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Cosimo to pay for the construction of a reservoir, following a scandal at the convent: The Grand
Duchess had placed her pet dog's basket in close proximity to the fire, and the basket burst into flames, but instead of trying to extinguish it, she urged her fellow nuns to flee for their lives. On previous occasions, she had explicitly stated that she would burn down the convent if the Abbess disagreed with her, too, making the Abbess view the accident as intentional. Cosimo, unable to do much else for fear of upsetting Louis XIV, reproached her in a series of letters. Another scandal erupted that summer, the Grand Duchess bathed nude, as was the custom, in a local river. Cosimo exploded with anger upon hearing of this. Louis XIV, tiring of Florence's petitions, retorted: "Since Cosimo had consented to the retirement of his wife into France, he had virtually relinquished all right to interfere in her conduct." Following Louis XIV's rebuff, Cosimo fell grievously ill, only to be roused by
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753:. The Grand Duke eventually consented, but feared she may abscond, so she was not allowed to go to leave without his permission and when she went riding she was to be escorted by four soldiers. All the doors and windows of the villa had to be secured, too. The saga between them continued until 26 December 1674, after all attempts at conciliation failed, a beleaguered Cosimo agreed to allow his wife to depart for the
943:, to invest a huge sum into a bank. Soon after the Elector deposited the sum, the bank collapsed. Ferdinand Maria still had sore feelings; Cosimo consented to the reduction of her dowry accordingly to reimburse the Elector. Ferdinando was unimpressed with his wife. Violante, however, electrified the Grand Duke. He wrote, "I have never known, nor do I think the world can produce, a disposition so perfect..."
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1291:, agreed to an audience with the Electress Palatine in December 1711. He concluded that the Electress's succession brought no quandary, but added that he must succeed her. Cosimo and herself were abhorred by his reply. Realising how unforthcoming he had been, Charles wrote to Florence agreeing to the project, mentioning but one clause: the Tuscan state must not be bequeathed to the enemies of the
1368:. The state of the grand duchy reflected the decay of its ruler; in a 1718 military review, the army numbered less than 3000 men, some of whom were infirm, and aged 70. The navy composed of three galleys, and the crew 198. In September 1721, the Grand Duchess died; instead of willing her possessions to her children, as prescribed by the 1674 agreement; they went to the
877:, Bishop of Salisbury and a famed memorialist, visited this Florence in November 1685, of which he wrote that " is much sunk from what it was, for they do not reckon that there are fifty thousand souls in it; the other states, that were once great republic, such as Siena and Pisa, while they retained their liberty, are now shrunk almost into nothing..."
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disseminated a final proclamation commanding that
Tuscany shall stay independent; Anna Maria Luisa shall succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone; the Grand Duke reserves the right to choose his successor, but these stanzas were completely ignored. Six days later, on All Hallow's Eve, he died. He was interred in the
931:, remarried and had male issue, and if Isabel Luisa became Queen of Portugal, and Cosimo III, Gian Gastone and Francesco Maria died without any male heirs, Tuscany would be annexed by Portugal. Ferdinando rejected it outright with the fullest support of Louis XIV, his great-uncle. Cosimo's eyes now fell upon Violante of
271:. Cosimo's 53-year-long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of laws that regulated prostitution and May celebrations. His reign also witnessed Tuscany's deterioration to previously unknown economic lows. In 1723, when Cosimo died, he was succeeded by the younger of his two surviving children,
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persona he acquired after Vienna, outlawed the practice of Jews using
Christian wet nurses and declared that if a Christian father wished to have his half-Jewish child suckled by a Christian nurse he must first apply to the government for a permit in writing. In addition, public executions increased to six per day.
1364:, Governess of Siena as to clearly define her precedence. That did not stop the two ladies from quarrelling, as was his intention. Cosimo discontinued hunting following an accident in January 1717. He accidentally shot, and killed, a man. He was so distraught, that he wished to be tried by the Knights of the
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Ambassador praised the young Cosimo to the skies. His successor, however, noticed a somewhat different person, whom he described as "melancholy". In his early youth, he was in love with a certain
Petrillo, a singer. Their romance was discovered when Cosimo spontaneously hugged and kissed him in front
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between Jews and
Christians was proscribed, and by a law promulgated on 1 July 1677, Christians could not work in establishments owned by Jews. If they did regardless, a fine of 50 crowns was incurred; if the person in question had insufficient funds, he was liable to be tortured on the rack; and if
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In May 1716, the
Emperor assured the Electress and the Grand Duke that there was no insurmountable obstacle preventing her accession, but that Austria and Tuscany must soon reach an agreement regarding which royal house which was to succeed the Medici. As an incentive to accelerate Cosimo's reply,
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Gian
Gastone arrived in Tuscany, without his wife, in 1708. The Emperor, thinking it unlikely that any male heirs were to be born to the Medici, prepared to occupy Tuscany, under the pretext of Medici descent. He intimated that upon the Grand Prince's death the Tuscans would rebel against Cosimo's
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on a daily basis. A contemporary recounted that "The Grand Duke knows all the monks of Saint Mark at least by sight..." This, however, did not occupy all his efforts: He was still trying to coax Anna Maria
Franziska to Florence, where he believed her caprices would cease. Additionally, in 1719, he
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Cosimo, not having much else to do, instituted more moral laws. Young men were not allowed to "enter into houses to make love to girls, and let them dally at doors and windows, is a great incentive to rapes, abortions, and infanticides..." If a man did not comply, he was liable to receive enormous
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Cosimo kept himself apprised of his wife's conduct in France through the Tuscan emissary, Gondi. Marguerite Louise frequently requested more money from the Grand Duke, while he was scandalised by her behaviour: she took up with a groom named
Gentilly. In January 1680 the Abbess of Montemarte asked
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Grand
Duchess Marguerite Louise and Dowager Grand Duchess Vittoria vied with each other for power. The Dowager, after a protracted battle, triumphed: The Grand Duke assigned his mother the day-to-day administration of the state. Cosimo III commenced his reign with the utmost fervour, attempting to
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Ferdinando and Violante, despite being married for over five years, had not produced any offspring as of 1694. The Grand Duke responded by declaring special days of devotion, and erecting a "fertility column" in the Cavour district of Florence, an act which attracted popular ridicule. Ferdinando
730:(Privy Council). Marguerite Louise, deprived of any political influence, went about arranging Prince Ferdinando's education and arguing with Vittoria over precedence, which only further encamped Cosimo on his mother's side. In the midst of this, on the first anniversary of Ferdinando II's death,
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with Anna Maria Franziska. He sent the Archbishop of Prague to reproach her. She cited the example of Marguerite-Louise, adding that the Pope did not bother himself to machinate a reconciliation. Cosimo wrote desperate missives to the Electress Palatine: "I can tell you now, in case you are not
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had not increased to the point of vying with kings, nor had the House of Medici diminished in splendour and possessions, so there was no reason for promoting one and degrading the other." Cosimo also played upon all the times Tuscany provided financial and military assistance to the Empire. The
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in September 1683. To Cosimo's dismay, "many scandals and disorders continued to occur in the matter of carnal intercourse between Jews and Christian women, and especially putting their children out to be suckled by Christian nurses." The Grand Duke, wishing to supplement the "foe of heretics"
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to do something about his daughter-in-law's behaviour; he sent the Comte de Saint-Mesme. Marguerite Louise wanted to return to France, and Saint-Mesme sympathised with this, as did much of the French court, so he left without finding a solution to the heir's domestic disharmony, incensing both
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The marriage was unhappy from the start. A few nights following the formal entry, Marguerite Louise demanded the Tuscan crown jewels for her own personal use; Cosimo refused. The jewels that she did manage to extract from Cosimo were almost smuggled out of Tuscany by her attendants but for the
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on his deathbed. The latter pronounced, "that this Prince required little assistance in order to die well, for he had studied and cared for nothing else throughout the long course of his life, but to prepare himself for death". On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo
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mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Accordingly, the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. The economy, too, was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural marketplaces. In August 1663 Marguerite Louise delivered a boy:
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Cosimo became perturbed by the question of the Tuscan Succession following the death of his mother. Ferdinando was lacking any children, as was Anna Maria Luisa. The latter, who was high in her father's estimation, put forward a German princess to marry Gian Gastone. The lady in question,
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The excursion did Cosimo good. His health was better than ever, as was his self-esteem. His wife's unrelenting enmity towards him, however, undid the aforesaid progressions. Grand Duke Ferdinando, once again, feared for his health, so he sent him on a second tour in September 1668.
810:, did not rubber stamp Cosimo's ambitions, as he had wished. The Lorrainer question was concluded with the birth of a son to Charles V in 1679, ending Cosimo's dream of a Medici cadet branch, dreams which were to be revived in 1697 by Gian Gastone's marriage to an heiress.
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to compensate for the affront. The Elector Palatine, two years later, several months before his marriage to Anna Maria Luisa, went about acquiring the aforesaid style for Cosimo and his family, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom. Henceforth, Cosimo was
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Travels of Cosmo the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany, through England during the Reign of King Charles the Second (1669), translated from the Italian manuscript in the Laurentian library at Florence. To which is Prefixed, a Memoir of his Life\, London, 1821, pp.128-132
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of a tutor. Petrillo fled Florence, never to return. Cosimo’s father knew of his homosexual nature and tried to force a marriage since he was the best possibility of heir. In 1687, he had a boyfriend in Venice, Cecchino, nicknamed de' Castris since he was castrated.
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The Grand Prince finally succumbed to syphilis on 30 October 1713. Cosimo deposited a succession bill in the Senate, Tuscany's nominal legislature, on 26 November. The bill promulgated that if Gian Gastone predeceased the Electress Palatine, she should ascend to
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was without an heir and Marguerite-Louise, as the daughter of a Lorrainer princess, delegated the right to succeed to the duchy to her elder son, Ferdinando. Grand Duke Cosimo tried to get his son international recognition as heir-apparent, to no avail.
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when Cosimo abruptly added that if himself and his two sons predeceased the Electress Palatine she should succeed and the republic be re-instituted following her death. The proposal sank, and was ultimately put on hold following Emperor Joseph's death.
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salvage the sinking exchequer and allowing his subjects to petition him for arbitration in disputes. The novelty soon wore off, however. Vittoria, Cosimo having lost his taste for administration, was further empowered by admission to the Grand Duke's
460:. Cosimo moved her into Villa Lapeggi. Here, she was watched by forty soldiers, and six courtiers, appointed by Cosimo, had to follow her everywhere. The next year she reconciled with the grand ducal family, and gave birth to Anna Maria Luisa, future
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Cosimo III left Tuscany one of the poorest nations in Europe; the treasury empty and the people weary of religious bigotry, the state itself was reduced to a gaming chip in European affairs. Among his enduring edicts is the establishment of the
1041:, a jail for women of that profession, for years, with scant food, if they could not afford the fines levied on them by the Office of Public Decency. Evening permits and exemptions were available for those willing to pay six crowns per month.
745:'s personal physician, to tend to her. Dr. Alliot, unlike Saint-MesmeĂŞ, did not comply with Marguerite Louise's plot to be sent to France, ostensibly for the thermal waters to ameliorate her "illness." In December she went on a pilgrimage to
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the states of the grand duchy. It was greeted with a standing ovation by the senators. Charles VI was furious. He retorted that the grand duchy was an Imperial fief, and that he alone had the prerogative to choose who would succeed.
1076:, who had once exercised a great deal of influence over Cosimo, died. Her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere, inherited from her grandfather, the last Duke of Urbino, were bestowed upon her younger son,
1295:. At the culmination of the War of the Spanish Succession, at the Treaties of Utrecht and Rattstatt, Cosimo did not vie for international assurances for the Electress's succession. An inaction he would later grow to lament.
835:, his physician, who helped him reform his ways so illness would never strike him again. It was after this event that Cosimo finally stopped bothering with the Grand Duchess's life. In 1682 Cosimo III appointed his brother,
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Ferdinando and Louis XIV. She humiliated Cosimo at every chance she got: she insisted on employing French cooks, as she feared the Medici would poison her. In September 1664 Marguerite Louise abandoned her apartments in the
1354:, the eldest child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir. By 1722 the Electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to a spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future.
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benefited from Cosimo's patronage in the early years of the 18th Century. Smibert was accorded the privilege of copying from paintings in his collection. The Duke's help led Alexander to dedicate his engravings by
1097:, was extremely wealthy. Cosimo once again dreamed of a Medici cadet branch in a foreign land. They were married on 2 July 1697. Gian Gastone and herself did not get along; he eventually abandoned her in 1708.
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reserved for the royal family. The Grand Duke, soon after the royal altercation, accepted the investiture of the nominal Spanish fief of Siena from Philip, thereby confirming his status as a Spanish vassal.
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had to pass through ten intermediate customs." The Grand Duke oversaw the establishment of the Office of Public Decency, whose goal was to regulate prostitution, also. Prostitutes were oft thrown into the
313:, and he felt he alone could alter the Tuscan laws of succession. All Cosimo's efforts to salvage the plan foundered, and in 1737, upon the death of his younger child, Gian Gastone, Tuscany passed to the
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By 1659, Cosimo had ceased smiling in public. He frequently visited places of religious worship and surrounded himself with friars and priests, concerning Grand Duke Ferdinando. Cosimo's only sibling,
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Cosimo did not enjoy a harmonious relationship with his elder son, Ferdinando. They disagreed about Cosimo's bigoted ideology and his monthly allowance. Cosimo married him to a Bavarian princess,
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1052:. In a letter dated 10 October 1691, Cosimo's personal secretary wrote, "By the Serene Master's express command I must inform Your Excellencies that His Highness will allow no professor in his
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once wrote to another family member with "news that should surprise you....The young prince has killed a goose in mid-air." Cosimo, at the age of 11, killed five pigs with five shots. The
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that most aroused the curiosity of the Florentines due to the libertine lifestyle of the nuns living there. In Lisbon, Cosimo also had the opportunity to talk several times with the
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Louis XIV was angered by Anna Maria Luisa's marriage to his sworn foe. Cosimo, after much coaxing, persuaded him otherwise. On 9 October 1691, France, England, Spain, and the
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1409:. Gian Gastone repealed Cosimo's Jewish persecution laws, and eased tariffs and customs. Cosimo's inability to uphold Tuscany's independence led to the succession of the
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1280:. However, this presented many obstacles. Florence was nominally an Imperial fief, and Siena a Spanish one. The plan was about to be approved by the powers convened at
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1129:, a cloth thought to have been used by Christ before his crucifixion. Delighted by his warm reception from the Roman people, Cosimo left Rome with a fragment of Saint
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in June 1689, infuriating Grand Duke Cosimo, who complained to Vienna that a duke was inferior status to a grand duke, and proclaimed it "unjustly exalted...since the
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roster was supplemented by further declarations on 16 June 1679 and 12 December 1680 banning Jews from visiting Christian prostitutes and co-habitation, respectively.
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efforts of Ferdinando's agents. Marguerite Louise's extravagances perturbed Ferdinando because the Tuscan exchequer was nearly bankrupt; it was so empty that when the
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1476:, and like her brother, had no issue. Gian Gastone, Cosimo's eventual successor, despised his father and his court. Anna Maria Luisa arranged for him to marry
532:, who accompanied him through the rest of his travels through Europe. Another great personage that accompanied Cosimo was the Italian philosopher and diplomat
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Grand Duke Ferdinando encouraged Cosimo to go on a European tour to distract him from Marguerite Louise's renewed hostility. On 28 October 1667 he arrived in
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On 22 September 1723, the Grand Duke experienced a two-hour-long fit of trembling. His condition steadily deteriorated. Cosimo was attended by the Papal
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bearing the effigy of Cosimo III. Latin inscription: COSMVS III D G MAG DVX ETRVR. "Cosimo III, by the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Etruria (Tuscany)"
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to occupy his state; the Emperor reluctantly accepted this excuse. Tuscany was not alone in its feudal ties to the Empire: A large part of northern
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autocratic government. Cosimo, in an act of desperation, had Francesco Maria, the Medici family cardinal, renounce his religious vows and marry
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status and the Duke of Lorraine declared himself King of Jerusalem without any opposition. In May 1700 Cosimo embarked on a pilgrimage to Rome.
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Bust of Cosimo III de' Medici, 1717-1718 CE. By Giovanni Battista Figgini. Marble, from Florence, Italy. The Victoria and Albert Museum, London
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Cosimo resurrected a law from the regency of his father which banned Students from attending college outside Tuscany, thus strengthening the
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was the dauphine—and Bavaria. There was only one obstacle in the way, Ferdinando II, Cosimo's father, impartially advised Violante's father,
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Cosimo went about arranging a marriage for his elder son, Ferdinando, in 1686. He ushered him into the marriage as the other Tuscan princes,
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died in June 1717. Anna Maria Luisa returned home in October 1717, bringing with her vast treasures. Cosimo created his elder son's widow,
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as king of Spain. Fearing a Franco-Dutch invasion, Cosimo III refused to recognise Charles's title, but he did pay a fraction of the dues.
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that existed between Marguerite Louise and the rest of the family collapsed after Anna Maria Luisa's birth, when Marguerite Louise caught
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should succeed. Charles VI's promises never materialised. In 1718 he repudiated Cosimo's decision, declaring a union between Tuscany and
685:, in Paris. He arrived back in Florence on 1 November 1669. His travels were described in a detailed journal by his travelling companion
1048:' hold on education. A contemporary wrote that not a single man in Florence could read or write Greek, a stark contrast to those of the
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1472:. This union was exceedingly discontent, and produced no offspring. Anna Maria Luisa was the Grand Duke's favourite child. She married
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was also bound to pay the Emperor, but at a much higher magnitude than Cosimo, who merely paid on his few undisputed Imperial fiefs.
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2294:"Visão da paisagem seiscentista portuguesa através das vedute de Pier Maria Baldi e da Relazione ufficiale de Lorenzo Magalotti"
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The 17th century did not end well for the Grand Duke: he still had no grandchildren, France and Spain would not acknowledge his
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informed, that we have no money in Florence..." He added that "two or three-quarters of my pension are fallen into arrears".
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Negotiations with the Portuguese were intense, but stalled over certain clauses: Ferdinando and Isabel Luisa would live in
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2279:(PDF). VIII SimpĂłsio Luso-Brasileiro de Cartografia HistĂłrica. VIII SimpĂłsio Luso-Brasileiro de Cartografia HistĂłrica: 170
2277:«A cartografia Urbana da ProvĂncia d'Entre Douro e Minho, em meados do sĂ©culo XVIII: a urbivisĂŁo de Braga de AndrĂ© Soares»
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the Emperor hinted that Tuscany would reap territorial advancements. In June 1717 Cosimo declared his wish that the
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claimed that God asked him to pledge the grand duchy to "the governance and absolute dominion of the most glorious
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749:—she never returned. Marguerite Louise, instead of going back to Florence, chose to live in semi-retirement at the
1230:, a decisive Imperial victory, the Emperor sent an envoy to Florence to collect feudal dues, amounting to 300,000
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Without Marguerite Louise to occupy his attention, Cosimo turned to persecuting the Jewish population of Tuscany.
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would not attend to Violante, instead lavishing his attentions on his favourite, a castrated Venetian, Cecchino
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371:, a Sienese theologian, was appointed Cosimo's tutor. His character was analogous to the Grand Duchess's.
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Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, engraving by Adriaen Haelwegh before 1691, from the collection of the
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In later life, he attempted to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as the universal heiress of Tuscany, but
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described him as "a very jolly and good comely man." Cosimo was amiably welcomed by the Universities of
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where they took another ship. At some point, the ship met an uncomfortable storm that made them land in
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in compensation. She departed the next June, after stripping bare Poggio a Caiano of any valuables.
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fines. This coincided with a new wave of taxes that stagnated Tuscany's already declining economy.
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Cosimo's piety had not faded in the slightest since his youth. He visited the Florentine
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2337:"CĂłsimo III Medici and the Portuguese Restoration: A Voyage to Portugal in 1668-1669"
2315:
1410:
1305:
1292:
1144:
1118:
1013:
968:
954:
885:
857:
790:
686:
533:
379:
342:
314:
159:
591:
5068:
5058:
5017:
4527:
4350:
4265:
4234:
4131:
4110:
2350:
2305:
869:
807:
782:
he was deemed unfit for torture, a four-month prison sentence was substituted. The
580:
525:
3145:
1056:
to read or teach, in public or in private, by writing or voice, the philosophy of
4929:
4913:
4345:
4054:
4031:
3324:
1281:
1246:
1227:
1139:
died in November 1700. His death, without any ostensible heir, brought about the
976:
Emperor, anxious to avoid friction, suggested that Anna Maria Luisa should marry
742:
647:
635:
497:
356:
264:
218:
1319:
1016:. The Grand Duke replied that if he did so France would send a naval fleet from
5053:
5048:
4871:
4766:
4725:
4577:
4330:
1518:
1347:
1309:
1130:
1094:
1005:
972:
963:
958:
874:
832:
758:
674:
670:
659:
595:
544:
432:
1262:. Two years later, Francesco Maria died, taking with him any hope of an heir.
802:, supported Cosimo's claim, not wanting to see Lorraine revert to France. The
524:. He reached Florence in May 1668. There he took in the paintor and architect
5102:
4643:
4464:
2843:
2319:
1335:
420:
310:
559:, where he stayed until March, visiting several villages and cities such as
5012:
4829:
4787:
4775:
4648:
4612:
3424:. Later generations are included but the grand duchy was abolished in 1860.
1213:
1179:
1029:
783:
766:
655:
651:
643:
623:
457:
272:
107:
551:, received him in a private interview. By January 1669, he had arrived in
390:, the fruit of his parents' brief reconciliation, was born the next year.
302:, in 1667, and Gian Gastone, the last Medicean ruler of Tuscany, in 1671.
5022:
4996:
4950:
4761:
4276:
4239:
3871:
639:
248:
4730:
603:
330:
4856:
4259:
4229:
4095:
3161:
1057:
908:, were sickly and unlikely to produce children. The main suitors were:
737:
Marguerite Louise feigned illness at the start of 1672: Louis XIV send
4715:
1312:
and the second wife of Philip V of Spain, as a great-granddaughter of
1147:, as Carlos's successor, whose administration refused to sanction the
583:. Of the various monuments, convents and churches visited, it was the
564:
263:
from 1670 until his death in 1723, the sixth and penultimate from the
4970:
4887:
4851:
1199:
1061:
860:. At first, he resisted, but then sent a consignment of munitions to
509:
452:
283:
492:
Rembrandt, Self-portrait, 1668–1669, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
1242:
1234:, an exorbitant sum; and to force Cosimo to recognise the Archduke
1231:
1175:
823:
772:
703:
512:, where he was well received by the art community, meeting painter
469:
286:. The marriage was solemnized by proxy in the King's Chapel at the
111:
4023:
5063:
3378:
2310:
2293:
1188:
1045:
1033:
1009:
861:
757:, France. The contract signed that day renounced her rights as a
607:
599:
588:
572:
517:
424:
213:
1389:
1276:
Without any ostensible heir, Cosimo contemplated restoring the
1226:, took to government with a burst of ebullience. Following the
1017:
924:
707:
678:
560:
287:
2381:"Survey of London: 'St. James's Square: No 31, Norfolk House'"
2298:
RiMe. Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea
719:
662:. In London, he stayed at St. Albans House as a guest of the
505:
364:
1393:
715:
935:. Choosing her would strengthen ties between France—where
880:
3291:
Western Hostility to Islam and Prophecies of Turkish Doom
419:, was married to Cosimo by proxy on 17 April 1661 at the
267:. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of
3147:"Habsburg, Maria Magdalena (Herzogin von Florenz)"
1497:
Cosimo III de' Medici, Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany
536:, who proceeded to document and describe their travels.
367:
Grand Duchess Vittoria opposed. The latter got her way.
351:
was born on 14 August 1642, the eldest surviving son of
3173:
3171:
3160:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 56 – via
3136:
3134:
3311:
Timeline of the events of Cosimo III's reign by Google
3071:
3069:
2275:
Moreira, LuĂs Miguel; Bandeira, Miguel Sopas (2019).
423:. She arrived in Tuscany on 12 June, disembarking at
3168:
3131:
3093:
3091:
1241:
The Grand Prince Ferdinando was grievously ill with
1194:
1155:
Gian Gastone was consuming money at a rapid pace in
1032:
recounts that a bale of wool "sent from Leghorn and
3483:
Prince Filippo "Filippino", Grand Prince of Tuscany
3153:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich
3066:
681:, Cosimo visited Louis XIV and his mother-in-law,
472:and decided to blame Cosimo for all her problems.
3114:
3112:
3088:
2898:
2896:
2767:
2765:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2541:
2539:
697:
374:As a youth, Cosimo revelled in sports. His uncle
46:Cosimo in granducal robes with Tuscan regalia by
5100:
3158:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire
2673:
2671:
1008:guaranteed the neutrality of the Tuscan port of
773:Persecution of Jews and the Lorrainer succession
3207:
3205:
3099:"Vittòria Della Rovere granduchessa di Toscana"
3078:"FERDINANDO II de' Medici, granduca di Toscana"
1652:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1342:(the Este lands) unacceptable. On 4 April 1718
502:Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Further Austria
361:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
335:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3416:Generations are numbered from the children of
3279:, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 1997
3180:"FEDERICO UBALDO Della Rovere, duca di Urbino"
3109:
2938:
2893:
2762:
2625:
2536:
1930:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1568:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1458:Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1434:Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
669:On the return, he travelled again through the
131:Pitti Palace, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4039:
3887:
3394:
2668:
3202:
2287:
2285:
2053:"COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana"
1836:Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino
1772:Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
916:(the heiress-apparent of Portugal), and the
309:, would not allow it because Tuscany was an
3121:"COSIMO II de' Medici, granduca di Toscana"
3023:
3021:
2737:
2735:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2365:
2363:
2259:
2257:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
1594:Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1100:
1083:
634:, for his father's perceived protection of
4429:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
4046:
4032:
3901:
3894:
3880:
3401:
3387:
2168:
2166:
1203:The Grand Duke in the latter years of life
1121:, after much persuasion, created Cosimo a
40:
3249:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance
2932:
2309:
2291:
2282:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2084:
765:. Cosimo granted her a pension of 80,000
3214:"CLAUDIA de' Medici, duchessa di Urbino"
3140:
3018:
2732:
2680:
2602:
2468:
2459:
2443:
2431:
2360:
2254:
2229:
1379:
1318:
1264:
1198:
1104:
992:
884:
856:requested Cosimo's participation in the
841:
817:
500:, where he was entertained by his aunt,
487:
479:
397:
329:
3211:
3177:
3118:
2163:
2050:
1072:. The same year, Dowager Grand Duchess
985:The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany.
881:Marriage of the Grand Prince Ferdinando
677:and his collection of insects. Passing
259:(14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was
27:Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1670 to 1723
14:
5101:
3652:Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary
3617:Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne
3075:
2413:Magalotti, Lorenzo, Conte, 1637-1712,
2095:
2081:
1909:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1667:
1557:
1553:
1478:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
1462:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
1091:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
4027:
3875:
3382:
2331:
2329:
2271:
2269:
1986:
1976:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1927:
1917:
1913:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1865:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1823:
1807:
1797:
1793:
1769:
1759:
1743:
1733:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1701:
1685:
1675:
1671:
1655:
1649:
1639:
1623:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1480:, a union that produced no children.
1350:(and later Austria) selected Infante
702:Ferdinando II died on 23 May 1670 of
325:
294:. Together, they had three children:
3640:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3499:Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3293:, Amer Philosophical Society, 1992,
3218:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
3184:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
3125:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
3082:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2378:
2057:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1125:, in order to allow him to view the
734:was born to the grand ducal couple.
658:; Cosimo bought a machine, built by
585:Monastery of Saint Denis of Odivelas
300:Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine
181:Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine
5124:18th-century grand dukes of Tuscany
5119:17th-century grand dukes of Tuscany
4053:
3722:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3561:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3556:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany
3452:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1421:Cosimo III had three children with
1413:upon Gian Gastone's death in 1737.
1375:
1269:The Electress Anna Maria Luisa, by
1222:, died in May 1705. His successor,
1109:Portrait of Gian Gastone de' Medici
1060:, or of atoms, or any save that of
475:
307:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
186:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany
176:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany
24:
4976:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
4808:Painters, sculptors and architects
3611:Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau
3437:Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3408:
2848:Scots in Italy in the 18th Century
2326:
2266:
1543:Ancestors of Cosimo III de' Medici
1123:Canon of Saint John in the Lateran
1093:, nominal heiress of the Duchy of
555:, being welcomed by the Court and
516:. From Amsterdam, he travelled to
25:
5170:
3705:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3535:Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3304:
1195:Tuscan succession and later years
946:
868:. They defeated the Turks at the
642:. He met with scientists such as
484:Cosimo around 1660, by Sustermans
5159:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
4881:Poets and other literary figures
4441:
3473:Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1504:
1474:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
1452:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
1358:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
1316:, exercised a claim to Tuscany.
978:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
3540:Francesco Maria, Duke of Rovere
3478:Cardinal Carlo, Bishop of Ostia
3251:, Vintage books, London, 2003,
3227:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2753:
2744:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2616:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2422:
2407:
2398:
2372:
2342:e-Journal of Portuguese History
2245:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2154:
2145:
1810:Francesco Maria II della Rovere
1260:the incumbent Duke of Guastalla
520:, where awaiting him was Queen
464:, in August 1667. The delicate
3634:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
3277:Rembrandt: The Painter at Work
3186:. Vol. 45. Archived from
3119:Guarini, Elena Fasano (1984).
2939:François Velde (4 July 2005).
2852:National Galleries of Scotland
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2072:
2063:
2051:Guarini, Elena Fasano (1984).
2044:
1324:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1289:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
698:Departure of Marguerite Louise
440:. Two more children followed:
13:
1:
5134:18th-century Italian nobility
5129:17th-century Italian nobility
5059:Stories set to music: "opera"
3863:* also an archduke of Austria
3593:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
3265:, Orion books, London, 1977,
2292:Cabeleira, JoĂŁo (June 2021).
1220:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1141:War of the Spanish Succession
854:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
800:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
320:
66:23 May 1670 – 31 October 1723
3076:Stumpo, Irene Cotta (1996).
2941:"The Grand-Duchy of Tuscany"
2038:
1534:
1438:Violante Beatrice of Bavaria
988:
813:
7:
4835:Michelangelo and the Medici
4679:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
4629:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
3658:Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
3519:Leopoldo, Governor of Siena
3237:, Macmillan, London, 1980,
2335:Radulet, Carmen M. (2003).
1444:Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
1423:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
504:. He took a barge down the
413:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
403:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
393:
337:, Cosimo III's father, and
280:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
153:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
10:
5175:
4902:Humanists and philosophers
4654:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
3828:Prince Franz Karl Salvator
3509:Mattias, Governor of Siena
3320:Cosimo III de' Medici
1903:
1787:
1714:Maria Magdalena of Austria
1661:
1555:
1483:
1078:Francesco Maria de' Medici
997:Cosimo III in old age, by
902:Francesco Maria de' Medici
864:, and offered to join the
837:Francesco Maria de' Medici
761:and with them the dignity
614:. From there they went to
388:Francesco Maria de' Medici
165:
5041:
5005:
4989:
4963:
4938:
4922:
4901:
4880:
4807:
4800:
4754:
4708:
4687:
4621:
4463:
4456:
4439:
4421:
4403:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
4395:
4364:
4248:
4222:
4201:
4153:
4130:
4086:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
4068:
4061:
3909:
3860:
3843:
3790:
3749:
3714:
3697:
3626:
3585:
3569:
3548:
3527:
3491:
3465:
3429:
3414:
3367:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3318:
1974:
1966:
1938:
1915:
1911:
1875:
1853:
1845:
1817:
1795:
1791:
1753:
1731:
1723:
1695:
1673:
1669:
1633:
1611:
1603:
1575:
1559:
1524:
1512:
1503:
1490:
1401:, the Medici necropolis.
1328:Johann Gottfried Auerbach
1171:, other Medici consorts.
892:, Cosimo's elder son, by
722:was virtually abandoned.
594:and to attend his famous
244:
234:
224:
212:
203:
198:
194:
158:
148:
135:
121:
94:
90:
80:
70:
62:
55:
39:
34:
5149:Grand princes of Tuscany
3757:Prince Leopold Ferdinand
3646:Charles, Duke of Teschen
3354:Ferdinando II de' Medici
3275:van de Wetering, Ernst:
3142:Wurzbach, Constantin von
2251:van de Wetering, p. 281.
1460:(b.1671 d.1737) married
1450:(b.1667 d.1743) married
1436:(b.1663 d.1713) married
1416:
1258:, the youngest child of
1101:Dawn of the 18th century
1084:Marriage of Gian Gastone
914:Isabel Luisa of Portugal
751:Villa di Poggio a Caiano
710:and was interred in the
692:
687:Lorenzo, Conte Magalotti
269:Grand Duke Ferdinando II
229:Ferdinando II de' Medici
5154:Italian Roman Catholics
4634:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
4365:Bishops and archbishops
3775:Prince Leopold Salvator
3763:Prince Joseph Ferdinand
3371:Gian Gastone de' Medici
3263:Florence and the Medici
1399:Basilica of San Lorenzo
912:, a Bavarian princess,
906:Gian Gastone de' Medici
848:National Gallery of Art
712:Basilica of San Lorenzo
602:by sea they arrived at
141:Basilica of San Lorenzo
48:Baldassare Franceschini
5144:Nobility from Florence
4981:Order of Saint Stephen
4862:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
4155:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
3903:Grand dukes of Tuscany
3834:Prince Hubert Salvator
3769:Prince Peter Ferdinand
3740:Prince Johann Salvator
3734:Prince Ludwig Salvator
3212:Benzoni, Gino (1982).
3178:Benzoni, Gino (1995).
2385:British History Online
1392:and the Archbishop of
1385:
1366:Order of Saint Stephen
1330:
1273:
1204:
1110:
1001:
897:
850:
827:
806:, which concluded the
683:Marguerite of Lorraine
493:
485:
409:
345:
116:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4781:Cappella dei Principi
4688:Fountains and gardens
4140:Alessandro "The Moor"
4122:Alessandro "The Moor"
3781:Prince Franz Salvator
3676:Prince Rainier Joseph
3599:Prince Charles Joseph
3504:Cardinal Giovan Carlo
3422:Grand Duke of Tuscany
3361:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1989:Christina of Lorraine
1894:Vittoria Della Rovere
1746:Maria Anna of Bavaria
1688:Charles II of Austria
1626:Christina of Lorraine
1425:, a granddaughter of
1383:
1322:
1314:Margherita de' Medici
1268:
1209:Convent of Saint Mark
1202:
1108:
996:
890:Ferdinando de' Medici
888:
845:
839:, Governor of Siena.
821:
759:Princess of the Blood
755:Convent of Montmartre
491:
483:
451:Ferdinando beseeched
415:, a granddaughter of
401:
353:Vittoria della Rovere
339:Vittoria Della Rovere
333:
292:Convent of Montmartre
261:Grand Duke of Tuscany
257:Cosimo III de' Medici
239:Vittoria Della Rovere
57:Grand Duke of Tuscany
4946:Emilio de' Cavalieri
4909:Pico della Mirandola
4867:Jacopo della Quercia
4842:Bernardo Buontalenti
4825:Filippo Brunelleschi
4815:Bartolomeo Ammannati
4664:Palazzo delle Vedove
4096:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
3810:Prince Leopold Maria
3728:Prince Karl Salvator
3418:Francesco de' Medici
3289:Setton, Kenneth M.:
3103:Enciclopedie on line
2506:Acton, pp. 133 – 135
1278:Republic of Florence
999:Jan Frans van Douven
804:Treaties of Nijmegen
547:, the disabled King
407:Louis-Édouard Rioult
405:, Cosimo's wife, by
4971:Medici coat of arms
4893:Niccolò Machiavelli
4356:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
3816:Prince Franz Joseph
3664:Prince Anton Victor
3054:Acton, pp. 275–276.
3036:Acton, pp. 272–273.
2970:Acton, pp. 255–256.
2825:Acton, pp. 223–224.
2515:Acton, pp. 140–141.
2347:University of Porto
1528:Your Royal Highness
1407:Chianti wine region
1362:Violante of Bavaria
1145:Philip, duc d'Anjou
1137:Charles II of Spain
967:from Spain and the
961:procured the style
910:Violante of Bavaria
522:Christina of Sweden
369:Volunnio Bandinelli
4700:Villa di Pratolino
4076:Cosimo "The Elder"
3190:on 30 October 2018
2920:Strathern, p. 400.
2854:, Edinburgh, p. 30
2798:Strathern, p. 394.
2069:Hale, pp. 185–186.
1957:Claudia de' Medici
1868:Livia della Rovere
1519:His Royal Highness
1448:Electress Palatine
1427:Henry IV of France
1386:
1370:Princess of Epinoy
1331:
1274:
1256:Eleanor of Gonzaga
1205:
1111:
1054:university at Pisa
1002:
983:His Royal Highness
918:Elector Palatine's
898:
851:
828:
779:Sexual intercourse
747:Villa di Pratolino
514:Rembrandt van Rijn
494:
486:
462:Electress Palatine
417:Henry IV of France
410:
346:
326:Heir to the throne
5094:
5093:
5033:Arazzeria Medicea
4959:
4958:
4847:Leonardo da Vinci
4820:Sandro Botticelli
4796:
4795:
4736:San Piero a Sieve
4437:
4436:
4336:Bernardo Salviati
4326:Giovanni Salviati
4132:Dukes of Florence
4091:Piero "The Brief"
4081:Piero "The Gouty"
4069:Lords of Florence
4021:
4020:
3970:Francesco Stefano
3869:
3868:
3442:Cardinal Giovanni
3377:
3376:
3368:Succeeded by
3299:978-0-87169-201-6
3285:978-90-5356-239-0
3257:978-0-09-952297-3
3247:Strathern, Paul:
2379:Sheppard, F H W.
2300:(in Portuguese).
2208:Acton, pp. 91–92.
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
1532:
1531:
1470:Violante Beatrice
1411:House of Lorraine
1346:, France and the
1308:, heiress to the
1306:Elisabeth Farnese
1165:Eleanor of Toledo
1149:Trattamento Reale
1119:Pope Innocent XII
969:Holy Roman Empire
955:Victor Amadeus II
937:Violante's sister
858:Great Turkish War
664:Earl of St Albans
534:Lorenzo Magalotti
349:Cosimo de' Medici
343:Justus Sustermans
341:, his mother, by
315:House of Lorraine
254:
253:
208:
207:
204:Cosimo de' Medici
16:(Redirected from
5166:
5069:Pazzi conspiracy
5028:Venus de' Medici
5018:Medici porcelain
4888:Agnolo Poliziano
4805:
4804:
4563:Poggio Imperiale
4461:
4460:
4451:
4445:
4377:Bernardo Antonio
4351:Ferrante Gonzaga
4202:Queens of France
4066:
4065:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4025:
4024:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3822:Prince Karl Pius
3798:Prince Gottfried
3514:Prince Francesco
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3351:Preceded by
3341:
3340:31 October 1723
3334:
3316:
3315:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3149:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2903:
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2879:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2678:
2675:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2441:
2438:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2358:
2351:Brown University
2333:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2304:(III): 113–144.
2289:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2093:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2048:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1376:Death and legacy
1352:Charles of Spain
1293:House of Austria
1006:United Provinces
870:Battle of Vienna
808:Franco-Dutch War
598:. After leaving
543:When he went to
526:Pier Maria Baldi
476:European travels
442:Anna Maria Luisa
196:
195:
169:
128:
104:
102:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5139:House of Medici
5099:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5037:
5001:
4985:
4955:
4934:
4930:Galileo Galilei
4918:
4914:Marsilio Ficino
4897:
4876:
4792:
4750:
4704:
4695:Medici fountain
4683:
4617:
4503:Poggio a Caiano
4452:
4447:
4446:
4433:
4417:
4391:
4360:
4346:Lorenzo Strozzi
4341:Niccolò Ridolfi
4321:Luigi de' Rossi
4315:
4308:Francesco Maria
4244:
4218:
4197:
4149:
4126:
4057:
4055:House of Medici
4052:
4022:
4017:
3905:
3900:
3870:
3865:
3856:
3844:13th generation
3839:
3791:12th generation
3786:
3750:11th generation
3745:
3715:10th generation
3710:
3693:
3688:Cardinal Rudolf
3622:
3581:
3565:
3544:
3523:
3487:
3461:
3425:
3410:
3407:
3373:
3364:
3356:
3335:
3333:14 August 1642
3329:
3328:
3325:House of Medici
3321:
3307:
3235:The Last Medici
3233:Acton, Harold:
3230:
3225:
3220:. Vol. 26.
3210:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3176:
3169:
3139:
3132:
3127:. Vol. 30.
3117:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3084:. Vol. 46.
3074:
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3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2943:. heraldica.org
2937:
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2594:
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2585:
2580:
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2571:
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2528:
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2519:
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2510:
2505:
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2483:
2478:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
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2334:
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2283:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2246:
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2230:
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2198:
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2180:
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2171:
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2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:. Vol. 30.
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
1537:
1514:Reference style
1496:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1419:
1378:
1282:Geertruidenberg
1247:Pope Clement XI
1228:Battle of Turin
1197:
1169:Isabella Orsini
1103:
1086:
991:
951:
941:Ferdinand Maria
894:Niccolò Cassana
883:
822:A contemporary
816:
775:
743:Anne of Austria
739:Alliot le Vieux
700:
695:
648:Henry Oldenburg
636:Galileo Galilei
618:, where he met
478:
396:
328:
323:
265:House of Medici
190:
163:
162:
144:
130:
126:
125:31 October 1723
106:
100:
98:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5054:Galilean moons
5051:
5049:Medici giraffe
5045:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
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4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4872:Giorgio Vasari
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4767:Medici Chapels
4764:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Palazzo Madama
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Montevettolini
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4331:Innocenzo Cybo
4328:
4323:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4007:
3995:
3986:Ferdinando III
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3851:Prince Dominic
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3698:9th generation
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3627:8th generation
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3586:7th generation
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3570:6th generation
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3549:5th generation
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3528:4th generation
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3492:3rd generation
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3466:2nd generation
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3430:1st generation
3427:
3426:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:Tuscan princes
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:Regnal titles
3343:
3342:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3305:External links
3303:
3302:
3301:
3287:
3273:
3259:
3245:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3201:
3167:
3144:, ed. (1861).
3130:
3108:
3087:
3065:
3063:Acton, p. 160.
3056:
3047:
3045:Acton, p. 272.
3038:
3029:
3027:Acton, p. 265.
3017:
3015:Acton, p. 175.
3008:
3006:Acton, p. 267.
2999:
2997:Acton, p. 262.
2990:
2988:Acton, p. 261.
2981:
2972:
2963:
2961:Acton, p. 255.
2954:
2931:
2929:Acton, p. 254.
2922:
2913:
2904:
2902:Acton, p. 244.
2892:
2890:Acton, p. 243.
2883:
2874:
2872:Acton, p. 239.
2865:
2863:Acton, p. 240.
2856:
2844:Skinner, Basil
2836:
2834:Acton, p. 234.
2827:
2818:
2816:Acton, p. 233.
2809:
2807:Acton, p. 232.
2800:
2791:
2789:Acton, p. 224.
2782:
2780:Acton, p. 221.
2773:
2771:Acton, p. 208.
2761:
2759:Acton, p. 197.
2752:
2750:Acton, p. 194.
2743:
2741:Acton, p. 192.
2731:
2729:Acton, p. 204.
2722:
2720:Acton, p. 203.
2713:
2711:Acton, p. 185.
2704:
2702:Acton, p. 184.
2695:
2693:Acton, p. 183.
2679:
2667:
2665:Acton, p. 182.
2658:
2656:Acton, p. 181.
2649:
2647:Acton, p. 172.
2640:
2638:Acton, p. 162.
2624:
2622:Acton, p. 201.
2615:
2613:Acton, p. 159.
2601:
2599:Acton, p. 157.
2592:
2590:Acton, p. 155.
2583:
2581:Acton, p. 154.
2574:
2572:Acton, p. 152.
2565:
2563:Acton, p. 149.
2556:
2554:Acton, p. 151.
2547:
2545:Acton, p. 143.
2535:
2533:Acton, p. 142.
2526:
2524:Acton, p. 141.
2517:
2508:
2499:
2497:Acton, p. 122.
2490:
2488:Acton, p. 121.
2481:
2479:Acton, p. 115.
2467:
2465:Acton, p. 114.
2458:
2456:Acton, p. 113.
2442:
2440:Acton, p. 112.
2430:
2428:Acton, p. 108.
2421:
2406:
2404:Acton, p. 105.
2397:
2371:
2369:Acton, p. 104.
2359:
2325:
2281:
2265:
2263:Acton, p. 102.
2253:
2244:
2242:Acton, p. 103.
2228:
2219:
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1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1482:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1441:
1418:
1415:
1377:
1374:
1348:Dutch Republic
1310:Duchy of Parma
1196:
1193:
1184:John Alexander
1131:Francis Xavier
1102:
1099:
1095:Saxe-Lauenburg
1085:
1082:
990:
987:
973:House of Savoy
964:Royal Highness
950:
948:Royal Highness
945:
882:
879:
875:Gilbert Burnet
833:Francesco Redi
815:
812:
789:Meanwhile, in
774:
771:
763:Royal Highness
699:
696:
694:
691:
675:Jan Swammerdam
671:Dutch Republic
660:Samuel Morland
592:AntĂłnio Vieira
477:
474:
433:Wars of Castro
395:
392:
327:
324:
322:
319:
284:Louis XIV
282:, a cousin of
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:
192:
191:
189:
188:
183:
178:
172:
170:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
139:
137:
133:
132:
129:(aged 81)
123:
119:
118:
105:14 August 1642
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
85:Gian Gastone I
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5171:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5097:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:Palazzo Pitti
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:Cerreto Guidi
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Collesalvetti
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4449:Festina Lente
4444:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:(Clement VII)
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Ferdinando II
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:(Clement VII)
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4014:
4011:
4010:Ferdinando IV
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:Ferdinando II
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:Prince Rainer
3802:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3457:Prince Pietro
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Prince Garzia
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:1-84212-456-0
3268:
3264:
3261:Hale, J. R.:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:0-333-29315-0
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2942:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2887:
2881:Hale, p. 186.
2878:
2869:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2677:Hale, p. 187.
2674:
2672:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2226:Acton, p. 94.
2223:
2217:Acton, p. 93.
2214:
2205:
2199:Hale, p. 181.
2196:
2190:Acton, p. 86.
2187:
2181:Hale, p. 180.
2178:
2172:Acton, p. 73.
2169:
2167:
2160:Acton, p. 71.
2157:
2151:Acton, p. 70.
2148:
2142:Acton, p. 62.
2139:
2133:Acton, p. 46.
2130:
2124:Acton, p. 164
2121:
2115:Acton, p. 160
2112:
2106:Acton, p. 45.
2103:
2101:
2099:
2092:Acton, p. 44.
2089:
2087:
2085:
2078:Acton, p. 25.
2075:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Great Britain
1341:
1337:
1336:House of Este
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
995:
986:
984:
979:
974:
970:
966:
965:
960:
956:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
891:
887:
878:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
849:
844:
840:
838:
834:
825:
820:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
785:
780:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
690:
689:(1637–1712).
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
589:Jesuit Priest
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
490:
482:
473:
471:
467:
466:rapprochement
463:
459:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
428:
426:
422:
421:Louvre Palace
418:
414:
408:
404:
400:
391:
389:
384:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
340:
336:
332:
318:
316:
312:
311:imperial fief
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
217:
215:
211:
202:
197:
193:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
171:
168:
167:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
75:Ferdinando II
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5096:
5013:Medici lions
4990:Institutions
4830:Michelangelo
4788:Old Sacristy
4776:New Sacristy
4649:Villa Medici
4573:L'Ambrogiana
4558:Arena Metato
4448:
4408:Don Giovanni
4316:
4298:Giovan Carlo
4288:Ferdinando I
4255:
4193:Gian Gastone
4187:
4173:Ferdinando I
4012:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3962:Gian Gastone
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3930:Ferdinando I
3924:
3916:
3862:
3682:Prince Louis
3576:
3359:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3290:
3276:
3262:
3248:
3234:
3228:Bibliography
3217:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3183:
3157:
3151:
3124:
3102:
3081:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2755:
2746:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2618:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2461:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2374:
2354:
2349:(Portugal);
2340:
2311:10.7410/1479
2301:
2297:
2247:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2046:
1771:
1525:Spoken style
1495:
1467:
1420:
1403:
1387:
1356:
1332:
1300:
1297:
1287:
1275:
1252:
1240:
1218:
1214:Saint Joseph
1206:
1180:John Smibert
1173:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1135:
1126:
1114:
1112:
1087:
1069:
1066:
1050:old republic
1043:
1038:
1030:Harold Acton
1026:
1003:
982:
962:
952:
947:
922:
899:
852:
829:
788:
776:
762:
736:
732:Gian Gastone
727:
724:
701:
668:
656:Robert Boyle
652:Isaac Newton
644:Robert Hooke
624:Samuel Pepys
542:
538:
495:
465:
458:Pitti Palace
450:
446:Gian Gastone
444:in 1667 and
429:
411:
385:
373:
348:
347:
304:
277:
273:Gian Gastone
256:
255:
164:
127:(1723-10-31)
108:Pitti Palace
29:
5114:1723 deaths
5109:1642 births
5023:Medici Vase
4997:Medici Bank
4951:Jacopo Peri
4771:San Lorenzo
4762:Magi Chapel
4396:Condottieri
4317:female line
4235:Clement VII
4168:Francesco I
4005:(1849–1859)
4001:(1824–1849)
3998:Leopoldo II
3993:(1814–1824)
3989:(1790–1801)
3981:(1765–1790)
3973:(1737-1765)
3965:(1723–1737)
3957:(1670–1723)
3949:(1621–1670)
3941:(1609–1621)
3933:(1587–1609)
3925:(1574-1587)
3922:Francesco I
3917:(1569–1574)
3670:Prince John
3105:. Treccani.
2979:Acton, p256
1464:, no issue.
1454:, no issue;
1440:, no issue;
1133:'s bowels.
1127:Volto Santo
920:daughters.
866:Holy League
784:antisemitic
640:Inquisition
530:chamberlain
278:He married
249:Catholicism
71:Predecessor
5103:Categories
5074:Savonarola
4923:Scientists
4857:Michelozzo
4709:Fortresses
4553:Marignolle
4533:Camugliano
4528:La Petraia
4523:Spedaletto
4513:Mezzomonte
4473:Cafaggiolo
4277:Alessandro
4188:Cosimo III
4106:Lorenzo II
3978:Leopoldo I
3954:Cosimo III
3365:1670–1723
3194:30 October
3162:Wikisource
2911:Acton, 245
1271:van Douven
1070:de Castris
1058:Democritus
620:Charles II
549:Charles II
438:Ferdinando
376:Gian Carlo
321:Early life
296:Ferdinando
101:1642-08-14
35:Cosimo III
18:Cosimo III
5079:TV series
4939:Musicians
4852:Donatello
4801:Patronage
4608:Seravezza
4543:La Topaia
4493:La Quiete
4457:Buildings
4422:Genealogy
4313:Francesco
4256:male line
4249:Cardinals
4178:Cosimo II
3938:Cosimo II
3605:Leopold I
2947:19 August
2320:2035-794X
2039:Citations
1535:Ancestors
1492:Styles of
1232:doubloons
1062:Aristotle
989:1691–1694
814:1679–1685
795:Charles V
638:from the
632:Cambridge
604:La Coruña
510:Amsterdam
453:Louis XIV
448:in 1671.
298:in 1663,
143:, Tuscany
81:Successor
50:, 1676–77
5084:episodes
4964:Heraldry
4746:Volterra
4726:Piombino
4721:Grosseto
4674:Materdei
4598:Artimino
4578:La MĂ gia
4508:Castello
4382:Giuliano
4303:Leopoldo
4283:Giovanni
4279:(Leo XI)
4272:Ippolito
4260:Giovanni
4209:Caterina
4163:Cosimo I
4145:Cosimo I
4117:Ippolito
4101:Giuliano
3914:Cosimo I
3420:, first
2846:(1966),
2390:6 August
1243:syphilis
1224:Joseph I
1191:to him.
1178:artists
1176:Scottish
1161:poisoned
1074:Vittoria
929:Peter II
791:Lorraine
728:Consulta
718:, while
704:apoplexy
569:Santarém
557:Peter II
553:Portugal
470:smallpox
394:Marriage
245:Religion
112:Florence
5064:Albizzi
5042:Related
4755:Chapels
4731:Pistoia
4659:Livorno
4622:Palaces
4588:Coltano
4583:Liliano
4568:Lapeggi
4538:Stabbia
4488:Fiesole
4483:Careggi
4478:Trebbio
4413:Mattias
4372:Filippo
4262:(Leo X)
2353:(USA).
1484:Honours
1236:Charles
1189:Raphael
1157:Bohemia
1046:Jesuits
1039:Stinche
1034:Cortona
1014:Austria
1010:Livorno
933:Bavaria
862:Trieste
824:piastra
616:England
612:Ireland
608:Kinsale
600:Caminha
573:Coimbra
565:SetĂşbal
518:Hamburg
425:Livorno
380:Luchese
4716:Arezzo
4613:Madama
4518:Agnano
4465:Villas
4387:Zanobi
4266:Giulio
4240:Leo XI
4111:Giulio
4062:People
4013:(1859)
4003:&
3991:&
3336:
3297:
3283:
3269:
3255:
3241:
2318:
1390:nuncio
1340:Modena
1018:Toulon
925:Lisbon
767:livres
708:dropsy
679:Aachen
654:, and
628:Oxford
596:masses
561:Lisbon
359:, and
357:Urbino
288:Louvre
235:Mother
225:Father
219:Medici
166:Detail
149:Spouse
136:Burial
4741:Siena
4293:Carlo
4230:Leo X
4223:Popes
4214:Maria
3338:Died:
3331:Born:
3156:[
1991:(= 9)
1932:(= 8)
1417:Issue
1326:, by
1115:royal
1022:Italy
959:Savoy
953:Duke
720:Siena
693:Reign
581:Viana
577:Rates
545:Spain
528:as a
506:Rhine
498:Tyrol
365:pious
214:House
199:Names
160:Issue
63:Reign
4669:Pisa
4603:Buti
3577:None
3295:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3253:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3196:2018
2949:2009
2392:2020
2357:(2).
2316:ISSN
1987:15.
1928:14.
1866:13.
1808:12.
1744:11.
1686:10.
1394:Pisa
1182:and
1174:The
1167:and
904:and
716:Pisa
706:and
630:and
579:and
122:Died
95:Born
5006:Art
2306:doi
1955:7.
1892:3.
1834:6.
1770:1.
1712:5.
1650:2.
1624:9.
1592:4.
1566:8.
1301:all
1216:".
1064:."
957:of
508:to
355:of
5105::
4769:,
4319::
4258::
3216:.
3204:^
3182:.
3170:^
3150:.
3133:^
3123:.
3111:^
3101:.
3090:^
3080:.
3068:^
3020:^
2895:^
2850:,
2764:^
2734:^
2682:^
2670:^
2627:^
2604:^
2538:^
2470:^
2445:^
2433:^
2383:.
2362:^
2345:.
2339:.
2328:^
2314:.
2296:.
2284:^
2268:^
2256:^
2231:^
2165:^
2097:^
2083:^
2055:.
1446:,
1429::
1372:.
1163:"
1080:.
793:,
741:,
666:.
650:,
646:,
622:.
610:,
575:,
571:,
567:,
563:,
317:.
275:.
114:,
110:,
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4040:t
4033:v
3895:e
3888:t
3881:v
3853:*
3836:*
3830:*
3824:*
3818:*
3812:*
3806:*
3800:*
3783:*
3777:*
3771:*
3765:*
3759:*
3742:*
3736:*
3730:*
3724:*
3707:*
3690:*
3684:*
3678:*
3672:*
3666:*
3660:*
3654:*
3648:*
3642:*
3636:*
3619:*
3613:*
3607:*
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20:)
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