241:'s doctrine changed, helicopters became the primary mode of transportation in Vietnam. Due to fires and the forces of deceleration on the spine, pilots were getting spinal injuries in crashes that they would have survived otherwise. Work began to develop energy-absorbing seats to reduce the chance of spinal injuries during training and combat in Vietnam. A lot of research was done to find out what people could handle, how to reduce energy, and how to build structures that would keep people safe in military helicopters. The primary reason is that ejecting from or exiting a helicopter is impractical given the rotor system and typical altitude at which Army helicopters fly. In the late 1960s, the Army published the Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide. The guide was changed several times and turned into a set of books with different volumes for different aircraft systems. The goal of this guide is to show engineers what they need to think about when making military planes that can survive a crash. Consequently, the Army established a military standard (MIL-STD-1290A) for light fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. The standard sets minimum requirements for the safety of human occupants in a crash. These requirements are based on the need to keep a space or volume that can be used for living and the need to reduce the deceleration loads on the occupant.
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173:(HIC). Crashworthiness is measured after the fact by looking at injury risk in real-world crashes. Often, regression or other statistical methods are used to account for the many other factors that can affect the outcome of a crash.
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helicopters. Primary crash injuries were reduced, but secondary injuries within the cockpit continued to occur. This led to the consideration of additional protective devices such as airbags.
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Taher, S.T; Mahdi, E; Mokhtar, A.S; Magid, D.L; Ahmadun, F.R; Arora, Prithvi Raj (2006), "A new composite energy absorbing system for aircraft and helicopter",
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169:, which are mechanical parameters (e.g., force, acceleration, or deformation) that correlate with injury risk. A common injury criterion is the
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is the ability of a structure to protect its occupants during an impact. This is commonly tested when investigating the safety of
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The history of human tolerance to deceleration can likely be traced to the studies by
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Volume IV - Aircraft Seats, Restraints, Litters, and
Cockpit/Cabin Delethalization
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into crashworthiness as a result of fixed-wing and rotary-wing accidents. As the
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The
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Crashworthiness was greatly improved in the 1970s with the fielding of the
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Volume II - Aircraft Design Crash Impact
Conditions and Human Tolerance
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History of Energy
Absorption Systems for Crashworthy Helicopter Seats
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450:"History of Full-Scale Aircraft and Rotorcraft Crash Testing".
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were considered a viable solution to reducing the incidents of
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USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22E, Aircraft Crash
Survival Design Guide,
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USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22D, Aircraft Crash
Survival Design Guide,
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USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22C, Aircraft Crash
Survival Design Guide,
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USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22B, Aircraft Crash
Survival Design Guide,
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USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22A, Aircraft Crash
Survival Design Guide,
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Military
Standard for Light Fixed and Rotary-Wing Aircraft
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have been the leading proponents for crash safety in the
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Full Spectrum Crashworthiness Criteria for Rotorcraft
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in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1950s and 1960s, the
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580:Volume III - Aircraft Structural Crash Resistance
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274:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
654:Basic Principle of Helicopter Crashworthiness
492:Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide Volume 1
282:National Aeronautic and Space Administration
665:NHTSA Crashworthiness Rulemaking Activities
421:by Stan Desjardins, paper at 59th AHS Forum
552:Volume I - Design Criteria and Checklists
521:Aircraft Crashworthiness Research Program
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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608:Volume V - Aircraft Postcrash Survival
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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681:School Bus Crashworthiness Research
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171:head impact criterion
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623:Composite Structures
334:Compressive strength
40:improve this article
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268:Regulatory agencies
250:Boeing AH-64 Apache
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508:2011-09-27 at the
196:. You can help by
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318:Automobile safety
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163:acceleration
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122:Airbag on a
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38:Please help
33:verification
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617:, Dec 1989.
603:, Dec 1989.
589:, Dec 1989.
575:, Dec 1989.
561:, Dec 1989.
547:, Dec 2011.
313:Anticlimber
262:helicopters
205:August 2011
695:Categories
475:|url=
406:References
374:Seakeeping
344:Crash test
284:, and the
223:John Stapp
155:MSC Dytran
126:helicopter
66:newspapers
452:CiteSeerX
379:Seat belt
151:PAM-CRASH
611:Archived
597:Archived
583:Archived
569:Archived
555:Archived
541:Archived
506:Archived
466:cite web
434:Archived
296:See also
248:and the
217:Aviation
167:criteria
139:vehicles
135:aircraft
650:at DTIC
254:Airbags
239:US Army
177:History
147:LS-DYNA
143:RADIOSS
80:scholar
672:at FAA
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303:Airbag
280:, the
276:, the
159:MADYMO
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87:JSTOR
73:books
479:help
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