611:, the costs of patent litigation exceed their investment value in all industries except chemistry and pharmaceuticals. For example, in the software industry, litigation costs are twice the investment value. Bessen and Meurer also note that software and business model litigation accounts for a disproportionate share (almost 40 percent) of patent litigation cost, and the poor performance of the patent system negatively affects these industries.
25:
623:
a twenty-year monopoly, since costs to bring to a market are high, the time of development is often long, and the risks are high, in other industries like software the cost and risk of innovation is much lower and the cycle of innovation is quicker, and obtaining and enforcing patents and defending against patent litigation is generally a waste of resources in those industries.
494:
resources fending off enforcement of low-quality patents that should not have existed, particularly by "patent trolls"; and wasting money on patent litigation. Patents on pharmaceuticals have been a particular focus of criticism, as the high prices they enable puts life-saving drugs out of reach of many people.
719:(from a "prize fund" sponsored by the government) as a substitute for the lost profits associated with abstaining from the monopoly given by a patent. Another approach is to remove the issue of financing development from the private sphere altogether, and to cover the costs with direct government funding.
691:
are under patent. Also, the pharmaceutical industry has contributed US$ 2 billion for healthcare in developing countries, providing HIV/AIDS drugs at lower cost or even free of charge in certain countries, and has used differential pricing and parallel imports to provide medication to the poor. Other
564:
stage increases overall legal costs associated with patents, and that current USPTO policy is a reasonable compromise between full trial on examination stage on one hand, and pure registration without examination, on the other hand. Also, the US offers several options to challenge the validity of (or
622:
noted that the most controversial feature of US patent law is that it covers all industries in the same way, but not all industries benefit from the time-limited monopoly a patent provides in order to spur innovation. He said that while the pharmaceutical industry is "poster child" for the need for
559:
Patents have also been criticized for being granted on already-known inventions, with some complaining in the United States that the USPTO fails "to do a serious job of examining patents, thus allowing bad patents to slip through the system." On the other hand, some argue that because of low number
493:
Contemporary arguments have focused on ways that patents can slow innovation by: blocking researchers' and companies' access to basic, enabling technology, and particularly following the explosion of patent filings in the 1990s, through the creation of "patent thickets"; wasting productive time and
396:
of poor quality patents has led to criticism of the patent office as well as the system itself. Patents on pharmaceuticals have also been a particular focus of criticism, as the high prices they enable puts life-saving drugs out of reach of many people. Alternatives to patents have been proposed,
631:
Some have raised ethical objections specifically with respect to pharmaceutical patents and the high prices for medication that they enable their proprietors to charge, which poor people in the developed world, and developing world, cannot afford. Critics also question the rationale that exclusive
463:
projected an artificial idol of the single inventor, radically denigrated the role of the intellectual commons, and blocked a path to this commons for other citizens – citizens who were all, on this account, potential inventors too. Patentees were the equivalent of squatters on
632:
patent rights and the resulting high prices are required for pharmaceutical companies to recoup the large investments needed for research and development. One study concluded that marketing expenditures for new drugs often doubled the amount that was allocated for research and development.
539:
have expressed a concern for "preventing the over-reach" of intellectual property protection including patent protection, and "to retain a public balance in property rights". Some economists and scientists and law professors have raised concerns that patents retard technical progress and
383:
Legal scholars, economists, activists, policymakers, industries, and trade organizations have held differing views on patents and engaged in contentious debates on the subject. Critical perspectives emerged in the nineteenth century that were especially based on the principles of
388:. Contemporary criticisms have echoed those arguments, claiming that patents block innovation and waste resources that could otherwise be used productively, and also block access to an increasingly important "commons" of enabling technologies (a phenomenon called the
592:, has brought criticism of the patent system, though some commentators suggest that patent trolls are not bad for the patent system at all but instead realign market participant incentives, make patents more liquid, and clear the patent market.
392:), apply a "one size fits all" model to industries with differing needs, that is especially unproductive for industries other than chemicals and pharmaceuticals and especially unproductive for the software industry. Enforcement by
692:
groups are investigating how social inclusion and equitable distribution of research and development findings can be obtained within the existing intellectual property framework, although these efforts have received less exposure.
484:
abolished patents in 1869 (having established them in 1817) – but later reversed the action and reintroduced them in 1912. In
Switzerland, criticism of patents delayed the introduction of patent laws until 1907.
703:. He argued that the companies given monopolies "set prices largely on the willingness/ability to pay, also taking into account the country, disease and regulation" instead of receiving competition from legalized generics.
516:
The most general argument against patents is that "intellectual property" in all its forms represents an effort to claim something that should not be owned, and harms society by slowing innovation and wasting resources.
1487:
532:, wherein intellectual property rights have become so fragmented that, effectively, no one can take advantage of them as to do so would require an agreement between the owners of all of the fragments.
711:
Alternatives have been discussed to address the issue of financial incentivization to replace patents. Mostly, they are related to some form of direct or indirect government funding. One example is
458:
published anti-patent views), law scholars, scientists (who were concerned that patents were obstructing research) and manufacturers. Johns summarizes some of their main arguments as follows:
922:
Bessen, James, and
Michael J. Meurer. Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovators at Risk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. 2009 paperback edition,
654:
anti-retroviral drug a "public interest" medicine, and challenged Merck to negotiate lower prices with the government or have Brazil strip the patent by issuing a compulsory license.
551:
did not increase innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The publication also said there appeared to be an optimal level of patent protection that increased domestic innovation.
677:
pharmaceutical companies initially responded with legal challenges, but some have now promised to introduce alternative pricing structures for developing countries and NGOs.
432:, "remains to this day the strongest ever undertaken against intellectual property", coming close to abolishing patents. Its most prominent activists –
578:
1722:
1306:"Do national patent laws stimulate domestic innovation in a global patenting environment? A cross-country analysis of pharmaceutical patent protection, 1978–2002"
504:" serve merely to stifle progress, entrench the positions of giant corporations and enrich those in the legal profession, rather than the actual inventors."
1254:
464:
public land – or better, of uncouth market traders who planted their barrows in the middle of the highway and barred the way of the people.
699:
report, Trevor Jones (director of research and development at the
Wellcome Foundation, as of 2006) argued in 2006 that patent monopolies do not create
566:
405:(from a "prize fund" sponsored by the government) as a substitute for the lost profits associated with abstaining from the monopoly given by a patent.
1928:
1279:
1199:
424:
Criticism of patents reached an early peak in
Victorian Britain between 1850 and 1880, in a campaign against patenting that expanded to target
1715:
1054:"Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism"
2244:
908:
1557:
1348:
Lemley, Mark A., Rational
Ignorance at the Patent Office (February 2001). Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 95, No. 4, 2001.
1893:
1426:
2249:
1708:
1364:
409:
189:
441:
1608:
35:
2082:
840:
370:
1691:
Baker, Dean. "The Reform of
Intellectual Property". post-autistic economics review, issue no. 32, 5 July 2005, article 1,
1378:
1970:
716:
402:
184:
1482:
174:
1460:
1125:
1035:
927:
802:
943:
639:(WTO) reached an agreement, which provides a developing country with options for obtaining needed medications under
1903:
1073:
666:
1786:
1422:
1258:
2067:
1058:
859:
521:
1558:
Access to
Affordable HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational Pharmaceutical Corporations
1908:
1776:
743:
267:
1074:"Elon Musk says 'patents are for the weak' as he talks Starship rocket, tours SpaceX Starbase with Jay Leno"
2003:
738:
544:
344:
1283:
540:
innovation. Others claim that patents have had no effect on research, based on surveys of scientists.
525:
389:
1418:
2217:
2117:
2013:
1835:
1766:
696:
536:
231:
210:
159:
128:
47:
753:
2072:
1975:
1115:
687:
In response to these criticisms, one review concluded that less than 5 percent of medicines on the
636:
363:
272:
179:
2203:
1913:
1808:
1751:
994:
433:
429:
1679:
1101:
476:
Based on the criticism of patents as state-granted monopolies perceived to be inconsistent with
2254:
2023:
2008:
1883:
1850:
1756:
1571:
The
Patents-Based Pharmaceutical Development Process: Rationale, Problems and Potential Reforms
1404:
763:
574:
293:
43:
2018:
1923:
1888:
1731:
733:
237:
97:
92:
1584:"WTO | NEWS - Decision removes final patent obstacle to cheap drug imports - Press 350"
1963:
1958:
1938:
1154:
640:
445:
437:
1583:
1515:
448: – were inventors and entrepreneurs, and it was also supported by radical
8:
2239:
1878:
1746:
1545:
1117:
Intellectual
Property Rights and the Life Science Industries: A Twentieth Century History
570:
356:
339:
262:
252:
247:
242:
143:
1660:
1158:
469:
Similar debates took place during that time in other
European countries such as France,
2196:
2142:
2046:
1328:
1229:
1180:
561:
215:
138:
123:
118:
1692:
2077:
1840:
1221:
1216:
1172:
1121:
1031:
923:
885:
836:
798:
288:
257:
164:
1645:
1332:
1233:
827:
2157:
2102:
2062:
1943:
1781:
1527:
1349:
1320:
1211:
1184:
1162:
875:
700:
596:
303:
169:
133:
1628:
2189:
2152:
1987:
1845:
1761:
1700:
1531:
1014:
880:
863:
823:
819:
712:
688:
588:
Enforcement of patents – especially patents perceived as being overly broad – by
548:
398:
329:
308:
298:
643:
or importation of cheaper versions of the drugs, even before patent expiration.
2147:
2112:
2087:
1828:
1801:
1791:
1570:
1544:
Rob Wheeler and James Allworth for the Harvard Business Review. Sept 15, 2011
978:
728:
684:
called for an international biomedical treaty to clear up issues over patents.
647:
619:
413:
1305:
2233:
2137:
1862:
1493:
1454:
1049:
674:
589:
529:
454:
449:
2092:
1098:
Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights
1053:
599:(for example, health-related patents using lunar phase or religious icons).
2172:
2097:
1933:
1918:
1855:
1813:
1796:
1609:"Drugs give HIV patients longer lives in victory for anti-patent activists"
1225:
1176:
681:
608:
393:
334:
87:
46:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
1324:
889:
2167:
2162:
1982:
1953:
1818:
944:"Troll or no Troll? Policing Patent Usage with an Open Post-grant Review"
481:
1353:
748:
1948:
1771:
1419:"Бюллетень комиссии по борьбе с лженаукой. Ученые защищаются и атакуют"
1010:
758:
477:
385:
313:
1200:"Why the Gene Patenting Controversy Persists : Academic Medicine"
864:"Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research"
1823:
1062:. 4 September 2002: Issue 15, Article 3. Retrieved on 8 October 2008.
651:
509:
425:
194:
1167:
1007:
Suggestions for Improvements in the Administration of the Patent Law
1898:
1142:
670:
662:
560:
of patents going into litigation, increasing quality of patents at
547:
concluded that the imposition of pharmaceutical patents under the
473:, Switzerland and the Netherlands (but not in the United States).
2210:
2107:
582:
470:
1516:"The value of U.S. patents by owner and patent characteristics"
565:
to correct) an issued patent without going to court, such as a
82:
795:
Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates
981:
Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (22): 2844–46
706:
658:
1573:
Journal of the American Medical Association 294(16): 2075–82
1448:
535:
Some public campaigns for improving access to medicines and
528:
with regard to the proliferation of patents in the field of
1416:
749:
Criticism of the United States Patent and Trademark Office
554:
673:
have similar plans to produce generic antiviral drugs.
595:
Some patents granted in Russia have been denounced as
818:
1134:
858:
524:
and Rebecca Sue Eisenberg have described an ongoing
907:Richard A Posner for The Atlantic. July 12, 2012.
689:
World Health Organization's list of essential drugs
614:
1730:
1446:
973:
971:
969:
1622:
1620:
1618:
2231:
1102:Cambridge Studies in International Relations: 88
408:These debates are part of a larger discourse on
1538:
966:
680:In July 2008 Nobel Prize-winning scientist Sir
152:Patentability requirements and related concepts
1680:Perceptions of Intellectual Property: A Review
1615:
1377:Blumberg, Alex; Sydell, Laura (May 31, 2013).
1376:
1100:, Cambridge, 2003 Cambridge University Press:
1028:The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law
918:
916:
412:which also reflects differing perspectives on
1716:
854:
852:
364:
1513:
1480:
1140:
979:Worldwide Interest in Global Access to Drugs
993:Stiglitz, Joseph. Project Syndicate, 2007.
913:
1723:
1709:
1611:. Health & Medicine Week. August 2004.
1546:U.S. Patent Overhaul Won’t Help Innovators
1417:Илья Смирнов (Ilya Smirnov) (2007-03-30).
1143:"Make nanotechnology research open-source"
989:
987:
849:
707:Proposed alternatives to the patent system
646:In 2007 the government of Brazil declared
371:
357:
1344:
1342:
1215:
1197:
1166:
1065:
909:Why There Are Too Many Patents in America
879:
814:
812:
810:
797:. The University of Chicago Press, 2009,
626:
488:
1894:Business models for open-source software
1626:
1113:
1104:; quoted from page 179, see also page 5.
937:
935:
903:
901:
899:
1682:London: Intellectual Property Institute
1674:
1672:
1670:
1658:
1198:Eisenberg, Rebecca S. (December 2002).
1045:
1043:
984:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
2232:
1640:
1638:
1339:
1313:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1090:
941:
807:
543:In a 2008 publication, Yi Quan of the
497:
428:too and, in the judgment of historian
2083:Organization for Transformative Works
1704:
1569:Barton J.H. and Emanuel, E.J. (2005)
1257:. The Hastings Center. Archived from
932:
896:
555:Poor patent quality and patent trolls
1667:
1629:"Africa rises to HIV drug challenge"
1303:
1252:
1071:
1040:
776:
18:
1635:
602:
13:
2245:Criticism of intellectual property
1379:"When Patents Attack... Part Two!"
573:following 9 month after issuance,
175:Inventive step and non-obviousness
14:
2266:
1661:"Sulston argues for openmedicine"
1483:"Лженаука — путь в средневековье"
1013:n.s. 6 (January 28, 1860) 19-25 (
1904:Commercial use of copyleft works
1560:Fordham Law Review 71(3):1133–79
1280:"Do Gene Patents Hurt Research?"
1217:10.1097/00001888-200212001-00009
948:Duke Law & Technology Review
862:; Eisenberg, Sue (May 1, 1998).
667:Democratic Republic of the Congo
615:Different industries but one law
569:within 9 months after issuance,
410:intellectual property protection
23:
1884:Alternative compensation system
1685:
1652:
1601:
1576:
1563:
1550:
1507:
1474:
1463:from the original on 2022-06-10
1440:
1429:from the original on 2010-03-29
1423:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1410:
1397:
1385:(Podcast). Chicago Public Media
1370:
1358:
1297:
1272:
1246:
1191:
1107:
1020:
2250:Intellectual property activism
2068:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1646:"Brazil's HIV-drug break down"
1403:James F. McDonough III (2006)
1365:Post Issuance Procedure Matrix
1059:Post-Autistic Economics Review
999:
835:. Cambridge University Press.
16:Intellectual property analysis
1:
1909:Commons-based peer production
1777:Legal aspects of file sharing
1627:Anderson, Tatum (June 2006).
829:Against intellectual monopoly
769:
744:List of patent-related topics
2004:Access to Knowledge movement
1532:10.1016/j.respol.2008.02.005
1405:The Myth of the Patent Troll
1072:Vega, Nicolas (2022-09-21).
881:10.1126/science.280.5364.698
739:Glossary of patent law terms
545:Kellogg School of Management
224:By region / country
7:
1659:McGrath, Matt (July 2008).
1481:Э. Кругляков (2007-01-18).
1253:Cook, Robert (2015-09-23).
722:
10:
2271:
1447:Ю.Н.Ефремов; Р.Ф.Полищук.
526:tragedy of the anticommons
419:
390:tragedy of the anticommons
281:By specific subject matter
2181:
2130:
2118:Students for Free Culture
2055:
2039:
2032:
2014:Cultural environmentalism
1996:
1971:Prizes instead of patents
1871:
1767:Digital rights management
1739:
1114:Dutfield, Graham (2003).
942:Barker, David G. (2005).
697:World Health Organization
537:genetically modified food
232:Patent Cooperation Treaty
211:Sufficiency of disclosure
190:Person skilled in the art
160:Patentable subject matter
38:toward certain viewpoints
2073:Free Software Foundation
1449:"Государство и лженаука"
1210:(12 Part 2): 1381–1387.
637:World Trade Organization
579:supplemental examination
203:Other legal requirements
180:Industrial applicability
2204:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
1914:Electronic sell-through
1809:Monopolies of knowledge
1752:Censorship by copyright
1026:B. Sherman, L. Bently:
717:providing "prize money"
434:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
403:providing "prize money"
2218:The Internet's Own Boy
2024:Free software movement
1851:software patent debate
1757:Copyright infringement
764:Software patent debate
754:Notable reexaminations
627:Pharmaceutical patents
575:ex parte reexamination
506:
489:Contemporary arguments
2019:Free-culture movement
1929:Libertarian positions
1924:Free-software license
1889:Anti-copyright notice
1732:Intellectual property
1514:Bessen James (2008).
1325:10.1162/rest.89.3.436
1141:Pearce J. M. (2012).
1096:Susan K Sell (2003),
995:project-syndicate.org
502:
1939:Open-design movement
1648:. gay.com. May 2007.
657:It is reported that
641:compulsory licensing
438:William Robert Grove
1879:All rights reversed
1747:Artificial scarcity
1556:Ferreira L. (2002)
1407:accessed 2010-01-17
1354:10.2139/ssrn.261400
1159:2012Natur.491..519P
571:inter partes review
498:Blocking innovation
111:Procedural concepts
44:improve the article
2197:Good Copy Bad Copy
2143:Alexandra Elbakyan
2047:Copyright Alliance
1383:This American Life
1030:(CUP 1999), 50-56
977:Banta D.H. (2001)
562:patent prosecution
216:Unity of invention
2227:
2226:
2126:
2125:
2078:Open Rights Group
1678:Ghafele R (2008)
1204:Academic Medicine
1153:(7425): 519–521.
874:(5364): 698–701.
842:978-0-521-87928-6
442:William Armstrong
401:'s suggestion of
381:
380:
65:
64:
2262:
2158:Richard Stallman
2103:Public Knowledge
2063:Creative Commons
2037:
2036:
1944:Open music model
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
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1665:
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1656:
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1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1492:. Archived from
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1472:
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1444:
1438:
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1434:
1414:
1408:
1401:
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1374:
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1362:
1356:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1310:
1304:Qian, Y (2007).
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1282:. Archived from
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1219:
1195:
1189:
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1105:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1047:
1038:
1024:
1018:
1017:at Google Books)
1003:
997:
991:
982:
975:
964:
963:
961:
959:
939:
930:
920:
911:
905:
894:
893:
883:
856:
847:
846:
834:
816:
805:
791:
701:monopoly pricing
603:Litigation costs
597:pseudoscientific
567:postgrant review
512:
446:Robert A. MacFie
373:
366:
359:
67:
66:
60:
57:
51:
27:
26:
19:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2190:Steal This Film
2177:
2153:Lawrence Lessig
2122:
2051:
2028:
1992:
1988:Video on demand
1867:
1762:Copyright troll
1735:
1729:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1520:Research Policy
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1453:Наука и жизнь (
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1367:perkinscoie.com
1363:
1359:
1347:
1340:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
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1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1196:
1192:
1168:10.1038/491519a
1139:
1135:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1091:
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1080:
1070:
1066:
1048:
1041:
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1021:
1004:
1000:
992:
985:
976:
967:
957:
955:
940:
933:
921:
914:
906:
897:
860:Heller, Michael
857:
850:
843:
832:
824:Michele Boldrin
817:
808:
793:Johns, Adrian:
792:
777:
772:
725:
713:Joseph Stiglitz
709:
629:
617:
605:
557:
549:TRIPS Agreement
520:Law professors
514:
508:
500:
491:
422:
399:Joseph Stiglitz
377:
330:Patent analysis
294:Business method
61:
55:
52:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2268:
2258:
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2148:Rick Falkvinge
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2113:Shadow library
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1549:
1537:
1526:(5): 932–945.
1506:
1488:Наука в Сибири
1473:
1439:
1409:
1396:
1369:
1357:
1338:
1319:(3): 436–453.
1296:
1271:
1255:"Gene Patents"
1245:
1190:
1133:
1126:
1106:
1089:
1064:
1050:Chang, Ha-Joon
1039:
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826:(2008-09-07).
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729:Anti-copyright
724:
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628:
625:
620:Richard Posner
616:
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522:Michael Heller
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2138:Cory Doctorow
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1496:on 2013-05-21
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1455:Nauka i Zhizn
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32:This article
30:
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20:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2173:Aaron Swartz
2098:Pirate Party
2056:Pro-copyleft
1934:Open content
1919:Free content
1819:Orphan works
1814:Music piracy
1687:
1654:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1565:
1552:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
1486:
1476:
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1452:
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1431:. Retrieved
1412:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1382:
1372:
1360:
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1284:the original
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1248:
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1207:
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1136:
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1006:
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1001:
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951:
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734:Free culture
710:
694:
686:
682:John Sulston
679:
656:
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634:
630:
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609:James Bessen
606:
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475:
468:
462:
453:
452:economists (
430:Adrian Johns
423:
407:
382:
335:Pirate Party
165:Inventorship
144:Infringement
102:
88:Patent claim
53:
33:
2168:Peter Sunde
2163:Peter Suber
1983:Share-alike
1954:Open source
1949:Open patent
1663:. BBC News.
1631:. BBC News.
1588:www.wto.org
1120:. Ashgate.
1015:online copy
715:'s idea of
482:Netherlands
268:Netherlands
124:Prosecution
119:Application
56:August 2014
2240:Patent law
2234:Categories
2093:Piratbyrån
1841:biological
1772:Gripe site
1693:Paecon.net
1500:2008-11-05
1490:N 3 (2588)
1467:2008-11-05
1433:2008-11-05
1290:2011-05-01
1265:2016-12-04
1239:2016-12-04
1083:2022-09-23
1011:The Jurist
770:References
759:Patentleft
695:Quoting a
478:free trade
386:free trade
289:Biological
129:Opposition
70:Patent law
36:unbalanced
1997:Movements
1824:Biopiracy
652:efavirenz
635:In 2003,
510:Elon Musk
426:copyright
414:copyright
304:Insurance
238:Australia
195:Prior art
139:Licensing
134:Valuation
103:Criticism
98:Economics
75:Overviews
48:talk page
1976:contests
1964:software
1959:hardware
1899:Copyleft
1872:Concepts
1856:trolling
1846:software
1734:activism
1461:Archived
1427:Archived
1333:54770073
1234:45105418
1226:12480648
1177:23172198
723:See also
671:Ethiopia
663:Tanzania
345:Glossary
340:Category
322:See also
309:Software
299:Chemical
2211:TPB AFK
2108:Sci-Hub
1836:Patents
1787:digital
1593:18 June
1389:June 9,
1185:4366790
1155:Bibcode
890:9563938
868:Science
675:Western
583:reissue
471:Prussia
420:History
258:Germany
185:Utility
170:Novelty
93:History
42:Please
34:may be
2131:People
1802:videos
1782:Mashup
1740:Issues
1331:
1232:
1224:
1183:
1175:
1147:Nature
1124:
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958:9 June
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665:, the
480:, the
253:Europe
243:Canada
83:Patent
1797:novel
1792:music
1329:S2CID
1309:(PDF)
1230:S2CID
1181:S2CID
833:(PDF)
659:Ghana
648:Merck
397:such
263:Japan
248:China
234:(PCT)
1595:2023
1391:2013
1222:PMID
1173:PMID
1122:ISBN
1078:CNBC
1032:ISBN
960:2013
954:(11)
924:ISBN
886:PMID
837:ISBN
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669:and
581:and
444:and
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