180:
323:
38:
357:
322:
431:, was a keen amateur painter, and it was considered easier in terms of court protocol to have a female tutor for her. Anguissola, from an Italian family of the minor aristocracy, was recruited to come to Madrid for this, starting immediately after the fourteen-year-old queen's wedding. As well as the relaxed portrait style she had previously developed, she learnt the formal Spanish court style, and was used for portraits of male royalty. There is now some confusion between her work and that of the main court painter,
316:("meticulous"), brightly coloured, fairly realistic, and using precise brush-strokes. Typical subjects included a relatively small number of portraits of the imperial family, the viewing of which was largely restricted to the family itself, animals, birds and flowers, and paintings of imperial ceremonies and progresses. But landscapes were painted, some with views of rural imperial houses at the centre.
89:. Usually they were given a salary and formal title, and often a pension for life, though arrangements were highly variable. But often the artist was paid only a retainer, and paid additionally for works he or, less often, she produced for the monarch. For the artist, a court appointment had the advantage of freeing them from the restriction of local
195:
considerable intervals. As well as being icons of grandeur, portraits might be all that family members saw of each other's for many years, and were often keenly awaited and carefully examined. In particular, portraits of royal children, circulated within the family, might be anxiously scrutinized, and used to diagnose health issues.
275:", of calligraphers, miniaturists, binders and other crafts, usually managed by the royal librarian. More than in the West, the courts were the essential patrons of large-scale commissions, and political changes, or changes in personal tastes, could have a significant effect on the development of a style. The name by which
232:, from the Netherlands, worked for the Habsburgs for several years and developed a style that at its best combined much of the grandeur and psychological penetration of Titian's portraits with a more severe and formal presentation, admired in Spain, and a Netherlandish attention to detail and finish.
194:
Medieval and
Renaissance monarchs usually met each other very rarely, if at all, despite the dense web of kinship that tied them together. Princesses married abroad often never saw their close family again, and royal children were generally raised away from court, and might not see their parents for
198:
Portraits of both parties to a marriage being negotiated were often exchanged, and for the men seem often to have been important in choosing a wife; it was preferred to send one's own painter to the lady, though the men were more often painted by an artist from the home side. One such portrait of
254:
By the 17th century official portraits had an agreed model, occasionally renewed, which was increasingly copied in large numbers, often entirely by the court artist's workshop. Diplomatic exchanges of portraits of a new monarch became a standard courtesy, and the domestic nobility might be given
346:. Zhang's original painting is revered by scholars as "one of Chinese civilization’s greatest masterpieces." The scroll begins at the right end, and culminates above as the Emperor boards his yacht to join the festive boats on the river. The scroll is over 10 metres long (35.6 × 1152.8 cm)
223:
From the mid-16th century, as the exchange of royal portraits grew, the works of painters at the largest courts were seen across Europe, giving them great opportunities to advertise their style. The stylistic continuity in the
Spanish court was especially marked, beginning with
255:
them, or could buy them from the artist. By the 20th century the court painter was a largely obsolete position, even where royal courts remained. A variety of fashionable portraitists were given sittings by royalty, whether for their own commissions or those of others.
211:
noting aspects of his appearance that the painter had glossed over. The marriage never took place. Such portraits seem in fact to have been one of the earliest uses of court portraits, with examples from the 15th century, such as
136:("First Painter of the King") was the main French appointment from 1603 to 1791, not always occupied. This was by no means restricted to portrait-painters, but unlike in other courts, the holder was always a French native.
291:, was given a number of significant administrative jobs, as indeed was his artist son. The court remained the focus of patronage of painting in the "sub-Mughal" princely courts of India, whether Muslim or
66:
or princely family, sometimes on a fixed salary and on an exclusive basis where the artist was not supposed to undertake other work. Painters were the most common, but the court artist might also be a
329:
50:, 1656, shows a princess watching her unseen parents as Velázquez paints them; the cross on his chest was added later, according to legend painted by the king himself, after the artist received the
74:. In Western Europe, the role began to emerge in the mid-13th century. By the Renaissance, portraits, mainly of the family, made up an increasingly large part of their commissions, and in the
601:
143:
period, when portrait sculpture was especially in demand. In some 18th-century German courts, much of the court sculptor's work was designing figurines and other wares for the prince's
97:
they also often had to spend large amounts of time doing decorative work about the palace, and creating temporary works for court entertainments and displays. Some artists, like
391:, and it is usually assumed that designs were sent to the weavers from the court. The same process can be better documented in 17th century France, where the court painter
139:
Court sculptors were usually appointed when there was a large building programme that called for sculpture, or in periods, such as the decades around 1500 and the
251:
was summoned to Madrid, and soon hired for the court, remaining with it until his death in 1660. His portraits in many respects draw on his predecessors.
1508:
458:
334:
112:
was set up for the more mundane decorative work, leaving the "King's painter" (and the queen's) free to paint mostly portraits. From the
147:
factory. Heads for coins might also be designed by a court sculptor. There was no regular
English role for a court sculptor, though
267:, especially between the 14th and 17th centuries, similar arrangements operated for miniaturists and artists in other media. In the
124:, and normally held by a specialist in portraits. Sometimes parallel and less official appointments were made, such as that of
302:
In China court painters tended to work in an entirely different style and paint different subject-matter to the more respected
179:
415:
A number of women painters were successful in obtaining court commissions, though few gained the top positions. Some, like
167:
would snap him up. For the most famous artists of the
Renaissance, entrapment by a single court was something to avoid, as
482:
78:
period one person might be appointed solely to do portraits, and another for other work, such as decorating new buildings.
1255:
1194:
988:
1109:
244:
1670:
1346:
1158:
1105:
659:
493:
446:, who was given an annual salary of ÂŁ40 from 1546 to her death in 1576, so serving four monarchs, producing mainly
37:
1660:
1618:
419:, one of the most successful, were specifically in the service of the queen rather than the king, and appointed
356:
1644:
1626:
1601:
1564:
1552:
923:
904:
17:
1422:
1293:
908:
121:
1498:
462:
794:
704:
451:
399:, then producing far more than just tapestries, and also designed the royal commissions from the private
540:
1251:
866:
681:
439:
379:. Often court painters and sculptors worked on the designs for these products; for example the finest
217:
200:
183:
129:
586:
470:
1675:
976:
969:
930:
556:
521:
1180:
432:
236:
187:
1665:
1503:
614:
517:
240:
1338:
1221:
1217:
1165:
889:
738:
578:
454:
400:
375:
or pottery, silks and other types of object. This was especially the case in China and in the
279:
is usually known includes the honorific title "Abbasi", which he and others were given by Shah
133:
207:, where a marriage was being considered, with a covering letter by the Austrian ambassador in
1574:
1278:
1274:
1202:
1173:
1139:
992:
753:
571:
310:, though there was overlap in both directions. The court style was usually what is known as
152:
1383:
367:
At many periods rulers owned or controlled royal workshops or factories making high-quality
239:, who was Philip's court painter for 28 years, until his death in 1588. He in turn trained
1368:
1190:
1041:
1018:
984:
881:
862:
802:
787:
711:
548:
416:
396:
388:
361:
105:, were used in other capacities at court, as diplomats, functionaries, or administrators.
8:
1391:
1316:
1312:
1270:
1236:
1116:
1045:
961:
885:
772:
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719:
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and Mughal India reflect very closely developments in style found in other media such as
213:
1430:
1414:
1376:
1331:
1297:
1209:
1198:
1143:
847:
447:
428:
90:
1557:
Renaissance
Portraits, European Portrait-Painting in the 14th, 15th and 16th Centuries
1323:
248:
102:
47:
1640:
1622:
1597:
1589:
1560:
1426:
1228:
1131:
1097:
1026:
730:
723:
689:
651:
501:
466:
307:
280:
268:
125:
51:
854:
999:
779:
666:
621:
593:
376:
303:
228:, who painted Charles V and Philip II, but could not be induced to move to Spain.
148:
109:
86:
82:
31:
1090:
496:
in 1708, but on terms that allowed her to remain in
Amsterdam, only travelling to
1052:
1033:
817:
606:
443:
420:
392:
1082:
403:
of carpets. Le Brun dominated, and largely created, the style found throughout
1399:
1304:
954:
873:
832:
824:
563:
478:
474:
407:'s palaces, which was then hugely influential in France and throughout Europe.
384:
117:
113:
1654:
1632:
1594:
Princes and
Artists, Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts 1517–1633
1579:
1243:
1150:
1067:
915:
696:
489:
288:
272:
1573:, edited by Delia Gaze, Maja Mihajlovic, Leanda Shrimpton, "Court Artists",
764:
497:
435:, one of whose daughters also became a painter and assistant to her father.
1361:
1353:
839:
809:
629:
380:
343:
339:
284:
98:
75:
745:
276:
264:
229:
190:, 1564. Sent to Vienna in an unsuccessful attempt to promote a marriage.
156:
94:
42:
271:, the shah and other rulers typically maintained a "court workshop" or "
1262:
1007:
938:
368:
243:, his successor until he died in 1608. His pupil, the undistinguished
338:, an 18th-century copy (the "Qing Court Version") of the 12th century
1011:
896:
636:
404:
372:
144:
70:
1407:
644:
450:. Other women court painters, also all portraitists, included the
296:
247:
then filled the role until his death in 1622, when the 23-year-old
164:
160:
63:
140:
54:
in 1659 (click on image and run cursor over to identify figures).
1571:
Dictionary of Women
Artists: Introductory surveys; Artists, A-I
1285:
1124:
1060:
946:
674:
505:
312:
225:
208:
204:
168:
292:
461:, brother of Charles V and his governor of the Netherlands,
511:
1075:
1637:
The Court Artist: On the
Ancestry of the Modern Artist
1615:
Artists at Court: Image-making and
Identity, 1300-1550
306:
painters, who mostly painted landscapes in monochrome
216:
sending "Hans the painter" to paint the daughters of
1496:
1499:"'River of Wisdom' is Hong Kong's hottest ticket"
1652:
235:He could not be kept long in Spain, but trained
504:in 1782 turned down an offer from the court of
360:The Prado Philip II, now recognised as by
120:the job was a regular court appointment called
62:was an artist who painted for the members of a
258:
351:
335:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
492:(1664–1750) obtained a court position with
171:was careful to do, by remaining in Venice.
1586:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1971
159:, whom the Medici never allowed to leave
355:
178:
36:
512:Incomplete list of court painters (A-Z)
14:
1653:
410:
283:to associate them with their patron.
85:, they were often given the office of
1613:Campbell, John and Welch, Evelyn S.,
1596:, Thames & Hudson, London, 1976,
724:Pedro IV and I of Portugal and Brazil
287:, a Persian painter who moved to the
1639:, 1993, Cambridge University Press,
500:periodically to deliver paintings.
483:Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
1256:Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria
602:Otto Of Greece, Amalia Of Oldenburg
151:was called the "King's Carver" for
128:as royal landscape painter, or the
24:
1607:
508:in order to preserve her freedom.
174:
93:, although in the Middle Ages and
25:
1687:
1497:Seno, Alexandra A. (2010-11-02).
1110:Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary
155:. There are exceptions, notably
1511:from the original on 2017-07-09.
1159:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
660:George III of the United Kingdom
494:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
321:
1619:Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
1195:JoĂŁo Manuel, Prince of Portugal
989:JoĂŁo Manuel, Prince of Portugal
1533:
1524:
1515:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
13:
1:
1546:
1423:Olga Constantinovna of Russia
1294:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
909:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
471:Grand Duchess Sophie of Baden
122:Principal Painter in Ordinary
438:The leading woman among the
132:, who worked for the queen.
7:
705:Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
452:Flemish Renaissance painter
295:; the 18th-century painter
10:
1692:
1252:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
1218:King Augustus II of Poland
867:Joan, Princess of Portugal
682:Giovanni Maria delle Piane
515:
440:artists of the Tudor court
395:was director of the royal
259:Asia and the Islamic world
218:John IV, Count of Armagnac
201:Carlos, Prince of Asturias
130:Flower Painter in Ordinary
29:
795:David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
587:Franz Joseph I of Austria
352:Designers for other media
27:Position at a royal court
1438:
970:Christian VII of Denmark
931:Hans Holbein the Younger
557:Joseph, Prince of Brazil
541:Miguel AntĂłnio do Amaral
522:Category:Court sculptors
203:(1545–1568) was sent to
30:Not to be confused with
1671:Visual arts occupations
1504:The Wall Street Journal
1203:Sebastian I of Portugal
993:Sebastian I of Portugal
615:Prince of Liechtenstein
518:Category:Court painters
473:(also selling works to
465:(1749–1803) in France,
463:Adélaïde Labille-Guiard
457:(1528 – after 1565) to
245:Rodrigo de Villandrando
241:Juan Pantoja de la Cruz
108:In England the role of
1661:Italian art collectors
1394:, Archbishop of Mainz
1339:Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen
1222:Augustus III of Poland
1166:Lucienne de Saint-Mart
890:Ferdinand VII of Spain
739:Christian V of Denmark
579:Friedrich von Amerling
455:Catharina van Hemessen
401:Savonnerie manufactory
364:
299:is a leading example.
191:
134:Premier peintre du Roi
55:
1362:Northern Song dynasty
1279:Charles II of England
1275:Catherine of Braganza
1181:Alonso Sánchez Coello
1174:Nicholas II of Russia
1140:Vincenzo I of Gonzaga
773:Sigismund I of Poland
754:Alphonso I of Ferrara
572:Ferdinand VI of Spain
433:Alonso Sánchez Coello
427:, the third queen of
359:
332:Court style panorama
237:Alonso Sánchez Coello
188:Alonso Sánchez Coello
182:
40:
1369:Sofonisba Anguissola
1191:John III of Portugal
1042:Joseph I of Portugal
1019:Louis-Michel van Loo
985:John III of Portugal
882:Charles III of Spain
863:Afonso V of Portugal
803:Charles XI of Sweden
788:Charles I of England
712:Jean-Baptiste Debret
549:Joseph I of Portugal
417:Sofonisba Anguissola
397:Gobelins Manufactory
389:Ottoman illumination
362:Sofonisba Anguissola
1392:Uriel von Gemmingen
1347:Margaret of Austria
1317:John VI of Portugal
1313:Maria I of Portugal
1271:John IV of Portugal
1237:John VI of Portugal
1117:Francesco Raibolini
1106:Margaret of Austria
1046:Maria I of Portugal
977:CristĂłvĂŁo de Morais
886:Charles IV of Spain
720:John VI of Portugal
553:Maria I of Portugal
488:The flower painter
448:portrait miniatures
425:Elisabeth of Valois
411:Women court artists
214:Henry VI of England
1590:Trevor-Roper, Hugh
1431:George I of Greece
1415:Georgios Jakobides
1384:Matthias GrĂĽnewald
1377:Philip II of Spain
1332:Philip IV of Spain
1298:Philip II of Spain
1210:Louis de Silvestre
1199:Philip II of Spain
1144:Philip IV of Spain
848:Louis XI of France
429:Philip II of Spain
365:
220:as early as 1442.
192:
81:Especially in the
56:
1584:Painting at Court
1539:Dictionary, 41-42
1530:Dictionary, 37-42
1436:
1435:
1427:Sophia of Prussia
1229:Domingos Sequeira
1132:Peter Paul Rubens
1098:Bernard van Orley
1027:Philip V of Spain
690:Elizabeth Farnese
652:Francis Bourgeois
502:Angelica Kauffman
481:(1743 – 1811) to
467:Marie Ellenrieder
308:ink wash painting
281:Abbas I of Persia
269:Persian miniature
126:Francis Bourgeois
52:Order of Santiago
16:(Redirected from
1683:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1487:Cambell, 197-198
1485:
1479:
1478:Cambell, 196-197
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1000:Abdulcelil Levni
780:Anthony van Dyck
758:Ercole II d'Este
667:Agnolo di Cosimo
594:Nikiforos Lytras
526:
525:
469:(1791– 1863) to
377:Byzantine Empire
325:
265:Islamic cultures
149:Grinling Gibbons
110:Serjeant Painter
91:painters' guilds
87:valet de chambre
83:Late Middle Ages
32:Courtroom sketch
21:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1676:Art occupations
1651:
1650:
1647:, 9780521363754
1629:, 9780914660231
1610:
1608:Further reading
1553:Campbell, Lorne
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1324:Diego Velázquez
1315:
1296:
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1273:
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1193:
1186:
1142:
1108:
1053:Andrea Mantegna
1044:
1034:Vieira Lusitano
1010:
991:
987:
907:
888:
884:
865:
818:Philip the Good
756:
722:
607:Ferdinand Bauer
555:
551:
524:
514:
459:Mary of Hungary
444:Levina Teerlinc
421:lady-in-waiting
413:
393:Charles Le Brun
354:
349:
348:
347:
331:
326:
261:
249:Diego Velázquez
177:
175:Court portraits
103:Diego Velázquez
48:Diego Velázquez
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1689:
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1666:Court painters
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1649:
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1633:Warnke, Martin
1630:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1587:
1577:
1569:"Dictionary":
1567:
1559:, 1990, Yale,
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1521:Dictionary, 40
1514:
1489:
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1471:
1469:Dictionary, 37
1462:
1460:Dictionary, 37
1453:
1451:Dictionary, 37
1443:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:Mughal Empire
1402:
1400:Sanwlah Artist
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1305:Giuseppe Troni
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955:Joseon dynasty
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924:Queen Victoria
921:
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905:Queen Victoria
902:
899:
893:
892:
879:
876:
874:Francisco Goya
870:
869:
860:
857:
855:Nuno Gonçalves
851:
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845:
842:
836:
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833:Gonzaga family
830:
827:
825:Domenico Fetti
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731:Jacques d'Agar
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564:Jacopo Amigoni
560:
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546:
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536:
533:
530:
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510:
479:Catharina Treu
475:Queen Victoria
412:
409:
385:Ottoman Turkey
353:
350:
328:
327:
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319:
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260:
257:
176:
173:
118:Queen Victoria
26:
18:Court sculptor
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1599:
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1585:
1581:
1580:Michael Levey
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1083:Uemura ShĹŤen
840:Jean Fouquet
810:Jan van Eyck
630:Ming dynasty
532:Nationality
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342:original by
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1038:Portuguese
981:Portuguese
941:of England
859:Portuguese
746:Dosso Dossi
545:Portuguese
383:of Persia,
277:Riza Abbasi
230:Antonis Mor
157:Giambologna
95:Renaissance
43:Las Meninas
1655:Categories
1645:0521363756
1627:0914660233
1602:0500232326
1565:0300046758
1547:References
1263:Dirk Stoop
1008:Mustafa II
939:Henry VIII
765:Hans DĂĽrer
516:See also:
498:DĂĽsseldorf
369:tapestries
184:Don Carlos
153:Charles II
1087:Japanese
1072:Japanese
1012:Ahmed III
962:Jens Juel
897:Carl Haag
637:Bishandas
611:Austrian
583:Austrian
405:Louis XIV
373:porcelain
165:Habsburgs
145:porcelain
1617:, 2004,
1509:Archived
1408:Jahangir
1373:Italian
1358:Chinese
1328:Spanish
1309:Italian
1290:Italian
1248:Flemish
1185:Spanish
1136:Flemish
1121:Italian
1102:Flemish
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1004:Turkish
920:English
878:Spanish
829:Italian
814:Flemish
799:Swedish
784:Flemish
750:Italian
686:Italian
671:Italian
656:English
645:Jahangir
626:Chinese
568:Italian
529:Painter
304:literati
297:Nainsukh
161:Florence
71:sculptor
1388:German
1214:French
1170:French
1023:French
966:Danish
951:Korean
935:German
844:French
769:German
735:French
716:French
701:French
641:Indian
477:), and
381:carpets
273:atelier
141:Baroque
114:Stuarts
1643:
1625:
1600:
1563:
1419:Greek
1343:Dutch
1286:Titian
1267:Dutch
1155:Dutch
1125:Mantua
1061:Mantua
947:Hyewon
675:Medici
622:Wu Bin
598:Greek
535:Court
506:Naples
313:gongbi
226:Titian
209:Madrid
205:Vienna
169:Titian
69:court
1439:Notes
293:Hindu
64:royal
1641:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1561:ISBN
520:and
442:was
1076:Edo
423:.
263:In
186:by
116:to
101:or
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485:.
371:,
58:A
46:,
34:.
20:)
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