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692:(known as re-examination in the aforementioned countries). A redirect examination, performed by the attorney or pro se individual who performed the direct examination, clarifies the witness' testimony provided during cross-examination including any subject matter raised during cross-examination but not discussed during direct examination. Recross examination addresses the witness'
771:, in which attorneys will attempt to include jurors from whom they feel they can get a favorable response or at the least an unbiased fair decision. So while there are many factors affecting the outcome of a trial, the cross-examination of a witness will often influence an open-minded unbiased jury searching for the certainty of facts upon which to base their decision.
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Attorneys anticipate hostile witnesses' responses during pretrial planning, and often attempt to shape the witnesses' perception of the questions to draw out information helpful to the attorney's case. Typically during an attorney's closing argument, they will repeat any admissions made by witnesses
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are allowed on cross-examination. A witness called by a direct examiner, on the other hand, may only be treated as hostile by that examiner after being permitted to do so by the judge, at the request of that examiner and as a result of the witness being openly antagonistic and/or prejudiced against
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do permit a lawyer to cross-examine a witness on matters not raised during direct examination, though
California restricts cross-examination to "any matter within the scope of the direct examination". Similarly, courts in England, South Africa, Australia, and Canada allow a cross-examiner to exceed
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is generally limited by Rule 611 of the
Federal Rules of Evidence to the "subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the witness's credibility". The rule also permits the trial court, in its discretion, to "allow inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination". Many
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or judge are often changed if cross-examination casts doubt on the witness. On the other hand, a credible witness may reinforce the substance of their original statements and enhance the judge's or jury's belief. Though the
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of justice, in that it "is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested." Another key component affecting a trial outcome is
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The Art of Cross-Examination: with Cross-Examination of Some
Important Witnesses in Some Celebrated Cases
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that favor their case. In the United States, cross-examination is seen as a core part of the entire
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is often considered the deciding moment of a trial, effective cross-examination wins trials.
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This article is about the court proceeding. For the policy debate concept, see
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1056:(New and Enlarged ed.). New York & London: The Macmillan Company
832:, Florida State University Law Review, 1996. Accessed November 26, 2008.
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and the topic is given substantial attention during courses on
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Since a witness called by the opposing party is presumed to be
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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discussed in redirect by the opponent. Depending on the
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The interrogation of a witness called by one's opponent
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Chief prosecutor James M. McHaney examines defendant
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
823:"Using Leading Questions During Direct Examination"
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961:
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821:Ehrhardt, Charles W. and Stephanie J. Young,
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157:The examples and perspective in this article
868:. Costa Mesa, California: James Publishing.
798: – Improving effectiveness of advocates
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75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
941:Advocacy 2007/2008 (Blackstone Bar Manual)
890:Strategy, Planning & Litigating to Win
847:, NITA, New York, NY 2004 pp. 83 et. seq.
742:Cross-examination is a key component of a
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213:Learn how and when to remove this message
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
132:Learn how and when to remove this message
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892:; Conatus, Boston, MA, 2012, pp. 79-85;
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95:This article includes a list of general
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1098:Relentless Criminal Cross-Examination
866:Relentless Criminal Cross-Examination
656:by one's opponent. It is preceded by
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34:. For the research methodology, see
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660:(known as examination-in-chief in
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1077:The Art of Cross-Examination
1050:Wellman, Francis L. (1919).
983:The Golden Rules of Advocacy
734:the party that called them.
710:United States federal courts
536:Declaration against interest
404:Self-authenticating document
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688:) and may be followed by a
171:, discuss the issue on the
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1033:Cambridge University Press
704:Variations by jurisdiction
32:Structure of policy debate
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1081:. Standard Publications.
962:Du Cann, Richard (1993).
864:Mahoney, Kevin J (2008).
414:Hague Evidence Convention
303:Eyewitness identification
541:Present sense impression
351:Public policy exclusions
964:The Art of the Advocate
945:Oxford University Press
116:more precise citations.
318:Consciousness of guilt
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1073:Wellman, F. (2007) .
844:Modern Trial Advocacy
467:Recorded recollection
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1096:Mahoney, K. (2008).
1006:The Devil's Advocate
750:. The opinions of a
712:, a cross-examining
501:in United States law
177:create a new article
169:improve this article
1010:Sweet & Maxwell
966:. London: Penguin.
802:Witness impeachment
781:Litigation strategy
341:Laying a foundation
1125:Criminal procedure
1004:Morley, I (2005).
981:Evans, K. (1993).
828:2008-11-03 at the
765:adversarial system
658:direct examination
597:trusts and estates
477:Dead Man's Statute
442:Direct examination
399:Best evidence rule
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1145:Legal terminology
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1088:978-1-59462-647-0
1027:Ross, D. (2005).
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273:Documentary
122:August 2012
114:introducing
1119:Categories
1031:. London:
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985:. London:
943:. Oxford:
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853:1556818866
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356:Spoliation
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61:improve it
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790:Testimony
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670:Australia
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423:Witnesses
361:Character
327:Relevance
268:Testimony
173:talk page
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939:(2007).
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775:See also
714:attorney
690:redirect
686:Pakistan
588:Property
578:Contract
452:Redirect
245:Evidence
167:You may
1060:3 March
727:hostile
708:In the
662:Ireland
654:witness
648:is the
486:Hearsay
283:Digital
233:at the
110:improve
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366:Habit
175:, or
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1083:ISBN
1062:2021
1037:ISBN
1014:ISBN
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968:ISBN
949:ISBN
917:U.S.
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752:jury
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313:Lies
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