1138:
anti-corruption measure but as a means of maintaining the ruling party's advantage. Indeed, the new rules were used largely to intimidate the opposition. Also, some contributions during the 2012 election cycle that were nominally made by individuals were, in fact, corporate donations in disguise. In addition, there are indications that campaign donations made by persons representing companies with government contracts were essentially kickbacks. Contribution disclosure rules were later introduced to address this issue, but the State Audit Office seems insufficiently able to willing to do its part to ensure compliance with the new rules.
1056:, which scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"), Georgia scored 53 . When ranked by score, Georgia ranked 49th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, Georgia, followed by Armenia with a score of 47. The average score in the region was 35 and the lowest score was 18.
2355:
1129:, Ron Fuchs and Ze'ev Frenkiel, were imprisoned for offering a bribe to the Prime Minister, but were pardoned later that year, supposedly for humanitarian reasons. On the same day that the pardon was made public, the Ministry of Justice announced a settlement with their firm, Tramex, that involved a $ 73 million reduction in an arbitration award against Georgia. The timing was viewed as suspicious, but the government insisted it was purely coincidental.
1046:
corruption, TI Georgia noted that some executive agencies were insufficiently accountable and transparent, that news media had not devoted enough resources to investigating corruption, and that the country's 2010 anti-corruption policy lacked a coherent framework based on a thorough analysis of the challenges. TI Georgia also charged the Anti-Corruption
Council, created in 2008, with poor monitoring and evaluation of the plan's implementation.
41:
1038:. In that year, 60% of respondents expected corruption levels to decrease during the next three years. In 2005, however, that figure dropped to 38%. The government's "zero-tolerance" policy has dramatically changed the situation, leaving the country tied with most advanced European nations in all governance indicator. The country has routinely seen impressive results in varying governance indicators.
1213:
have been able to use their position to benefit their firms. In addition, according to a 2013 report, the owners of some companies have been forced, on occasion, to make gifts to the government, or even relinquish ownership of the business. Also, the extensive process of privatizing state assets has been lacking in transparency, and has in many cases been conducted under "suspicious circumstances."
1042:
maintaining instead that there was a shift from "rampant petty bribery to more clientelistic forms of corruption." Indeed, according to some sources, many forms of corruption have remained common in
Georgia. For example, executive power, combined with a weak judiciary and media, make abuse of power at every level of government a possibility and allow top officials to operate with near impunity.
1276:, is that "eadership and political will are all important," as is "establishing early credibility." Ending corruption in Georgia was part of an almost-libertarian effort to minimize the size of the state, creating fewer opportunities for graft. The young and largely western-educated new staff of the government receives a high enough salary to dissuade the temptation of corruption.
1263:. Since 2004, Georgia had made tremendous progress in the clampdown on corruption and reinstatement of good governance. The total dissolution of the corrupt traffic police in 2004 and the establishment of the Anti-Corruption Interagency Council in 2008 were successful examples of the reform. Low-level corruption has been virtually eliminated in recent years. Both the OECD and the
1209:
has been greatly improved in recent years owing to the introduction of comparatively low income taxes and more liberal regulation. There are, however, several issues that companies have to deal with, such as the lack of judicial independence, the lack of enforcement of intellectual property rights, and selective enforcement of economic law.
1268:
number of important anti-corruption recommendations which concern such issues as anti-corruption policy planning, enforcement of anti-corruption laws, independence of civil servants, judicial reform and reform of the law enforcement agencies, freedom of information and prevention of corruption in the public procurement process."
1216:
It is believed that some firms have been awarded government contracts in return for campaign donations to the incumbent party, and have been discouraged for contributing to the opposition. As a result of such practices, the ruling party's campaign coffers have been 10 to 20 times larger than those of
1168:
According to one respected source, corruption is not a major problem in the judicial sector. Transparency
International has stated that while bribery is, in fact, rare in the Georgian judiciary, judges are widely viewed by the Georgian people as corrupt. In 2013, for example, 51% of respondents said
988:
said that "Georgia's experience shows that the vicious cycle of endemic corruption can be broken and, with appropriate and decisive reforms, can be turned into a virtuous cycle." Georgia is "the only post-Soviet state in the past decade to have made a breakthrough" in addressing corruption, according
1295:
Georgia's strong civil-society organizations, while underfunded and dependent almost totally on foreign aid, have played a role in encouraging anti-corruption reforms, such as promoting improvements in campaign-finance law, and in monitoring fulfillment of the country's international anti-corruption
1220:
In 2013, Transparency
International identified three "problematic" issues connection with doing business in Georgia: "the significant shadow economy, preferential treatment in contract awarding, and the lack of transparency in the wave of privatisation." In 2008, 52% of companies told the World Bank
1208:
has stated that corruption constitutes a low risk for companies looking to do business in
Georgia and that it is easier to start a business than in almost any other nation, due to the increased transparency and efficiency in receiving licenses and permits. Indeed, the business environment in Georgia
1195:
The media are one sector in which opportunities for corruption have risen under
Saakashvili. His regime has been behind the takeover of leading media by loyal business interests, as a result of which criticism of the authorities has "gradually disappeared" from TV, along with investigative programs.
1121:
Before 2003, virtually any government transaction required some amount of bribe for processing. Nearly all bureaucrats and officials were said to abuse their power for personal gain. In 2013, the percentage of respondents to the Global
Corruption Survey who said they had a bribe for public services
1212:
There continues to be an overlap between government and business interests. Many persons with close government ties have become very rich, many public officials have acquired sizable fortunes shortly after leaving government service, and some wealthy businessmen who have been elected to parliament
1182:
could pay up to a $ 30,000 bribe to ensure admission and get the highest grades. This changed in 2002, when the World Bank instituted a
National Assessment and Examinations Center that developed rigorous assessment examinations. Consequently, students who have taken the exams over the last decade,
1283:
The State Audit Office (SAO) is responsible for reviewing public spending, but it lacks resources to audit in sufficient depth and has been too closely tied to the political establishment. In 2012, the SAO did not enforce campaign-finance rules objectively. In fact, the SAO's head and deputy head
1271:
The World Bank, for example, attributed
Georgia's success at fighting corruption to the following factors: "exercising strong political will; establishing credibility early; launching a frontal assault; attracting new staff; limiting the state's role; adopting unconventional methods; coordinating
1103:
There is relatively little corruption in the taxation system. Only rarely are companies asked to pay bribes or extra payments in connection with taxes. Tax officials are, however, subject to a degree of executive interference. Supporters of opposition parties, for instance, have been known to be
1068:
Transparency
International has identified the government's influence on regulatory bodies as opening up opportunities for corruption. The National Communications Commission has been charged with selectively enforcing regulations, for example in awarding and denying broadcast licenses, and has not
996:
Council of Europe's Group of States Against Corruption in its fourth evaluation round noted that Georgia has largely succeeded in eradicating petty corruption, however it is also argued that corruption has changed shape in Georgia in recent years. For example, a 'clientelistic system' has emerged
1045:
Moreover, while Transparency International Georgia's 2011 National Integrity System Assessment credited the post-2004 reforms with making the executive branch and law enforcement stronger and more efficient, as well as with strengthening the fight against petty bribery and certain other types of
1287:
The State Procurement and Competition Agency, which coordinates and monitors public contracts, has also been praised for its transparent approach to public procurement. Since 2013, Georgia has published online all public contracts, with a few exempted for national security reasons or because of
1267:
praised Georgia's unique success in combating corruption. But later (2017â2019) the reports from OECD showed that Georgia has stalled its efforts in reducing corruption and implementing recommendations. Transparency International noted in 2019 that "the Government of Georgia has not fulfilled a
1076:
The legislature and judiciary, as well as the media and civil society, are weak in comparison to the executive. Transparency and accountability are weaker in local Georgian governments than in the national government. Unsalaried city council members are exempt from integrity rules that apply to
1072:
Furthermore, the oversight of the public budget is weak, and as of 2011 the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and other government bodies had yet to institute internal auditing. TI Georgia has criticized the Ministry of Internal Affairs for excessive surveillance of private
1064:
Thanks to strong enforcement, low-level civil-service graft has all but disappeared since Saakashvili became president. To be sure, some government funds, such as the president's funds, continue to operate with insufficient accountability. Bonuses are paid by government agencies on an arbitrary
1041:
The Saakashvili government's efforts all but eliminated petty corruption in the public sector, particularly in the police department, tax collection administration, customs bureau, public services, and education sectors. However, some critics dispute the claim that corruption was eliminated,
1137:
Experts say that the government exerts "undue influence" on the electorate, with state officials inappropriately using official resources to influence voters. Before the 2012 parliamentary elections, campaign contributions by corporations were made illegal, but this move was viewed not as an
1291:
The improvement of law enforcement since 2004 has had a significant impact on anti-corruption efforts. According to the 2011 National Integrity System Assessment, law-enforcement agencies are among Georgia's strongest institutions, although the assessment also criticized these agencies' low
1094:
were sold at auction, the winner of the auction, who had no background in telecommunications, was selected beforehand. Also, firms with ties to a former defense minister were granted exclusive rights to outdoor advertising in the capital and a license to run the national lottery. Also, some
1279:
The Interagency Council for Combating Corruption, formed in 2008, consists of members of various government agencies, civil-society groups, and business associations, and is responsible for coordinating, strategizing, and monitoring the fight against corruption. The Ministry of Justice's
1085:
There is little corruption in the public procurement sector. Despite a highly transparent system procurement, certain exceptions and loopholes make no-bid state contracts possible. As of 2012, indeed, 45% of state contracts were awarded without a bidding process taking place.
977:(TI) said that Georgia was "the best corruption-buster in the world." While low-level corruption had earlier been largely eliminated, Transparency International Georgia since 2020 has also documented dozens of cases of high-level corruption that remain to be prosecuted.
1112:
Corruption is rare in the customs service. A 2014 report noted that Georgia had reduced the number of customs facilities and simplified the procedures for clearance, so that importing and exporting involve fewer documents and less expense than elsewhere in the region.
1065:
basis. A 2011 report indicated that political leaders have used public resources to maintain their party's rule of the political system. Also, strong patronage networks endure, and it is common for public officials to blend their position with private enterprise.
1017:
won 96% of the vote in the 2004 elections, he instituted drastic anti-corruption reforms. This including firing the entire Ministry of Education staff. Georgia adopted the anti-corruption mechanisms of nations with successful anti-corruption efforts, such as
1030:
police training. As part of the post-revolutionary effort to crack down on corruption, films showing the arrests of senior government officials on corruption charges were broadcast to the public in order to make clear the seriousness of the effort.
1089:
Moreover, licenses in certain sectors have been awarded under less than fully competitive and transparent conditions. One such sector is mining. Another is media. For example, when the management rights for a TV broadcasting tower in
1095:
state-owned assets have been sold without competitive bidding, sometimes for less than market value. Similarly, in 2011, the Tbilisi City Hall awarded management rights to a public park to a firm owned by a City Council member.
1177:
After the recession of the early 1990s, professors were earning so little that they required bribes to get by. Usually, they supplemented their income by charging "fees" for admissions exams, as a result of which applicants to
1159:
is not a major problem in Georgia. Corruption among traffic police was a major problem before the Rose Revolution; after Saakashvili became president, 16,000 traffic police officers were fired quickly and unceremoniously.
1312:
Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
1461:
1272:
closely; tailoring international experience to local conditions; harnessing technology; using communications strategically." The lesson of Georgia's success at fighting corruption, according to
1280:
effectiveness is considered questionable because of limited resources. The Internal Affairs Ministry's Anti-Corruption Department, formed in 2012, is responsible for fighting corruption.
1005:
As recently as 2003, according to the World Bank, corruption was an everyday part of Georgian life, with citizens reporting bribery as a regular occurrence. That changed with the 2003
3343:
3358:
3310:
1934:
1806:
3315:
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that they had been obliged to compete with unregistered companies for government contracts. As of 2013, bribery was still a factor in the awarding of government contracts.
3320:
1745:
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resigned from the SAO to run as ruling-party candidates for parliament in that year. On the other hand, the current SAO head has no links to the new ruling government.
3237:
3348:
3368:
3353:
3300:
3338:
985:
3045:
1882:
3363:
3192:
939:
3182:
1543:
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complained in 2012 about new limits on political contributions that sought to curb the influence of Georgia's richest man and an opponent of the government,
1169:
the judiciary was corrupt or extremely corrupt. The Prosecutor's Office no longer has the strong influence over the judiciary that it enjoyed before 2012.
1049:
In 2013, the World Bank described Georgia's underground economy as the world's largest relative to the scale of the country's official economic activity.
1857:
1965:
213:
1575:
1411:
17:
2588:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2211:
2435:
1346:
163:
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1978:
1832:
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932:
1668:
2400:
1810:
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was among the most corrupt nations in Eurasia. The level of corruption abated dramatically, however, after the revolution. In 2010,
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3405:
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2323:
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specific exceptions, such as that applied to Georgian Railways. Critics of proposed procurement contracts can file appeals online.
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2659:
2451:
1906:
1440:
1515:
3425:
3019:
2847:
2634:
2445:
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1958:
1034:
In 2004, Georgia's corruption perception score improved more dramatically than that of any other country, as measured by TI's
3430:
3415:
3145:
2823:
2675:
2339:
1326:
925:
640:
153:
997:
where the country's leadership 'allocates resources in order to generate the loyalty and support it needs to stay in power.
3075:
2802:
2573:
2425:
2313:
585:
2440:
2430:
143:
2415:
2390:
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2257:
1331:
148:
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enforced the rule against government bodies with broadcast licences or government bodies that sponsor media entities.
3435:
2912:
2834:
2707:
2561:
2541:
2226:
2107:
1951:
1746:"CPI 2023 for Eastern Europe & Central Asia: Autocracy & weak justice systems enabling widespread corruption"
1393:
1336:
158:
3384:
3282:
3095:
2624:
2566:
755:
600:
1907:"Anti-Corruption Reforms in Georgia: Pilot 5th Round of Monitoring Under the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan"
3120:
2869:
2782:
2583:
2556:
2502:
2277:
2164:
2154:
1938:
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commitments. TI Georgia has praised the Civil Service Bureau (CSB) for improving the system of asset disclosure.
1205:
781:
223:
3410:
2842:
2669:
2546:
2363:
2242:
909:
690:
3445:
3207:
3202:
2807:
2529:
685:
680:
499:
1013:, and which is widely considered a reaction to the corruption and poor governance under Shevardnadze. After
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2690:
2664:
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1986:
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1053:
2649:
2639:
2375:
2318:
2149:
2127:
2006:
1035:
243:
3012:
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2812:
2787:
2308:
2061:
1356:
974:
539:
308:
298:
3267:
2917:
2598:
2578:
2216:
2189:
1883:"Georgia's stalling anti-corruption reforms: unfulfilled recommendations of the Istanbul Action Plan"
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1073:
electronic communications and for placing its officers illegally in independent government agencies.
904:
807:
745:
509:
489:
359:
313:
208:
1858:"Georgia Failed to Implement Most of the Anti-Corruption Recommendations Issued by OECD-ACN in 2017"
3197:
3177:
3157:
3060:
2986:
2629:
2328:
2174:
2132:
2117:
2051:
1788:
1179:
797:
675:
665:
544:
524:
464:
459:
409:
379:
369:
3172:
2932:
2654:
2179:
2102:
2011:
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883:
838:
822:
660:
514:
504:
424:
268:
65:
3252:
3247:
3222:
3080:
2077:
1010:
868:
858:
817:
730:
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590:
529:
494:
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343:
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233:
198:
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3277:
3227:
3187:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3085:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3005:
2184:
878:
863:
843:
750:
710:
670:
635:
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549:
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374:
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328:
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228:
120:
100:
3305:
3272:
3262:
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3162:
3130:
3115:
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2087:
848:
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771:
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534:
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404:
389:
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338:
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1516:"Alleged Cases of the High-Level Corruption â A Periodically Updated List - 13 July, 2023"
8:
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2247:
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2097:
2001:
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853:
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419:
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318:
283:
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238:
218:
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2169:
2159:
2122:
2092:
2082:
873:
802:
434:
429:
203:
80:
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in 2015, owe their success to their thorough education and not any patronage systems.
2862:
2857:
2753:
2722:
2354:
2196:
2137:
2112:
2041:
1974:
1833:"The Government of Georgia reduces its efforts to implement OECD-ACN Recommendations"
1719:
1489:
1405:
1256:
1156:
970:
2922:
2727:
2702:
2410:
2303:
2021:
2016:
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Economic reform and anti-corruption were placed at the top political agenda of the
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2056:
1234:
1230:
1006:
960:
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70:
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2774:
2732:
2644:
2515:
1244:
115:
75:
1875:
2927:
2760:
2712:
956:
2897:
1694:"The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated"
90:
85:
2997:
2939:
1264:
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984:
called Georgia a "unique success" of the world in fighting corruption.
981:
105:
1462:"Fighting Corruption in Public Services Chronicling Georgia's Reforms"
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2385:
1341:
2907:
2510:
1943:
1544:"Georgia's Fight Against Corruption in Public Services Wins Praise"
125:
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1027:
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1495:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
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1023:
1019:
1899:
1490:"Second Round of Monitoring Georgia Monitoring report"
1669:
Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Georgia
1392:
Berglund, Christopher; Engvall, Johan (Sep 3, 2015).
1809:. Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from
3397:
1507:
1394:"How Georgia Stamped Out Corruption on Campus"
3013:
1959:
933:
1720:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Georgia"
1576:"Georgia National Integrity Assessment 2015"
1441:"Lessons from Georgia's fight against graft"
1410:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1347:United Nations Convention against Corruption
164:United Nations Convention against Corruption
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1362:Environmental issues in Georgia (country)
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1887:áĄááá ááášáá ááĄá ááááááá áááááá - áĄáá„áá ááááá
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1667:Urushadze, Erekle (20 November 2013).
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1514:Transparency International - Georgia.
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3001:
1947:
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1327:International Anti-Corruption Academy
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1052:In Transparency International's 2023
154:International Anti-Corruption Academy
1973:
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1674:(Report). Transparency International
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1562:"Fourth Evaluation Round on Georgia"
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1259:government led by former President
144:International Anti-Corruption Court
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3421:Crime in Georgia (country) by type
2258:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
1332:Group of States Against Corruption
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149:Group of States Against Corruption
25:
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2108:Unification of the Georgian realm
1928:
1479:
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1337:International Anti-Corruption Day
159:International Anti-Corruption Day
2353:
2227:Absorption by the Russian Empire
214:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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3441:Government of Georgia (country)
3406:Corruption in Georgia (country)
1939:Business Anti-Corruption Portal
1793:Business Anti-Corruption Portal
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1686:
1306:
1206:Business Anti-Corruption Portal
18:Corruption in Georgia (country)
2243:Democratic Republic of Georgia
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1125:In 2011, two businessmen from
955:had been an issue in the post-
13:
1:
3426:Politics of Georgia (country)
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1000:
3431:Society of Georgia (country)
3416:Economy of Georgia (country)
2503:Russian-occupied territories
2334:Timeline of Georgian history
1807:"Georgia Profile Corruption"
1352:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
1217:all other parties combined.
1172:
1163:
1132:
1104:harassed by the tax police.
1054:Corruption Perceptions Index
7:
1789:"Georgia Corruption Report"
1320:
1199:
1098:
1036:Global Corruption Barometer
10:
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2062:Christianization of Iberia
1935:Georgia Corruption Profile
1357:Transparency International
1228:
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975:Transparency International
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2217:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
2190:Principality of Mingrelia
2070:
1994:
1985:
1151:
959:decades. Before the 2003
3436:Law of Georgia (country)
2471:Administrative divisions
2212:Shah Abbas I's invasions
2175:Principality of Abkhazia
2118:First Kingdom of Kakheti
1299:
1190:
1180:Tbilisi State University
2180:Principality of Svaneti
2103:Kingdom of the Iberians
2007:ShulaveriâShomu culture
1251:Anti-corruption efforts
66:Economics of corruption
3076:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2078:Principality of Iberia
1011:President Shevardnadze
586:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3411:Corruption by country
2222:1795 Persian Invasion
2185:Principality of Guria
1077:national officials.
980:In January 2012, the
953:Corruption in Georgia
172:Corruption by country
121:State-corporate crime
101:Pyrrhic defeat theory
3446:Corruption in Europe
3028:Corruption in Europe
2818:World Heritage Sites
2401:Environmental issues
33:Political corruption
3292:States with limited
2268:Independent Georgia
2098:Kingdom of Abkhazia
2012:KuraâAraxes culture
2002:Prehistoric Georgia
1146:Bidzina Ivanishvili
1015:Mikheil Saakashvili
986:Philippe Le Houérou
2660:Telecommunications
2288:Russo-Georgian War
2202:Kingdom of Kakheti
2170:Kingdom of Imereti
2165:Turkmen incursions
2160:Samtskhe atabegate
2123:Kingdom of Georgia
2093:Emirate of Tbilisi
2083:Bagrationi dynasty
1795:. 5 November 2020.
1700:. 20 December 2021
1081:Public procurement
81:Influence peddling
48:Forms and concepts
3393:
3392:
2995:
2994:
2955:
2954:
2848:Ethnic minorities
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2685:
2684:
2607:
2606:
2589:Political parties
2552:Foreign relations
2524:
2523:
2349:
2348:
2253:Red Army invasion
2197:Kingdom of Kartli
2155:Timur's invasions
2138:Battle of Didgori
2113:Kingdom of Hereti
2042:Kingdom of Iberia
1911:oecd-ilibrary.org
1752:. 30 January 2024
1726:. 30 January 2024
1157:Police corruption
950:
949:
917:
916:
224:Equatorial Guinea
16:(Redirected from
3453:
3330:Dependencies and
3034:Sovereign states
3022:
3015:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2975:
2968:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2696:
2695:
2618:
2617:
2535:
2534:
2476:Cities and towns
2411:Greater Caucasus
2369:
2368:
2357:
2319:Military history
2304:Names of Georgia
2150:Mongol invasions
2022:Colchian culture
2017:Trialeti culture
1992:
1991:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1750:Transparency.org
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1724:Transparency.org
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1698:Transparency.org
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:. The World Bank
1466:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1401:
1389:
1314:
1310:
942:
935:
928:
910:Papua New Guinea
691:Northern Ireland
178:
177:
43:
29:
28:
21:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3373:
3331:
3325:
3311:Northern Cyprus
3293:
3287:
3208:North Macedonia
3029:
3026:
2996:
2991:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2951:
2886:
2829:
2803:Public holidays
2681:
2645:Lari (currency)
2603:
2574:Law enforcement
2520:
2497:
2457:
2436:Protected areas
2421:Lesser Caucasus
2358:
2345:
2292:
2283:Rose Revolution
2278:War in Abkhazia
2263:April 9 tragedy
2231:
2207:Safavid Georgia
2066:
2057:Sasanian Iberia
1981:
1972:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1813:on 14 June 2016
1805:
1804:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:. Jan 31, 2012.
1542:
1541:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
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1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1419:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1375:
1370:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1253:
1237:
1235:illegal logging
1231:timber industry
1227:
1225:Timber industry
1202:
1193:
1175:
1166:
1154:
1135:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1083:
1062:
1009:, which ousted
1007:Rose Revolution
1003:
963:, according to
961:Rose Revolution
946:
790:Central America
686:North Macedonia
135:Anti-corruption
71:Electoral fraud
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3385:European Union
3381:
3379:
3378:Other entities
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3332:other entities
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3283:United Kingdom
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Czech Republic
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Stock Exchange
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2599:Prime Minister
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:National parks
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2128:Byzantine wars
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1929:External links
1927:
1924:
1923:
1898:
1874:
1849:
1824:
1798:
1763:
1737:
1711:
1685:
1584:
1567:
1553:
1548:The World Bank
1528:
1506:
1478:
1450:
1447:. Feb 7, 2012.
1417:
1398:Foreign Policy
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1252:
1249:
1247:is very high.
1243:, the rate of
1226:
1223:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:Foreign Policy
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1134:
1131:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1082:
1079:
1061:
1058:
1002:
999:
991:Foreign Policy
966:Foreign Policy
948:
947:
945:
944:
937:
930:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
894:
893:
889:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
833:
832:
828:
827:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
792:
791:
787:
786:
785:
784:
779:
774:
766:
765:
761:
760:
759:
758:
756:United Kingdom
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
601:Czech Republic
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
565:
564:
560:
559:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
354:
353:
349:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
183:
182:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
138:
137:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
50:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3458:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Faroe Islands
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:South Ossetia
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Liechtenstein
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Bolnisi cross
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2516:South Ossetia
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
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831:South America
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3321:Transnistria
2928:Saint George
2913:Coat of arms
2879:
2835:Demographics
2822:
2708:Architecture
2674:
2630:Central bank
2562:Human rights
2542:Constitution
2490:
2463:Subdivisions
2450:
2338:
2248:Armenian War
1915:. Retrieved
1913:. 2022-05-29
1910:
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1864:. 2018-03-14
1861:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1839:. 2019-02-22
1836:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1801:
1792:
1754:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1570:
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1469:. Retrieved
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1040:
1033:
1004:
995:
990:
979:
964:
952:
951:
540:Turkmenistan
414:
309:South Africa
299:Sierra Leone
26:
3359:Isle of Man
3294:recognition
3268:Switzerland
3203:Netherlands
2870:Health care
2625:Agriculture
2396:Earthquakes
2133:Seljuk wars
1261:Saakashvili
1239:Because of
905:New Zealand
808:El Salvador
798:Costa Rica
746:Switzerland
681:Netherlands
510:South Korea
500:Philippines
490:North Korea
360:Afghanistan
314:South Sudan
91:Mafia state
86:Kleptocracy
3400:Categories
3238:San Marino
3198:Montenegro
3178:Luxembourg
3158:Kazakhstan
3061:Azerbaijan
2940:Saint Nino
2768:Mingrelian
2749:Languages
2584:Parliament
2557:Government
2145:Golden Age
1917:2023-07-24
1892:2023-07-24
1868:2023-07-24
1843:2023-07-24
1817:7 February
1499:7 February
1471:7 February
1368:References
1265:World Bank
1241:corruption
1229:See also:
1060:Government
1001:Background
982:World Bank
676:Montenegro
666:Luxembourg
545:Uzbekistan
525:Tajikistan
465:Kazakhstan
460:Kyrgyzstan
410:East Timor
380:Bangladesh
370:Azerbaijan
106:Slush fund
3349:Gibraltar
3173:Lithuania
2853:Georgians
2843:Education
2793:Mythology
2670:Transport
2635:Companies
2594:President
2547:Elections
2446:Volcanoes
2386:Black Sea
2364:Geography
2273:Civil War
2088:Arab rule
2052:Roman era
1937:from the
1183:reported
1173:Education
1164:Judiciary
1133:Elections
900:Australia
884:Venezuela
839:Argentina
823:Nicaragua
661:Lithuania
515:Sri Lanka
505:Singapore
425:Indonesia
269:Mauritius
3369:Svalbard
3354:Guernsey
3301:Abkhazia
3253:Slovenia
3248:Slovakia
3223:Portugal
3081:Bulgaria
2982:Category
2908:Borjgali
2863:Diaspora
2808:Religion
2754:Georgian
2745:Gambling
2703:Alphabet
2579:Military
2530:Politics
2511:Abkhazia
2406:Glaciers
2309:Monarchs
2297:By topic
1979:articles
1756:24 March
1730:24 March
1704:24 March
1678:24 March
1406:cite web
1321:See also
1257:Georgian
1200:Business
1099:Taxation
1022:'s anti-
869:Paraguay
859:Colombia
818:Honduras
731:Slovenia
726:Slovakia
706:Portugal
591:Bulgaria
530:Thailand
495:Pakistan
475:Malaysia
395:Cambodia
344:Zimbabwe
324:Tanzania
234:Ethiopia
199:Cameroon
194:Botswana
126:Throffer
96:Nepotism
61:Cronyism
3278:Ukraine
3228:Romania
3188:Moldova
3146:Ireland
3141:Iceland
3136:Hungary
3126:Germany
3121:Georgia
3111:Finland
3106:Estonia
3101:Denmark
3086:Croatia
3071:Belgium
3066:Belarus
3056:Austria
3051:Armenia
3046:Andorra
3041:Albania
2966:Outline
2891:Symbols
2728:Cuisine
2691:Culture
2665:Tourism
2613:Economy
2486:Regions
2481:Tbilisi
2426:Mammals
2391:Climate
2376:Borders
2329:Battles
2037:Colchis
2032:Diauehi
1987:History
1975:Georgia
1862:idfi.ge
1837:idfi.ge
1521:19 July
1117:Bribery
1108:Customs
1092:Tbilisi
971:Georgia
892:Oceania
879:Uruguay
864:Ecuador
844:Bolivia
751:Ukraine
711:Romania
671:Moldova
641:Ireland
636:Iceland
631:Hungary
621:Germany
611:Finland
606:Denmark
596:Croatia
581:Belgium
576:Austria
571:Albania
550:Vietnam
480:Myanmar
470:Lebanon
415:Georgia
375:Bahrain
365:Armenia
329:Tunisia
304:Somalia
294:Senegal
289:Nigeria
279:Namibia
274:Morocco
259:Liberia
254:Lesotho
229:Eritrea
209:Comoros
56:Bribery
3364:Jersey
3306:Kosovo
3273:Turkey
3263:Sweden
3243:Serbia
3233:Russia
3218:Poland
3213:Norway
3193:Monaco
3163:Latvia
3131:Greece
3116:France
3091:Cyprus
2987:Portal
2898:Anthem
2813:Sports
2723:Cinema
2718:Chokha
2650:Mining
2640:Energy
2441:Rivers
2314:States
2236:Modern
2071:Middle
2047:Lazica
2027:Mushki
1977:
1152:Police
1127:Israel
1028:German
957:Soviet
849:Brazil
777:Mexico
772:Canada
741:Sweden
721:Serbia
716:Russia
701:Poland
696:Norway
656:Latvia
651:Kosovo
626:Greece
616:France
563:Europe
535:Turkey
455:Kuwait
450:Jordan
440:Israel
405:Cyprus
390:Brunei
385:Bhutan
339:Zambia
334:Uganda
264:Malawi
189:Angola
181:Africa
111:Simony
3339:Ă
land
3258:Spain
3183:Malta
3153:Italy
2973:Index
2945:cross
2933:cross
2923:Motto
2875:Women
2798:Names
2788:Music
2783:Media
2740:Dance
2416:Lakes
2381:Birds
1995:Early
1672:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1493:(PDF)
1465:(PDF)
1300:Notes
1191:Media
1024:Mafia
1020:Italy
854:Chile
813:Haiti
736:Spain
646:Italy
555:Yemen
520:Syria
485:Nepal
445:Japan
420:India
400:China
319:Sudan
284:Niger
249:Kenya
239:Ghana
219:Egypt
2918:Flag
2881:more
2858:List
2824:more
2775:Svan
2733:Wine
2676:more
2567:LGBT
2492:more
2452:more
2340:more
2324:Wars
1819:2014
1758:2024
1732:2024
1706:2024
1680:2024
1523:2023
1501:2014
1473:2014
1412:link
1233:and
1204:The
874:Peru
803:Cuba
435:Iraq
430:Iran
352:Asia
204:Chad
2761:Laz
2713:Art
989:to
3402::
1909:.
1885:.
1860:.
1835:.
1791:.
1766:^
1748:.
1722:.
1696:.
1587:^
1546:.
1531:^
1481:^
1453:^
1443:.
1420:^
1408:}}
1404:{{
1396:.
1376:^
1148:.
993:.
969:,
3021:e
3014:t
3007:v
1967:e
1960:t
1953:v
1920:.
1895:.
1871:.
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1821:.
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1734:.
1708:.
1682:.
1581:.
1564:.
1525:.
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1475:.
1414:)
1400:.
941:e
934:t
927:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
