therefore be used on multiple pages without being reloaded, further reducing data transfer over a network.
4498:
4165:
4220:, shipped in March 2000, was the first browser to have full (better than 99 percent) CSS 1 support, surpassing
9573:
9067:
8733:
6622:
2110:. Optional white-space may be around the declaration block, declarations, colons, and semi-colons for readability.
5522:
9788:
9451:
7210:
6965:
6887:
5624:
5273:
5267:
5206:
1002:
are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not contained in the document tree.
6991:
6913:
6819:
9218:
9025:
4474:
CSS 2.1 was planned as the first and final revision of level 2—but low-priority work on CSS 2.2 began in 2015.
4074:
Style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings of Standard Generalized Markup Language (
2672:
The styles can also be placed in an external CSS file, as described below, and loaded using syntax similar to:
970:
692:
6302:
5595:
9798:
9420:
8833:
8810:
8738:
8696:
8420:
8376:
7439:
7107:
7077:
7047:
7017:
6600:
5116:
5007:
support but do not work at all, in large part due to the evolution of JavaScript and other web technologies.
3356:
B like that, which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat the modifications.
3345:
872:
666:
623:
562:
407:
253:
1486:
an E element whose "foo" attribute has a hyphen-separated list of values beginning (from the left) with "en"
9542:
9425:
8990:
8541:
7137:
6939:
5087:
pseudo-element, one cannot target specific ranges of text without needing to utilize placeholder elements.
5067:
2529:
Using CSS, the same element can be coded using style properties instead of HTML presentational attributes:
346:
912:
declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself.
9772:
8864:
8805:
8800:
8193:
8026:
7965:
7469:
6670:
5168:
5162:
4348:
4067:
resulted in the first W3C CSS Recommendation (CSS1) being released in 1996. In particular, a proposal by
530:
143:
38:
7490:
5939:
5311:
9758:
9338:
8672:
8050:
7556:
5357:
project, and was formerly maintained by ZURB. Since 2019, Foundation has been maintained by volunteers.
5063:
5059:
4113:
Style Sheet Proposal (SSP). Two browsers served as testbeds for the initial proposals; Lie worked with
2758:
965:(the phrase "CSS class", although sometimes used, is a misnomer, as element classes—specified with the
341:
336:
5130:
A stylesheet, internal or external, specifies the style once for a range of HTML elements selected by
9516:
9000:
8958:
8911:
8880:
8586:
8435:
8282:
6883:
6849:
6815:
6494:
6454:
5810:
5806:
5376:
5287:
5241:
5235:
5202:
4237:
4213:
4064:
3868:
are used to specify offsets and positions.The element having position static is not affected by the
810:
618:
117:
4089:
As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of
379:
9072:
8926:
8317:
6485:
3989:
to the right of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its left side.
3979:
to the left of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its right side.
2359:, which means that the rendered dimension does not depend upon the structure of the page; others –
181:
7240:
1537:
an element of type E in language "fr" (the document language specifies how language is determined)
9456:
9353:
9348:
8963:
8941:
8785:
6324:
5147:
4421:
4150:
2665:
rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual
320:
289:
104:
4956:
is also up to debate, which means that the document, once produced, might not be called "CSS4".
9466:
9260:
8857:
8616:
8154:
8096:
7970:
7875:
7785:
7771:
6268:
6216:
5775:
5331:
5325:
5253:
5210:
5000:
4047:, chief technical officer of the Opera Software company and co-creator of the CSS web standards
1348:
an E element whose class is "warning" (the document language specifies how class is determined)
966:
902:
717:
520:
244:
7403:
7365:
2482:
For example, under pre-CSS HTML, a heading element defined with red text would be written as:
9818:
9062:
9015:
8953:
8667:
8636:
8561:
8551:
8511:
7900:
7656:
7549:
5966:
5335:
4907:
4483:
4157:
2902:
The lowest priority: browser default value is determined by W3C initial value specifications
2452:
983:
795:
tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the content is accessed on a
552:
315:
284:
5543:
5307:
9146:
8985:
8719:
8677:
8601:
8571:
8531:
8521:
8222:
8163:
8011:
7949:
7795:
7676:
6713:
5354:
5277:
4288:
958:
713:
557:
474:
310:
174:
31:
8:
9808:
9691:
9683:
9183:
9010:
8968:
8516:
8501:
8465:
8415:
8400:
8217:
8198:
8173:
8101:
7840:
7800:
7719:
5720:
5616:
5463:
5395:
5338:
5194:
4953:
4296:
4273:
4257:
4233:
4221:
4201:
4197:
4122:
783:
to improve the page load speed between the pages that share the file and its formatting.
17:
5122:
Before CSS, this sort of maintenance was more difficult, expensive, and time-consuming.
2824:
A property definition applies to all media types unless a media-specific CSS is defined
863:
and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties.
374:
9707:
9699:
9622:
9492:
9077:
8506:
8470:
8450:
8405:
8332:
8267:
8262:
8106:
8091:
8045:
7895:
7820:
7611:
6570:
5877:
4965:
4245:
4205:
4177:
4161:
4126:
2754:
2444:
2352:
685:
574:
80:
7535:
7303:
6370:
5696:
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was released, Microsoft introduced a backward-compatible mode of CSS interpretation ("
929:
9675:
9563:
9558:
9119:
8626:
8596:
8341:
8086:
7790:
7616:
7496:
7475:
7371:
6643:
6637:
6421:
6082:
6076:
6004:
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5745:
5441:
5431:
4173:
3628:
2344:
780:
400:
7509:
7329:
6396:
6068:
5840:
4493:
Due to the modularization, different modules have different stability and statuses.
4398:
4366:
have slightly different syntax as compared to their non-vendor-prefix counterparts.
4071:
was influential; he became co-author of CSS1, and is regarded as co-creator of CSS.
4052:
4044:
3352:
with "class A, but with modifications". However, it is not possible to define a CSS
3319:
element because it has a higher specificity, and thus, the paragraph appears green:
2439:), etc., are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of
2126:
Values may be keywords, such as "center" or "inherit", or numerical values, such as
2017:
a user interface element E that is checked (for instance a radio button or checkbox)
9193:
8351:
8252:
8208:
7920:
7865:
7621:
6028:
5996:
4138:
540:
206:
8849:
6349:
5299:
944:: an identifier unique within the document, denoted in the selector language by a
9471:
9358:
8946:
8815:
8576:
8430:
8410:
7805:
6795:
6774:
6749:
6699:
6674:
6242:
6204:
4320:
4217:
4106:
4090:
4056:
2372:
2364:
821:
is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free
814:
792:
721:
501:
442:
294:
6742:
6692:
6272:
5018:
4464:
4405:
are credited as the original developers. Among its capabilities are support for
3995:
Forces the element to appear underneath ('clear') floated elements to the left (
957:: an identifier that can annotate multiple elements in a document, denoted by a
9430:
9388:
9173:
8936:
8037:
7910:
7855:
7835:
6767:
6450:
6109:
5646:
5346:
4352:
4142:
3940:
in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document is scrolled
3455:
The whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored. This code snippet:
1119:
applies to all elements of class myClass that are inside div elements, whereas
935:
848:
745:
645:
508:
452:
274:
258:
6642:(1st print. ed.). Harlow, England; Reading, MA.: Addison Wesley Longman.
3392:
Suppose there is a p element with an emphasizing element (<em>) inside:
2920:
Thus the selectors of the following rule result in the indicated specificity:
9782:
9270:
9198:
9188:
9114:
8921:
8795:
8287:
7850:
7810:
7780:
7631:
7465:
7158:
6178:
5445:
5280:
5249:
5245:
5190:
5185:
5135:
4340:
4241:
1636:
an E element whose "foo" attribute value begins exactly with the string "bar"
833:
828:
In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the use of CSS including
796:
788:
772:
678:
547:
513:
496:
279:
37:"Pseudo-element" redirects here. For pseudoelement symbols in chemistry, see
6845:
6788:
6425:
5569:
4983:
have been built to reduce the complexity of maintaining these environments.
4944:, have been designated as Level 1 and some of them are approaching Level 2.
3928:. The element is positioned in relation to its nearest non-static ancestor.
2619:
elements blue instead, this could be done by changing the style element to:
901:"CSS class" redirects here. For non-CSS use of element classes in HTML, see
8646:
8526:
8425:
8361:
8356:
8346:
8297:
8292:
8237:
7844:
6517:
6354:
6350:
6143:
5647:"W3C CSS2.1 specification for rule sets, declaration blocks, and selectors"
4991:
4980:
4721:
4425:
4332:
4209:
4118:
4102:
1651:
an E element whose "foo" attribute value ends exactly with the string "bar"
925:
491:
486:
481:
432:
393:
187:
6547:
6209:"Interview Robert Cailliau on the WWW Proposal: "How It Really Happened.""
5671:
5425:
9667:
9599:
9568:
9305:
9156:
9126:
9109:
8906:
8631:
8611:
8480:
8445:
8381:
8307:
8070:
7959:
7954:
7905:
7880:
7870:
7714:
7671:
7666:
7572:
5303:
4925:
4538:
4418:
Text attributes such as spacing between words, letters, and lines of text
4261:
4229:
4094:
2476:
974:
945:
760:
640:
635:
525:
469:
72:
51:
8688:
6614:
5197:
that are meant to allow for easier, more standards-compliant styling of
4768:
4744:
4698:
4434:
Unique identification and generic classification of groups of attributes
9652:
9178:
9136:
9099:
9030:
8536:
8322:
8312:
8257:
8247:
8116:
7939:
7890:
7860:
7661:
5518:
5350:
5295:
4629:
4584:
4249:
2463:
2336:
2320:
749:
584:
579:
457:
447:
92:
30:
This article is about the markup styling language. For other uses, see
6961:
6879:
5490:"Web-based Mobile Apps of the Future Using HTML 5, CSS and JavaScript"
5073:
5052:
4040:
2880:
If a property is not specified, it is inherited from a parent element
1807:
an E element, the n-th sibling of its type, counting from the last one
1747:
an E element, the n-th child of its parent, counting from the last one
9290:
9228:
8371:
8366:
8227:
8060:
8055:
8016:
7985:
7980:
7944:
7885:
7738:
7180:
6987:
6909:
6811:
6789:
Cascading Style Sheets Standard Boasts Unprecedented Interoperability
4970:
4860:
4838:
4653:
3695:
Sometimes, multiple property values are indented onto their own line:
1666:
an E element whose "foo" attribute value contains the substring "bar"
9767:
4675:
4370:
browsers to see the functionality. An exception is certain obsolete
4291:
files into Compact Slide Show files, so some web servers served all
2198:), RGBA values that specify both color and alpha transparency (e.g.
982:
elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the
9240:
9208:
9168:
9104:
8916:
8621:
8485:
8302:
8232:
8188:
8183:
8065:
7990:
7975:
6841:
6807:
6298:
6238:
6139:
6072:
5591:
5198:
5015:
Some noted limitations of the current capabilities of CSS include:
4815:
4791:
4607:
4562:
4409:
4402:
4380:
4253:
4169:
4146:
4098:
4068:
2440:
776:
768:
7099:
7069:
7039:
7013:
6592:
5201:
using the Cascading Style Sheets language. CSS frameworks include
4883:
1456:
an E element whose "foo" attribute value is exactly equal to "bar"
9627:
9383:
9233:
8995:
8820:
8581:
8566:
8440:
8178:
8111:
7929:
7830:
6490:
5971:
Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification
5574:
Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification
5544:"W3C CSS2.1 specification for pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes"
5027:
5024:
preventing one from using the desired scope of a parent element.
4941:
4448:
4208:
added more support, but it was typically incomplete and had many
4200:
was released that year, featuring some limited support for CSS.
2835:
Most browsers have the accessibility feature: a user-defined CSS
7529:
7350:
7129:
6935:
4994:. Additionally, CSS 3 defines feature queries, which provide an
4196:
The CSS 1 specification was completed in 1996. Microsoft's
2891:
CSS rule or CSS inline style overwrites a default browser value
1066:
makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as
9657:
9578:
9446:
9368:
9250:
9203:
9141:
9094:
9005:
8641:
8606:
8591:
8556:
8460:
8391:
8277:
8272:
8242:
8168:
8002:
7934:
7825:
7815:
7733:
7686:
7541:
7408:
4974:
Additionally, a proprietary syntax for the non-vendor-prefixed
4328:
977:
for the origins of the "class" system of the Web content model)
860:
737:
630:
606:
2813:
A style applied to an HTML element via HTML "style" attribute
9373:
9343:
9333:
9295:
9245:
9223:
9213:
9151:
9089:
9084:
8978:
8546:
8455:
7709:
7681:
7644:
7432:"OOCSS, ACSS, BEM, SMACSS: what are they? What should I use?"
7396:
6667:
5807:"HTML 5. A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML"
5019:
Cannot explicitly declare new scope independently of position
3334:
2448:
2380:
829:
764:
741:
611:
601:
596:
589:
464:
437:
222:
150:
7271:"Looking at the Web with Internet Explorer 6, one last time"
4510:
stage, implementations are advised to drop vendor prefixes.
9363:
9265:
9052:
8973:
8475:
8021:
7704:
7639:
7471:
Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, Fifth Edition
5342:
5291:
4454:
The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 2 recommendation.
4265:
4256:. The IE Windows box model bugs were so serious that, when
4075:
4060:
2328:
725:
423:
198:
5095:
4431:
Margin, border, padding, and positioning for most elements
4358:
Occasionally, the parameters with vendor prefixes such as
4125:
browser. Bert Bos implemented his own SSP proposal in the
9487:
9300:
9255:
9163:
8769:
8121:
6800:
6762:
6737:
6687:
6662:
4893:
4871:
4848:
4826:
4803:
4779:
4755:
4731:
4708:
4686:
4663:
4641:
4617:
4595:
4572:
4550:
4287:
extension was used by a software product used to convert
3838:
property. If an item is positioned in any way other than
2472:
845:
841:
837:
733:
729:
6546:. File extension database. 12 March 2010. Archived from
1933:
an E element that has no children (including text nodes)
7363:
5878:"Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance"
4987:
2462:
Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such
149:
CSS 3 is being developed as multiple separate modules.
7584:
4438:
The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 1 Recommendation.
4055:
on 10 October 1994. At the time, Lie was working with
9756:
4168:
of W3C; DOM Working group, chaired by Lauren Wood of
4149:
presented an alternative style sheet language called
4145:
of Microsoft, participating as well. In August 1996,
1044:
A pseudo-class classifies document elements, such as
6144:"Simple style sheets for SGML & HTML on the web"
5903:"Can a CSS class inherit one or more other classes?"
2802:" annotation overwrites the previous priority types
8879:
6777:
CSS 2.1 specification (W3C Proposed Recommendation)
5074:
Cannot target specific text without altering markup
5058:stylesheet languages which compile to CSS, such as
5053:
Cannot include styles from a rule into another rule
4928:
discussing the state of CSS in 2019, as several CSS
4268:files to ensure they contained special distinctive
2145:
Color values can be specified with keywords (e.g. "
5960:
5958:
5956:
5924:
5804:
4506:) status and are considered moderately stable. At
2749:One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater
2082:A declaration block consists of a pair of braces (
2047:an E element that does not match simple selector s
1954:an E element being the target of the referring URI
928:of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers
6213:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
4884:CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 (CSS3 UI)
1621:an F element immediately preceded by an E element
1393:the element with class="c" and ID equal to "myid"
9780:
7181:"Call for Participation in CSS4 Community Group"
6022:
6020:
5938:. Mozilla Developers. 2017-12-07. Archived from
3797:CSS 2.1 defines three positioning schemes:
3346:inheritance in class-based programming languages
1173:which applies to div elements of class myClass.
881:. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more
5953:
5248:designed to reduce development time and ensure
1558:generated content before an E element's content
7134:Can I Use… Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc
6752:CSS 2 specification (1998 recommendation)
6202:
5028:Pseudo-class dynamic behavior not controllable
4415:Color of text, backgrounds, and other elements
1579:generated content after an E element's content
8865:
8704:
7557:
6639:Cascading style sheets: designing for the Web
6420:
6078:Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web
6017:
3311:In the above example, the declaration in the
1176:
1005:One example of a widely used pseudo-class is
809:The CSS specifications are maintained by the
686:
401:
39:Skeletal formula § Pseudoelement symbols
7367:Handcrafted CSS: More Bulletproof Web Design
7014:"Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Snapshot 2010"
6988:"Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Snapshot 2007"
6880:"Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Snapshot 2010"
6693:Cascading Style Sheets level 1 specification
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
5842:Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide
5834:
5832:
5776:"5. Distance Units: the <length> type"
4676:CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module
4234:Microsoft Internet Explorer 5. x for Windows
2869:Last rule declaration has a higher priority
2142:(80 percent of the parent element's width).
7404:"Is Zurb Foundation in active development?"
6635:
6327:. World Wide Web Consortium. 18 July 2008.
5341:framework, providing a responsive grid and
4906:"CSS4" redirects here. For other uses, see
4482:"CSS3" redirects here. For other uses, see
4191:
2479:the use of all presentational HTML markup.
1996:a user interface element E that is disabled
8872:
8858:
8711:
8697:
7564:
7550:
7534:
7323:
7268:
6768:Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
6571:"What Are CSS Vendor or Browser Prefixes?"
6169:
6167:
6165:
6029:"Cascading HTML style sheets – a proposal"
5995:
5965:Bos, Bert; et al. (7 December 2010).
5649:. World Wide Web Consortium. 7 June 2011.
5546:. World Wide Web Consortium. 7 June 2011.
4539:CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3
2086:) enclosing a semicolon-separated list of
1975:a user interface element E that is enabled
1777:an E element, the n-th sibling of its type
1717:an E element, the n-th child of its parent
1291:the first formatted letter of an E element
744:). CSS is a cornerstone technology of the
693:
679:
408:
394:
8718:
7464:
7351:"Why I Abandoned @apply — Tab Completion"
6050:
5829:
5430:. Beijing; Farnham: O'Reilly. p. 1.
5163:Tableless web design § Accessibility
4270:"standards-compliant CSS intended" marker
3900:The default value places the item in the
56:The official logo of the latest version,
6962:"CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Level 1"
6812:"Descriptions of all CSS specifications"
6102:
5423:
5110:
4912:
4412:properties such as typeface and emphasis
4379:
4039:
3537:is functionally equivalent to this one:
2888:CSS property definition in HTML document
2771:CSS priority scheme (highest to lowest)
2727:
2169:), RGB values on a 0 to 255 scale (e.g.
1270:the first formatted line of an E element
1249:an E element during certain user actions
9794:Internet properties established in 1996
9731:International World Wide Web Conference
7364:Cederholm, Dan; Ethan Marcotte (2009).
7238:
7208:
7122:
6515:
6267:
6198:
6196:
6162:
6134:
6132:
6130:
5361:
5096:Separation of content from presentation
3954:property may have one of three values.
1849:an E element, first sibling of its type
1507:an E element, first child of its parent
1411:an F element descendant of an E element
720:and styling of a document written in a
14:
9781:
7211:"CSS3 Solutions for Internet Explorer"
6874:
6781:
6568:
6325:"The W3C Team: Technology and Society"
6150:from the original on 23 September 2009
6067:
5102:Separation of content and presentation
4514:Summary of main module-specifications
3832:There are five possible values of the
3344:Inheritance in CSS is not the same as
2765:
2138:(50 percent of the viewport width) or
2098:Each declaration itself consists of a
1912:an E element, only sibling of its type
1891:an E element, only child of its parent
1870:an E element, last sibling of its type
1828:an E element, last child of its parent
920:Selectors may apply to the following:
889:
771:. This separation can improve content
757:separation of content and presentation
8853:
8692:
8142:
7759:
7583:
7545:
7488:
7384:from the original on 20 December 2012
7080:from the original on 13 February 2017
6615:"CSS Snapshot 2023 - 2.4. CSS Levels"
6478:
5977:from the original on 18 February 2011
5845:(3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc.
5838:
5487:
4585:CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3
4240:, had a flawed implementation of the
4133:Lie's proposal was presented at the "
2068:an F element preceded by an E element
9405:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
7173:
7110:from the original on 1 February 2019
7050:from the original on 27 January 2017
6968:from the original on 19 October 2012
6942:from the original on 31 October 2012
6524:from the original on 29 October 2010
6279:from the original on 2 December 2009
6249:from the original on 12 October 2014
6193:
6177:. University of Oslo. Archived from
6127:
5141:
5044:
4630:CSS Generated Content Module Level 3
3827:
2077:
1369:an E element with ID equal to "myid"
877:A style sheet consists of a list of
9814:World Wide Web Consortium standards
7151:
6840:
6806:
6636:Bos, Bert; Wium Lie, HĂĄkon (1997).
6481:"Incorrect MIME Type for CSS Files"
6243:"Stream-based Style sheet Proposal"
6237:
6231:
6138:
6026:
5964:
5780:CSS Values and Units Module Level 3
5627:from the original on 1 October 2023
4283:In addition to these problems, the
4236:, as opposed to the very different
3315:attribute overrides the one in the
1441:an E element with a "foo" attribute
24:
7457:
7169:from the original on Nov 26, 2023.
7020:from the original on 16 March 2011
6994:from the original on 8 August 2016
6933:
6890:from the original on 16 March 2011
6822:from the original on 31 March 2011
6581:from the original on Nov 30, 2020.
5653:from the original on 28 March 2008
5550:from the original on 30 April 2012
5324:This paragraph is an excerpt from
5276:(formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a
5266:This paragraph is an excerpt from
5234:This paragraph is an excerpt from
5174:
5169:Tableless web design#Accessibility
4959:
4769:Multi-column Layout Module Level 1
4309:
4156:Development of HTML, CSS, and the
4147:Netscape Communication Corporation
3943:
1687:an E element, root of the document
1600:an F element child of an E element
105:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
25:
9830:
9804:Typesetting programming languages
7521:
7429:
7191:from the original on Feb 10, 2023
6856:from the original on 3 March 2011
6625:from the original on Feb 8, 2024.
6603:from the original on Feb 4, 2024.
6516:McBride, Don (27 November 2009).
6305:from the original on 24 June 2010
6110:"Cascading Style Sheets, level 1"
5817:from the original on 15 July 2014
5756:from the original on 14 June 2019
5424:Flanagan, David (18 April 2011).
5314:, and other interface components.
4800:, and part migrated to css3-break
3364:Given the following style sheet:
994:
915:
9766:
8143:
7571:
7239:Simmons, Jen (August 17, 2016).
6479:Nitot, Tristan (18 March 2002).
6377:from the original on 27 May 2010
6331:from the original on 28 May 2010
6038:from the original on 4 June 2014
6027:Lie, Hakon W (10 October 1994).
5786:from the original on 7 June 2019
5580:from the original on 2006-04-23.
5427:JavaScript: the definitive guide
5252:compatibility when working with
5156:
4816:CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3
2858:) overwrites generic definition
2846:A specific contextual selector (
732:(including XML dialects such as
373:
65:
50:
9628:Multimodal Interaction Activity
9588:Community & business groups
7423:
7357:
7343:
7317:
7292:
7281:from the original on 2016-10-12
7262:
7251:from the original on 2016-10-11
7232:
7221:from the original on 2016-10-12
7202:
7140:from the original on 2018-02-19
7092:
7062:
7032:
7006:
6980:
6954:
6927:
6916:from the original on 2014-05-30
6902:
6868:
6834:
6756:
6743:Cascading Style Sheets, level 2
6731:
6720:from the original on 2014-10-26
6706:
6681:
6668:Cascading Style Sheets, level 1
6656:
6629:
6607:
6585:
6569:Kyrnin, Jennifer (2019-11-12).
6562:
6536:
6509:
6472:
6461:from the original on 2011-06-28
6443:
6432:from the original on 2005-12-10
6414:
6403:from the original on 2010-11-25
6389:
6371:"JavaScript-Based Style Sheets"
6343:
6317:
6291:
6261:
6116:from the original on 2014-04-09
5989:
5913:from the original on 2017-10-14
5895:
5884:from the original on 2014-06-11
5870:
5859:from the original on 2014-02-15
5798:
5768:
5750:Cascading Style Sheets, level 1
5738:
5727:from the original on 2024-03-27
5713:
5689:
5678:from the original on 2014-05-30
5664:
5639:
5598:from the original on 2014-06-03
5525:from the original on 2011-02-14
5500:from the original on 2014-10-20
5470:from the original on 2010-11-29
5406:from the original on 2015-09-25
5268:Bootstrap (front-end framework)
5214:
5079:
5033:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3963:
3949:
2847:
2794:
2262:
2238:
2237:), or HSL or HSLA values (e.g.
2199:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2055:
2025:
2004:
1983:
1962:
1941:
1920:
1899:
1878:
1857:
1836:
1815:
1785:
1755:
1725:
1695:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1629:
1608:
1587:
1566:
1545:
1515:
1494:
1479:
1464:
1449:
1434:
1419:
1401:
1377:
1356:
1335:
1317:
1299:
1278:
1257:
1236:
1215:
1200:
1076:
1067:
1054:
1045:
1027:
1015:
1006:
962:
949:
7302:. meyerweb.com. Archived from
7241:"Using Feature Queries in CSS"
6426:"CSS 2.1 – Anne's Weblog"
5609:
5584:
5562:
5536:
5511:
5481:
5456:
5417:
5388:
5010:
4792:CSS Paged Media Module Level 3
3844:, then the further properties
3792:
3622:
3327:
2908:
2311:; or a percentage sign, as in
2093:
1087:
866:
755:CSS is designed to enable the
13:
1:
7209:Lazaris, Louis (2010-04-28).
6451:"Archive of W3C News in 2007"
6301:. World Wide Web Consortium.
6275:. World Wide Web Consortium.
6146:. World Wide Web Consortium.
6112:. World Wide Web Consortium.
5488:Clark, Scott (23 July 2010).
5466:. World Wide Web Consortium.
5382:
5353:extensions. Foundation is an
5318:
5179:
5117:Style sheet (web development)
5090:
4932:4 modules were being advanced
3450:
3150:Consider this HTML fragment:
2466:characteristics to, say, all
2151:"), hexadecimal values (e.g.
2113:
883:
873:Style sheet (web development)
667:Comparison of browser engines
9426:Web Accessibility Initiative
7515:MDN Getting Started with CSS
6544:"css file extension details"
5723:. MDN Web Docs. 2024-04-05.
5519:"W3C CSS validation service"
5298:-based design templates for
5260:
5228:
5125:
4563:CSS Box Model Module Level 3
3781:'fourth.example.com'
3757:'second.example.com'
2736:
2689:"path/to/file.css"
813:(W3C). Internet media type (
45:Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
7:
9711:(browser/editor, 1996–2012)
7495:. Manning Publications Co.
7370:. New Riders. p. 114.
5617:"CSS Syntax Module Level 3"
5370:
4892:
4870:
4847:
4825:
4802:
4778:
4754:
4730:
4707:
4685:
4662:
4640:
4616:
4594:
4571:
4549:
4349:Microsoft Internet Explorer
3919:
3907:
3769:'third.example.com'
3745:'first.example.com'
3145:
1309:all elements with class="c"
896:
10:
9835:
7760:
6003:. Pearson Education, Inc.
5323:
5265:
5233:
5183:
5160:
5145:
5114:
5099:
4905:
4699:CSS Template Layout Module
4481:
4457:
4051:CSS was first proposed by
4035:
3912:The item is placed in the
3626:
3359:
3323:To demonstrate specificity
3280:To demonstrate specificity
2718:
1327:the element with id="myid"
1177:Summary of selector syntax
900:
870:
844:. CSS is also used in the
57:
36:
29:
9723:
9666:
9648:
9641:
9609:
9587:
9551:
9525:
9517:World Wide Web Foundation
9512:
9505:
9480:
9439:
9421:Markup Validation Service
9413:
9397:
9319:
9283:
9001:Linked Data Notifications
8897:
8888:
8881:World Wide Web Consortium
8829:
8778:
8752:
8726:
8663:
8587:Internet Explorer for Mac
8494:
8390:
8331:
8207:
8153:
8149:
8138:
8079:
8035:
8001:
7919:
7770:
7766:
7755:
7697:
7630:
7604:
7600:
7579:
6964:. W3C. 19 November 2018.
6884:World Wide Web Consortium
6850:World Wide Web Consortium
6816:World Wide Web Consortium
6702:CSS level 1 specification
6455:World Wide Web Consortium
5967:"9.3 Positioning schemes"
5811:World Wide Web Consortium
5697:"Index of CSS properties"
5377:Flash of unstyled content
5288:front-end web development
5236:Blueprint (CSS framework)
4097:implementations, such as
4065:World Wide Web Consortium
3895:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3275:"color: green;"
3126:
3096:
3054:
3021:
2991:
2961:
2934:
2751:control over presentation
2431:elements), sub-headings (
2121:
1147:
1120:
1093:
854:
811:World Wide Web Consortium
662:Document markup languages
217:
204:
194:
180:
170:
142:
124:
118:World Wide Web Consortium
113:
103:
91:
79:
64:
49:
7489:Grant, Keith J. (2018).
7468:; Weyl, Estelle (2023).
7328:. GitHub. Archived from
7269:Hutchinson, Lee (2019).
6910:"All CSS specifications"
6593:"Compatibility Standard"
6486:Mozilla Developer Center
6175:"Cascading Style Sheets"
6001:Spring into HTML and CSS
5805:W3C HTML Working Group.
5283:directed at responsive,
4964:Each web browser uses a
4901:
4654:CSS Fonts Module Level 3
4608:CSS Color Module Level 3
4499:Candidate Recommendation
4477:
4465:Candidate Recommendation
4441:
4392:
4192:Difficulty with adoption
3931:
3697:
3636:
3539:
3457:
3394:
3366:
3152:
2674:
2621:
2567:
2531:
2484:
716:used for specifying the
93:Internet media type
7474:. O'Reilly Media, Inc.
7438:. Hiljá. Archived from
6269:Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk
5839:Meyer, Eric A. (2006).
5294:, CSS and (optionally)
5148:Progressive enhancement
4364:-webkit-linear-gradient
4300:application/x-pointplus
4151:JavaScript Style Sheets
2546:"color: red;"
2427:For example, headings (
153:summarize their status.
9789:Cascading Style Sheets
5932:"Shorthand properties"
5326:Foundation (framework)
5254:Cascading Style Sheets
4933:
4385:
4351:and early versions of
4048:
2698:"stylesheet"
2455:for these elements is
2418:
2160:, also abbreviated as
934:elements specified by
903:class attribute (HTML)
823:CSS validation service
706:Cascading Style Sheets
381:Cascading Style Sheets
245:Cascading Style Sheets
157:; 9 months ago
130:; 27 years ago
8720:Style sheet languages
5672:"Full property table"
5396:"CSS developer guide"
5111:Site-wide consistency
4924:
4908:CSS4 (disambiguation)
4745:Media Queries Level 4
4484:CSS3 (disambiguation)
4383:
4254:CSS hacks and filters
4214:Internet Explorer 5.0
4043:
3938:absolutely positioned
3322:
3155:<!DOCTYPE html>
2728:Multiple style sheets
2435:), sub-sub-headings (
748:, alongside HTML and
553:Document Object Model
128:17 December 1996
9799:Stylesheet languages
9773:Computer programming
8572:IBM Home Page Reader
7187:. 24 February 2020.
6878:(12 December 2010).
6844:(26 February 2011).
6810:(18 February 2011).
6714:"Aural style sheets"
5752:. 17 December 1996.
5362:Design methodologies
5278:free and open-source
4522:Specification title
4360:-moz-radial-gradient
4117:to implement CSS in
3926:absolute positioning
3820:Absolute positioning
3715:'Comic Sans'
2843:Selector specificity
2707:"text/css"
1207:an element of type E
967:HTML class attribute
714:style sheet language
558:Browser Object Model
363:Stylesheet languages
175:Style sheet language
155:7 December 2023
32:CSS (disambiguation)
27:Style sheet language
7106:. 22 January 2019.
7100:"CSS Snapshot 2018"
7076:. 31 January 2017.
7070:"CSS Snapshot 2017"
7046:. 13 October 2015.
7040:"CSS Snapshot 2015"
6936:"A Word About CSS4"
6912:. W3C. 2014-05-22.
6677:CSS 1 specification
6621:. 7 December 2023.
6599:. 24 January 2024.
5997:Holzschlag, Molly E
5592:"Selectors Level 3"
4515:
4355:that use EdgeHTML.
4329:the browsing engine
4274:IE5/Windows browser
4258:Internet Explorer 6
4248:without the use of
4198:Internet Explorer 3
3602:background-position
3520:background-position
2772:
2766:CSS priority scheme
825:for CSS documents.
531:Character encodings
46:
9737:Steering Committee
9617:Device Description
9595:Web Advertising BG
8734:Desktop publishing
6846:"CSS current work"
6794:2011-06-10 at the
6773:2011-11-09 at the
6748:2011-01-16 at the
6698:2011-02-11 at the
6673:2011-02-09 at the
6369:(22 August 1996).
6081:. Addison Wesley.
5746:"6.1 Length units"
4934:
4513:
4496:Some modules have
4428:and other elements
4386:
4162:HTML Working Group
4135:Mosaic and the Web
4049:
2877:Parent inheritance
2770:
182:Container for
81:Filename extension
44:
9754:
9753:
9719:
9718:
9637:
9636:
9501:
9500:
8847:
8846:
8786:JavaScript (JSSS)
8686:
8685:
8659:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8342:Internet Explorer
8134:
8133:
8130:
8129:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7510:MDN CSS reference
7377:978-0-321-64338-4
7300:"Pure CSS Popups"
7215:Smashing Magazine
6422:Anne van Kesteren
6241:(31 March 1995).
6219:on 6 January 2011
6207:(November 1997).
6203:Petrie, Charles;
6142:(14 April 1995).
5437:978-1-4493-9385-4
5142:Page reformatting
5045:Cannot name rules
4922:
4899:
4898:
4861:Selectors Level 4
4839:Selectors Level 3
4716:css3-mediaqueries
4424:of text, images,
4384:CSS Snapshot 2021
4174:CSS Working Group
4019:) or both sides (
3828:Position property
3629:Indentation style
3590:background-repeat
3508:background-repeat
3188:"utf-8"
3143:
3142:
2906:
2905:
2078:Declaration block
2075:
2074:
938:, in particular:
890:declaration block
859:CSS has a simple
703:
702:
418:
417:
285:image replacement
239:
238:
195:Contained by
151:Regular snapshots
114:Developed by
16:(Redirected from
9826:
9771:
9770:
9762:
9743:First conference
9712:
9704:
9696:
9688:
9680:
9646:
9645:
9510:
9509:
9493:XHTML+MathML+SVG
8912:Activity Streams
8895:
8894:
8874:
8867:
8860:
8851:
8850:
8770:Extensible (XSL)
8713:
8706:
8699:
8690:
8689:
8151:
8150:
8140:
8139:
7866:Samsung Internet
7768:
7767:
7757:
7756:
7602:
7601:
7581:
7580:
7566:
7559:
7552:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7533:
7532:
7530:Official website
7506:
7485:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7326:"CSS apply rule"
7321:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7165:. 21 July 2023.
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
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7066:
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7059:
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7055:
7036:
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7025:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6934:Atkins, Tab Jr.
6931:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6876:Etemad, Elika J.
6872:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6804:
6798:
6785:
6779:
6760:
6754:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6710:
6704:
6685:
6679:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6493:. Archived from
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
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6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6273:"Libwww Hackers"
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6215:. Archived from
6205:Cailliau, Robert
6200:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6171:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6136:
6125:
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5530:
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5485:
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5392:
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4512:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4346:
4338:
4326:
4318:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4238:IE for Macintosh
4139:Steven Pemberton
4030:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3999:
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3572:background-image
3570:
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3558:
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2159:
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2131:
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2105:
2085:
2065:
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2058:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1947:
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1930:
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1926:
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1888:
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1825:
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1793:nth-last-of-type
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646:Rendering engine
536:named characters
420:
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396:
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377:
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186:Style rules for
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69:
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43:
21:
9834:
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9765:
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9678:
9662:
9633:
9605:
9583:
9547:
9521:
9497:
9476:
9435:
9409:
9393:
9359:SMIL Timesheets
9315:
9279:
9184:Information Set
8969:Geolocation API
8899:Recommendations
8890:
8884:
8878:
8848:
8843:
8825:
8816:SMIL Timesheets
8774:
8760:Cascading (CSS)
8748:
8744:User interfaces
8739:Web development
8722:
8717:
8687:
8682:
8651:
8577:IBM WebExplorer
8490:
8386:
8327:
8203:
8145:
8126:
8075:
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7997:
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7626:
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7575:
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7524:
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7503:
7482:
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7458:Further reading
7455:
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7414:
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7402:
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7397:
7387:
7385:
7378:
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7349:
7348:
7344:
7335:
7333:
7324:Tab Atkins Jr.
7322:
7318:
7309:
7307:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7284:
7282:
7267:
7263:
7254:
7252:
7237:
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7224:
7222:
7207:
7203:
7194:
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7179:
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7157:
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7128:
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7123:
7113:
7111:
7098:
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7083:
7081:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7016:. 12 May 2011.
7012:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6995:
6990:. 12 May 2011.
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6891:
6873:
6869:
6859:
6857:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6805:
6801:
6796:Wayback Machine
6786:
6782:
6775:Wayback Machine
6761:
6757:
6750:Wayback Machine
6736:
6732:
6723:
6721:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6700:Wayback Machine
6686:
6682:
6675:Wayback Machine
6661:
6657:
6650:
6634:
6630:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6567:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6550:on 18 July 2011
6542:
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6297:
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6282:
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6271:(7 June 2002).
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6093:
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6069:Lie, HĂĄkon Wium
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5789:
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5782:. 6 June 2019.
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5496:. HTMLGoodies.
5486:
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5263:
5258:
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5177:
5175:Standardization
5165:
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5119:
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5083:
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4960:Browser support
4929:
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4911:
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4878:
4855:
4833:
4810:
4786:
4762:
4738:
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4693:
4670:
4648:
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4602:
4579:
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4534:css3-background
4533:
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4460:
4444:
4395:
4377:
4371:
4363:
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4336:
4324:
4321:Mozilla Firefox
4316:
4312:
4310:Vendor prefixes
4303:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4194:
4107:Robert Cailliau
4057:Tim Berners-Lee
4038:
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3266:"xyz"
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2899:Browser default
2854:
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2848:
2798:
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2779:CSS source type
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2527:
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2511:
2507:
2505:"red"
2504:
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2316:
2315:. Some units –
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2209:
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2200:
2193:
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2178:
2175:
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2096:
2083:
2080:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1948:
1945:
1942:
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1906:
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1900:
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1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
997:
918:
906:
899:
875:
869:
857:
818:
722:markup language
699:
414:
380:
221:
205:
166:
161:
159:
156:
154:
134:
132:
129:
125:Initial release
99:
87:
75:
71:Example of CSS
60:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9832:
9822:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9776:
9775:
9752:
9751:
9749:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9745:("WWW1", 1994)
9740:
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9589:
9585:
9584:
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9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9555:
9553:
9552:Working groups
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9529:
9527:
9526:Elected groups
9523:
9522:
9520:
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9507:
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9502:
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9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9433:
9431:Web Components
9428:
9423:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9407:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9389:XMLHttpRequest
9386:
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9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9325:
9323:
9321:Working drafts
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9078:Filter Effects
9070:
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7466:Meyer, Eric A.
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7430:Antti, Hiljá.
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6363:Donna Converse
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5464:"What is CSS?"
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4399:HĂĄkon Wium Lie
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4143:Thomas Reardon
4091:web developers
4053:HĂĄkon Wium Lie
4045:HĂĄkon Wium Lie
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8309:
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8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
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8288:PirateBrowser
8286:
8284:
8283:Mozilla suite
8281:
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7781:Google Chrome
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7632:Web standards
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7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7502:9781617293450
7498:
7494:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7481:9781098117610
7477:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7463:
7462:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7383:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7360:
7352:
7346:
7332:on 2016-02-22
7331:
7327:
7320:
7306:on 2009-12-09
7305:
7301:
7295:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7250:
7246:
7245:Mozilla Hacks
7242:
7235:
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7205:
7190:
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6649:0-201-41998-X
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6602:
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6594:
6588:
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6549:
6545:
6539:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6497:on 2011-05-20
6496:
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6475:
6460:
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6300:
6294:
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6270:
6264:
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6234:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6197:
6181:on 2006-09-06
6180:
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6166:
6149:
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6141:
6135:
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6115:
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6088:0-201-59625-3
6084:
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6037:
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6023:
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6012:
6010:0-13-185586-7
6006:
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5998:
5992:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5942:on 2018-01-30
5941:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5912:
5908:
5907:StackOverflow
5904:
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5873:
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5852:0-596-52733-0
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5297:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5281:CSS framework
5279:
5275:
5269:
5255:
5251:
5250:Cross-browser
5247:
5246:CSS framework
5243:
5237:
5226:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5193:are prepared
5192:
5187:
5186:CSS framework
5172:
5170:
5164:
5157:Accessibility
5154:
5149:
5139:
5137:
5136:browser cache
5123:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5088:
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5069:
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5042:
5025:
5016:
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5002:
4993:
4989:
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4966:layout engine
4957:
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4763:css3-multicol
4761:
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4722:Media Queries
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4580:css-cascade-3
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4242:CSS box model
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4175:
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4164:, chaired by
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3800:
3799:
3798:
3696:
3672:images/bg.gif
3635:
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3584:images/bg.gif
3538:
3502:images/bg.gif
3456:
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3393:
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3317:<style>
3151:
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3134:" "
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2019:
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1844:first-of-type
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1198:
1195:in CSS level
1193:First defined
1192:
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1003:
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794:
793:Braille-based
790:
789:screen reader
784:
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778:
774:
773:accessibility
770:
766:
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548:Language code
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514:alt attribute
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9819:Open formats
8931:
8889:Products and
8779:Preprocessor
8759:
8647:WorldWideWeb
8362:MediaBrowser
8357:GreenBrowser
8238:Firefox Lite
8144:Discontinued
7651:
7622:Privacy mode
7573:Web browsers
7492:CSS in Depth
7491:
7470:
7444:. Retrieved
7440:the original
7435:
7425:
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7407:
7398:
7386:. Retrieved
7366:
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7330:the original
7319:
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7304:the original
7294:
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7275:Ars Technica
7274:
7264:
7253:. Retrieved
7244:
7234:
7223:. Retrieved
7214:
7204:
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7184:
7175:
7163:MDN Web Docs
7162:
7153:
7142:. Retrieved
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6319:
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6299:"Yves Lafon"
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5494:HTML Goodies
5493:
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5426:
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5400:MDN Web Docs
5399:
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754:
718:presentation
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705:
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567:
563:Style sheets
492:div and span
482:HTML element
433:Dynamic HTML
321:"Holy grail"
303:Philosophies
9724:Conferences
9600:WebAssembly
9569:WebAssembly
9472:WebPlatform
9127:Web storage
9110:WebAssembly
8907:ActivityPub
8673:Comparisons
8632:ThunderHawk
8612:NetPositive
8552:Edge Legacy
8481:WebPositive
8446:Opera Coast
8308:Swiftweasel
8071:qutebrowser
7960:Tor Browser
7955:SlimBrowser
7720:third-party
7672:Web storage
7667:WebAssembly
7436:clubmate.fi
7084:13 February
7054:13 February
6253:3 September
6185:3 September
5981:16 February
5721:"CSS Color"
5570:"Selectors"
5355:open source
5011:Limitations
4926:Jen Simmons
4856:selectors-4
4834:selectors-3
4694:css3-layout
4649:css-fonts-3
4603:css-color-3
4262:quirks mode
4250:workarounds
4095:web browser
3914:normal flow
3902:normal flow
3801:Normal flow
3793:Positioning
3709:font-family
3623:Indentation
3446:inheritance
3442:This is to
3405:This is to
3328:Inheritance
3139:1, 0, 0, 0
3121:0, 1, 0, 0
3091:0, 0, 2, 2
3049:0, 0, 1, 1
3016:0, 0, 1, 0
2986:0, 0, 0, 2
2956:0, 0, 0, 1
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2909:Specificity
2464:typographic
2102:, a colon (
2094:Declaration
1763:nth-of-type
1502:first-child
1426:any element
1088:Combinators
867:Style sheet
654:Comparisons
641:Web storage
636:Quirks mode
575:Font family
526:HTML editor
355:Comparisons
254:Style sheet
207:Open format
73:source code
9809:Web design
9783:Categories
9653:CERN httpd
9440:Deprecated
9414:Initiative
9398:Guidelines
9306:XHTML+SMIL
9174:Encryption
9137:Webmention
9100:Timed text
8937:Animations
8839:Comparison
8318:Timberwolf
8313:TenFourFox
8258:Kazehakase
8248:Ghostzilla
8117:Opera Mini
8051:DuckDuckGo
7940:GNU IceCat
7710:Encryption
7662:JavaScript
7617:Extensions
7336:2016-02-27
7310:2009-11-19
7285:2016-10-12
7255:2016-10-12
7225:2016-10-12
7195:2020-02-27
7144:2019-01-26
6972:18 October
6946:18 October
6920:2014-05-30
6724:2014-10-26
6465:2011-02-16
6436:2011-02-16
6407:2011-01-15
6335:22 January
6120:2014-03-07
6032:(Proposal)
5946:2018-01-30
5917:2017-09-10
5888:2014-06-10
5863:2014-02-16
5731:2024-04-05
5706:2020-08-09
5682:2014-05-30
5657:2009-06-20
5602:2014-05-30
5529:2012-06-30
5504:2014-10-16
5474:2010-12-01
5410:2015-09-24
5383:References
5351:JavaScript
5336:responsive
5334:is a free
5332:Foundation
5319:Foundation
5312:navigation
5300:typography
5296:JavaScript
5211:Foundation
5180:Frameworks
5091:Advantages
4954:versioning
4811:css3-break
4289:PowerPoint
4115:Yves Lafon
4007:), right (
3968:property.
3956:Absolutely
3924:Specifies
3657:background
3478:background
3451:Whitespace
3444:illustrate
3415:illustrate
2866:Rule order
2821:Media Type
2790:Importance
2551:Chapter 1.
2510:Chapter 1.
2477:deprecated
2337:millimetre
2321:centimetre
2114:Properties
1886:only-child
1823:last-child
1265:first-line
1072:first-line
963:.classname
791:), and on
750:JavaScript
585:JavaScript
580:Web colors
521:HTML frame
316:Responsive
275:animations
162:2023-12-07
135:1996-12-17
109:public.css
9703:(1994–97)
9695:(1994–97)
9687:(1993–98)
9676:Line Mode
9481:Obsoleted
9291:IndieAuth
9199:Signature
9189:Namespace
8986:IndexedDB
8964:EmotionML
8891:standards
8597:Line Mode
8421:Google TV
8377:SpaceTime
8372:NetCaptor
8367:NeoPlanet
8253:IceDragon
8228:Classilla
8061:Lunascape
8056:Konqueror
8017:GNOME Web
7986:SeaMonkey
7981:Pale Moon
7945:LibreWolf
7896:ungoogled
7886:Supermium
7739:WebSocket
7698:Protocols
7677:IndexedDB
7612:Bookmarks
7593:protocols
7590:standards
7114:2 January
6842:Bos, Bert
6808:Bos, Bert
6239:Bos, Bert
6223:18 August
6140:Bos, Bert
6073:Bos, Bert
5631:1 October
5446:686709345
5339:front-end
5274:Bootstrap
5261:Bootstrap
5242:Blueprint
5229:Blueprint
5207:Bootstrap
5203:Blueprint
5199:web pages
5195:libraries
5126:Bandwidth
5001:polyfills
4996:@supports
4971:CSS hacks
4821:Candidate
4787:css3-page
4774:Candidate
4750:Candidate
4671:css3-gcpm
4558:css-box-3
4545:Candidate
4422:Alignment
4297:MIME type
4246:platforms
4218:Macintosh
3985:The item
3975:The item
3721:font-size
3703:font-face
3678:no-repeat
3596:no-repeat
3514:no-repeat
2926:Selectors
2799:important
2744:cascading
2737:Cascading
2669:element.
2518:></
2106:), and a
1703:nth-child
1032:elementid
936:attribute
910:selectors
884:selectors
834:plain XML
815:MIME type
804:cascading
802:The name
777:web pages
624:Validator
311:Tableless
280:box model
9668:Browsers
9642:Software
9574:WebAuthn
9271:elements
9241:XPointer
9209:XInclude
9105:VoiceXML
9011:Micropub
8753:Standard
8668:Category
8622:Skweezer
8617:Netscape
8542:Deepfish
8486:xombrero
8303:Swiftfox
8233:Conkeror
8189:SalamWeb
8184:Rockmelt
8097:Ladybird
8066:NetFront
7991:Waterfox
7976:K-Meleon
7971:Basilisk
7876:Sleipnir
7786:Chromium
7605:Features
7587:Features
7382:Archived
7279:Archived
7249:Archived
7219:Archived
7189:Archived
7167:Archived
7138:Archived
7108:Archived
7078:Archived
7048:Archived
7018:Archived
6992:Archived
6966:Archived
6940:Archived
6914:Archived
6888:Archived
6854:Archived
6820:Archived
6792:Archived
6771:Archived
6746:Archived
6718:Archived
6696:Archived
6671:Archived
6623:Archived
6601:Archived
6579:Archived
6575:Lifewire
6522:Archived
6459:Archived
6430:Archived
6401:Archived
6375:Archived
6329:Archived
6303:Archived
6277:Archived
6247:Archived
6148:Archived
6114:Archived
6075:(1999).
6036:Archived
6034:. CERN.
5999:(2005).
5975:Archived
5936:Tutorial
5911:Archived
5882:Archived
5857:Archived
5815:Archived
5784:Archived
5754:Archived
5725:Archived
5676:Archived
5651:Archived
5625:Archived
5596:Archived
5578:Archived
5554:30 April
5548:Archived
5523:Archived
5498:Archived
5468:Archived
5404:Archived
5371:See also
5345:and CSS
4990:and the
4894:Jun 2018
4872:Nov 2022
4865:Working
4849:Nov 2018
4827:Dec 2018
4804:Oct 2018
4796:Working
4780:Oct 2021
4756:Dec 2021
4732:Jun 2012
4709:Mar 2015
4687:May 2014
4680:Working
4664:Sep 2018
4642:Aug 2019
4635:Working
4618:Jan 2022
4596:Feb 2021
4573:Apr 2023
4551:Feb 2023
4403:Bert Bos
4372:-webkit-
4325:-webkit-
4304:text/css
4216:for the
4180:of W3C.
4170:SoftQuad
4099:ViolaWWW
4069:Bert Bos
3920:Absolute
3908:Relative
3835:position
3645:overflow
3548:overflow
3466:overflow
3146:Examples
2776:Priority
2493:><
2475:has now
2453:emphasis
2385:relative
2383:) – are
2357:absolute
2355:) – are
2100:property
1991:disabled
926:elements
908:In CSS,
897:Selector
887:, and a
819:text/css
724:such as
267:Concepts
98:text/css
9739:(IW3C2)
9733:(IW3C)
9679:(1990–)
9384:XFrames
8996:JSON-LD
8942:Flexbox
8821:PostCSS
8627:Skyfire
8582:IBrowse
8567:HotJava
8562:Gazelle
8512:Arachne
8441:OmniWeb
8431:Mercury
8411:Dolphin
8352:Deepnet
8194:Sputnik
8179:Redcore
8112:NetSurf
7930:Firefox
7901:Vivaldi
7856:Puffin
7831:Maxthon
7806:Coc Coc
7715:Cookies
7388:19 June
7024:3 March
6998:18 July
6894:3 March
6860:3 March
6826:3 March
6716:. W3C.
6554:20 June
6528:20 June
6501:20 June
6491:Mozilla
6399:. W3C.
6381:23 June
6373:. W3C.
6309:17 June
6154:20 June
6094:23 June
5973:. W3C.
5821:28 June
5790:20 June
5760:20 June
5674:. W3C.
5594:. W3C.
5576:. W3C.
5308:buttons
4988:CanIUse
4942:Flexbox
4879:css3-ui
4765:
4741:
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4632:
4587:
4541:
4525:Status
4519:Module
4458:CSS 2.1
4449:z-index
4252:termed
4036:History
3566:#000000
3484:#000000
3360:Example
3350:element
3182:charset
2852:heading
2755:Stylish
2719:Sources
2347:); and
2012:checked
1970:enabled
1343:warning
1190:Matches
1187:Pattern
1155:myClass
1125:myClass
1101:myClass
1059:visited
712:) is a
541:Unicode
502:marquee
443:article
290:flexbox
218:Website
160: (
133: (
9759:Portal
9658:Libwww
9619:(DDWG)
9579:WHATWG
9447:C-HTML
9369:WebGPU
9261:XSL-FO
9251:XQuery
9204:XForms
9194:Schema
9179:Events
9142:WebSub
9095:SPARQL
9031:Schema
9006:MathML
8811:Stylus
8642:WinWAP
8637:Vision
8607:MSN TV
8602:Mosaic
8592:KidZui
8557:ELinks
8532:Charon
8522:Blazer
8461:Shiira
8451:Origyn
8394:-based
8392:WebKit
8335:-based
8333:MSHTML
8298:Strata
8278:Minimo
8273:MicroB
8243:Galeon
8223:Camino
8218:Beonex
8211:-based
8169:Citrio
8164:Beaker
8157:-based
8038:engine
8036:Multi-
8012:Safari
8005:-based
8003:WebKit
7964:Gecko
7950:Midori
7935:Floorp
7923:-based
7911:Yandex
7881:SRWare
7845:Mobile
7826:Falkon
7816:Dooble
7811:Comodo
7774:-based
7761:Active
7734:WebRTC
7687:WebGPU
7499:
7478:
7446:2 June
7415:21 Nov
7409:GitHub
7374:
6646:
6597:WHATWG
6283:6 June
6085:
6042:25 May
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5849:
5451:pages.
5444:
5434:
5068:Stylus
4976:filter
4948:2018.
4930:
4468:2010.
4426:tables
4230:quirks
4172:; and
3987:floats
3977:floats
3896:Static
3877:bottom
3862:, and
3853:bottom
3841:static
3814:Floats
3805:Inline
3651:hidden
3554:hidden
3472:hidden
3083:yellow
3062:bright
3029:bright
2810:Inline
2759:Stylus
2411:; and
2375:) and
2157:FF0000
2122:Values
1949:target
1553:before
1244:active
861:syntax
855:Syntax
840:, and
781:cached
767:, and
765:colors
761:layout
738:MathML
631:WHATWG
607:WebGPU
453:canvas
378:
347:Stylus
190:(tags)
9708:Amaya
9692:Agora
9684:Arena
9630:(MMI)
9538:Board
9374:WebXR
9344:InkML
9334:CURIE
9329:CCXML
9296:XAdES
9284:Notes
9246:XProc
9224:XPath
9214:XLink
9157:+RDFa
9152:XHTML
9090:SHACL
9085:SCXML
8979:HTML5
8883:(W3C)
8765:DSSSL
8727:Modes
8547:Dillo
8517:Arena
8507:Amaya
8502:abaco
8495:Other
8466:Steel
8456:QtWeb
8416:Fluid
8401:Arora
8268:Lotus
8209:Gecko
8199:Torch
8174:Flock
8155:Blink
8102:Links
8080:Other
8027:Orion
7966:forks
7921:Gecko
7906:Whale
7851:Otter
7841:Opera
7801:Brave
7796:Avast
7772:Blink
7682:WebGL
7159:"CSS"
7130:"CSS"
6787:W3C:
5304:forms
5244:is a
5132:class
5066:, or
5038:hover
4902:CSS 4
4867:Draft
4798:Draft
4682:Draft
4637:Draft
4528:Date
4478:CSS 3
4442:CSS 2
4393:CSS 1
4317:-moz-
4222:Opera
4123:Arena
4080:DSSSL
4022:clear
4016:right
4010:clear
3998:clear
3992:clear
3982:right
3965:clear
3960:fixed
3951:float
3932:Fixed
3889:right
3865:right
3809:Block
3427:</
3417:</
3375:color
3354:class
3335:XHTML
3313:style
3300:</
3291:</
3282:</
3269:style
3236:</
3230:style
3227:</
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3197:style
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3113:brown
3107:color
3101:id218
3077:color
3035:color
3002:color
2996:grape
2978:green
2972:color
2948:white
2942:color
2793:The "
2657:style
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2639:color
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2603:style
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2585:color
2573:style
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2540:style
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2499:color
2449:color
2381:pixel
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2305:200px
2129:200px
2108:value
1928:empty
1574:after
1161:color
1134:color
1107:color
1038:hover
1023:hover
1011:hover
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879:rules
830:XHTML
769:fonts
742:XHTML
612:WebXR
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597:Web3D
590:WebCL
497:blink
470:Basic
465:XHTML
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438:HTML5
329:Tools
120:(W3C)
58:CSS 3
9700:Argo
9623:HTML
9462:PGML
9457:JSSS
9452:HDML
9379:XFDL
9364:sXBL
9266:XSLT
9169:Base
9147:WOFF
9132:WSDL
9068:SSML
9058:SRGS
9053:SOAP
9048:SMIL
9043:SKOS
9038:SISR
8974:HTML
8947:Grid
8917:ARIA
8834:List
8806:Less
8801:Sass
8791:FOSI
8678:List
8527:Cake
8476:Uzbl
8471:surf
8426:Iris
8406:BOLT
8293:Pogo
8263:Kylo
8107:Lynx
8092:Flow
8022:iCab
7871:Silk
7821:Epic
7729:OCSP
7705:HTTP
7640:HTML
7497:ISBN
7476:ISBN
7448:2015
7417:2019
7390:2010
7372:ISBN
7116:2019
7086:2017
7056:2017
7026:2011
7000:2016
6974:2012
6948:2012
6896:2011
6862:2011
6828:2011
6644:ISBN
6556:2010
6530:2010
6503:2010
6383:2010
6337:2011
6311:2010
6285:2010
6255:2014
6225:2010
6187:2014
6156:2010
6096:2010
6083:ISBN
6044:2014
6005:ISBN
5983:2011
5847:ISBN
5823:2014
5792:2019
5762:2019
5633:2023
5556:2012
5442:OCLC
5432:ISBN
5343:HTML
5292:HTML
5222:>
5219:head
5216:<
5064:Less
5060:Sass
4823:Rec.
4776:Rec.
4752:Rec.
4704:Note
4547:Rec.
4410:Font
4401:and
4362:and
4347:for
4345:-ms-
4343:and
4339:for
4319:for
4293:.css
4285:.css
4266:HTML
4210:bugs
4204:and
4202:IE 4
4127:Argo
4101:and
4084:FOSI
4082:and
4076:SGML
4061:CERN
4028:both
4004:left
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