467:, published in 1991, mentions a police directive to Hatzolah to transport Lifsh, along with Jews already injured by rioters, without transporting either of the Cato children. "We did exactly what the police officers wisely advised us." Based on protesters' statements and actions during the rioting, Butman said, "We were always hoping that after World War II no Jew would ever be killed just for being Jewish, but this is what happened in the city of New York." In his eulogy at the funeral, the
759:, chairman of the Board of the National Committee for Furtherance of Jewish Education (NCFJE), operated for ten years as an inter-group forum in which to air neighborhood concerns and work out issues. Golden used the Coalition to initiate interracial projects designed to promote dialogue. One project involved sending a Jewish leader and a black leader together in a pair to public intermediate and high schools in the area to answer questions from the children about each other's cultures.
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617:: "You can use whatever word you want, but in fact for three days people were beaten up, people were sent to the hospital because they were Jewish. There's no question that not enough was done about it by the city of New York. One definition of pogrom is violence where the state doesn't do enough to prevent it." Other political opponents to Dinkins used the term, including
31:
692:, Professor of Jewish History at Columbia University, wrote in 1992 that it was "historically inaccurate" to couple "pogrom" with Crown Heights, because the word denoted organized violence against Jews "having some sort of governmental involvement." Journalists also disagreed with the use of the term, including Joyce Purnick in
460:). The preferential treatment was reported to include biased actions by law enforcement and uneven allocations of government resources, amongst others. Many members of the black community were concerned that the number of Jews in the community had increased and that they were buying all of the property in the crowded area.
1686:, August 20, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2016. "An NBC film crew that was in Crown Heights to cover the concert captured the jeering, explosion of glass bottles, and rioting. The agitation and crowds increased all evening until someone reportedly shouted, 'Let's go to Kingston Avenue and get a Jew!'"
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marking the anniversary. Norman
Rosenbaum, brother of the murdered Yankel Rosenbaum, was outraged, saying inviting Sharpton to speak was "an absolute disgrace" and that his "vile rhetoric incited the rioting." He added that Sharpton "did absolutely nothing then to improve black-Jewish relations — and
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Afterwards, Hynes fought unsuccessfully for the public release of the testimony that the grand jury had heard. His lawsuit was dismissed, and the judge noted that more than three-quarters of the witnesses who had been contacted refused to waive their right to privacy. The judge also expressed concern
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After the death of Gavin Cato, members of the black community believed that the decision to remove Lifsh from the scene first was racially motivated. They also said that this was one example of a perceived system of preferential treatment afforded to Jews in Crown
Heights, and referred to the riot as
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By the time the three days of rioting ended, 152 police officers and 38 civilians were injured, 27 vehicles were destroyed, seven stores were looted or burned, and 225 cases of robbery and burglary were committed. At least 129 arrests were made during the riots, including 122 blacks and seven whites.
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divided the black community in northern Crown
Heights and the Jewish community in southern Crown Heights. Efforts aimed at the improvement of the relations between black people and Jews in Crown Heights began almost immediately following the rioting. Brooklyn Borough President Howard Golden summoned
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explained that under New York law, the single act of "losing control of a car" is not criminal negligence, even if death or injury resulted. Lifsh waived immunity and testified before the grand jury. About an hour after hearing Lifsh's testimony, the grand jury voted not to indict him. Subsequently,
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Some members of the community were outraged because Lifsh was taken from the scene by a private ambulance service while city emergency workers were still trying to free the children who were pinned under the car. Some believed that Gavin Cato died because the
Hatzolah ambulance crew was unwilling to
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Lifsh believed he had the right of way to proceed through the intersection because of the police escort. Lifsh said he deliberately steered his car away from adults on the sidewalk, toward the wall, a distance of about 25 yards (23 m), in order to stop the car. Lifsh later said that the car did
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The first night of the riot, Dinkins, along with Police
Commissioner Brown, both African Americans, went to Crown Heights to talk to the community to dispel the rumors about the circumstances surrounding the crash. They had no appreciable influence on the rioters, most of whom were young black men.
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Almost immediately after the riot a host of differing interpretations emerged regarding its nature and origins. This effort at explanation ... reflected the diverse political, religious, and social circumstances, the differing ideological assumptions, and the divergent understandings of the past by
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In a 16-minute speech on the
Thanksgiving holiday following the riot, Dinkins rebutted allegations that he had prevented police from protecting citizens in Crown Heights. The Jewish community believed Dinkins failed to contain the riot and failed to exercise his responsibility, to their detriment.
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In 1997, Nelson and Price were both convicted in federal court of violating
Rosenbaum's civil rights resulting in his death. After the judge ruled that the two men had committed second degree murder, Nelson was sentenced to nearly 20 years in prison, while Price was sentenced to nearly 22 years in
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On
September 5, two weeks after the riot had been controlled, Anthony Graziosi, an Italian sales representative with a white beard dressed in dark business attire, was driving in the neighborhood. As he stopped at a traffic light at 11 pm, six blocks away from where Yankel Rosenbaum had been
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Nelson later was convicted in federal court of violating
Rosenbaum's civil rights. He eventually admitted that he had stabbed Rosenbaum but was acquitted of having caused Rosenbaum's death. Nelson received the statutory maximum of 10 years in prison. In 2002, Charles Price pleaded guilty to civil
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Later that evening, as the crowds and rumors grew, people threw bottles and rocks. Someone reportedly shouted, "Let's go to
Kingston Avenue and get a Jew!" A number of black youths set off westward toward Kingston Avenue (0.7 miles (1.1 km) away from Utica Avenue), a street of predominantly
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In the immediate aftermath of the fatal crash, black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia. Over the next three days, black rioters looted stores and attacked Jewish homes. Two weeks after the riot, a
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An additional 350 police officers were added to the regular duty roster on August 20 and were assigned to Crown Heights in an attempt to quell the rioting. After episodes of rock- and bottle-throwing involving hundreds of blacks and Jews, and after groups of blacks marched through Crown Heights
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For three days following the crash, numerous African Americans and Caribbean Americans of the neighborhood, joined by growing numbers of non-residents, rioted in Crown Heights. In the rioting of the ensuing three days, according to Edward Shapiro, many of the rioters "did not even live in Crown
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on a green light and proceeded along President Street at a normal speed, but Lifsh's vehicle had fallen behind. Not wishing to lose sight of Schneerson's car, Lifsh crossed Utica Avenue on a red light. There was no indication of the exact speed of his vehicle. Lifsh's vehicle struck a car being
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professional basketball game. Also that year, Rabbi Israel Shemtov, whose anti-crime patrol had long been perceived by many black residents as biased against them, rushed to the aid of a black woman who had been shot on the street in Crown Heights, putting her in his car and taking her to the
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Use of the word was rejected by Dinkins and his supporters, primarily on the basis that a pogrom by definition is state sponsored. Dinkins said, "To suggest that this is is not to contribute to the resolution of the problem but to exacerbate tensions and problems that are there." Dinkins was
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was compiled by over 40 lawyers and investigators. The 656-page document, dated July 1993, is available through a website of the Washington, DC-based Police Foundation, which prefaces the report with a disclaimer that the "review does not seek to put blame on any entity for what happened..."
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prison. However, that verdict was vacated on appeal due to unfairness in the jury selection process. A retrial was held in 2003. There were two primary issues of contention: whether Nelson's actions had been motivated by prejudice and whether Nelson's actions caused Rosenbaum's death.
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On August 19, 2001, a street fair was held in memory of Cato and Rosenbaum, and their relatives met and exchanged mementos in hopes of healing in Crown Heights. Again in 2016, family members Carmel Cato and Norman Rosenbaum planned to meet together to commemorate their loss.
274:). Seven-year-old Gavin Cato, the son of Guyanese immigrants, who was working on his bicycle chain while on the sidewalk near his apartment on President Street, died instantly. His seven-year-old cousin Angela Cato, who was playing nearby, survived but was severely injured.
586:. The report also criticized Mayor Dinkins for poor handling of the riots. However, the report found no evidence to support the most severe charge against Dinkins and Brown: that they had purposely delayed the police response in order to allow rioters to "vent" their rage.
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Riots escalated to the extent that a detachment of 200 police officers was overwhelmed and had to retreat for their safety. On August 22, over 1,800 police officers, including mounted and motorcycle units, had been dispatched to stop the attacks on people and property.
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led a march. The marchers proceeded through Crown Heights carrying antisemitic signs and burning an Israeli flag. Rioters threw bricks and bottles at police; shots were fired at police and police cars were pelted and overturned, including the Police Commissioner's car.
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at the time, during which she told him "sometimes you are tempted to speak to the applause of the crowd rather than the heights of the cause, and you will say cheap things to get cheap applause rather than do high things to raise the nation higher".
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About three hours after the riots began, early on the morning of August 20, a group of approximately 20 young black men, with the incitement of Charles Price, who chanted "Let's go get a Jew," surrounded Yankel Rosenbaum, a 29-year-old Jewish
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1715:. Retrieved December 27, 2016. "Shouting 'Let's go to Kingston Avenue and get a Jew,' 10 to 15 young black men walked a few blocks away to that predominantly Jewish area, throwing rocks at homes and vandalizing automobiles along the way."
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Two attending police officers, as well as a technician from the City ambulance, directed the Hatzolah driver to remove Lifsh from the scene for his safety, while Gavin Cato was being removed from beneath the station wagon. According to
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driven on Utica Avenue, veered onto the sidewalk, knocked a 600-pound (275 kg) stone building pillar down and pinned two children against an iron grate covering the window of a first-floor apartment in a four-story brick building (
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wrote: "A divisive debate over the meaning of pogrom, lasting for more than two years, could have easily been ended if the mayor simply said to the victims of Crown Heights, yes, I understand why you experienced it as a pogrom."
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student in the United States conducting research for his doctorate. They stabbed him several times in the back and beat him severely, fracturing his skull. Before being taken to the hospital, Rosenbaum identified 16-year-old
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as his assailant in a line-up shown to him by the police. Rosenbaum died later that night because the doctor did not notice a stab wound in his chest. Nelson was charged with murder as an adult; he was acquitted at trial.
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of New York. By September 1991, it had become routine within Jewish circles to describe the riot as a pogrom. Some Jews continued to use this term for the riot a decade later, as shown by articles in publications such as
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was active in promoting improved black-Jewish relations. In 1993, a series of neighborhood basketball games were scheduled between the two groups, including a scrimmage held as part of the halftime entertainment of a
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in his second mayoral bid. He was attacked by many political adversaries in his reelection bid, including vocal proponents of "Black nationalism, back-to-Africa, economic radicalism, and racial exclusiveness."
299:, arriving at 8:32 pm; Cato was pronounced dead shortly thereafter. Volunteers from a second Hatzolah ambulance helped Angela Cato, until a second City ambulance arrived and took her to the same hospital.
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The Crown Heights riot was an important issue that was raised repeatedly on the campaign trail in the 1993 mayoral election. According to Edward S. Shapiro, politicians opposed to Mayor Dinkins used the word
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criticized the news media for downplaying the role of antisemitism in the riots, noting various antisemitic displays, such as a banner displayed at the funeral of Cato that said, "Hitler did not do the job".
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Accounts differ as to the next sequence of events. After the collision, Lifsh said that the first thing he did was to try to lift the car in order to free the two children beneath it. Members of the Hatzolah
921:(1992), which premiered the following year in New York. The one-woman show featured Smith playing the roles of numerous public and private figures, having drawn quotes from the transcripts of her interviews.
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personally offended by the use of "pogrom" since it insinuated that the riot was state-sanctioned and that he personally was an antisemite. "I am incensed by it... patently untrue and unfair."
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By 6 p.m. yesterday, rival mobs of black and Hasidic protesters – perhaps 250 – had gathered outside the Empire Blvd. stationhouse, hurling rocks, bottles and insults at each other and police.
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Following that trial, Australian attorney Norman Rosenbaum became an advocate for his late brother, inspiring protests that included a shutdown of the Brooklyn Bridge and a demonstration at
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unit, who arrived on the scene about three minutes after the crash, said that Lifsh was being beaten and pulled out of the station wagon by three or four men. A volunteer ambulance from the
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607:' to characterize the riot in order to discredit the mayor's response to the riot, writing "the controversy over how to define the Crown Heights riot was not merely an issue of semantics."
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nothing since." Sharpton expressed regret for some aspects of his involvement. He insisted that his marches were peaceful, although his language and tone "sometimes exacerbated tensions."
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help non-Jews. There was a rumor at the time that Lifsh was intoxicated. A breath alcohol test administered by police within 70 minutes of the crash indicated this was not the case.
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Ultimately, black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade.
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In his 2006 book on the riot, Edward Shapiro wrote that the demographic trends of Crown Heights remained largely the same as in 1991. Jews did not flee from Crown Heights, and the
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307:, more than 250 neighborhood residents, mostly black teenagers, many of whom were shouting "Jews! Jews! Jews!", jeered the driver of the car and turned their anger on the police.
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the leaders of each of the ethnic communities to Borough Hall within days after the riots ended, creating what became known as the Crown Heights Coalition. The Coalition, led by
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murdered, a group of four black men surrounded his car and one of them shot and killed him. It was alleged by Graziosi's family and their attorney, as well as Senator
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1864:"United States of America, Appellee, v. Lemrick Nelson, Jr. and Charles Price, Also Known As Bald Black Man, Defendants-appellants, 277 F.3d 164 (2d Cir. 2002)"
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1627:. Retrieved December 27, 2016. "By the time night fell in Crown Heights, rioters could be heard screaming 'Let's go to Kingston Avenue and get a Jew!'"
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non-Jewish man was killed by a group of black men; some believed that the victim had been mistaken for a Jew. The riots were a major issue in the
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hospital. The Crown Heights Mediation Center was established in 1998 to help resolve local differences, also a direct outcome of the Coalition.
427:, and a number of advocacy organizations, that Graziosi's resemblance to a Hasidic Jew precipitated his murder. The New York Police Department,
382:", "Death to the Jews!", and "Whose streets? Our streets!", an additional 1,200 police officers were sent to confront rioters in Crown Heights.
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1112:"Two years after the riots in Crown Heights, blacks and Hasidic Jews are still demanding justice and nurturing peace.: Rage and Atonement"
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gave the Director of Criminal Justice Services, Richard H. Girgenti, the authority to investigate the rioting and the Nelson trial. The
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613:, who would be elected as the next mayor of New York, referred to the Crown Heights riot as a 'pogrom' on July 1, 1993, in a speech at
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980:, a novel by Andrew L. Kane, focuses on decades of Jewish and African American life in Crown Heights, culminating in the riot of 1991.
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ambulance corps arrived on the scene at about 8:23 pm, followed by police and a City ambulance. The latter took Gavin Cato to
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1657:. Retrieved December 27, 2016. "Around 11:00 p.m., someone reportedly shouted, 'Let's go to Kingston Avenue and get a Jew!'"
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residents, damaged their homes, and looted businesses. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two 7 year-old children of
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536:, where his family lives, because he claimed his life was threatened. In Israel, Lifsh settled in the Lubavitch village of
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2810:"Relatives of the two killed in Crown Heights riots to meet, 25 years after shared tragedy: 'There is still a numbness'"
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A week after the riots, Hatzolah helped repair an ambulance of a black-owned volunteer service. The following year, the
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625:, a candidate in the 1993 Democratic mayoral primary. The term had been used previously in 1991 by journalists such as
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composed of 10 black, eight white, and five Hispanic jurors found no cause to indict Lifsh. Brooklyn District Attorney
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gathering, Sharpton said that he could have "done more to heal rather than harm". He recalled receiving a call from
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population of Crown Heights increased after the riot, leading to an expansion of the area in which they reside.
196:, an African American. Opponents of Dinkins said that he failed to contain the riots, with many calling them a '
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1163:"Crown Heights erupts in three days of race riots after Jewish driver hits and kills Gavin Cato, 7, in 1991"
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Davis Jr., Walter T.; Blythe, Teresa; Dreibelbis, Gary; Mark Scalese; Elizabeth Winslea (January 1, 2001).
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not come to a full stop when it hit the building but slid to the left along the wall and hit the children.
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rights violations resulting in Rosenbaum's death. He was sentenced to 11 years and six months in prison.
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2372:"N.Y. Jury Doesn't Indict Hasidic Driver: Boy's Death in Auto Wreck Set Off 4-Day Race Riot in Brooklyn"
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499:" and published a book about it in 2006. He notes that there are many interpretations of what happened:
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interviewed more than 100 people directly and indirectly associated with the riot and created her play
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Jewish residents several blocks away, vandalizing cars, and throwing rocks and bottles as they went.
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Conaway, Carol B. (1999). "Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't".
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held an exhibit on the contributions made by black people and Jews in New York. In 1993, the Rev.
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the journalists, sociologists, political activists, and historians who wrote about the riot.
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At approximately 8:20 p.m. on Monday, August 19, 1991, Yosef Lifsh, 22, was driving a
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1785:"Norman Rosenbaum, brother of Crown Heights riots victim Yankel Rosenbaum, dies at 64"
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957:, presents a fictionalized version of Crown Heights neighborhood unrest in the 1990s.
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1890:"The Crown Heights Verdict – Overview – Mixed Verdict On Crown Hts. – Defense Happy"
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with three passengers west on President Street, part of the three-car motorcade of
200:' to emphasize what was seen as the complicity of New York City political leaders.
184:, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured.
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1141:"Crown Heights, 30 Years Later: Looking Back On The Riot That Tore The City Apart"
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Cohen, D. N. (July 23–29, 1993). "Crown Heights Jews feel vindicated by report".
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621:, who had been defeated by Dinkins in the 1989 Democratic mayoralty primary, and
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2699:"Beep Honor Peace Coalition: Crown Heights leaders reflect on 10-year milestone"
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In 2011, shortly before the twentieth anniversary of the riots, an editorial in
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were unintentionally struck by a driver running a red light while following the
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1812:"A Successive Tribute For The Lion Of Justice, Norman Rosenbaum, z"l (Part 4)"
370:, and cars and homes were damaged. The rioters identified Jewish homes by the
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2954:"Al Sharpton's mea culpa: I should have 'done more to heal rather than harm'"
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Shapiro, Edward S. (June 2002). "Interpretations of the Crown Heights Riot".
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Under New York State law, 16-year-olds can be charged as adults for homicide.
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The event is briefly mentioned in the song "How Many Mics" on the 1996 album
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said that Giuliani was engaged in "race-baiting" by using the word "pogrom."
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2270:"Crown Heights Riots – 25 Years Later: A Look Back at Jewish Press Coverage"
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Shapiro, Edward S. (2002). "Interpretations of the Crown Heights Riot".
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referred to "diamond merchants" and said, "It's an accident to allow an
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Watching What We Watch: Prime-Time Television Through the Lens of Faith
1762:"An Advocate for Justice in Crown Heights Riots, Norman Rosenbaum Dies"
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Chanes, Jerome A. (1994). "Review of the Year: Intergroup Relations".
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3117:"The black bar mitzvah: Representations of Jews in US hip-hop lyrics"
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2841:"Fury over Sharpton speaking at Crown Heights riot-anniversary forum"
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2409:"Sharpton Tries to Serve Summons In Israel but Doesn't Find His Man"
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1339:"Grand Jury Doesn't Indict Driver In Death of Boy in Crown Heights"
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Rioting, looting, assault, arson, protests, property damage, murder
3030:"TELEVISION REVIEW; Finding Crown Heights Peace: Hip-Hop and Hope"
2763:"Hasidic Patrol Group Faces Questions After a Crown Heights Clash"
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Vigilance: My Life Serving America and Protecting Its Empire City
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228:
3223:
Shapiro, Edward S. "Interpretations of the Crown Heights riot."
2874:"Al Sharpton Regrets How He Handled Crown Heights Riot Reaction"
2223:"A Changing Crown Heights Marks 25 Years Since Brooklyn 'Pogrom'
30:
3561:
3451:
1190:"Rabbi Schneerson Led A Small Hasidic Sect To World Prominence"
1083:
967:
604:
533:
453:
197:
181:
72:
2719:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 139.
2497:
A Report to the Governor on the Disturbances in Crown Heights
2042:"In Crown Heights, Residents Still Cling to Their Grievances"
724:
also publicly rejected use of the term to refer to the riot.
174:
4610:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
3215:
Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights
2897:"Al Sharpton: I made 'mistakes' during Crown Heights riots"
2717:
Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights
16:
1991 racial and antisemitic riot in Brooklyn, New York City
4056:
Riots and civil unrest in the history of the United States
1939:"Penalty in Crown Hts. Case Means a Little More Jail Time"
1475:"5 years later, Crown Heights blacks, Jews coexist warily"
153:
that took place from August 19 to August 21, 1991, in the
2924:"Al Sharpton admits to using 'cheap' rhetoric about Jews"
2225:, Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
2178:"TENSION IN BROOKLYN; Official Tallies of Arrests Differ"
1970:"Judge Accepts a Guilty Plea in '91 Crown Heights Unrest"
1226:"Crown Heights riot – fact, fiction, and plenty of blame"
582:
The report was extremely critical of Police Commissioner
3235:
Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot
2981:
Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, And the 1991 Brooklyn Riot
2209:
Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn riot
2073:
Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot
1289:
Crown heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn riot
4703:
Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States
2402:
2400:
1011:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
402:
Property damage was estimated at one million dollars.
1036:
928:, was made about the aftermath of the riot, starring
457:
452:
an 'uprising'. (Some Jews referred to the riot as a '
4590:
2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses
557:
The Crown Heights riot contributed to the defeat of
235:
with two officers, with its rooftop light flashing.
3115:Ackfeldt, Anders; Magnusson, Erik (June 27, 2022).
2397:
2035:
2033:
1839:"Dinkins Is Target of Jewish Protests Over Verdict"
1436:"Judge Won't Open Records Of Crown Heights Inquiry"
645:, and politicians such as New York City Councilman
475:ambulance service in the middle of Crown Heights."
238:The police car and Schneerson's automobile crossed
3276:
2528:
2094:
1506:"Fatal Crash Starts Melee With Police In Brooklyn"
1006:List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
552:
3114:
1671:"The Bitter Truth About the Crown Heights Pogrom"
935:A fictionalized version of the riots appeared in
366:During the riots, Jews were injured, stores were
4659:
4522:2016 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge occupation
2440:"Bid to Unseal Crown Heights Testimony Founders"
2237:"Dasun Allah dissects the Crown Heights silence"
2030:
491:, later described the riot as "the most serious
231:movement. The procession was led by an unmarked
4763:Race-related controversies in the United States
4439:George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
2298:
796:synagogue invited Sharpton to participate in a
678:; others went further and called it "America's
439:did not agree. The murder was not treated as a
4445:2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest
2211:. University Press of New England. p. 57.
2088:
2086:
4575:2021 United States inauguration week protests
4259:1993 Southern Ohio Correctional Facility riot
4040:
3262:
3121:Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies
783:
649:and later by Judah Gribetz, president of the
4205:2006 North County Correctional Facility riot
3065:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 129.
2995:"In Living Color: Homey The Sellout: Part 2"
2760:
2575:
1916:"The Crown Heights Riot & Its Aftermath"
996:History of antisemitism in the United States
4743:African-American riots in the United States
4728:Jewish-American history in New York (state)
4500:2013 Michigan State University student riot
2714:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2234:
2096:"Interpretations of the Crown Heights Riot"
2083:
1881:
1787:. New York: MSN. Daily News. Archived from
1764:. Charter Communications. Spectrum News NY1
1700:Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America
597:
323:
4555:2020 Seattle Capitol Hill Occupied Protest
4047:
4033:
3269:
3255:
1913:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
405:
161:, New York City. Black residents attacked
29:
4753:Riots and civil disorder in New York City
4615:Mass racial violence in the United States
4372:2012 Anaheim police shooting and protests
4151:1990 Southport Correctional Facility riot
4093:1983 Dick Conner Correctional Center riot
3132:
3028:Stanley, Alessandra (February 16, 2004).
2662:"Anger, on Both Sides Of Eastern Parkway"
1967:
1836:
1503:
1375:. The Manhattan Institute. Archived from
1366:
1364:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1016:Mass racial violence in the United States
1001:Interminority racism in the United States
2948:
2659:
2552:
2521:"The Crown Heights Report: The Overview"
2518:
2438:Yarrow, Andrew L. (September 17, 1991).
2406:
2264:
2262:
2221:Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (August 15, 2016)
1782:
1724:
1576:Hasidic People: A Place in the New World
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1396:
1394:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1219:
1217:
1215:
909:. The skit was cut from the DVD release.
570:On November 17, 1992, New York Governor
4688:August 1991 crimes in the United States
4361:Oscar Grant shooting protests and riots
4307:Michigan State University student riots
3715:African Burial Ground National Monument
3184:
3027:
2921:
2579:
2468:
2369:
2334:
2280:from the original on September 16, 2016
2206:
2092:
2070:
1759:
1725:Archives, L. A. Times (July 10, 1998).
1434:Myers, Steven Lee (September 7, 1991).
1401:Kamber, Michael (January 16–22, 2002).
1370:
1285:
1187:
4660:
4570:January 6 United States Capitol attack
3835:New York City teachers' strike of 1968
3079:from the original on November 24, 2020
2853:from the original on December 20, 2016
2838:
2807:
2739:
2437:
2407:Haberman, Clyde (September 18, 1991).
2370:Specter, Michael (September 6, 1991).
2148:"Police Brace For Protest In Brooklyn"
2145:
2039:
2015:from the original on December 22, 2015
2003:"Riots erupt in Crown Heights in 1991"
1936:
1887:
1837:Treadwell, David (November 22, 1992).
1809:
1504:McQuiston, John T. (August 20, 1991).
1415:from the original on December 20, 2016
1400:
1361:
1336:
1250:
1223:
1021:New York City teachers' strike of 1968
385:On the third day of the disturbances,
281:
192:, contributing to the defeat of Mayor
99:New York City mayoral election of 1993
4565:2020–2023 United States racial unrest
4516:Mansur Ball-Bey shooting civil unrest
4302:St. Petersburg, Florida riots of 1996
4195:2003 Eagle Mountain Correctional riot
4028:
3720:Bohemian Citizens' Benevolent Society
3250:
2894:
2871:
2660:Mitchell, Alison (October 31, 1992).
2641:from the original on October 24, 2012
2543:
2316:from the original on October 24, 2007
2259:
2052:from the original on November 1, 2013
1968:Glaberson, William (April 13, 2002).
1572:
1559:
1534:
1433:
1391:
1325:
1212:
828:
4748:Religious riots in the United States
4450:George Floyd Square occupied protest
4200:2004 San Luis Obispo Mardi Gras riot
4167:1991 Chicago Bulls Championship riot
3040:from the original on August 17, 2018
3009:from the original on August 17, 2018
2820:from the original on August 17, 2016
2773:from the original on August 24, 2013
2761:Kocieniewski, David (May 11, 1996).
2692:
2626:
2493:
2473:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 52.
1485:from the original on August 31, 2017
1135:
1133:
1106:
1104:
832:
318:
4532:Keith Lamont Scott shooting rioting
2978:
2808:Greene, Leonard (August 13, 2016).
2302:; Zenilman, Avi (October 7, 2003).
1914:Gourevitch, Philip (January 1993).
1810:Teller, Hanoch (January 15, 2021).
737:
13:
4456:2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot
4145:Phillip Pannell shooting aftermath
4071:Boston desegregation busing crisis
3799:Philippine Independence Day Parade
3178:
2680:from the original on July 27, 2019
2519:Gottlieb, Martin (July 21, 1993).
2471:The Death of American Antisemitism
2158:from the original on March 5, 2017
2127:from the original on March 3, 2016
1760:Ramirez, Jeanine (July 27, 2020).
1727:"Man Who Incited Mob Is Sentenced"
1537:"Racial Unrest: An Eye for an Eye"
1516:from the original on July 29, 2018
1349:from the original on July 29, 2018
1337:Kifner, John (September 6, 1991).
1200:from the original on July 29, 2018
863:by removing the content or adding
565:
346:, the mayor's official residence.
14:
4779:
4693:African American–Jewish relations
4678:1991 politics in New York (state)
4334:2007 New Castle Correctional riot
3217:(Rutgers University Press, 2006)
2960:from the original on May 23, 2019
2930:from the original on May 23, 2019
2903:from the original on July 9, 2013
2627:Mark, Jonathan (August 9, 2011).
2419:from the original on May 10, 2009
2188:from the original on May 10, 2009
1188:Goldman, Ari L. (June 13, 1994).
1130:
1101:
1027:African American–Jewish relations
991:Antisemitism in the United States
949:, a feature film starring Tariq "
105:African American–Jewish relations
4290:Chicago Bulls Championship riots
3237:(U. Press of New England, 2006)
2839:Soltis, Andy (August 18, 2011).
2450:from the original on May 8, 2009
2235:Dasun Allah (January 15, 2002).
2146:Kifner, John (August 24, 1991).
2093:Shapiro, Edward S. (June 2002).
2040:Berger, Paul (August 19, 2011).
1949:from the original on May 8, 2009
1937:Newman, Andy (August 21, 2003).
1783:Goldiner, Dave (July 26, 2020).
1535:Allis, Sam (September 9, 1991).
1481:. Jweekly.com. August 23, 1996.
1446:from the original on May 8, 2009
1371:McGowan, William (Summer 1993).
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
837:
222:Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
4433:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
3750:New York Filipino Film Festival
3149:
3108:
3091:
3052:
3021:
2987:
2972:
2942:
2915:
2888:
2865:
2832:
2801:
2785:
2754:
2733:
2708:
2653:
2620:
2608:
2537:
2512:
2487:
2462:
2431:
2363:
2328:
2292:
2276:. August 24, 2016. p. 12.
2228:
2215:
2200:
2184:. August 25, 1991. p. 36.
2170:
2139:
2077:University Press of New England
2064:
1995:
1961:
1930:
1907:
1856:
1830:
1803:
1776:
1753:
1744:
1718:
1689:
1660:
1630:
1604:
1528:
1497:
1467:
1458:
1427:
1302:University Press of New England
816:
792:Twenty years after the riot, a
553:Impact on the 1993 mayoral race
458:§ Use of the term 'pogrom'
4478:Killing of Deona Marie Knajdek
4473:2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest
4403:Republican National Convention
4125:1988 Tompkins Square Park riot
3786:German-American Steuben Parade
2895:Klein, Dan (August 22, 2011).
2872:Chung, Jen (August 21, 2011).
2011:. New York. August 18, 2015 .
1181:
1155:
1:
4708:Antisemitism in New York City
4238:1992 Washington Heights riots
3825:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
2926:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
2922:Kampeas, Ron (May 20, 2019).
2899:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
1888:Newman, Andy (May 15, 2003).
1095:
518:
446:
4733:Jews and Judaism in Brooklyn
4421:Shooting of Philando Castile
3913:Il Progresso Italo-Americano
3745:New York Asian Film Festival
1032:Racism in Jewish communities
547:
374:affixed to the front doors.
211:
7:
4367:2011 Oakland general strike
4285:1991 Washington, D.C., riot
4216:2007 MacArthur Park rallies
3840:Crown Heights riots of 1991
3830:New York Conspiracy of 1741
3730:Hispanic Society of America
2715:Goldschmidt, Henry (2006).
2629:"What The 'Pogrom' Wrought"
2304:"The Gaffes of Al Sharpton"
2207:Shapiro, Edward S. (2006).
2071:Shapiro, Edward S. (2006).
1286:Shapiro, Edward S. (2006).
1169:. New York. August 13, 2016
1143:. CBS News. August 19, 2021
984:
544:for the witnesses' safety.
10:
4784:
4738:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
4427:Shooting of Justine Damond
3735:Indo-American Arts Council
2343:(2): 97–122, here: p. 98.
1705:Cambridge University Press
1617:December 28, 2016, at the
893:On the sketch comedy show
784:Anniversary commemorations
764:Brooklyn Children's Museum
357:
178:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
4602:
4487:
4395:
4353:
4346:
4277:
4251:
4224:
4182:
4175:
4063:
4006:
3948:New Yorker Staats-Zeitung
3869:
3848:
3817:
3763:
3707:
3475:8th Avenue/Lapskaus Blvd.
3465:
3288:
2748:American Jewish Committee
2743:American Jewish Year Book
1573:Mintz, Jerome R. (1992).
1464:Girgenti Report, 1:79–81.
924:A 2004 television movie,
859:Please help Knowledge to
720:and Marc D. Stern of the
419:, State Attorney General
206:
135:
125:
117:
112:
91:
83:
68:
56:
48:
28:
23:
4319:2003 Benton Harbor riots
4264:Cincinnati riots of 2001
4210:San Bernardino punk riot
4130:1989 SCI Camp Hill riots
3227:(2002) 90#2 pp: 97–122.
2046:The Jewish Daily Forward
1612:"The Crown Heights Riot"
1581:Harvard University Press
722:American Jewish Congress
598:Use of the term 'pogrom'
324:Yankel Rosenbaum killing
103:Eventual improvement of
75:motorcade collides with
4758:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
4511:2015 Baltimore protests
4313:Seattle Mardi Gras riot
4156:1991 FCI Talladega riot
4014:Undocumented immigrants
3804:Puerto Rican Day Parade
3740:Irish Repertory Theatre
3225:American Jewish History
3161:www.forewordreviews.com
2582:American Jewish History
2337:American Jewish History
2101:American Jewish History
978:Joshua: A Brooklyn Tale
511:American Jewish History
437:U.S. Justice Department
417:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
406:Related shooting murder
331:University of Melbourne
62:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
37:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
4585:2023 Union Square riot
4467:Daunte Wright protests
4415:Killing of Jamar Clark
4190:1992 Los Angeles riots
3755:Wales Week in New York
2548:. Rockland County, NY.
1231:New Jersey Jewish News
804:In a 2019 speech to a
516:
431:, newspaper columnist
4673:1991 in New York City
4644:40.66306°N 73.94472°W
4560:2020 Kenosha protests
4549:George Floyd protests
4543:Unite the Right rally
4329:2004 ALCS Game 7 riot
4120:1988 Cedar Grove riot
3906:Freie Arbeiter Stimme
2884:on November 28, 2014.
2594:10.1353/ajh.2003.0035
2349:10.1353/ajh.2003.0035
2113:10.1353/ajh.2003.0035
1224:Wilson, Judy (2006).
501:
489:Seton Hall University
380:No Justice, No Peace!
297:Kings County Hospital
262:40.66717°N 73.93166°W
79:children, killing one
4527:2016 Milwaukee riots
4461:Killing of Dolal Idd
4387:2016 Sacramento riot
4324:2004 ASPC-Lewis riot
4296:West Las Vegas riots
4114:Atlanta prison riots
3781:Feast of San Gennaro
3776:Dominican Day Parade
3213:Goldschmidt, Henry.
2798:, November 13, 1998.
2469:Spencer, B. (2000).
1926:on December 5, 2013.
1676:May 2, 2016, at the
1583:. pp. 334–335.
1373:"Race and Reporting"
861:improve this section
753:Medgar Evers College
751:, then President of
742:Prior to the riots,
706:, and an article in
690:Michael Stanislawski
129:152 police officers
4698:Anti-Jewish pogroms
4649:40.66306; -73.94472
4640: /
4538:2016 Portland riots
4495:Akron riots of 2009
4087:Cabbage Patch riots
3892:El Diario La Prensa
3725:El Museo del Barrio
3233:Shapiro, Edward S.
3163:. February 29, 2012
2979:Shapiro, Edward S.
2703:New York Daily News
2508:– via Scribd.
2500:. Police Foundation
2494:Girgenti, Richard.
2376:The Washington Post
2247:on December 8, 2007
1624:New York Daily News
1547:on December 9, 2007
1379:on December 8, 2007
1298:Brandeis University
1238:on December 8, 2007
918:Fires in the Mirror
907:Crown Heights Story
873:independent sources
703:New York Daily News
615:Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
509:Edward S. Shapiro,
282:Death of Gavin Cato
267:40.66717; -73.93166
258: /
167:Guyanese immigrants
4718:Crimes in Brooklyn
4409:Occupy Minneapolis
4382:2016 Oakland riots
4377:2014 Oakland riots
4309:(1998; 1999; 2005)
4232:Crown Heights riot
4082:1982 Overtown riot
3861:Nuyorican Movement
3856:Harlem Renaissance
3809:Pulaski Day Parade
3689:Washington Heights
3157:"Review of Joshua"
3134:10.30752/nj.115204
3034:The New York Times
2956:. Jewish Insider.
2767:The New York Times
2705:, August 23, 2001.
2666:The New York Times
2525:The New York Times
2444:The New York Times
2413:The New York Times
2182:The New York Times
2152:The New York Times
1974:The New York Times
1943:The New York Times
1920:The Jewish Forward
1894:The New York Times
1696:Marcus, Kenneth L.
1510:The New York Times
1440:The New York Times
1343:The New York Times
1194:The New York Times
913:Anna Deavere Smith
829:In popular culture
810:Coretta Scott King
777:Philadelphia 76ers
694:The New York Times
663:The Jerusalem Post
632:The New York Times
463:An interview with
336:Lemrick Nelson Jr.
305:The New York Times
147:Crown Heights riot
52:August 19–21, 1991
24:Crown Heights riot
4768:1990s in Brooklyn
4623:
4622:
4598:
4597:
4342:
4341:
4140:1990 Detroit riot
4104:1984 Detroit riot
4022:
4021:
3818:Historical events
3795:NY Persian Parade
3791:Korean Day Parade
3308:African Americans
2726:978-0-8135-3883-9
2533:on June 25, 2017.
2241:The Village Voice
2079:. pp. 38–40.
1843:Los Angeles Times
1818:. jewishpress.com
1731:Los Angeles Times
1408:The Village Voice
1296:, Massachusetts:
1118:. August 29, 1993
1116:Los Angeles Times
890:
889:
749:Edison O. Jackson
487:, a historian at
485:Edward S. Shapiro
319:Riots and murders
190:1993 mayoral race
143:
142:
4775:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4351:
4350:
4269:2005 Toledo riot
4180:
4179:
4109:1987 Tampa riots
4098:Aggieville riots
4077:1980 Miami riots
4049:
4042:
4035:
4026:
4025:
3609:Le Petit Senegal
3452:Native Americans
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3210:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3112:
3106:
3099:Brooklyn Babylon
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2952:(May 20, 2019).
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2880:. Archived from
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2792:Conflict Control
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2712:
2706:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2577:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2527:. Archived from
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2378:. Archived from
2367:
2361:
2360:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2300:Saletan, William
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2274:The Jewish Press
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2243:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1922:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1816:The Jewish Press
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:on July 28, 2020
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1693:
1687:
1664:
1658:
1634:
1628:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1283:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1234:. Archived from
1221:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1042:
946:Brooklyn Babylon
885:
882:
876:
841:
840:
833:
798:panel discussion
738:Ethnic relations
675:The Jewish Press
529:Charles J. Hynes
514:
497:American history
469:Rev. Al Sharpton
273:
272:
270:
269:
268:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
226:Chabad Lubavitch
224:, leader of the
180:, the leader of
33:
21:
20:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4668:1991 in Judaism
4658:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4594:
4505:Ferguson unrest
4483:
4441:(2020–protests)
4391:
4338:
4273:
4247:
4220:
4171:
4135:1989 Miami riot
4059:
4053:
4023:
4018:
4002:
3865:
3844:
3813:
3764:Cultural events
3759:
3703:
3582:Jackson Heights
3467:Ethnic enclaves
3461:
3284:
3275:
3199:10.2307/3235335
3181:
3179:Further reading
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3113:
3109:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3003:CBS Interactive
2993:
2992:
2988:
2983:. p. xvii.
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2950:Kornbluh, Jacob
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2893:
2889:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2796:The Jewish Week
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2709:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2634:The Jewish Week
2625:
2621:
2617:, July 1, 1993.
2613:
2609:
2578:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2385:on May 16, 2011
2382:
2368:
2364:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2038:
2031:
2018:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1694:
1690:
1678:Wayback Machine
1665:
1661:
1635:
1631:
1619:Wayback Machine
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1571:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1369:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1284:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
987:
970:. The line, by
938:Law & Order
902:West Side Story
896:In Living Color
886:
880:
877:
858:
854:popular culture
842:
838:
831:
819:
786:
773:New York Knicks
744:Eastern Parkway
740:
730:The Jewish Week
627:A. M. Rosenthal
600:
576:Girgenti Report
568:
566:Girgenti Report
555:
550:
532:Lifsh moved to
521:
515:
508:
449:
423:, former Mayor
408:
360:
326:
321:
284:
266:
264:
260:
257:
252:
249:
247:
245:
244:
214:
209:
163:Orthodox Jewish
130:
97:Controversy in
64:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4713:Chabad history
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:(2020–present)
4546:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4452:(2020–present)
4447:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4161:Riverport Riot
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:(1980–present)
4052:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3990:The Irish Echo
3986:
3979:
3976:The Daily Star
3972:
3969:Sing Tao Daily
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Spanish Harlem
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Little Germany
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Italian Harlem
3574:
3569:
3567:Hell's Kitchen
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3512:
3510:Brighton Beach
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3148:
3107:
3090:
3071:
3051:
3020:
2986:
2971:
2941:
2914:
2887:
2864:
2831:
2800:
2784:
2753:
2750:. p. 123.
2732:
2725:
2707:
2691:
2652:
2619:
2607:
2551:
2546:Jewish Tribune
2536:
2511:
2486:
2479:
2461:
2430:
2396:
2383:(fee required)
2362:
2327:
2291:
2258:
2227:
2214:
2199:
2169:
2154:. p. 27.
2138:
2082:
2063:
2029:
1994:
1960:
1929:
1906:
1880:
1855:
1829:
1802:
1775:
1752:
1743:
1717:
1688:
1667:Teller, Hanoch
1659:
1647:Hachette Books
1629:
1603:
1589:
1558:
1527:
1496:
1466:
1457:
1426:
1390:
1360:
1324:
1310:
1249:
1211:
1180:
1154:
1129:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
986:
983:
982:
981:
975:
958:
953:" Trotter and
942:
933:
922:
910:
888:
887:
852:references to
845:
843:
836:
830:
827:
818:
815:
785:
782:
739:
736:
599:
596:
567:
564:
554:
551:
549:
546:
520:
517:
506:
448:
445:
407:
404:
359:
356:
344:Gracie Mansion
325:
322:
320:
317:
283:
280:
213:
210:
208:
205:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
110:
109:
108:
107:
101:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
70:
66:
65:
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4780:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Stop Cop City
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4243:Woodstock '99
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3997:World Journal
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3955:Nowy Dziennik
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:Asahi Shimbun
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Brazilian Day
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Little Saigon
3647:
3645:
3644:Little Poland
3642:
3640:
3639:Little Manila
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Little Fuzhou
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Little Brazil
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Dyker Heights
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Crown Heights
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Arthur Avenue
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Puerto Ricans
3416:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:New York City
3279:
3278:Ethnic groups
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
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4723:Ethnic riots
4625:
4347:2008–present
4231:
4100:(1984; 1986)
4007:Other topics
3995:
3988:
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3934:Little India
3932:
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3920:India Abroad
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3708:Institutions
3694:Williamsburg
3659:Little Syria
3654:Little Spain
3634:Little Italy
3619:Little Egypt
3572:Howard Beach
3505:Borough Park
3234:
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3127:(1): 37–54.
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2890:
2882:the original
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2816:. New York.
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2245:the original
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2019:December 17,
2017:. Retrieved
2006:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1942:
1932:
1924:the original
1919:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
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1867:
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1848:February 17,
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1842:
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1822:February 17,
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
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1795:February 17,
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1789:the original
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1478:
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1439:
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1406:
1403:"Faded Rage"
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1351:. Retrieved
1342:
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1288:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1229:
1202:. Retrieved
1193:
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1171:. Retrieved
1166:
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1120:. Retrieved
1115:
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961:
944:
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930:Howie Mandel
925:
916:
906:
900:
894:
878:
848:may contain
847:
820:
817:Demographics
803:
791:
787:
761:
755:, and Rabbi
741:
728:
726:
709:The City Sun
707:
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623:Andrew Stein
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510:
502:
495:incident in
493:anti-Semitic
480:City Journal
479:
477:
462:
450:
433:Mike McAlary
409:
400:
396:
391:Sonny Carson
384:
376:
365:
361:
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304:
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285:
276:
240:Utica Avenue
237:
215:
202:
186:
146:
144:
131:38 civilians
35:Location of
18:
4647: /
4507:(2014–2015)
4435:(2016–2017)
4411:(2011–2012)
4292:(1992–1997)
4073:(1974–1988)
3983:Epoch Times
3941:Korea Times
3927:Irish Voice
3899:The Forward
3885:China Daily
3684:Sunset Park
3669:Morris Park
3500:Bensonhurst
3433:Salvadorans
3372:Belarusians
2907:October 29,
2454:October 20,
2423:October 20,
2389:October 20,
2320:October 20,
2192:October 20,
2162:February 7,
2056:October 29,
1596:October 20,
1551:October 20,
1520:October 20,
1450:October 20,
1419:December 4,
1383:October 20,
1353:October 20,
1317:October 20,
1242:October 20,
972:Wyclef Jean
714:Al Sharpton
669:The Forward
657:Jewish Week
572:Mario Cuomo
538:Kfar Chabad
387:Al Sharpton
265: /
157:section of
92:Resulted in
4683:1991 riots
4662:Categories
4635:73°56′41″W
4632:40°39′47″N
4354:California
4183:California
3674:Ozone Park
3592:Koreatowns
3542:Curry Hill
3515:Chinatowns
3445:Black Jews
3423:Dominicans
3409:Caribbeans
3402:Ukrainians
3320:Brazilians
3313:Black Jews
3289:Ancestries
3083:August 17,
3044:August 17,
3013:August 17,
2824:August 30,
2814:Daily News
2615:Daily News
2504:August 21,
2284:August 30,
2008:Daily News
1868:Justia Law
1703:, p. 101.
1637:Kelly, Ray
1167:Daily News
1096:References
850:irrelevant
757:Shea Hecht
647:Noach Dear
525:grand jury
519:Court case
447:Viewpoints
441:hate crime
435:, and the
415:, Senator
413:Al D'Amato
378:chanting "
363:Heights."
253:73°55′54″W
250:40°40′02″N
233:police car
113:Casualties
4396:Minnesota
4176:1992–2007
4064:1980–1991
3849:Movements
3699:Yorkville
3597:Manhattan
3530:Manhattan
3490:Bay Ridge
3413:Hispanics
3367:Albanians
3362:Europeans
3355:Taiwanese
3335:Filipinos
3167:April 28,
3143:2343-4929
2878:Gothamist
2674:0362-4331
2602:161511161
2357:161511161
2121:161511161
1982:0362-4331
1645:, p. 68.
1204:April 30,
963:The Score
955:The Roots
865:citations
823:Lubavitch
794:Manhattan
584:Lee Brown
548:Aftermath
473:apartheid
212:Car crash
171:motorcade
151:race riot
69:Caused by
4225:New York
3962:Proletar
3664:Loisaida
3557:Flatbush
3552:Elmhurst
3520:Brooklyn
3495:Bed–Stuy
3428:Mexicans
3397:Russians
3392:Italians
3345:Japanese
3104:AllMovie
3077:Archived
3038:Archived
3007:Archived
2958:Archived
2928:Archived
2901:Archived
2851:Archived
2818:Archived
2771:Archived
2684:July 27,
2678:Archived
2639:Archived
2448:Archived
2417:Archived
2314:Archived
2278:Archived
2186:Archived
2156:Archived
2125:Archived
2050:Archived
2013:Archived
1953:March 3,
1947:Archived
1899:July 27,
1707:, 2010.
1674:Archived
1649:, 2015.
1615:Archived
1514:Archived
1483:Archived
1444:Archived
1413:Archived
1347:Archived
1198:Archived
985:See also
869:reliable
507:—
293:Hatzolah
159:Brooklyn
136:Arrested
126:Injuries
118:Death(s)
77:Guyanese
57:Location
4603:Related
3587:Jamaica
3480:Astoria
3382:Germans
3350:Koreans
3340:Indians
3330:Chinese
3301:Syrians
3219:excerpt
3207:3235335
2964:May 23,
2934:May 23,
2777:May 12,
2251:May 13,
1683:Hamodia
1610:Staff.
1489:May 13,
1300:Press,
1294:Waltham
1173:May 30,
1147:May 30,
1122:May 30,
1077:Judaism
1039:Portals
905:called
712:. Rev.
700:in the
639:in the
619:Ed Koch
456:'; see
425:Ed Koch
372:mezuzot
358:Rioting
229:Hasidic
84:Methods
4545:(2017)
4534:(2016)
4518:(2015)
4488:Others
4480:(2021)
4469:(2021)
4463:(2020)
4429:(2017)
4423:(2016)
4417:(2015)
4405:(2008)
4363:(2009)
4315:(2001)
4298:(1992)
4278:Others
4234:(1991)
4212:(2006)
4163:(1991)
4147:(1990)
4116:(1987)
4089:(1983)
3602:Queens
3562:Harlem
3525:Queens
3457:Romani
3325:Asians
3242:online
3229:online
3205:
3187:Polity
3141:
3069:
2999:TV.com
2723:
2672:
2600:
2477:
2355:
2119:
1980:
1711:
1653:
1587:
1308:
968:Fugees
605:pogrom
534:Israel
513:, 2002
454:pogrom
368:looted
207:Causes
198:pogrom
182:Chabad
149:was a
73:Chabad
3870:Media
3387:Irish
3377:Dutch
3296:Arabs
3203:JSTOR
2598:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2309:Slate
2117:S2CID
1089:1990s
175:Rebbe
39:, in
4252:Ohio
3440:Jews
3411:and
3239:link
3169:2024
3139:ISSN
3085:2018
3067:ISBN
3046:2018
3015:2018
2966:2019
2936:2019
2909:2013
2859:2016
2826:2016
2779:2010
2721:ISBN
2686:2019
2670:ISSN
2647:2013
2506:2018
2475:ISBN
2456:2007
2425:2007
2391:2007
2322:2007
2286:2016
2253:2010
2194:2007
2164:2017
2133:2020
2058:2013
2021:2015
1989:2023
1978:ISSN
1955:2009
1901:2010
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1850:2021
1824:2021
1797:2021
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1738:2023
1709:ISBN
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1541:Time
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1421:2016
1385:2007
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1319:2007
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1124:2022
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775:vs.
672:and
651:JCRC
635:and
389:and
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1041::
941:.
932:.
883:)
879:(
875:.
857:.
603:'
121:2
43:.
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