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203:. Town histories of Framingham written in 1847 and 1887 describe him as a slave of Deacon William Brown, though it is unclear whether Brown was his original owner. In 1750 Brown advertised for the return of a runaway slave named Crispas. In the advertisement, Brown describes Attucks and his clothing when he was last seen. He also said that a reward of 10 pounds would be given to whoever found and returned Attucks to him. Attucks's status at the time of the massacre as a free person or a
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575:, holding the broken chain of oppression in her right hand. Beneath her right foot, she crushes the royal crown of England. At the left of the figure is an eagle. Thirteen stars are cut into one of the faces of the monument. Beneath these stars in raised letters are the names of the five men who were killed that day: Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr. Some men died a day later.
311:, is described as a 'negro slave of John White; elsewhere he is listed as Moses Attucks Jacob Peterattucks and Nanny Peterattucks are recorded as slaves with Joseph Buckminster in 1730, and in 1740 Jacob with Thomas Buckminster, who was appointed by Framingham in 1739 to lead a commission for the preservation of deer in the area. Historian
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histories but among whom
Crispus is not mentioned: "a son, who died young, and Phebe, who never married." It is possible Yonger became Attucks' stepfather in 1737, though it is unclear whether Attucks had permanently left his mother's home by that point. Neither Phebe nor the son are recorded with the Attucks or Peterattucks surname.
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Five colonists were killed and six were wounded. Attucks took two ricocheted bullets in the chest and was believed to be the first to die. County coroners Robert
Pierpoint and Thomas Crafts Jr. conducted an autopsy on Attucks. He was "felled by two bullets to his chest, one of them 'goring the right
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In 1770, Crispus
Attucks, a black man, became the first casualty of the American Revolution when he was shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre. Although Attucks was credited as the leader and instigator of the event, debate raged for over as century as to whether he was a hero
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Several persons are now living in Natick who remember the
Attucks family, viz., Cris, who was killed March 5th; Sam, whose name was abbreviated into Sam Attucks, or Smattox; Sal, also known as Slattox; and Peter, called Pea Tattox my mother, still living, aged 89, remembers Sal in particular, who
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Prince Yonger has been posited as the father of
Attucks. However, according to Framingham town histories, Yonger did not arrive in Massachusetts until 1725, after Attucks was born, and did not marry Nanny Peterattucks until 1737, after which point they had children, who are noted in multiple town
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man, named
Crispas, who was born in Framingham, but lately belonged to New-Providence, and was here in order to go for North Carolina." However, during Attucks's time, mulatto was often used to describe skin tone rather than ethnicity, and sometimes referred to full-blooded Native Americans. In
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Monday-evening, the 5th of March,1867 at the
Superior Court of Judicature, Court of Assize, and General Goal Delivery, held at Boston, the 27th day of November, 1770, by adjournment, before the Hon. Benjamin Lynde, John Cushing, Peter Oliver, and Chris Metzler, Esquires, justices of said court
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The Trial of
William Wemms, James Hartegan, William M'Cauley, Hugh White, Matthew Killroy, William Warren, John Carrol, and Hugh Montgomery, soldiers in His Majesty's 29th Regiment of Foot, for the murder of Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, Samuel Maverick, James Caldwell, and Patrick Carr, on
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woman and possible
Attucks mother or relative named Nanny Peterattucks, who is described as a 'negro woman' in the 1747 estate inventory of Framingham slaveholder Joseph Buckminster and, along with Jacob Peterattucks, as 'probable descendant of John Attuck, the Indian' in an 1847 history of
571:. It is over 25 feet high and about 10 feet wide. The "bas-relief" (raised portion on the face of the main part of the monument) portrays the Boston Massacre, with Attucks lying in the foreground. Under the scene is the date, March 5, 1770. Above the bas-relief stands a female figure,
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and
African descent. Two major sources of eyewitness testimony about the Boston Massacre published in 1770 did not refer to him as black or as a Negro; it appears he was instead viewed by Bostonians as being of mixed ethnicity. According to a contemporaneous account in the
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And to honor Crispus Attucks who was the leader and voice that day: The first to defy, and the first to die, with Maverick, Carr, and Gray. Call it riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations, such lives shall be honored for aye
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After dusk on March 5, 1770, a wigmaker's apprentice mistakenly accused a British officer of not paying a bill. The officer ignored his insults but a sentry intervened after the boy began physically assaulting the officer. Both townspeople and nine soldiers of the
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made a copy from which prints were made and distributed. Some copies of the print show a dark-skinned man with chest wounds, presumably representing Crispus Attucks. Other copies of the print show no difference in the skin tones of the victims.
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Historians differ in opinion on Attucks's heritage: some assert his family had intermarried with African slaves, while others maintain he had no African heritage. It is widely acknowledged that Attucks had considerable Native American heritage.
521:, and other notable figures. Customs of the period discouraged the burial of black people and white people together, with "black burials relegated to the rear or far side of the cemetery. Such a practice was not completely unknown, however.
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begins his poem "Dark Symphony" with the lines: "Black Crispus Attucks taught / Us how to die / Before white Patrick Henry’s bugle breath / Uttered the Vertical / Transmitting cry: / 'Yea, give me liberty or give me
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Traits of the Tea Party: Being a Memoir of George R.T. Hewes, One of the Last of Its Survivors : with a History of that Transaction, Reminiscences of the Massacre, and the Siege, and Other Stories of Old
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was shot a few weeks earlier by customs officer Ebenezer Richardson on February 22, 1770. Historians disagree on whether Attucks was a free man or an escaped slave, but most agree that he was of
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in popular culture, two major sources of eyewitness testimony about the Massacre, both published in 1770, did not refer to Attucks as "black" or as a "Negro," but rather as a mulatto and an
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The gravestones' original haphazard configuration was rearranged into straighter rows over to the years to accommodate both nineteenth-century aesthetics and the modern lawnmower.
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702:; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn; Crispus Attucks Park in Carbondale, Illinois; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in East St. Louis, Illinois;
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While Attucks is widely remembered as the first American casualty of the Revolutionary War, eleven-year-old Christopher Seider had been shot a few weeks earlier by the British.
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successfully defended most of the accused soldiers against a charge of murder. Two were found guilty of manslaughter. Faced with the prospect of hanging, the soldiers pleaded
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1628:"Paul Revere’s engraving of the Boston Massacre, 1770", description of item in collection of The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, accessed August 22, 2016 at
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opposed the creation of the Crispus Attucks memorial, since the 20th century both organizations have acknowledged his role and promoted interest in black history and
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1886, the places where Crispus Attucks and Samuel Gray fell were marked by circles on the pavement. Within each circle, a hub with spokes leads out to form a wheel.
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Attucks became a sailor and whaler, and he spent much of his life at sea or working around the docks along the Atlantic seaboard. In an 1874 article in
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newspaper report, March 12, 1770, four days after the funeral. The illustration of the coffins shows the initials of the four victims buried March 8.
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Biographer Mitch Kachun, as well as multiple 19th century Framingham town histories, have drawn a connection between Attucks and John Attuck of
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Crispus Attucks was an African American man killed during the Boston Massacre and believed to be the first casualty of the American Revolution.
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names Crispus Attucks as one of many inspirational African-American figures in history when he tries to explain why he is failing history.
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Kachun, Mitch (Summer 2009). "From Forgotten Founder to Indispensable Icon: Crispus Attucks, Black Citizenship, and Collective Memory".
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in the mid-19th century. Supporters of the abolition movement lauded him for playing a heroic role in the history of the United States.
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William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-century African American Abolitionist, Historian, Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832–1874
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http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/road-revolution/resources/paul-revere%E2%80%99s-engraving-boston-massacre-1770
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and long after the event depicted, this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks, who had become a symbol for abolitionists. (
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Framingham. Other sources refer to their surname as Peter Attucks. In a 1747 history of the Hoosac Valley, an African
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gathered. The colonists threw snowballs and debris at the soldiers. A group of men including Attucks approached the
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mobs against the authorities. The presence of troops, instead of reducing tensions, served to further inflame them.
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629:" coin featuring Attucks' image on the obverse side. Funds from sales of the coin were intended for a proposed
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until Thursday, March 8, when he and the other victims were buried together in the same grave site in Boston's
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The letter continues, "his sister used to say that if they had not killed Cris, Cris would have killed them."
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History of Framingham, Massachusetts: Early Known as Danforth's Farms, 1640–1880; with a Genealogical Register
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1883:"Is The Crispus Attucks Complex A Real Place? 'Luke Cage' Is Putting An Important Figure In The Spotlight"
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1861:"Crispus Attucks 'Today Was a Good Day' with Wayne Brady, JB Smoove & Michael Kenneth Williams"
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unrest which had led to a spate of attacks on local officials following the introduction of the
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African Americans and the Pacific War, 1941–1945: Race, Nationality, and the Fight for Freedom
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lobe of the lungs and a great part of the liver most horribly'." Attucks' body was carried to
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on their thumbs. In his arguments, Adams called the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys,
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Specters of Democracy: Blackness and the Aesthetics of Politics in the Antebellum U.S.
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reported an 1860 letter from a Natick resident, also printed in an 1860 edition of
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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Question: Did you see any of them press on the soldiers with a cordwood stick?
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Question: Did you see a mulatto among the persons who surrounded the soldiers?
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989:"Christopher Seider: The First Casualty in the American Revolutionary Cause"
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18th-century African-American stevedore; first victim of the Boston Massacre
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a monument honoring Attucks and the other victims of the Boston Massacre
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descent who is traditionally regarded as the first person killed in the
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
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African American Historic Burial Grounds and Gravesites of New England
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This article is about the 18th century American. For other uses, see
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While he is widely remembered as the first American casualty of the
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1967:. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 161.
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wrote the following poem when the monument was finally unveiled:
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Answer: They were dressed some of them in the habits of sailors.
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1806:"Books Bound in Human Skin: An Ethical Quandary at the Library"
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Kachun, "From Forgotten Founder to Indispensable Icon" p. 26
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1903:
First Martyr of Liberty: Crispus Attucks in American Memory
1774:
100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
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First Martyr of Liberty: Crispus Attucks in American Memory
1015:
First Martyr of Liberty: Crispus Attucks in American Memory
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126: – March 5, 1770) was an American whaler, sailor, and
44:
Speculative portrait of what Attucks might have looked like
1988:, Library of Congress exhibit, including trial documents.
1698:"Copp's Hill | Historic Burying Grounds | City of Boston"
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Boston African American community prior to the Civil War
247:, a man who may have been Attucks was referred to as a "
2271:(abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)
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Kachun, "From Forgotten Founder to Indispensable Icon."
557:, established "Crispus Attucks Day" to commemorate him.
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Kachun, "From Forgotten Founder to Indispensable Icon"
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The five who were killed were buried as heroes in the
226:. He was due to leave shortly afterward on a ship for
214:, Jebe B. Fisher recounts a passage in the memoirs of
1804:
Schuessler, Jennifer; Jacobs, Julia (19 April 2024).
746:"Crispus Attucks, the first blasted" is a line from
1498:
A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston.
782:referred to Crispus Attucks in the introduction of
714:, Massachusetts; and the Crispus Attucks Bridge in
387:were sent to Boston to maintain order amid growing
4761:People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution
1482:A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston
266:Question: Did they seem to be sailors or townsmen?
2498:Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
710:; Crispus Attucks Place, a residential street in
706:in Washington, DC; the Crispus Attucks Center in
497:(half-brother of the celebrated portrait painter
270:Question: Did you know the Indian who was killed?
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3801:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1803:
871:"Africans in America – Part 2 – Crispus Attucks"
294:man who was hanged in Framingham in 1676 during
194:
3846:Black players in professional American football
3796:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1912:The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
2568:Boston African American National Historic Site
2053:Boston African American National Historic Site
1525:Scars of Independence: America's Violent Birth
1333:The Hoosac Valley: Its Legends and Its History
627:Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar
360:is a variation of the famous engraving of the
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1619:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. pp. 63–66
3559:Historically black colleges and universities
2559:(Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))
1791:"A notebook allegedly covered in human skin"
1763:: "Plinky's Coin of the Month February 2000"
307:named Moses Peter Attucks, living in nearby
207:has been a matter of debate for historians.
176:man, named Crispus Attucks, who was born in
4786:Native Americans in the American Revolution
1602:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1585:
914:and a patriot, or a rabble-rousing villain.
650:Institutions named for Attucks include the
610:1940, Attucks was honored with 1 of the 33
553:1858, Boston-area abolitionists, including
439:. He had lived for approximately 47 years.
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2277:(abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)
2253:(abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)
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1998:"The Knock-Kneed Man" a radio presentation
1906:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
1617:Adams: The Father of American Independence
1151:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 103–104.
964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
38:
4791:Native American people from Massachusetts
3776:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
2436:Massachusetts General Colored Association
1852:
631:Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial
601:New England Historic Genealogical Society
364:by Paul Revere. Produced soon before the
4781:Native American history of Massachusetts
1880:
1669:
1409:"16 Mar 1860, Page 2 – The Liberator at"
1253:
1143:
576:
540:
446:
351:
2235:(dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)
2205:(Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)
1953:
1062:
1060:
953:
951:
4713:
4675:Topics related to the African diaspora
3781:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
1964:The Biographical Dictionary of America
1838:Oxford University Press. p. 169.
1831:
1432:A History of Framingham, Massachusetts
1357:A History of Framingham, Massachusetts
1281:
1118:
1083:
1012:
898:"Africans in America: Crispus Attucks"
442:
233:Though he is commonly described as an
4736:People from Framingham, Massachusetts
4655:Landmark African-American legislation
2706:
2680:
2063:Slavery in the colonial United States
2016:
1918:Parr, James L. & Swope, Kevin A.
1881:Schremph, Kelly (30 September 2016).
1858:
1521:
1428:
1353:
1329:
1305:
1254:Palliser, Jerome J. (March 5, 2014).
1123:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1017:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1006:
957:
729:
142:, and as a result the first American
84:March 5, 1770 (approximately aged 47)
3786:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
1484:(New York: John Doggett, Jr., 1849).
1380:
1256:"The hidden life of Crispus Attucks"
1057:
948:
643:listed Crispus Attucks as among the
536:
513:, which also contains the graves of
241:. In an account from Philadelphia's
90:, Massachusetts Bay, British America
4140:African-American Vernacular English
2175:(abolitionist, author, businessman)
1312:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
13:
4746:African-American history in Boston
4741:Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts
4058:U.S. cities with large populations
3761:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2442:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
2430:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
2424:Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society
1260:Journal of the American Revolution
1238:A key into the language of America
1144:Thatcher, Benjamin Bussey (1835).
595:Although that year leaders of the
341:
326:used to be called the gourd-shell
14:
4812:
4756:Burials at Granary Burying Ground
2931:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
2927:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
2734:African American founding fathers
2115:(slave memoirists, abolitionists)
1943:Crispus Attucks Association, Inc.
1926:
1859:Brady, Wayne (16 February 2012).
1512:(W. W. Norton and Company, 1970).
680:Crispus Attucks Elementary School
501:) created an image of the event.
4771:Murdered African-American people
4693:
3811:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
2956:Nadir of American race relations
2552:African Meeting House and Museum
2157:(abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)
1947:
1739:from the original on 2017-03-03.
1457:The Hub: Boston Past and Present
597:Massachusetts Historical Society
21:Crispus Attucks (disambiguation)
4776:Murdered Native American people
2817:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
2807:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
2223:(teacher, abolitionist, author)
2145:(abolitionist, slave memoirist)
1986:"The Murder of Crispus Attucks"
1874:
1825:
1797:
1783:
1766:
1743:
1715:
1690:
1663:
1622:
1609:
1574:
1562:"The Murder of Crispus Attucks"
1554:
1515:
1502:
1487:
1466:
1449:
1422:
1401:
1374:
1347:
1323:
1299:
1275:
1266:
1247:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1198:
1184:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1137:
1112:
686:; the Attucks Middle School in
639:2002, the Afrocentrist scholar
581:Crispus Attucks Middle School,
525:, for example, was interred in
3806:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
2812:Civil right movement 1896–1954
2583:Lewis and Harriet Hayden House
1336:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p.
1330:Niles, Grace Greylock (1912).
1288:. town of Framingham. p.
1282:Temple, Josiah Howard (1887).
1077:
1031:
993:New England Historical Society
981:
919:
890:
863:
645:100 Greatest African Americans
545:Crispus Attucks' grave in the
212:The American Historical Record
187:Attucks became an icon of the
1:
3986:Cherokee freedmen controversy
2962:The Negro Motorist Green Book
2211:(lawyer, abolitionist, judge)
1977:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1461:Northeastern University Press
1381:Nell, William Cooper (2002).
1306:Perry, Arthur Latham (1894).
1086:Journal of the Early Republic
857:
488:United States Founding Father
373:
195:Early life and ethnic origins
120:
57:
4801:Black Native American people
4796:18th-century American slaves
2573:Charles Street Meeting House
2203:George Middleton (1735–1815)
1920:Framingham: Legends and Lore
1073:. March 22, 1770. p. 2.
1045:. The Crispus Attucks Museum
264:Answer: I did not observe...
7:
3856:Black players in ice hockey
3791:National Urban League (NUL)
3617:American Society of Muslims
2855:Selma to Montgomery marches
2775:Brown v. Board of Education
2338:1857 Supreme Court decision
2103:(minister, slave memoirist)
794:The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
666:; Attucks Middle School in
652:Crispus Attucks High School
10:
4817:
4013:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
3771:Nashville Student Movement
2782:Children of the plantation
2651:Copp's Hill Burying Ground
2356:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2247:(abolitionist, politician)
2169:(abolitionist, politician)
1922:. The History Press, 2009.
1730:Living History of Illinois
1642:"Granary – City of Boston"
1528:(1st ed.). New York:
1494:The Trial of William Wemms
853:refers to Crispus Attucks.
372:after William L. Champey,
345:
155:American Revolutionary War
18:
4683:
4650:Index of related articles
4528:
4443:
4167:
4100:
4038:
3938:
3899:
3831:
3824:
3739:
3659:
3651:Doctrine of Father Divine
3597:
3539:
3188:
3043:
3035:Women's suffrage movement
2988:Reconstruction Amendments
2795:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2714:
2643:
2611:
2537:
2521:(Mass. Rev. War soldiers)
2511:
2485:
2456:
2416:
2409:
2377:
2326:
2299:
2290:
2163:(freemason, abolitionist)
2071:
2048:
1676:. McFarland. p. 91.
1615:Fradin, Dennis B. Samuel
1013:Kachun, Mitchell (2017).
791:In the successful sitcom
716:Framingham, Massachusetts
708:Dorchester, Massachusetts
616:American Negro Exposition
254:Potter's American Monthly
201:Framingham, Massachusetts
103:
99:Whaler, sailor, stevedore
95:
80:
49:
37:
30:
4700:United States portal
4135:African-American English
3564:Inventors and scientists
3256:George Washington Carver
2860:Chicago Freedom Movement
2612:Influential publications
2438:(abolitionism, equality)
2265:(minister, abolitionist)
2241:(college grad., teacher)
2151:(abolitionist, minister)
2139:(abolitionist, minister)
1670:Knoblock, Glenn (2016).
1605:. New York: D. Appleton.
1596:"Attucks, Crispus"
1218:Parr & Swope, p. 44.
1161:Parr & Swope, p. 45.
1039:"Crispus Attucks Family"
814:Michael Kenneth Williams
4623:African-American firsts
3672:Back-to-Africa movement
3641:Black Hebrew Israelites
3421:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2969:Partus sequitur ventrem
2525:Prince Hall Freemasonry
2448:Prince Hall Freemasonry
2309:Back-to-Africa movement
2113:Ellen and William Craft
2109:(abolitionist, soldier)
1832:Wilson, Ivy G. (2011).
1429:Barry, William (2010).
1387:. Black Classic Press.
1354:Barry, William (2010).
1309:Origins in Williamstown
700:Spring Valley, New York
4591:Spingarn Medal winners
4080:States and territories
3851:Black NFL quarterbacks
3351:Martin Luther King Jr.
2883:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2822:Montgomery bus boycott
2666:Abolition Riot of 1836
2656:William Lloyd Garrison
2588:George Middleton House
2503:Twelfth Baptist Church
2335:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2293:associated individuals
2217:(abolitionist, writer)
1522:Hoock, Holger (2017).
1119:Kachun, Mitch (2017).
780:Martin Luther King Jr.
769:
664:Hopkinsville, Kentucky
623:United States Treasury
593:
549:
547:Granary Burying Ground
529:Burying Ground in the
511:Granary Burying Ground
455:
437:Granary Burying Ground
380:
332:
280:
3901:Athletic associations
3836:Negro league baseball
3607:African-American Jews
3326:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3291:Henry Highland Garnet
3150:Negro National Anthem
2900:George Floyd protests
2865:Post–civil rights era
2593:William C. Nell House
2493:African Meeting House
2470:African Meeting House
2072:Prominent individuals
1646:Boston, Massachusetts
958:Dixon, Chris (2018).
764:
752:You Can't Stop Us Now
684:Kansas City, Missouri
656:Indianapolis, Indiana
580:
544:
499:John Singleton Copley
450:
413:29th Regiment of Foot
383:In the fall of 1768,
355:
323:
321:newspaper that read,
258:
189:anti-slavery movement
4108:Afro-Seminole Creole
3634:Azusa Street Revival
3506:Booker T. Washington
3030:Underground Railroad
2895:Free people of color
2749:Atlantic slave trade
2563:Black Heritage Trail
2119:Rebecca Lee Crumpler
2058:Black Heritage Trail
1994:, Framingham Website
1992:"Trial of Murderers"
1772:Molefi Kete Asante,
1510:The Boston Massacre.
1455:Thomas H. O'Connor,
1294:peterattucks, jacob.
1070:Pennsylvania Gazette
1067:"Boston, March 12".
704:Crispus Attucks Park
688:Dania Beach, Florida
244:Pennsylvania Gazette
199:Attucks was born in
169:Pennsylvania Gazette
4503:Trinidad and Tobago
4118:Black American Sign
3945:By African descent
3939:Ethnic subdivisions
3926:Southwestern (SWAC)
3841:Baseball color line
3756:Black Panther Party
3660:Political movements
3577:in computer science
3236:Carol Moseley Braun
3025:Tulsa race massacre
3018:Treatment of slaves
2850:March on Washington
2845:Birmingham movement
2603:John J. Smith House
2464:Home of Primus Hall
2291:Relevant topics and
2239:John Brown Russwurm
2215:William Cooper Nell
2087:(college professor)
2079:Macon Bolling Allen
2007:Destination Freedom
1937:Africans in America
1567:Library of Congress
1435:. Applewood Books.
1360:. Applewood Books.
1180:Mulatto#cite note-6
759:John Boyle O'Reilly
660:Attucks High School
555:William Cooper Nell
467:, and were instead
443:Reaction and trials
395:and the subsequent
305:colonial militiaman
148:American Revolution
4601:US representatives
4596:US cabinet members
4488:Dominican Republic
4075:Metropolitan areas
3916:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
3741:Civic and economic
3719:Self-determination
3540:Education, science
3461:Fred Shuttlesworth
3441:A. Philip Randolph
3346:Coretta Scott King
3271:Frederick Douglass
3098:Harlem Renaissance
3003:Separate but equal
2993:Reconstruction era
2981:Plessy v. Ferguson
2872:Cornerstone Speech
2786:Civil Rights Acts
2769:Black Lives Matter
2744:American Civil War
2547:Abiel Smith School
2476:Abiel Smith School
2379:History of slavery
2187:(Rev. War soldier)
1811:The New York Times
1761:United States Mint
1755:2015-12-25 at the
1098:10.1353/jer.0.0072
804:In February 2012,
730:In popular culture
641:Molefi Kete Asante
594:
550:
456:
381:
366:American Civil War
356:This 19th-century
159:Christopher Seider
4708:
4707:
4536:African Americans
4408:Dallas–Fort Worth
4003:Black Southerners
3934:
3933:
3386:Thurgood Marshall
3356:Bernard Lafayette
2951:Million Man March
2708:African Americans
2674:
2673:
2620:Freedom's Journal
2578:John Coburn House
2557:Black Beacon Hill
2533:
2532:
2405:
2404:
2346:Elizabeth Freeman
2301:Black nationalism
1973:cite encyclopedia
1955:Johnson, Rossiter
1933:"Crispus Attucks"
1909:Nell, William C.
1508:Hiller B. Zobel,
927:"Crispus Attucks"
837:character of the
785:Why We Can't Wait
696:Norfolk, Virginia
537:Legacy and honors
464:benefit of clergy
296:King Philip's War
220:George R.T. Hewes
114:
113:
70:Massachusetts Bay
4808:
4751:Wampanoag people
4698:
4697:
4696:
4660:Lynching victims
4159:Louisiana Creole
4130:American English
4018:Louisiana Creole
3991:Choctaw freedmen
3829:
3828:
3366:Huddie Ledbetter
3306:Fannie Lou Hamer
3276:W. E. B. Du Bois
3266:Claudette Colvin
3261:Shirley Chisholm
3078:Family structure
2946:Military history
2828:Browder v. Gayle
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2540:or neighborhoods
2519:Bucks of America
2414:
2413:
2364:Shadrach Minkins
2297:
2296:
2281:Phillis Wheatley
2269:Edward G. Walker
2251:Maria W. Stewart
2085:William G. Allen
2037:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2004:, in the series
1982:
1976:
1968:
1959:Attucks, Crispus
1951:
1950:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1778:Prometheus Books
1770:
1764:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1702:cityofboston.gov
1694:
1688:
1687:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:: City of Boston
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1558:
1552:
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1513:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:. Newspapers.com
1405:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1279:
1273:
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1264:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1240:p. 106 (London:
1236:Roger Williams,
1234:
1228:
1225:
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946:
945:
940:
938:
923:
917:
916:
910:
908:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
867:
723:Wellcome Library
635:Washington, D.C.
486:Two years later
421:clubs and sticks
403:had coordinated
378:
375:
235:African American
216:Boston Tea Party
125:
122:
62:
59:
42:
28:
27:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4731:Boston Massacre
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4679:
4645:Historic places
4638:US state firsts
4524:
4439:
4163:
4096:
4068:2010 majorities
4063:2000 majorities
4034:
3981:Black Seminoles
3930:
3921:Southern (SIAC)
3904:
3903:and conferences
3902:
3895:
3891:Serena Williams
3886:Jackie Robinson
3820:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3655:
3622:Nation of Islam
3593:
3541:
3535:
3476:Sojourner Truth
3466:Clarence Thomas
3431:Gabriel Prosser
3331:Michael Jackson
3206:Crispus Attucks
3196:Ralph Abernathy
3184:
3140:Musical theater
3039:
2905:Great Migration
2877:COVID-19 impact
2835:Sit-in movement
2710:
2705:
2675:
2670:
2639:
2634:Walker's Appeal
2607:
2598:Phillips School
2539:
2529:
2507:
2481:
2452:
2401:
2392:Bunch-of-Grapes
2387:Charles Apthorp
2373:
2322:
2292:
2286:
2233:John Swett Rock
2193:(escaped slave)
2125:Lucy Lew Dalton
2095:Boston Massacre
2093:(killed during
2091:Crispus Attucks
2081:(lawyer, judge)
2067:
2044:
2041:
1970:
1969:
1957:, ed. (1906). "
1948:
1929:
1900:Kachun, Mitch.
1897:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1757:Wayback Machine
1748:
1744:
1736:
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1721:
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1668:
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1627:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1593:, eds. (1900).
1579:
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1559:
1555:
1540:
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1507:
1503:
1492:
1488:
1471:
1467:
1463:, 2001), p. 56.
1454:
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1142:
1138:
1131:
1117:
1113:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1043:Crispus Attucks
1037:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
972:
956:
949:
936:
934:
933:. 26 March 2021
925:
924:
920:
906:
904:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
869:
868:
864:
860:
833:, based on the
732:
712:Roxbury, Boston
692:Attucks Theatre
567:was erected on
539:
479:and outlandish
475:and molattoes,
445:
417:Old State House
376:
362:Boston Massacre
350:
348:Boston Massacre
344:
342:Boston Massacre
313:William C. Nell
275:
273:
271:
269:
267:
265:
261:
197:
140:Boston Massacre
136:Native American
123:
117:Crispus Attucks
109:Boston Massacre
91:
85:
76:
74:British America
63:
60:
56:
55:
54:Crispus Attucks
45:
33:
32:Crispus Attucks
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:Black Patriots
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4690:
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4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4611:Visual artists
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4571:Mathematicians
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
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4432:
4427:
4422:
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4405:
4395:
4390:
4388:South Carolina
4385:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:North Carolina
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4303:Massachusetts
4301:
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4147:
4145:social context
4142:
4132:
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4065:
4055:
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4042:
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4036:
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4033:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3996:Creek Freedmen
3993:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3971:Alabama Creole
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Central (CIAA)
3907:
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3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
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3808:
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3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Pan-Africanism
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:Black theology
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3587:in STEM fields
3584:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3542:and technology
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Harriet Tubman
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Michelle Obama
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Barbara Jordan
3338:
3336:Harriet Jacobs
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Amelia Boynton
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3189:Notable people
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:LGBT community
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
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3010:
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2995:
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2985:
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2897:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Freedom Riders
2837:
2832:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2764:Black genocide
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2672:
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2658:
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2647:
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2640:
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2630:
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2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
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2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2538:Historic sites
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
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2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:(poet, author)
2278:
2272:
2266:
2263:Samuel Snowden
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2199:(abolitionist)
2194:
2191:George Latimer
2188:
2182:
2176:
2173:John T. Hilton
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2149:Leonard Grimes
2146:
2140:
2134:
2133:(abolitionist)
2128:
2127:(abolitionist)
2122:
2116:
2110:
2107:John P. Coburn
2104:
2098:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:Richard Durham
1995:
1989:
1983:
1945:
1940:
1928:
1927:External links
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1873:
1851:
1845:978-0199714049
1844:
1824:
1796:
1782:
1776:(Amherst, NY:
1765:
1742:
1714:
1704:. 14 July 2016
1689:
1683:978-1476620428
1682:
1662:
1633:
1621:
1608:
1573:
1553:
1539:978-0804137287
1538:
1514:
1501:
1486:
1465:
1448:
1442:978-1429022736
1441:
1421:
1400:
1394:978-1574780192
1393:
1373:
1367:978-1429022736
1366:
1346:
1342:peter attucks.
1322:
1318:peter attucks.
1298:
1274:
1265:
1246:
1242:Gregory Dexter
1229:
1220:
1211:
1197:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1136:
1130:978-0199910861
1129:
1111:
1092:(2): 249–286.
1076:
1056:
1030:
1024:978-0190092498
1023:
1005:
980:
971:978-1108577434
970:
947:
918:
889:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
842:
821:
802:
789:
777:
763:
762:
755:
750:'s 2008 song "
744:
739:'s 1976 song "
731:
728:
727:
726:
719:
648:
637:
625:released the "
619:
608:
561:
558:
538:
535:
533:of Boston 39.
452:Boston Gazette
444:
441:
397:Townshend Acts
385:British troops
346:Main article:
343:
340:
228:North Carolina
196:
193:
182:North Carolina
157:, 11-year-old
112:
111:
105:
104:Known for
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
78:
77:
64:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
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31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4813:
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4718:
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4701:
4691:
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4686:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Neighborhoods
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Sports firsts
4631:
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4609:
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4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4435:West Virginia
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:Pennsylvania
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4351:New York City
4349:
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4222:
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4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4195:San Francisco
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:By state/city
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:American Sign
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
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4069:
4066:
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4056:
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4047:
4046:Neighborhoods
4044:
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4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
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4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
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4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3976:Black Indians
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
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3700:
3697:
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3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
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3615:
3614:
3613:
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3608:
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3602:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Black schools
3552:
3550:
3549:Black studies
3547:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3531:Whitney Young
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Oprah Winfrey
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Denmark Vesey
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Joseph Rainey
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Toni Morrison
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Joseph Lowery
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Jesse Jackson
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Kamala Harris
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Marcus Garvey
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Blanche Bruce
3244:
3242:
3241:Edward Brooke
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:James Bradley
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:James Baldwin
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Neighborhoods
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Silent Parade
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Jim Crow laws
2934:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Black cowboys
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:The Liberator
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:(interracial)
2443:
2440:
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