Corporate average fuel economy

2266:(the new rules do not dictate the size of cars, trucks and SUVs that manufacturers can produce; rather it requires that all sizes of vehicles become more energy efficient), reduced air pollution in the form of greenhouse gas emissions and other conventional pollutants, one national policy for all automakers instead of three standards (a DOT standard, an EPA standard and a California standard that would apply to 13 other states), and industry desires: clarity, predictability and certainty concerning the rules while giving them flexibility on how to meet the expected outcomes and the lead time they need to innovate. The policy was expected to result in yearly 5% increases in efficiency from 2012 through 2016, 1.8 billion barrels (290,000,000 m) of oil saved cumulatively over the lifetime of the program and significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to taking 177 million of today's cars off the road. 930:. The mileage for dual-fuel vehicles, such as E85 capable models and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, is computed as the average of its alternative fuel rating—divided by 0.15 (equal to multiplying by 6.666)—and its gasoline rating. Thus an E85-capable vehicle that gets 15 mpg on E-85 and 25 mpg on gasoline might logically be rated at 20 mpg. But in fact the average, for CAFE purposes, despite perhaps only one percent of the fuel used in E85-capable vehicles is actually E85, is computed as 100 mpg for E-85 and the standard 25 mpg for gasoline, or 62.5 mpg. However, the total increase in a manufacturer's average fuel economy rating due to dual-fueled vehicles cannot exceed 1.2mpg. Section 32906 reduces the increase due to dual-fueled vehicles to 0 through 2020. Electric vehicles are also incentivized by the 0.15 fuel divisor, but are not subject to the 1.2 mpg cap like dual-fuel vehicles. 2789:. It aimed to set new CAFE standards for MY 2022–2026 passenger car and light trucks and amend the 2021 MY CAFE standards because they are "no longer maximum feasible standards." The safety reason provided by the government was to shift people to buying new vehicles once the vehicles become more affordable under SAFE standards, with a government study conducted to show new model year vehicles were associated with lower fatality rates. After releasing the proposal on August 2, 2018, NHTSA and EPA held a comment hearing period for 60 days. The deadline was later extended to October 26, 2018, after requests from 32 US Senators, 18 State Attorneys General, and others for a 120-day or longer comment period were received. 191:(GVWR) of 8,500 pounds (3,856 kg) or less (but also including medium-duty passenger vehicles, such as large sport-utility vehicles and passenger vans, with GVWR up to 10,000 pounds), produced for sale in the United States. The CAFE standards in a given model year define the CAFE levels that manufacturers' fleets are required to meet in that model year, specific levels depending on the characteristics and mix of vehicles produced by each manufacturer. If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer's annual fleet of vehicle production falls below the applicable requirement, the manufacturer must either apply sufficient CAFE credits (see below) to cover the shortfall or pay a 2283:

to achieve 5% annual improvements, and light trucks 3.5% annual improvements. The largest trucks carry almost no burden for the 2017–2020 timeframe, and are granted numerous ways to mathematically meet targets in the outlying years without significant real-world gains. The proposal encourages manufacturers and customers to shift toward larger, less efficient vehicles, defeating the goal of reduced greenhouse gas emissions." Additionally, Volkswagen has since approached U.S. lawmakers about lowering their proposal to double fuel efficiency for passenger cars by 2025. Volkswagen at the time claimed that the new plan was unfair, but the company was later revealed to have been

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established for each increment in footprint using a continuous mathematical formula. Smaller footprint light trucks had higher fuel economy targets and larger trucks lower targets. Manufacturers who made more large trucks would have been allowed to meet a lower overall CAFE target, manufacturers who make more small trucks would have needed to meet a higher standard. Unlike previous CAFE standards there was no requirement for a manufacturer or the industry as a whole to meet any particular overall actual MPG target, since that will depend on the mix of sizes of trucks manufactured and ultimately purchased by consumers. Some critics pointed out that this might have had the

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Toyota, and Volvo—which together accounted for over 90% of all vehicles sold in the United States—as well as the United Auto Workers (UAW), and the State of California, who were all participants in the deal. The agreement resulted in new CAFE regulations for model year 2017–2025 vehicles, which were finalized on August 28, 2012. The major increases in stringency and the changes in the structure of CAFE create a need for research that incorporates the demand and supply sides of the new vehicle market in a more detailed manner than was needed with static fuel economy standards.

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fleet. There is some evidence that this happened with an increase in market share of lower fuel economy light trucks and SUVs and decline in passenger car sales, as a percentage of total fleet sales, as car buying trends changed during the 1990s, the impact of which is not reflected in this chart. In the case of passenger cars, U.S. average fuel economy did not fall as economic theory would predict, suggesting that CAFE standards maintained the higher fuel economy of the passenger car fleet during the long period from the end of the

3115:(1,600 kg) and cars, the car driver is more than 4 times more likely to be killed, and if the SUV weighs over 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) the car driver is 9 times more likely to be killed, with 16 percent of deaths occurring in car-to-car crashes and 18 percent in car-to-truck crashes. Recent studies find about 75 percent of two-vehicle fatalities involve a truck, and about half these fatalities involve a side-impact crash. Risk to the driver of the other vehicle is almost 10 times higher when the vehicle is a one- 2148:

multi-year fuel economy plan for model years after 2011 is already well underway. The review will include an evaluation of fuel-saving technologies, market conditions and future product plans from the manufacturers. The effort will be coordinated with interested stakeholders and other federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency. The new rules were immediately challenged in court again by the Center for Biological Diversity as not addressing the inadequacies found by the previous court rulings.

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the 2026 model year given a fleet mix of 48 percent passenger cars and 52 percent light trucks. Additionally, since by law, the minimum domestic passenger car standard (MDPCS) is "92 percent of the average fuel economy projected by the Secretary for the combined domestic and non-domestic passenger automobile fleets," they are also updated. However, NHTSA is retaining a "1.9 percent offset" to the MDPCS because of past undercompliance with the standard, keeping a roll back of the Trump administration.

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about 20% higher actual consumption than measured CAFE goals. Starting with 2008-model vehicles, the EPA has adopted a new protocol for estimating the MPG figures presented to consumers. The new protocol includes driving cycles more closely representative of today's traffic and road conditions, as well as increased air conditioner usage. This change does not affect how the EPA calculates CAFE ratings; the new protocol changes only the mileage estimates provided for consumer information.

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single-model year standard was issued March 27, 2009, and is about one mpg lower than the fuel economy standards previously recommended under the Bush Administration. "These standards are important steps in the nation's quest to achieve energy independence and bring more fuel efficient vehicles to American families", said Secretary LaHood. The new standards will raise the industry-wide combined average to 27.3 miles per US gallon (8.6 L/100 km; 32.8 mpg

2122:

Standards. The recent financial difficulties of the automobile industry will require the next administration to conduct a thorough review of matters affecting the industry, including how to effectively implement the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has done significant work that will position the next Transportation Secretary to finalize a rule before the April 1, 2009 deadline."

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expected. Still, the paper said that the 54.5 mpg-equivalent projection is unrealistic. That goal was based on a market that was 67 percent cars and 33 percent trucks and SUVs and higher fuel prices, but American customers weren't buying that many cars, as the market was still about 50/50 and was likely to stay that way. The paper said more realistic projections are 50 mpg to 52.6 if the 2012 standards are maintained.

2109:) will be used to achieve these fuel economies. The proposal again explained that U.S. law (49 U.S. Code § 32919) requires that "a State or a political subdivision of a State may not adopt or enforce a law or regulation related to fuel economy standards or average fuel economy standards", and explained that laws or regulations applicable to motor vehicle greenhouse gas emissions are related to fuel economy standards. 1828:

by 221%. The traditional European manufacturers actually decreased their fleet average fuel economy by 2 miles per gallon while increasing their sales volume by 91%. The traditional U.S. manufacturers, Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors, increased their fleet average fuel economy by 4.1 miles per gallon since 1980 according to the government figures. During this time the sales of U.S. manufacturers decreased by 29%.

3224: 959:(4WD) light trucks, but for most of this period, car makers were allowed to choose between these separate standards or a combined standard to be applied to the entire fleet of light trucks they sold that model year. In 1980 and 1981, respectively, a manufacturer whose light truck fleet was powered exclusively by basic engines which were not also used in passenger cars could meet standards of 14 mpg and 14.5 mpg. 296: 1971:

be carried forward was extended from three years to five. Traded or transferred credits may not be used to meet the minimum standard in the domestic passenger car fleet, however they may be used to meet the "attribute standard". This latter allowance has drawn criticism from the UAW which fears it will lead manufacturers to increase the importation of small cars to offset shortfalls in the domestic market.

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included a withdrawal of the waiver that granted California the ability to set its own GHG and ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle) standards and that allowed other States to adopt the standard instead of the federal standard. Following publication of the proposed rule changes, California and eighteen other states announced that should the rule be enacted, they would sue the government to reject the rule.

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operated by the EPA, violating CAFE by 2.42 MPG means consuming an extra 27 barrels (4.3 m) (1,134 US gallons (4,290 L)) of mostly imported fuel in 10 years which is worth $ 3,490 (based on 45% highway, 55% city driving for 15,000 mi (24,140 km) annually, at a fuel price of $ 2.95 per gallon), which is 13.4% more than the target and also it means emitting an extra 14 Tons of

7037: 2773:, issued a proposed ruling that, if enacted, would roll back some of the goals set in 2012 under President Obama. It proposed freezing the fuel economy goals to the 2021 target of 37 mpg, would halt requirements on the production of hybrid and electric cars, and would eliminate the legal waiver that allows states like California to set more stringent standards. The EPA acting administrator 2249:) in 2016 (of 39 miles per gallon for cars and 30 mpg for trucks), a jump from the 2009 average for all vehicles of 25 miles per gallon. Obama said, "The status quo is no longer acceptable." The higher fuel economy was projected to reduce oil consumption by approximately 1.8 billion barrels (290,000,000 m) over the life of the program and reduce 2065:) in 2011. The new regulations are designed to be "optimized" with respect to a certain set of assumptions which include: gas prices in 2016 will be $ 2.25 a U.S. gallon (59.4¢/L), all new car purchasers will pay 7% interest rates on their vehicles purchases, and only care about fuel costs for the first 5 years of a vehicle's life, and that the 3627:

Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 under the EPCA, the NHTSA has the authority to raise CAFE penalties to $ 100 per mpg shortfall. However, the NHTSA currently does not exercise this authority. In fact, in 2015 Congress required federal agencies to adjust civil penalties for inflation (Public Law 114–74) and NHTSA under

3246:. The formula using an example is: alternative fuel vehicle that achieves 15 mpg fuel economy while operating on alcohol would have a CAFE calculated as follows: Fuel Economy = (1/(0.15 AMFA factor)) x (15mpg) = 100 miles per gallon, providing a very healthy economic incentive for manufacturers of ethanol vehicles. 3634:

In 2022 NHTSA reinstated the inflation adjustment that was made in 2016 and began making annual inflation adjustments as required by law. For the 2019 through 2021 model years the rate is $ 14 per 0.1 MPG and increased to $ 15 per 0.1 MPG for the 2022 model year. Stellantis was the first manufacturer

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Additionally, there were minimum standards since EISA for domestically produced passenger automobiles being the greater of 27.5 mpg or 92 percent of the CAFE projected by the Secretary of Transportation for the combined domestic and non-domestic passenger automobile fleets manufactured for that model

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The "CAFE" and "CAFE standard" shown here only regards new model passenger car fuel economy and target fuel economy (respectively) rather than the overall U.S. fuel economy average which tends to be dominated by used vehicles manufactured in previous years, new model light truck CAFE standards, light

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As fuel efficiency rises, people may drive their cars more, which can mitigate some of fuel savings and the decrease in carbon dioxide emissions from the higher standards. According to the National Academies Report (Page 19) a 10% improvement in fuel efficiency leads to an average increase in travel

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On July 28, 2023 NHTSA proposed new fuel economy targets for light-duty vehicles for the 2027—2031 model years, as well as heavy-duty trucks and vans for the 2030—2035 model years. The preferred alternative calls for 2 percent annual increases for cars, 4 percent for light trucks, and 10 percent for

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The final rule covering the 2024–2026 model years was signed on March 31, 2022. Fuel economy targets for cars and light trucks each increase 8 percent for 2024 MY, 8 percent for 2025 MY, and 10 percent for 2026 MY. NHTSA projects that the updated targets lead to an industry-wide average of 49 MPG by

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issued a joint statement stating that the rule change was needed as the current rules "impose significant costs on American consumers and eliminate jobs", while the new rules "give consumers greater access to safer, more affordable vehicles, while continuing to protect the environment". The proposal

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Volkswagen responded to the July 29, 2011, agreement with the following statement: "Volkswagen does not endorse the proposal under discussion. It places an unfairly high burden on passenger cars, while allowing special compliance flexibility for heavier light trucks. Passenger cars would be required

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in anticipation of issuing standards for model years 2011–2015. Based on its consideration of the public comments and other available information, including information on the financial condition of the automotive industry, the agency adjusted its analysis and the standards and prepared a final rule

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NHTSA has to issue its new standards eighteen months before the model year for fleet. According to NHTSA report, to achieve this industry wide combined fleet of at least 35mpg, NHTSA must set new standards well in advance of the model year so as to provide the automobile manufacturers with lead time

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In 2006, the rule making for light trucks for model years 2008–2011 included a reform to the structure for CAFE standards for light trucks and gave manufacturers the option for model years 2008–2010 to comply with the reformed standard or to comply with the unreformed standard. The reformed standard

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signed the bill. The bill's standard would increase the fuel economy standards by 40 percent and save the United States billions of gallons of fuel. The requirement applies to all passenger automobiles, including "light trucks." President Bush faced serious pressure to reduce the Nation's dependency

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Since 1980, the traditional Japanese manufacturers have increased their combined fleet average fuel economy by 1.6 miles per gallon according to the March 30, 2009, Summary of Fuel Economy Performance published annually by NHTSA. During this time, they also increased their sales in the United States

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to the rise of gasoline prices in the early 2000s. Most recently, fuel economy has increased about one mpg from 2006 to 2007. This increase is due primarily to increased fuel efficiency of imported cars. Similarly, the law of supply and demand predicts that due to the United States' large percentage

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The law of supply and demand would predict that an increase in gasoline prices would lead in the long run to an increase in the average fuel economy of the U.S. passenger car fleet, and that a drop in gasoline prices would be associated with a reduction in the average fuel economy of the entire U.S.

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before returning to 1986 levels in 1990. These are following by an extended period during which the passenger car CAFE standard, the observed average passenger car fuel economy, and the price of gasoline remained stable, and finally a period starting about 2003 when prices rose dramatically and fuel

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A plot of average overall vehicle fuel economy (CAFE) for new model year passenger cars, the required by law CAFE standard target fuel economy value (CAFE standard) for new model year passenger cars, and fuel prices, adjusted for inflation, shows that there has been little variation over the past 20

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wrote a report on the effects of the CAFE standard. The report's conclusions include a finding that in the absence of CAFE, and with no other fuel economy regulation substituted, motor vehicle fuel consumption would have been approximately 14 percent higher than it actually was in 2002. However, due

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Historically, the EPA has encouraged consumers to buy more fuel efficient vehicles, while the NHTSA expressed concerns that smaller, more fuel efficient vehicles may lead to increased traffic fatalities. Thus higher fuel efficiency was associated with lower traffic safety, intertwining the issues of

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with its footprint of 65–75 sq ft (6.0–7.0 m) has a fuel economy target of 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km), i.e., 17 miles per US gallon (14 L/100 km) published. Individual vehicles do not have to meet their fuel economy targets; CAFE compliance is enforced at

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From the 1997 through the 2018 model year, the CAFE penalty was US$ 55 per vehicle for every 1 MPG under the standard. For the year 2006 Mercedes-Benz drew a $ 30.3 million penalty for violating fuel economy standards by 2.2 MPG, or $ 122 per vehicle. According to the "fueleconomy.gov" website

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In a 2007 analysis, IIHS found that 50 percent of fatalities in small four-door vehicles were single-vehicle crashes, compared to 83 percent in very large SUVs. The Mini Cooper had a driver fatality rate of 68 per million vehicle-years (multi-vehicle, single-vehicle, & rollover) compared to 115

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New CAFE targets went into effect in June 2020 beginning with the 2021 model year, increasing at a rate of 1.5 percent per year, far lower than the nearly 5 percent increase they replace. Additionally, the minimum standard for domestic passenger cars was lowered from the 2020 model year level until

2287:. As a result, Volkswagen is one of the only major auto manufacturers to not sign the agreement that has led to the current proposal from the Obama administration. Daimler, producer of Mercedes-Benz brand automobiles, expressed similar views, saying it "clearly favors large SUVs and pickup trucks." 2269:

By model year 2014, many of the program's goals were being met. The average new vehicle fuel economy was 30.7 mpg (35.6 mpg for cars and 25.5 mpg for trucks) and for the years 2012–2015, auto industry outperformed the GHG standard by a substantial margin. Consumers are expected to save an estimated

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proposed a new national fuel economy program which adopts uniform federal standards to regulate both fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions while preserving the legal authorities of DOT, EPA and California. The program covered model year 2012 to model year 2016 and ultimately required an average

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In the years 2021 to 2030, the standards requires MPG to be the "maximum feasible" fuel economy. The law allows NHTSA to issue additional requirements for cars and trucks based on the footprint model or other mathematical standard. Additionally, each manufacturer must meet a minimum standard of the

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The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act also instructed NHTSA to establish a credit trading and transferring scheme to allow manufacturers to transfer credits between categories, as well as sell them to other manufacturers or non-manufacturers. In addition, the period over which credits could

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Before the oil price increases of the 2000s, overall fuel economy for both cars and light trucks in the U.S. market reached its highest level in 1987, when manufacturers managed 26.2 mpg (8.98 L/100 km). The average in 2004 was 24.6 mpg. In that time, vehicles increased in size from an average

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Fuel economy regulations were first introduced in 1978, only for passenger vehicles. NHTSA kept CAFE standards for cars the same from 1985 to 2010, except for a slight decrease in required mpg from 1986 to 1989. The next year, a second category was defined for light trucks. These were distinguished

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Manufacturers are also allowed to earn CAFE "credits" in any year they exceed CAFE requirements, which they may use to offset deficiencies in other years. CAFE credits can be applied to the three years before or the five years after the year in which they are earned. The reason for this flexibility

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The harmonic mean captures the fuel economy of driving each car in the fleet for the same number of miles, while the arithmetic mean captures the fuel economy of driving each car using the same amount of gas (i.e., the 13 mpg vehicle would travel 13 miles (21 km) with one gallon while the

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The CAFE penalty had increased only 10% since 1983, the year it was first implemented, while cumulative inflation has exceeded 150%. Thus, the CAFE penalty in 2019 is actually less than 40% of what it was in 1983. NHTSA officials stated that in addition to the authority the Federal Civil Penalties

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To achieve the target of 35mpg authorized under EISA for the combined fleet of passenger cars and light truck for MY2020, NHTSA is required to continue raising the CAFE standards. In determining a new CAFE standard, NHTSA must assess the environmental impacts of each new standard and the effect of

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of pushing manufacturers to make ever-larger vehicles to avoid strict economy standards. However, the equation used to calculate the fuel economy target had a built in mechanism that provides an incentive to reduce vehicle size to about 52 square feet (the approximate midpoint of the current light

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Against this evidence, proponents of higher CAFE standards argue that it is the "footprint" model of CAFE for trucks that encourages production of larger trucks with concomitant increases in vehicle weight disparities. A 2005 IIHS plot shows that in collisions between SUVs weighing 3,500 lb

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On July 29, 2011, President Obama announced an agreement with thirteen large automakers to increase fuel economy to 54.5 miles per gallon for cars and light-duty trucks by model year 2025. He was joined by Ford, GM, Chrysler, BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar/Land Rover, Kia, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan,

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The new rules also introduce the "footprint" model for cars as well as trucks, where if a manufacturer makes more large cars and trucks they will be allowed to meet a lower standard for fuel economy. This means that an overall fuel efficiency for a particular manufacturer nor the fleet as a whole

224:

CAFE has separate standards for "passenger cars" and "light trucks" even if the majority of "light trucks" are being used as passenger vehicles. The market share of "light trucks" grew steadily from 9.7% in 1979 to 47% in 2001, remained in 50% numbers up to 2011. More than 500,000 vehicles in the

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) laboratory measurements of MPG had consistently overestimated fuel economy of gasoline vehicles and underestimated diesel vehicles. John DeCicco, the automotive expert for the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), estimated that this results in

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report found that the standards implemented in the 1970s and 1980s "probably resulted in an additional 1,300 to 2,600 traffic fatalities in 1993." A Harvard Center for Risk Analysis study found that CAFE standards led to "2,200 to 3,900 additional fatalities to motorists per year." The Insurance

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fundamental flaws and inconsistencies in the analysis justifying the proposed rule including miscalculating changes in the size of the automobile fleet and ignoring international benefits of reduced greenhouse gas emissions, thereby discarding at least $ 112 billion in benefits, and also by

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Calculations using official CAFE data, and the newly proposed credit trading flexibility contained in the September 28, 2009, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking show that ninety-eight percent of the benefit derived from just the cross fleet credit trading provision flows to Toyota. According to these

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Under the new final light truck CAFE standard 2008–2011, fuel economy standards would have been restructured so that they are based on a measure of vehicle size called "footprint", the product of multiplying a vehicle's wheelbase by its track width. A target level of fuel economy would have been

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in 10 years, which is 12.7% more. These numbers are based on comparison of 2010 Mercedes ML 350 4MATIC with CAFE Unadjusted Average Fuel Economy of 21.64 MPG (which met 2006 CAFE requirements of 21.6 MPG) and 2010 Mercedes ML 550 4MATIC with CAFE Unadjusted Average Fuel Economy of 19.22 MPG. So

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study show greater safety disparities among vehicles of differing price, country of origin, and quality than among vehicles of different size and weight. A 2006 study discounts the importance of vehicle mass to traffic safety, pointing instead to the quality of engineering design as the primary

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On January 27, 2009, President Barack Obama directed the Department of Transportation to review relevant legal, technological, and scientific considerations associated with establishing more stringent fuel economy standards, and to finalize the 2011 model year standard by the end of March. This

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Starting in 2011, the CAFE standards are newly expressed as mathematical functions depending on vehicle footprint, a measure of vehicle size determined by multiplying the vehicle's wheelbase by its average track width. A complicated 2011 mathematical formula was replaced starting in 2012 with a

2306:

The government groups found that the auto industry had been successfully innovating and pushing towards lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The paper said that the technology was cheaper or about what was expected in terms of cost, and that automakers were adopting new technologies quicker than

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10 L) of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 8.3 million metric tons. This 2011 single-year standard will use an attribute-based system, which sets fuel economy standards for individual vehicle models, based on the footprint model. Secretary LaHood also noted that work on the

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concluded review of the rule and FRIA. However, issuance of the final rule was held in abeyance. On January 7, 2009, the Department of Transportation announced that the final rule would not be issued, writing: "The Bush Administration will not finalize its rulemaking on Corporate Fuel Economy

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embraced the national program because it provided certainty and predictability to 2016 and included flexibilities that would significantly reduce the cost of compliance. Stated goals for the program included: saving consumers money over the long term in increased fuel efficiency, preserving

2007:

The estimated value of the CAFE exemption gained by Toyota is $ 2.5 billion; Honda's benefit is worth $ 800 million, and Nissan's benefit is valued at $ 900 million in reduced CAFE compliance costs. Foreign companies gained $ 5.5 billion in benefits compared with the $

5389:

Bento, Antonio M.; Gillingham, Kenneth; Jacobsen, Mark R.; Knittel, Christopher R.; Leard, Benjamin; Linn, Joshua; McConnell, Virginia; Rapson, David; Sallee, James M.; van Benthem, Arthur A.; Whitefoot, Kate S. (December 6, 2018). "Flawed analyses of U.S. auto fuel economy standards".

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sedan (79) show that driving style can't be isolated from engineering in these results. The analysis' conclusions include findings that death rates generally are higher in lighter vehicles, but cars almost always have lower death rates than SUVs or pickup trucks of comparable weight.

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to the effect of these standards on the types and weights of vehicles sold, it has increased the costs of vehicles and may have led to an estimated 1,300 to 2,600 increased fatalities in the year 1993 alone, though certain members of the committee dissented from the latter opinion.

168:(DOT) establish standards separately for passenger automobiles (passenger cars) and nonpassenger automobiles (light trucks) at the maximum feasible levels in each model year, and requires that DOT enforce compliance with the standards. DOT has delegated the responsibilities to the 105:

CAFE neither directly offers incentives for customers to choose fuel efficient vehicles nor directly affects fuel prices. Rather, it attempts to accomplish the goals indirectly, by making it more expensive for automakers to build inefficient vehicles by introducing penalties.

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enough to make extensive necessary changes in their automobiles. The EISA also called for a reform where the standards set by the Transportation Department would be are "attribute based" so as to ensure that the safety of vehicles is not compromised for higher standards.

225:

1999 model year exceeded the 8,500 lb (3,900 kg) GVWR cutoff and were thus omitted from CAFE calculations. More recently, coverage of medium duty trucks has been added to the CAFE regulations starting in 2012, and heavy duty commercial trucks starting in 2014.

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predicts an increase in gasoline prices would lead in the long run to an increase in the average fuel economy of the U.S. passenger car fleet, and that a drop in gasoline prices would be associated with a reduction in the average fuel economy of the entire U.S. fleet.

1958:

this standard on employment. With the EISA, NHTSA needed to take new analysis including taking a fresh look at the potential impacts under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and assessing whether or not the impacts are significant within the meaning of NEPA.

1978:

calculations 75% of the benefit from the two new CAFE credit trading provisions, cross fleet trading and five-year carry-forward, falls to foreign manufacturers. Toyota can use the provision to avoid or reduce compliance on average by 0.69 mpg per year through 2020,

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Automakers have said that small, fuel-efficient vehicles cost the auto industry billions of dollars. They cost almost as much to design and market but cannot be sold for as much as larger vehicles such as SUVs, because consumers expect small cars to be inexpensive.

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was defined as a car for emissions purposes and a truck for fuel economy purposes. Under then light truck fuel economy rules, the PT Cruiser had have a lower fuel economy target (28.05 mpg beginning in 2011) than it would if it were classified as a passenger car.

274:. In the mid-2000s, increasing safety of smaller cars and the poor safety record of light trucks began to reverse this association. Nevertheless, in 2008, the on-road vehicle fleets in the United States and Canada had the lowest overall average fuel economy among 336:

consumption of the world's oil supply, that increasing fuel economy would drive down the gasoline prices that U.S. consumers would otherwise have to pay. Reductions in petroleum demand in the United States helped create the collapse of OPEC market power in 1986.

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simpler inverse-linear formula with cutoff values. CAFE footprint requirements are set up such that a vehicle with a larger footprint has a lower fuel economy requirement than a vehicle with a smaller footprint. For example, the fuel economy target for the 2012

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Proponents of higher CAFE standards also argue that the quality of the engineering design is the prime determinant of vehicular safety, not the vehicle's mass. In 2006, IIHS found that some of the smallest cars have good crash safety, and others do not. A 2003

172:(NHTSA). Through EPCA and EISA, U.S. law (49 U.S. Code § 32919) also preempts state or local laws: "a State or a political subdivision of a State may not adopt or enforce a law or regulation related to fuel economy standards or average fuel economy standards." 4760: 3073:

NHTSA has expressed concerns that automotive manufacturers would increase mileage by reducing vehicle weight, which might lead to weight disparities in the vehicle population and increased danger for occupants of lighter vehicles. According to the

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from heavy duty vehicles by a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 6000 pounds or less. The GVWR threshold was raised to 8500 pounds in 1980 and has remained at that level through 2010. Thus certain large trucks and SUV's were exempt, such as the

3622:

draws a penalty of only $ 122 for a single luxury car buyer, which is only 0.3% of the price of a $ 40,000 car (the average 2010 price of a luxury car). Several experts stated that this is not enough of a monetary incentive to comply with CAFE.

2303:) released a technical paper assessing whether or not the auto industry would be able to reach the 2022 to 2025 mpg standards. The Draft Technical Assessment Report, as the paper is called, is the first step in the mid-term evaluation process. 842: 6446: 195:, currently $ 14 per 0.1 mpg under the standard, multiplied by the manufacturer's total production for the U.S. domestic market. Congress established both of these provisions explicitly in EPCA, as amended in 2007 by EISA. In addition, a 3173:

A study has found that the adoption of CAFE standards, if supported together by government incentives, would accelerate the Electric Vehicle Market. The U.S. could be less dependent on fossil fuels from the shift to EV market adoption.

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Upon taking office, the administration of President Biden stated an intention to set new fuel efficiency standards. In August 2021 NHTSA released its Notice of Proposed Rulemaking offering new standards for the 2024–2026 model years.

3151:

advocated using a significant increase in gasoline taxes that would be revenue-neutral for the government. CAFE advocates assert that most of the gains in fuel economy over the past 30 years can be attributed to the standard itself.

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technologies. Applied aggressively, at a cost of a few thousand dollars per vehicle, the National Research Council estimated that these technologies can almost double fuel economy versus a 2008 model year baseline vehicle.

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and was even higher in Japan, according to data as of 2008. Furthermore, despite general opinion that larger and heavier (and therefore relatively fuel-uneconomical) vehicles are safer, the U.S. traffic fatality rate—and

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faster than larger cars, so they are worth less in value to the consumer over time. However, 2007 Edmunds depreciation data show that some small cars, primarily premium models, are among the best in holding their value.

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cannot be predicted with certainty since it will depend on the actual product mix manufactured. However, if the product mix is as NHTSA predicts, car fuel economy would increase from a current standard of 27.5 mpg

9743: 1914:(EIS) rather than a more abbreviated environmental impact assessment. The Court directed NHTSA to prepare a new standard as quickly as possible and to fully evaluate that new standard's impact on the environment. 1831:

A number of manufacturers choose to pay CAFE penalties rather than attempt to comply with the regulations. These tend to be companies with small U.S. market share and expensive, high-performance vehicles, such as

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the fleet level. CAFE 2016 target fuel economy of 34.0 MPG (44 sq. ft. footprint) compares to 2012 advanced vehicle performance of Prius hybrid on the compliance test cycles: 70.7 MPG, Plug-in Prius hybrid: 69.8

220:

and LEAF electric vehicle: 141.7 MPGe. The compliance fuel economy of plug-in electric vehicles such as the Plug-in Prius or LEAF is complicated by accounting for the energy used in generating electricity.

8332: 5076: 3265:

embraced the rising CAFE standards and tailored its US product line with a fleet of economical, popular, inexpensive diesel vehicles, beginning in 2009. In 2014 Volkswagen registered an impressive CAFE of

1902:(EPCA), an appropriate method to select the maximum feasible stringency of CAFE standards, but nonetheless found that NHTSA incorrectly set a value of zero dollars to the global warming damage caused by CO 3348:

spokesman Eron Shosteck noted that automakers produce more than 30 models rated at 30 mpg or more for the U.S. market, and they are poor sellers, indicating that consumers do not prioritize fuel economy.

3330:

The Insurance Companies' Highway Loss Data Institute publishes data showing that larger vehicles are more expensive to insure, so forcing consumers to purchase smaller vehicles is in their best interest.

8402: 5050: 207:

with a footprint of 40 sq ft (3.7 m) is 36 miles per US gallon (6.5 L/100 km), equivalent to a published fuel economy of 27 miles per US gallon (8.7 L/100 km) (see

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Some critics argue that CAFE fines do not seem to be having much impact in the fuel economy drive. As noted in the 2007 United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Chairman of the

3453:

as a station wagon alternative, while certifying it in the separate truck category to allow compliance with less-strict CAFE standards. Eventually, this same idea led to the promotion of the SUV.

4641: 8348: 3593:) not enough of a monetary incentive for manufacturers to comply with CAFE." For example, in 25 years, from 1983 to 2008, Mercedes-Benz paid penalties 21 times and BMW paid penalties 20 times. 1926:(EISA) with broad support, setting a goal for the national fuel economy standard of 35 miles per gallon (mpg) by 2020 and rendering the court judgment obsolete. On December 19, 2007, President 9463: 3873:. The Union of Concerned Scientists is a national nonprofit organization founded more than 50 years ago by scientists and students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. July 25, 2006. 114: 1883:

the rules, returning them to NHTSA, as discussed below. These changes would have segmented truck fleets by vehicle size and class as of 2011. All SUVs and passenger vans up to 10,000 pounds

899: 102:) produced for sale in the United States. More recently, efficiency standards were developed and implemented for heavy-duty pickup trucks and commercial medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. 8666: 7059: 6038: 3155:

Economic research in 2015 concludes that firms are shown to be more incentivized toward innovations on fuel economy while the expenses of other safety considerations are undetermined.

8386: 8356: 2017:

higher of either 27.5 mpg for passenger automobiles or 92% of the projected average for all manufacturers. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is directed based on

8942: 5021:

Draft Technical Assessment Report: Midterm Evaluation of Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards for Model Years 2022–2025

4792: 3887:

Sen, Burak; Noori, Mehdi; Tatari, Omer (October 1, 2017). "Will Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standard help? Modeling CAFE's impact on market share of electric vehicles".

4450: 8628: 8612: 8464: 8050: 5761: 8746: 3586: 3948: 8536: 6132: 5302: 4710: 9610: 10045: 9183: 9086: 6172: 5150: 2143:) increase over the 2010 model year average), as estimated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). It will save about 887,000,000 U.S. gallons (3.36 6862: 8714: 8698: 8682: 8674: 8620: 6510: 3136:

A key argument is that economic forces are responsible for fuel economy gains, and that higher fuel prices already drove customers to seek more fuel-efficient vehicles.

766: 5123: 546:(average) – namely, the reciprocal of the average of the reciprocal values. For a fleet composed of four different kinds of vehicle A, B, C and D, produced in numbers n 5892: 3249:

NHTSA's public records show in 2005 that automakers publicly expressed doubts as to the economic practicality and feasibility of increased light truck CAFE standards.

4505: 9362: 8288: 7137: 6924: 284: 5933: 8998: 8394: 5080: 4742: 4420: 2029:, and it adds a requirement that NHTSA publish replacement tire fuel efficiency ratings. The bill also adds support for initial state and local infrastructure for 1863:

For the 2014 model year, Mercedes SUVs followed by GM and Ford light trucks had the lowest fleet average while Tesla followed by Toyota and Mazda had the highest.

926:

vehicles, a gallon of alternative fuel is deemed to contain 15% fuel (which is approximately the amount of gasoline in a gallon of E85) as an incentive to develop

919:

Congress to write this provision into the enabling legislation – and continues to advocate this position. The two fleet rule for light trucks was removed in 1996.

911:

Mexican content) and a foreign fleet (everything else). Each of these fleets must separately meet the requirements. The two-fleet requirement was developed by the

6371: 9550: 5177: 2757:: Real-world fuel economy values are about 20 percent lower than laboratory values used for CAFE. Use of E10 decreases fuel economy further by about 3 percent. 533: 513: 493: 366: 9424: 9341: 9329: 9176: 8636: 8480: 4916: 4818: 2270:

16.6 billion gallons of fuel over the lifetime of model year 2011 to 2014 vehicles due to the manufacturers exceeding the CAFE standards in those years.

322:

from 1986 to 1988 the fuel economy rose at a significantly subdued rate and eventually leveled off as the price of fuel fell and the CAFE standard was relaxed

199:

is levied on individual passenger car models (but not trucks, vans, minivans, or SUVs) that get less than 22.5 miles per US gallon (10.5 L/100 km).

53: 9851: 8904: 7174: 5054: 3238:" (GGE) value of 1.5, i.e. to replace the energy of 1 volume of gasoline, 1.5 times the volume of ethanol is needed. To overcome this fact, Congress enacted 7005: 9757: 9688: 9543: 9249: 9152: 3170:, meaning substantial more effort would have to be made between 2025 and 2050 if the SAFE standard is administrated to halt the original CAFE regulations. 1895: 1876: 1822: 6065: 2021:

studies to set medium and heavy-duty truck MPG standards to the "maximum feasible". Additionally, the law phases out the mpg credit previously granted to

9490: 8992: 381: 9603: 4645: 9122: 9104: 6260: 2295:

The 2011 agreement set up requirements for a mid-term review to look at how the industry was progressing with the new standards. On July 18, 2016, the

109:

The original CAFE standards sought to drive automotive innovation to curtail fuel consumption, and now the aim is also to create domestic jobs and cut

10117: 9970: 9706: 9524: 8762: 8722: 5858: 5533: 240:(EPA) measures vehicle fuel efficiency. Congress specifies that CAFE standards must be set at the "maximum feasible level" given consideration for: 9805: 9644: 9234: 8456: 8364: 8085: 7116: 934:

is so manufacturers are penalized only for persistent failure to meet the requirements, not for transient non-compliance due to market conditions.

4576: 4557: 4538: 4157: 1810:* Production-weighed harmonic average of standards for all vehicles in that model year. The target curves and the MDPCS are the actual standards. 907:

For the purposes of CAFE, a manufacturer's car output is divided into a domestic fleet (vehicles with more than 75 percent U.S., Canadian or post-

9828: 9580: 8225: 6888:"Reforming Fuel Economy Standards Could Help Reduce Oil Consumption by Cars and Light Trucks, and Other Options Could Complement These Standards" 5377: 4226: 3366:

survey found that nine out of ten Americans favor tougher CAFE standards, including 91% of Democrats and 85% of Republicans. In 2007, the 55 mpg

1974:

These new flexibilities were implemented by regulation on March 23, 2009, in the Final Rule for 2011 Model Year Passenger Cars and Light Trucks.

6212: 4061: 3216:

admitted in 2008 not knowing which fuel efficiency technologies consumers really want, he said "we are moving fast with technologies like E‑85 (

1910:

than in previous years; failed to set standards for vehicles in the 8,500 to 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) range; and failed to prepare a full

9940: 9594: 9244: 8488: 8410: 6069: 6034: 5442: 4991: 169: 129: 5734: 752:{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{A}+n_{B}+n_{C}+n_{D}}{{\frac {n_{A}}{f_{A}}}+{\frac {n_{B}}{f_{B}}}+{\frac {n_{C}}{f_{C}}}+{\frac {n_{D}}{f_{D}}}}}} 9254: 9226: 9189: 8281: 8107: 8045: 6807: 5205: 2296: 1954:

was based on the vehicle footprint. The unreformed standard for MY 2008 was set to be 22.5mpg, 23.1mpg for MY 2009, and 23.5mpg for MY 2010.

6742: 5350: 3537: 9169: 8472: 6096: 2042: 287:—is higher than some other western nations, although it has recently started to gradually decline at a faster rate than in previous years. 3340:

of auto design, partially brought on by CAFE. Some consumers felt so strongly, that by 1985, 66,900 individuals purchased vehicles in the

10122: 9977: 9798: 9750: 9110: 8426: 8418: 3488:". The report stated (page 20) that the fuel efficiency improvements of light-duty vehicles have reduced the overall U.S. emissions of CO 278:

nations: 25 miles per US gallon (9.4 L/100 km) in North America, versus 45 miles per US gallon (5.2 L/100 km) in the

5702: 5228: 4846:"Final Environmental Impact Statement, Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, Passenger Cars and Light Trucks, Model Years 2011–2015" 4390: 9720: 9660: 8512: 8504: 7249: 4457: 2018: 304: 40: 9990: 8862: 7167: 6866: 6687: 6477: 125: 5124:"STATEMENT BY TONY CERVONE, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, COMMUNICATIONS, VOLKSWAGEN GROUP OF AMERICA REGARDING PROPOSED CAFE STANDARDS" 4793:"Proposed Rulemaking To Establish Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards" 9626: 8825: 8274: 8210: 8059: 7500: 7105: 6147: 4034: 3955: 4190: 10059: 9653: 9633: 9483: 9397: 9259: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 6182: 4596:"2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards – Final Rule" 3556:

cylinders, are already widely applied in cars, but not trucks. Manufacturers dispute how effective these technologies are, their

3082: 1867:

of 3,220 pounds to 4,066 pounds (1,461 kg to 1,844 kg), in part due to an increase in truck ownership from 28% to 53%.

4006: 10022: 10015: 9782: 9674: 9508: 9352: 9195: 9092: 9080: 8754: 8556: 7495: 7274: 7259: 7254: 7244: 6517: 3078:(IIHS) in May 2020, "the smallest late-model cars remain the most dangerous, according to the most recent driver death rates." 3075: 6799: 6197: 4579:. U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Office of the Chief Counsel. Archived from 4560:. U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Office of the Chief Counsel. Archived from 4541:. U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Office of the Chief Counsel. Archived from 3352:

In 2004, GM retiree Charles Amann said that consumers do not pick the weak-performing vehicle when given a choice of engines.

9883: 9440: 8961: 8738: 7515: 6663: 5127: 4942: 4313: 4272: 4238: 3822: 7229: 5898: 5246:"How much ethanol is in gasoline, and how does it affect fuel economy? – FAQ – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 10052: 9835: 9812: 9587: 9140: 9098: 8170: 8112: 8095: 7160: 6777: 6592: 6565: 6478:"Voters Believe Passing Increased Fuel Efficiency Standards Is The Most Important Accomplishment This Congress Could Enact" 4512: 4358: 3690: 3665: 3345: 3296:

Standard Range Plus, earned $ 428 Million in AMFA CAFE Credits paid to it by other manufacturers in Q2 2020, a new record.

3195: 1923: 237: 161: 6928: 5102: 9789: 9412: 9264: 8574: 8520: 8434: 7580: 5939: 4992:"Obama Administration National Fuel Efficiency Policy: Good For Consumers, Good For The Economy And Good For The Country" 908: 495:

has long been known to overestimate real-world fuel economy which, as of the 2022 model year, is typically 76 percent of

6620: 4746: 4720: 3355:

Vehicle safety ratings are now made available to consumers by NHTSA. and by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

10112: 9956: 9924: 9876: 9476: 9458: 9134: 8898: 8658: 8596: 8566: 8305: 8080: 7505: 7214: 6375: 4424: 2077:

value of $ 4.31 savings a year per car under the new regulations. Further, the new regulations assume that no advanced

1899: 157: 6420: 4870: 4845: 3456:

The definitions for cars and trucks are not the same for fuel economy and emission standards. For example, a Chrysler

9933: 8967: 8910: 8874: 8706: 8376: 8215: 8180: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8090: 7765: 7269: 7197: 7085: 6113: 4822: 1898:

agreed with NHTSA that economic benefit-cost analysis (maximizing net economic benefits to the Nation) is, under the

851: 165: 7127: 5669: 5636: 5603: 5303:"The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule for Model Years 2021–2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks" 4920: 4688: 4116: 3302: 10107: 10001: 9392: 9372: 9239: 9128: 9074: 8949: 8190: 7525: 6907: 5962: 5558: 5154: 4895: 2799:

overestimating compliance costs and characterized such changes in the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking as misleading.

5275: 3314: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9028: 8985: 8297: 8154: 8127: 7795: 7770: 7490: 3680: 3162:, the weakening of 2022-2025 CAFE standards would make it much harder for the U.S. to avoid a two-degree-Celsius 2118: 1631: 6073: 9319: 9010: 8955: 8837: 8604: 8586: 8195: 8122: 8075: 7510: 7322: 5503: 4871:"Average Fuel Economy Standards, Passenger Cars and Light Trucks, MY 2011–2015. Final rule; record of decision" 3650: 2300: 2113: 1911: 316:

from 1979 to 1982 the fuel economy rose as the CAFE standard rose dramatically and the price of fuel increased;

7142: 6298:"Cadillac V-8-6-4 A variable displacement engine that tried to split the difference between power and economy" 5378:

https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/2021-2026_nprm_comment_period_extension_09212018.pdf

9947: 9727: 8928: 8446: 8185: 8117: 7730: 7695: 4337: 4197: 4062:"Vehicle Weight, Fatality Risk and Crash Compatibility of Model Year 1991–99 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks" 3485: 3470: 3362:

survey concluded fuel economy is the most important consideration in consumers' choice of vehicle and a 2007

3159: 3124: 7099: 761:

For example, a fleet of 4 vehicles getting 15, 13, 17, and 100 mpg has a CAFE of slightly less than 19 mpg:

9821: 9713: 8892: 8200: 8175: 7940: 7775: 7675: 7635: 7485: 7447: 7264: 3283: 2284: 5866: 3086:

Institute for Highway Safety's 2007 data show a correlation of about 250–500 fatalities per year per MPG.

319:

from 1984 to 1986 the fuel economy rose as the CAFE standard rose and the price of fuel decreased rapidly;

10075: 9734: 9517: 9357: 9304: 9274: 9157: 8979: 8010: 7920: 7885: 7735: 7725: 7720: 7700: 7183: 7133:

Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards, National Academy of Sciences

3849: 3670: 263: 188: 91: 7111: 7055: 5353: 4675: 10084: 10008: 8784: 8149: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7945: 7650: 7565: 7397: 7148:

Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Standards: Frequently Asked Questions R45204 June 1, 2021 (pdf)

5020: 4580: 4561: 4542: 4161: 3341: 3235: 2770: 6991: 4451:"Average Fuel Economy Standards For Light Trucks, Model Year 2008–2011, Final Rule (Light Truck Rule)" 3278:

subsidies and tax exemptions in the US. This result was achieved by installing a defeat device in the

2842:

Continuous functions of updated attribute-based targets as published in the March 31, 2022, Final Rule

10036: 9899: 9499: 9347: 9284: 9163: 9146: 9016: 8922: 8886: 8240: 8205: 7830: 7685: 7680: 7555: 7224: 7219: 6219: 4158:"Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards Around the World" 4068: 912: 5918: 5572: 4356: 4338:"To LDT or Not to LDT: An Assessment of the Principal Impacts of Light-Duty Trucks Light Truck Rule" 3870: 9435: 9430: 9367: 8690: 8220: 8005: 7930: 7925: 7820: 7780: 7740: 7645: 7620: 7402: 7202: 7122: 7067: 7063: 7047: 5738: 3645: 3140: 2257:; the expected consumer costs in terms of higher car prices was unknown. Ten car companies and the 2250: 2030: 927: 837:{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{{\frac {1}{15}}+{\frac {1}{13}}+{\frac {1}{17}}+{\frac {1}{100}}}}=18.83} 10029: 9775: 9617: 9215: 9022: 8015: 7980: 7895: 7760: 7710: 7690: 7665: 7655: 7640: 7630: 7615: 7595: 7570: 7560: 7550: 7452: 7367: 6750: 5786:

Tucker, Reginald (September 2012). "New CAFE standards impact OEM parts suppliers, PM industry".

4595: 4295: 4254: 3685: 3541: 3279: 2078: 45: 9906: 9890: 8230: 8000: 7955: 7935: 7910: 7900: 7890: 7880: 7870: 7850: 7835: 7825: 7815: 7785: 7755: 7660: 7600: 7575: 7545: 7535: 7407: 7132: 6274: 6245: 5709: 3804: 3695: 3187: 2090: 1941: 1891:

and cargo vans over 8500 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) would have remained exempt.

83: 6009: 4711:"Compliance Question: Will automakers build bigger trucks to get around new CAFE regulations?" 9681: 9335: 9324: 9209: 9202: 8916: 8880: 8792: 8324: 8100: 8020: 7995: 7905: 7855: 7810: 7715: 7670: 7610: 7585: 7540: 7427: 7312: 6719: 4485:(Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 12, 2022. pp. D-4, D-5 4394: 3363: 3243: 3099: 3065:

There continues to be an active debate on the safety, costs, and impact of the CAFE program.

2318: 2066: 1875:

The CAFE rules for trucks were officially amended at the end of March 2006. However, the 9th

99: 20: 6297: 4357:

Paul R. Portney; Ian W.H. Parry; Howard K. Gruenspecht; Winston Harrington (November 2003).

236:

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regulates CAFE standards and the

9418: 8868: 8544: 8496: 7960: 7915: 7865: 7840: 7805: 7745: 7625: 7590: 7392: 7302: 6261:"A Tale of Two Mercedes: When the Grey Market Made U.S.-Spec Cars Compete With Euro Models" 5399: 3256: 6837: 6694: 6539: 6484: 5534:"Biden administration proposes to ratchet up fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars" 4620: 3922: 1860:

did not meet CAFE requirements. They paid fines totaling 15 million dollars for the year.

8: 9314: 9309: 8831: 8316: 7985: 7875: 7845: 7750: 7705: 7605: 7457: 7432: 7377: 7362: 7207: 7138:

Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035 (2021)

6597: 6031:"Report to Congress on Effects of the Alternative Motor Fuels Act CAFE Incentives Policy" 3705: 3198:

fame, asserted that the CAFE standard was a failure and said it was like trying to fight

3148: 2769:

In early August 2018, the EPA and Department of Transportation, then operating under the

2245:

fuel economy standard of 35.5 miles per US gallon (6.63 L/100 km; 42.6 mpg

2117:

and Final Regulatory Impact Analysis (FRIA) for MYs 2011–2015. On November 14, 2008, the

267: 254: 187:), of a manufacturer's fleet of current model year passenger cars or light trucks with a 9468: 5836: 5403: 5245: 5229:"2017–2025 Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Emissions and CAFE Standards: Supplemental" 4038: 3519:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3410:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2045:

with proposed new fuel economy standards for cars and trucks effective model year 2011.

9913: 9867: 8340: 7990: 7950: 7860: 7417: 7382: 7372: 7342: 7307: 7297: 7239: 7147: 6647:

Cost, effectiveness and deployment of fuel economy technologies for light-duty vehicles

6345: 5906: 5520: 5423: 5328: 5280: 4964: 4674: (United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit November 15, 2007), 4201: 3700: 2187: 2176: 2165: 518: 498: 478: 368:, is determined as the weighted harmonic average of the values measured on the “city” ( 351: 332: 7128:

Federal Proposal Would Unlink Fuel Economy Requirements From Their Safety Consequences

5799: 3871:"A Brief History of US Fuel Efficiency Standards Where we are—and where are we going?" 9860: 9377: 9004: 8934: 8850: 7462: 7442: 7347: 7317: 7234: 6659: 5938:(Web Video). North American International Auto Show Detroit: NextGear. Archived from 5803: 5450: 5415: 5044:

54.5 miles per gallon is based on a projected fleet average of 163g/mi of tailpipe CO

4506:"Testimony Before The U.S. House Of Representatives Committee On Energy And Commerce" 4309: 4268: 4234: 3904: 3818: 3660: 3475: 2794: 2774: 2310: 6950: 5427: 312:

years. Within this period, there are three distinct periods of fuel economy change:

9844: 9667: 9294: 7422: 7387: 7357: 7332: 7292: 6987:

Natural Resources Defense Council v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

6812: 6772: 6651: 6066:"The Corporate Average Fuel Economy Program (CAFE) – Background: AMFA CAFE Credits" 5795: 5517: 5488: 5407: 4301: 4260: 3896: 3810: 3610:

spending an extra $ 3,490 on mostly imported fuel and emitting an extra 14 tons of

3359: 3091: 2184: 2173: 2162: 956: 923: 915:(UAW) as a means to ensure job creation in the United States. The UAW successfully 467:{\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{{\frac {0.55}{f_{city}}}+{\frac {0.45}{f_{highway}}}}}} 271: 184: 118: 87: 8266: 3806:

Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards (2002)

3205:

In late 2007, Lutz called hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles the "ideal solution".

8973: 8810: 8648: 8528: 8235: 7437: 7337: 5577: 4671:

Center for Biological Diversity v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

3675: 3167: 2263: 952: 543: 196: 192: 6569: 4919:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. March 27, 2009. Archived from 4766:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. March 30, 2009. Archived from 4365: 3900: 3344:

to avoid the sluggish, unreliable vehicles mandated by the government. In 2003,

2833: 1880: 9387: 7412: 7352: 7327: 6688:"The President's State of the Union Fuel Economy Plan: How I know it will work" 5475: 4819:"Average Fuel Economy Standards, Passenger Cars and Light Trucks, MY 2011–2015" 4644:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. July 24, 2014. Archived from 3561: 3545: 3292:, a firm that makes vehicles like the 142 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 3163: 2106: 2094: 2086: 2074: 1927: 948: 535:

is not the same as the Monroney window sticker value for consumer information.

373: 279: 110: 8731:

Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council

7152: 5823:"Consequences of Weakening 2022–2025 Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards" 4868: 4843: 4816: 3946: 3540:

that manufacturers can apply to improve fuel efficiency short of implementing

10101: 9453: 9402: 9382: 8254: 6650:. District of Columbia: the National Academy of Sciences. 2015. p. 278. 6114:"The dieselgate dilemma – End of the road for clean, affordable diesel cars?" 5807: 5454: 3908: 3438: 3371: 3293: 3107: 3095: 1906:

emissions; failed to set a "backstop" to prevent trucks from emitting more CO

1837: 539: 180: 6645: 6319: 5411: 9289: 6424: 5419: 5329:"U.S. DOT and EPA Propose Fuel Economy Standards for MY 2021–2026 Vehicles" 4297:

Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards

4256:

Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards

3557: 3379: 3367: 3231: 3213: 2241: 2098: 2082: 1888: 7006:"Exclusive: Stellantis, GM pay $ 363 million in US fuel economy penalties" 6964: 6887: 5226: 4448: 3980: 9531: 9407: 6177: 5684: 5651: 5618: 4995: 4692: 4191:"Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model" 4131: 3553: 3446: 3336: 3289: 3103: 2824: 2778: 1849: 846:

While the arithmetic mean fuel economy of the fleet is just over 36 mpg:

275: 95: 7102:

CAFE legislation on U.S. House of Representatives Downloadable U.S. Code

6275:"1984 Mercedes-Benz 500SEL: History of the 1979–1992 Mercedes-Benz W126" 5105:

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards and the Market for New Vehicles

4482: 8843: 5987: 3655: 3628: 3565: 3457: 3262: 3090:

for the Ford Excursion, which has a high proportion of fatalities from

2254: 2102: 1853: 1845: 212: 176: 82:) standards are regulations in the United States, first enacted by the 5051:"President Obama Announces Historic 54.5 mpg Fuel Efficiency Standard" 4391:"CAFE (Fuel Efficiency) Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks" 4114: 2894:

footprint ≥ 74 ft (e.g., Ford F-150 w/ext. cab & 8-foot bed)

2377:

footprint ≥ 74 ft (e.g., Ford F-150 w/ext. cab & 8-foot bed)

115:

government incentives for fuel efficient vehicles in the United States

9116: 8856: 8774: 8403:

Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council

5667: 5634: 5601: 3768: 2235: 2026: 1887:

would have had to comply with CAFE standards regardless of size, but

204: 5822: 5276:"Trump Administration Unveils Its Plan to Relax Car Pollution Rules" 4869:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (November 14, 2008).

4798:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. September 28, 2009 3947:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (December 15, 2014).

3802: 3748:

This was said before the footprint-based standards were implemented.

3386: 228: 7066:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

6655: 6325:. United States General Accounting Office. July 16, 1987. p. 2 5703:"Increasing the Fuel Economy and Safety of New Light-Duty Vehicles" 4844:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (October 10, 2008).

4715: 4305: 4264: 3814: 3442: 916: 138: 6418: 6173:"Taxpayers Paid $ 51M in Green Car Subsidies Linked to VW Diesels" 6099:. Green Car Reports, a division of Internet Brands El Segundo, CA. 4965:"Obama announces new fuel standards – Mike Allen and Eamon Javers" 4093: 8943:

Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission

6198:"Other Automakers Paid Tesla a Record $ 428 Million Last Quarter" 4817:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (April 22, 2008).

3450: 3432: 3408:. The reason given is: CAFE regulations have changed since 2008.. 3220:), all-electric, fuel cells, and a wide range of hybrid offers". 3217: 3199: 2333:

2012–2025 CAFE standards for each model year in miles per gallon.

2011: 1833: 1823:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration § Performance

6320:"Tax Administration Gas Guzzler Tax Compliance Can Be Increased" 4117:"How vehicle weight, driver deaths, and fuel consumption relate" 4067:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from 3223: 295: 31: 8629:

Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service

8613:

Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon

6097:"Toyota Prius was a hybrid trendsetter 15 years ago. Now what?" 4893: 3560:, and how willing customers are to pay for these improvements. 3252: 2850:

2021–2026 CAFE targets for each model year in miles per gallon.

1917: 944: 369: 8747:

National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense

8699:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

8621:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

8537:

HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association

5388: 3587:

U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

1584: 6843:(Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1999 6545:(Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2006 6143: 4989: 1857: 951:. From 1979 to 1991, separate standards were established for 6863:"CAFE Fines No Deterent [sic] To Some Luxury Brands" 6398: 6010:"Alternative Fuels Data Center – Fuel Properties Comparison" 5735:"One Third of Consumers Looking at More Fuel-Efficient Cars" 4115:

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (February 25, 2006).

3057:

heavy-duty trucks and vans, among other regulatory changes.

2326: 1948: 8715:

Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council

8683:

S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection

8675:

South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe

5668:

Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (December 19, 2006).

5349: 5006: 4696: 4184: 4182: 2847: 2785:

The new ruling proposed by the EPA and NHTSA was named the

2330: 2273: 1884: 1841: 966: 217: 3847: 969:

CAFE standards for each model year in miles per US gallon.

175:

The CAFE achieved by a given fleet of vehicles in a given

9728:

Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 and 1976

9498: 9363:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

5151:"VW attacks proposed CAFE standards, goes to White House" 4549: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3739:

Funding restored for CAFE rulemaking by Public Law 107-87

3484:

distance of 1–2%. This phenomenon is referred to as the "

3428: 3191: 3116: 2258: 2022: 8395:

Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy

6902: 6900: 5635:

Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (April 28, 2005).

5602:

Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (April 19, 2007).

5307:

EPA: Regulations for Emissions from Vehicles and Engines

4179: 3437:

CAFE standards signaled the end of the traditional long

2112:

In mid-October 2008, DOT completed and released a final

2025:

flexible-fuel vehicle manufacturers and adds in one for

348:

Under CAFE regulations, a light vehicle's fuel economy,

6475: 6346:"Stations reject TV ads that connect SUVs to terrorism" 6210: 5935:

GM's Chairman Rick Wagoner Meets with Bloggers at NAIAS

5708:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from 5206:"54.5 mpg target is off the table, U.S. regulators say" 3259:

system, which allows the company to meet CAFE targets.

3202:

by requiring tailors to make only small-sized clothes.

8637:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club

8481:

Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA

8357:

Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services

7100:

49 U.S.C. Chapter 329 – Automobile Fuel Economy (2023)

6133:"Summary of Fuel Economy Performance (Public Version)" 5561:. Insurance Institute of Highway Safety. May 28, 2020. 3949:"Summary of Fuel Economy Performance (Public Version)" 3783: 2125: 208: 6897: 4587: 4530: 4188: 4160:. Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Archived from 3973: 2882:

footprint ≥ 56 ft (e.g., Mercedes-Benz S-Class)

2806: 2365:

footprint ≥ 56 ft (e.g., Mercedes-Benz S-Class)

1931:

on oil and this was part of his initiative to do so.

962: 854: 769: 586: 521: 501: 481: 384: 354: 9689:

Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States

9153:

Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992

6120:. The Economist Newspaper Limited. January 12, 2016. 5176:

Rascoe, Ayesha; Seetharaman, Deepa (July 29, 2011).

3571: 3242:

in 1988 to gain CAFE credits for the manufacture of

3234:

being studied by GM and other manufacturers, has a "

2879:

footprint = 49 ft (e.g., Toyota Camry (XV70) )

2792:

Researchers described in a December 2018 article in

2787:

Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicle Rules

2362:

footprint = 49 ft (e.g., Toyota Camry (XV70) )

1896:

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

290: 8993:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

8296: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 5178:"Obama unveils sharp increase in auto fuel economy" 4456:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from 9123:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 5269: 5267: 4689:"Fact Sheet: Energy Independence and Security Act" 3282:of each vehicle, in what is now known as the 2015 2236:Model year 2012–2016 Obama administration proposal 1934: 1870: 893: 836: 751: 527: 507: 487: 466: 360: 9971:Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products 9758:Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act 9177:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA 7050:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 6374:. Mechanical Engineering Magazine. Archived from 5559:"Driver death rates remain high among small cars" 5175: 4943:"Lawsuit Challenges Obama Fuel Economy Standards" 4894:Office of Management and Budget (November 2008). 4414: 4412: 3387:SUVs and minivans created due to original mandate 2008:1.8 billion that went to the Detroit Three. 1965: 211:for information regarding the difference), and a 10099: 9451: 9235:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 8999:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act 8365:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore 6873: 5821:Samantha, Houston; David, Keith (January 2018). 5637:"In Collisions with Cars, SUVs are Incompatible" 5227:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 4945:. Center for Biological Diversity. April 2, 2009 4449:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 4029: 4027: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3589:(page 23) "Several experts stated that this is ( 2299:, NHTSA and the California Air Resources Board ( 515:, and has gotten worse over its decades of use. 183:fuel economy, expressed in miles per US gallon ( 7182: 6693:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from 6511:"Toyota Prius Sales Pass Ford Explorer in U.S." 5890: 5859:"Bob Lutz, the Chevy Volt and the Easter Bunny" 5264: 5200: 5198: 4096:. United States Environmental Protection Agency 3803:Board On Energy; Environmental Systems (2002). 3495: 3255:has invested heavily in developing the complex 3098:was even lower at 44, while the rollover-prone 894:{\displaystyle {\frac {15+13+17+100}{4}}=36.25} 9941:Energy Research and Development Administration 9245:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 8489:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 8411:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 6925:"Mercedes-Benz USA Notes Record Sales In 2007" 6070:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 6035:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 5701:Wenzel, Tom; Ross, Marc (September 18, 2006). 4990:Office of the Press Secretary (May 19, 2009). 4409: 4155: 3886: 3769:"CAFE Overview: "What is the origin of CAFE?"" 3147:Rather than mandating fuel economy increases, 3106:sports car (193) and the mechanically similar 2888:footprint = 54 ft (e.g., Ford Ranger T6) 2876:footprint ≤ 41 ft (e.g., 2015 Honda Fit) 2371:footprint = 54 ft (e.g., Ford Ranger T6) 2359:footprint ≤ 41 ft (e.g., 2015 Honda Fit) 2012:Out-year and alternative fuel standard changes 170:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 130:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 9484: 9255:United States Environmental Protection Agency 8905:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act 8282: 7168: 6808:United States Environmental Protection Agency 5988:"Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE) Definition" 5820: 4735: 4593: 4574: 4555: 4536: 4024: 3999: 3929: 3564:on these improvements is highly dependent on 3464: 8465:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council 7143:Final Rule: CAFE Standards for MYs 2024-2026 6743:"CAFE Standards: Fuzzy Math on Fuel Economy" 6476:The Mellman Group, Inc. (October 26, 2007). 6258: 5195: 5126:. volkswagengroupamerica.com. Archived from 2152:Projected MY2011 CAFE Under Different Rules 2043:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 1918:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 9799:National Mass Transportation Assistance Act 9111:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 8427:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council 8419:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance 6483:. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Archived from 6399:"Five-Star Crash Test and Rollover Ratings" 5886: 5884: 5759: 4156:An, Feng; Amanda Sauer (December 1, 2004). 3068: 2036: 19:"CAFE" redirects here. For other uses, see 9721:Education for All Handicapped Children Act 9661:Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control 9491: 9477: 9105:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 8513:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut 8505:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp. 8457:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council 8289: 8275: 7175: 7161: 7003: 5700: 5565: 4663: 4364:. Resources for the Future. Archived from 2322:2012 to 2025 CAFE targets for light trucks 2041:On April 22, 2008, NHTSA responded to the 1816: 250:effect of other standards on fuel economy; 8863:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 8832:Forest Service Organic Administration Act 8473:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 7086:Learn how and when to remove this message 6369: 6295: 6195: 5476:"Federal Register :: Request Access" 5273: 4359:"The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards" 4335: 2885:footprint ≤ 41 ft (e.g., Chevy S10) 2368:footprint ≤ 41 ft (e.g., Chevy S10) 2327:Agreed standards by model year, 2012–2025 1949:Increases and light truck standard reform 1922:In 2007, the House and Senate passed the 904:100 mpg vehicle would travel 100 miles). 538:Fleet fuel economy is calculated using a 299:Prices inflation adjusted to 2008 dollars 113:. Stringent CAFE standards together with 10118:Automotive industry in the United States 9462:) is being considered for deletion. See 8826:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 7123:Is Bigger Safer? It Ain't Necessarily So 6419:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 6243: 6108: 6106: 6060: 6058: 6056: 5881: 5760:Krauthammer, Charles (January 8, 2015). 5252:. U.S. Energy Information Administration 4444: 4442: 3474: 3370:outsold the top-selling SUV, the 17 mpg 3222: 2317: 2309: 2274:2011 agreement for model years 2017–2025 340:truck CAFE averages, or aggregate data. 294: 227: 137: 56:of all important aspects of the article. 10060:Water Resources Development Act of 1976 9260:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 6990: (2nd Cir. June 29, 2018), 6267: 5597: 5595: 5077:"2017–2025 CAFE GHG Supplemental rules" 4503: 4352: 4350: 3761: 3631:unlawfully delayed its implementation. 3325: 3177: 2290: 2285:systematically cheating emissions tests 124:CAFE standards are administered by the 10100: 10023:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 10016:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 9783:Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 9675:National Security Study Memorandum 200 9353:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 9196:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 9093:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 9081:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 8755:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund 7260:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 6685: 6621:"The Station Wagon Stealthily Returns" 6252: 6094: 5960: 5856: 5785: 5531: 4059: 3843: 3841: 3240:The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) 3190:, an automobile designer/executive of 3076:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2061:(7.6 L/100 km; 37.2 mpg 2053:(8.6 L/100 km; 33.0 mpg 52:Please consider expanding the lead to 9884:Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board 9525:VP confirmation of Nelson Rockefeller 9472: 9441:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action 8962:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 8739:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. 8349:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation 8270: 7156: 7112:NHTSA: Corporate Average Fuel Economy 6740: 6618: 6590: 6508: 6130: 6124: 6103: 6053: 6023: 5963:"GM says 2010 no sure thing for Volt" 5931: 5857:Berman, Bradley (November 19, 2007). 5441:Meyer, Robinson (February 12, 2020). 5440: 5148: 5026:(Report). EPA. July 2016. p. 3-2 4761:"Summary of Fuel Economy Performance" 4439: 4225: 3131: 922:For the fuel economy calculation for 10053:Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 9836:Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 9813:Commodity Futures Trading Commission 9170:Energy Independence and Security Act 9141:National Environmental Education Act 7030: 6778:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 6447:"Fuel Economy is the Best Incentive" 6343: 6181:. September 23, 2015. Archived from 5694: 5592: 4681: 4347: 3882: 3880: 3717: 3691:Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 3666:Energy Independence and Security Act 3499: 3449:developed the idea of marketing the 3390: 3346:Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers 3270:(6.9 L/100 km; 41 mpg 3119:pickup compared to an imported car. 1924:Energy Independence and Security Act 238:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 162:Energy Independence and Security Act 25: 9790:Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula 9413:Significant New Alternatives Policy 9265:U.S. Global Change Research Program 8575:Southern Union Co. v. United States 8521:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA 8435:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms 6838:Fuel Economy Guide, Model Year 2000 6563: 6540:Fuel Economy Guide, Model Year 2007 6289: 5443:"We Knew They Had Cooked the Books" 5274:Davenport, Coral (August 2, 2018). 3838: 2126:2009 Obama administration directive 232:Share defined as car or light truck 13: 10123:Energy policy of the United States 9957:Energy Policy and Conservation Act 9877:Securities Acts Amendments of 1975 9190:America's Water Infrastructure Act 9180:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012) 8899:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 8659:United States v. Riverside Bayview 8597:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 8567:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 7004:Shepardson, David (June 2, 2023). 6509:Simon, Bernard (January 8, 2003). 6196:BERESFORD, Colin (July 22, 2020). 5961:Terlep, Sharon (January 4, 2008). 5103:"Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 3863: 3848:Baruch Feigenbaum; Julian Morris. 3479:CO2 Emissions by Source Since 1880 2807:Updates under Biden administration 2314:2012 to 2025 CAFE targets for cars 2105:), nor alternative fuel vehicles ( 1900:Energy Policy and Conservation Act 963:Standards by model year, 1978–2020 209:#Calculations of MPG overestimated 158:Energy Policy and Conservation Act 16:Fuel economy standards in the U.S. 14: 10134: 9934:Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 9466:to help reach a consensus. › 9206:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022) 8968:National Environmental Policy Act 8946:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965) 8707:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc. 8667:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers 7026: 6908:"Summary of CAFE Fines Collected" 6741:Walsh, Bryan (November 7, 2008). 6619:Brown, Warren (August 29, 2004). 6396: 6370:DeGaspari, John (April 4, 2004). 6259:Tyler Hoover (February 9, 2017). 6095:Briggs, John (January 23, 2020). 5604:"Driver Deaths By Make and Model" 4642:"Summary of CAFE Fines Collected" 4483:The 2022 Automotive Trends Report 4418: 3877: 3850:"CAFE Standards in Plain English" 3572:Calculations of MPG overestimated 3334:Automotive enthusiasts decry the 2777:and the Transportation Secretary 291:Effect on automotive fuel economy 166:U.S. Department of Transportation 146:Observed CAFE by regulatory class 117:should accelerate the demand for 10002:Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974 9393:Presidential Climate Action Plan 9373:New Source Performance Standards 9240:Council on Environmental Quality 9129:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 7035: 6997: 6979: 6957: 6943: 6917: 6855: 6830: 6792: 6765: 6734: 6712: 6686:Greene, David (April 19, 2007). 6679: 6638: 6612: 6591:Brown, Warren (April 13, 2007). 6584: 6557: 6532: 6502: 6469: 6439: 6412: 6390: 6363: 6337: 6146:/CAFE. p. 9. Archived from 6131:Hicks, Maurice (December 2014). 5932:Kelly, Matt (January 18, 2008). 5891:James R. Healey (July 2, 1999). 5532:Frazin, Rachel (July 28, 2023). 5354:"Corporate Average Fuel Economy" 5153:. inautonews.com. Archived from 4539:"49 USC 32905(a), (b), (c), (d)" 4343:. Transportation Research Board. 4336:Kockelman, Kara (January 2000). 4189:Wenzel, Tom; Ross, Marc (2003). 4060:Kahane, Charles (October 2003). 3504: 3395: 3313: 3301: 3060: 2832: 2823: 2764: 2091:extended range electric vehicles 30: 9029:Water Resources Development Act 8986:Coastal Zone Management Program 8298:United States environmental law 6312: 6237: 6204: 6189: 6165: 6088: 6002: 5980: 5954: 5925: 5850: 5829: 5814: 5779: 5753: 5727: 5661: 5628: 5551: 5525: 5510: 5482: 5468: 5434: 5382: 5371: 5343: 5331:(Press release). August 2, 2018 5321: 5295: 5238: 5220: 5169: 5142: 5116: 5095: 5069: 5038: 5013: 4983: 4957: 4935: 4909: 4887: 4862: 4837: 4810: 4785: 4753: 4703: 4634: 4613: 4568: 4497: 4475: 4383: 4329: 4288: 4259:. Books.nap.edu. July 1, 2001. 4247: 4219: 4149: 4108: 4086: 4053: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3681:Fuel taxes in the United States 3182:In the May 6, 2007, edition of 2119:Office of Management and Budget 1871:2006 reform attempt and lawsuit 160:(EPCA), as amended by the 2007 44:may be too short to adequately 9320:Environmental impact statement 9300:Corporate average fuel economy 9184:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act 8605:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 6344:Lowy, Joan (January 8, 2003). 5507:. Retrieved on March 28, 2022. 5504:President of the United States 3915: 3651:California Air Resources Board 3580: 2114:environmental impact statement 1966:CAFE credit trading provisions 1912:Environmental Impact Statement 343: 327:economy has slowly responded. 76:Corporate average fuel economy 54:provide an accessible overview 1: 9948:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 6720:"Fuel efficiency vs. reality" 6453:. August 2006. Archived from 6211:Highway Loss Data Institute. 6017:Alternative Fuels Data Center 5800:10.1016/s0026-0657(12)70054-1 5670:"Minicars First Test Results" 4504:Reuther, Alan (May 3, 2006). 4198:Transportation Research Board 3471:Rebound effect (conservation) 3274:). The company even received 3160:Transportation Research Board 3125:Transportation Research Board 2253:by approximately 900 million 2003:Ford (0.18 mpg) also benefit. 9822:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act 9714:Equal Credit Opportunity Act 9099:Toxic Substances Control Act 7265:Renewable portfolio standard 4558:"49 USC 32904(a)(2)(B)(iii)" 3985:epa.gov/fueleconomy/guzzler/ 3755: 3538:large number of technologies 3496:Technological considerations 3378:reported small cars tend to 3284:Volkswagen emissions scandal 2019:National Academy of Sciences 305:National Academy of Sciences 303:In 2002, a committee of the 7: 9978:Strategic Petroleum Reserve 9735:Federal Election Commission 9358:National Climate Assessment 9305:Discharge Monitoring Report 9158:Food Quality Protection Act 8980:Coastal Zone Management Act 7184:Energy in the United States 6244:Rob Sass (August 1, 2013). 6213:"Auto Insurance Loss Facts" 5053:. nhtsa.gov. Archived from 4575:U.S. Congress (June 2006). 4556:U.S. Congress (June 2006). 4537:U.S. Congress (June 2006). 4233:. Science Serving Society. 4007:"CAFE 2011–2016 Final Rule" 3901:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.008 3730:Frozen by Public Law 104-50 3671:European emission standards 3638: 3552:Some technologies, such as 3236:gasoline gallon equivalency 2240:On May 19, 2009, President 189:gross vehicle weight rating 179:is the production-weighted 151: 126:Secretary of Transportation 86:in 1975, after the 1973–74 10: 10139: 10009:Forestry Incentive Program 9611:Presidential Proclamations 9135:Global Change Research Act 8785:United States v. Bestfoods 8060:Vehicle emission standards 7117:Light Truck Rule criticism 6965:"CPI Inflation Calculator" 6350:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 5762:"Raise the gas tax. A lot" 3809:. The National Academies. 3468: 3465:Increased automobile usage 3426: 2771:Presidency of Donald Trump 1820: 937: 244:technological feasibility; 164:(EISA), requires that the 18: 10113:1975 in the United States 10069: 10037:Maximum contaminant level 9989: 9923: 9900:Tax Reduction Act of 1975 9767: 9698: 9643: 9507: 9500:Presidency of Gerald Ford 9459:Presidency of Gerald Ford 9408:Section 608 Certification 9348:Maximum contaminant level 9285:Best available technology 9273: 9225: 8931:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) 8911:Air Pollution Control Act 8875:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 8807: 8773: 8647: 8585: 8555: 8445: 8375: 8304: 8249: 8163: 8068: 8033: 7794: 7524: 7478: 7471: 7283: 7190: 6951:"2010 Fuel Economy Guide" 5683:(10): 1–8. Archived from 5494:(January 20, 2021; in 3513:This section needs to be 3404:This section needs to be 3083:National Research Council 2868: 2863: 2858: 2615: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2031:plug-in electric vehicles 1809: 984: 979: 974: 928:alternative fuel vehicles 913:United Automobile Workers 90:, to improve the average 9588:Supreme Court candidates 9464:templates for discussion 9436:Toxicity category rating 9431:Total maximum daily load 9368:National Priorities List 9250:Office of Surface Mining 9075:Federal Noxious Weed Act 8976:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014) 8950:Solid Waste Disposal Act 8691:Rapanos v. United States 8046:Greenhouse gas emissions 7255:Offshore drilling debate 7225:Energy Policy Act (2005) 7220:Energy Policy Act (1992) 6593:"Greenhouse Real Wheels" 6296:Jeff Koch (April 2008). 6246:"Heavier. Slower. Safer" 5650:(4): 1–8. Archived from 5617:(4): 1–8. Archived from 4421:"Vehicles and Equipment" 4130:(2): 1–8. Archived from 3712: 3646:Battery electric vehicle 3635:fined under a new rate. 3141:law of supply and demand 3069:Effect on traffic safety 2617:Replaced March 30, 2020: 2251:greenhouse gas emissions 2170:2008 Bush Proposed Rule 2073:. This corresponds to a 2037:Implementing regulations 1877:Circuit Court of Appeals 10108:1975 in the environment 10085:Carter administration → 10030:Safe Drinking Water Act 9776:Fair Credit Billing Act 9538:Assassination attempts 9398:Renewable Fuel Standard 9216:Inflation Reduction Act 9023:Safe Drinking Water Act 6722:. CNN. January 11, 2006 6277:. The Hagerty Group LLC 5412:10.1126/science.aav1458 5079:. NHTSA. Archived from 4745:. NHTSA. Archived from 4577:"49 USC 32906(a)(1)(A)" 4300:. Books.nap.edu. 2002. 4037:. NHTSA. Archived from 3686:Hybrid electric vehicle 3320:Regular Gasoline Prices 3280:electronic control unit 2891:footprint = 67 ft 2374:footprint = 67 ft 1817:Performance in practice 562:, with fuel economies f 10076:← Nixon administration 9907:Tax Reform Act of 1976 9891:National Market System 9744:Rockefeller Commission 9011:Endangered Species Act 8956:Endangered Species Act 8838:Rivers and Harbors Act 8387:United States v. SCRAP 8333:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC 8051:State and territory CO 6566:"Depreciation Ratings" 6185:on September 25, 2015. 5901:on September 18, 2013. 5863:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 5690:on September 25, 2007. 5657:on September 25, 2007. 4594:EPA and NHTSA (2012). 4583:on September 23, 2006. 4564:on September 23, 2006. 4545:on September 23, 2006. 3696:Range-extended vehicle 3480: 3244:flexible-fuel vehicles 3228: 2853:(selected values only) 2323: 2315: 2181:2009 Obama Final Rule 2069:is $ 7 per tonne of CO 1991:Mitsubishi (0.13 mpg), 1942:unintended consequence 895: 838: 753: 529: 509: 489: 468: 362: 300: 253:need of the nation to 247:economic practicality; 233: 142: 100:sport utility vehicles 84:United States Congress 9682:Executive Order 11905 9581:Judicial appointments 9336:Executive Order 13990 9330:Executive Order 13432 9325:Environmental justice 9210:CHIPS and Science Act 8917:Fish and Wildlife Act 8793:Guam v. United States 8325:Sierra Club v. Morton 8069:Governmental agencies 7250:Nuclear energy policy 6818:on September 25, 2007 6700:on September 10, 2008 6378:on September 27, 2007 6300:. Hemmings Motor News 5715:on September 25, 2007 5624:on November 27, 2008. 5489:Exec. Order No. 13990 4749:on December 16, 2008. 4723:on September 27, 2007 4651:on September 17, 2015 4463:on September 23, 2006 4137:on September 25, 2007 4094:"Green Vehicle Guide" 4074:on September 20, 2009 3478: 3364:Pew Charitable Trusts 3226: 3100:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer 2321: 2313: 2067:social cost of carbon 1935:New "footprint" model 896: 839: 754: 578:, the CAFE would be: 530: 510: 490: 469: 363: 298: 270:, air pollution, and 231: 141: 21:Cafe (disambiguation) 10046:Magnuson–Stevens Act 9868:Fast track authority 9419:State of the Climate 9087:Magnuson–Stevens Act 8893:McSweeney-McNary Act 8545:West Virginia v. EPA 8497:Massachusetts v. EPA 8034:Environmental issues 7106:NHTSA: CAFE Overview 7056:improve this article 6753:on November 12, 2008 6457:on February 26, 2008 6427:on December 31, 2007 6076:on December 10, 2016 5352:(November 7, 2016). 3326:Consumer preferences 3308:Light Vehicle Prices 3257:Hybrid Synergy Drive 3178:Automaker viewpoints 3166:scenario as per the 3102:2 door was 232. The 2291:2016 mid-term review 1997:Chrysler (0.14 mpg), 852: 767: 584: 519: 499: 479: 382: 352: 9751:1975 VRA Amendments 9654:International trips 9383:Not-To-Exceed (NTE) 9315:Environmental crime 9310:Effluent guidelines 9071:, 2014, 2016, 2022) 8811:federal legislation 8317:Missouri v. Holland 7270:Secretary of Energy 7198:Energy independence 7068:footnote references 6625:The Washington Post 6598:The Washington Post 6019:. October 29, 2014. 5894:Death By the Gallon 5788:Metal Powder Report 5766:The Washington Post 5404:2018Sci...362.1119B 5398:(6419): 1119–1121. 5157:on January 11, 2012 4397:on January 29, 2007 4371:on December 1, 2007 4167:on February 8, 2012 4041:on December 5, 2006 3706:Road-traffic safety 3212:Former GM chairman 3186:, GM vice-chairman 3149:Charles Krauthammer 2855: 2338: 2153: 1982:Hyundai (1.01 mpg), 971: 285:its trend over time 268:road-traffic safety 9914:Whip Inflation Now 9627:Halloween Massacre 9203:Louisiana v. Biden 9117:CERCLA (Superfund) 9025:(1974, 1986, 1996) 8341:Hughes v. Oklahoma 7240:Fossil fuels lobby 7108:(Archived in 2010) 5837:"Autoline Detroit" 5281:The New York Times 5130:on October 3, 2011 5083:on August 30, 2012 4601:. Federal Register 3701:Regulatory failure 3481: 3229: 3132:Economic arguments 2848: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2151: 2057:) to 31.0 mpg 2000:GM (0.09 mpg), and 967: 891: 834: 749: 525: 505: 485: 464: 358: 333:1979 energy crisis 301: 234: 143: 98:(trucks, vans and 10095: 10094: 9861:Trade Act of 1974 9634:Carter transition 9574:1977 SOTU Address 9567:1976 SOTU Address 9560:1975 SOTU Address 9449: 9448: 9378:New Source Review 9164:Energy Policy Act 9147:Oil Pollution Act 9017:Oil Pollution Act 9005:Noise Control Act 8935:Acid Rain Program 8923:Oil Pollution Act 8887:Oil Pollution Act 8881:Clarke–McNary Act 8803: 8802: 8763:Sackett v. EPA II 8264: 8263: 8029: 8028: 7275:Smart grid policy 7245:Hydropower policy 7235:Federal Power Act 7096: 7095: 7088: 6800:"New MPG Ratings" 6773:"New MPG Ratings" 6665:978-0-309-37388-3 6520:on March 11, 2008 6490:on April 10, 2008 6421:"Vehicle Ratings" 6200:. Car and Driver. 6153:on March 18, 2016 6041:on March 21, 2012 5942:on March 24, 2008 5869:on March 10, 2008 5741:on April 10, 2007 5309:. August 24, 2018 5007:National Archives 4697:National Archives 4315:978-0-309-07601-2 4274:978-0-309-07601-2 4240:978-0-9754871-0-5 3981:"Gas Guzzler Tax" 3961:on August 9, 2018 3824:978-0-309-07601-2 3718:Explanatory notes 3661:Emission standard 3534: 3533: 3425: 3424: 3158:According to the 3054: 3053: 2854: 2775:Andrew R. Wheeler 2752: 2751: 2337: 2336:(selected values) 2233: 2232: 2135:) (a 2.0 mpg 1988:Honda (0.83 mpg), 1814: 1813: 883: 826: 823: 810: 797: 784: 747: 744: 717: 690: 663: 528:{\displaystyle f} 508:{\displaystyle f} 488:{\displaystyle f} 462: 459: 421: 372:) and “highway” ( 361:{\displaystyle f} 119:electric vehicles 71: 70: 10130: 10088: 10079: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9870: 9863: 9854: 9847: 9845:Net capital rule 9838: 9831: 9824: 9815: 9808: 9806:CFTC Act of 1974 9801: 9792: 9785: 9778: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9668:Helsinki Accords 9663: 9656: 9636: 9629: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9604:Executive Orders 9597: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9295:Clean Power Plan 9227:Federal agencies 8869:Weeks–McLean Act 8723:Sackett v. EPA I 8373: 8372: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8268: 8267: 7771:Washington, D.C. 7476: 7475: 7230:Energy subsidies 7191:Politics and law 7177: 7170: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7091: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7071: 7039: 7038: 7031: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6931:on July 19, 2011 6927:. Archived from 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6884: 6871: 6870: 6869:on July 7, 2012. 6865:. Archived from 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6842: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6811:. Archived from 6804: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6749:. Archived from 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6699: 6692: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6568:. Archived from 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6516:. Archived from 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6482: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6451:Consumer Reports 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6423:. Archived from 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6372:"Retooling Cafe" 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6324: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6225:on March 3, 2007 6224: 6218:. Archived from 6217: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6137: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6072:. Archived from 6062: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6037:. Archived from 6027: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5967:The Detroit News 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5897:. Archived from 5888: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5865:. Archived from 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5737:. Archived from 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5674: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5641: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5529: 5523: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5386: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5149:Mihalascu, Dan. 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5057:on March 5, 2013 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4923:on April 5, 2009 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4821:. Archived from 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4797: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4773:on July 24, 2009 4772: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4719:. Archived from 4707: 4701: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4621:"CAFE PIC Fleet" 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4518:on March 1, 2007 4517: 4511:. Archived from 4510: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4427:on July 11, 2007 4423:. Archived from 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4393:. Archived from 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4207:on March 9, 2008 4206: 4200:. Archived from 4195: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4136: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4066: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3960: 3954:. Archived from 3953: 3944: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3800: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3765: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3360:Consumer Reports 3317: 3305: 3184:Autoline Detroit 3092:vehicle rollover 2856: 2852: 2836: 2827: 2339: 2335: 2154: 2150: 2146: 1633: 972: 957:four-wheel drive 924:alternative fuel 900: 898: 897: 892: 884: 879: 856: 843: 841: 840: 835: 827: 825: 824: 816: 811: 803: 798: 790: 785: 777: 771: 758: 756: 755: 750: 748: 746: 745: 743: 742: 733: 732: 723: 718: 716: 715: 706: 705: 696: 691: 689: 688: 679: 678: 669: 664: 662: 661: 652: 651: 642: 639: 638: 637: 625: 624: 612: 611: 599: 598: 588: 534: 532: 531: 526: 514: 512: 511: 506: 494: 492: 491: 486: 473: 471: 470: 465: 463: 461: 460: 458: 457: 427: 422: 420: 419: 398: 392: 376:) drive cycles. 367: 365: 364: 359: 272:carbon emissions 88:Arab Oil Embargo 66: 63: 57: 34: 26: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10082: 10073: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9992: 9985: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9866: 9859: 9850: 9843: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9768:Economic policy 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9707:Cannabis policy 9705: 9699:Domestic policy 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9549: 9542: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9503: 9497: 9467: 9450: 9445: 9277: 9269: 9221: 8974:Clean Water Act 8818: 8817:and lower court 8816: 8814: 8809: 8799: 8769: 8643: 8581: 8551: 8529:Michigan v. EPA 8441: 8371: 8308: 8300: 8295: 8265: 8260: 8245: 8159: 8064: 8054: 8025: 7797: 7790: 7527: 7520: 7467: 7285: 7284:Energy by state 7279: 7186: 7181: 7092: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7053: 7044:This article's 7040: 7036: 7029: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7002: 6998: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6874: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6572:on July 1, 2007 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6514:Financial Times 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6257: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6194: 6190: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6064: 6063: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5930: 5926: 5914: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5889: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5819: 5815: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5578:National Review 5571: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5530: 5526: 5515: 5511: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5439: 5435: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5272: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5208:. July 18, 2016 5204: 5203: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5000: 4998: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4896:"Rin 2127-ak29" 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4825:on May 12, 2008 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4743:"CAFE overview" 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4417: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4035:"CAFE Overview" 4033: 4032: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3930: 3923:"PICReportSite" 3921: 3920: 3916: 3885: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3801: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3676:Fuel efficiency 3641: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3574: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3473: 3467: 3435: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3309: 3306: 3273: 3269: 3180: 3168:Paris Agreement 3134: 3071: 3063: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2828: 2809: 2767: 2618: 2329: 2293: 2276: 2264:consumer choice 2248: 2238: 2182: 2171: 2160: 2159:2006 Bush Rule 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2087:plug-in hybrids 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2039: 2014: 1968: 1951: 1937: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1873: 1825: 1819: 965: 953:two-wheel drive 940: 901: 857: 855: 853: 850: 849: 844: 815: 802: 789: 776: 775: 770: 768: 765: 764: 759: 738: 734: 728: 724: 722: 711: 707: 701: 697: 695: 684: 680: 674: 670: 668: 657: 653: 647: 643: 641: 640: 633: 629: 620: 616: 607: 603: 594: 590: 589: 587: 585: 582: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544:arithmetic mean 542:, not a simple 520: 517: 516: 500: 497: 496: 480: 477: 476: 474: 435: 431: 426: 406: 402: 397: 396: 391: 383: 380: 379: 353: 350: 349: 346: 293: 197:Gas Guzzler Tax 154: 149: 148: 147: 144: 67: 61: 58: 51: 39:This article's 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10136: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10080: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9997: 9995: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9964:CAFE standards 9953: 9952: 9951: 9944: 9929: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9887: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9825: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9802: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9779: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9649: 9647: 9645:Foreign policy 9641: 9640: 9638: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9607: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9591: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9547: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9513: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9496: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9425:Tailoring Rule 9422: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9388:PACE financing 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9231: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8835: 8829: 8822: 8820: 8805: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8789: 8780: 8778: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8759: 8751: 8743: 8735: 8727: 8719: 8711: 8703: 8695: 8687: 8679: 8671: 8663: 8654: 8652: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8633: 8625: 8617: 8609: 8601: 8592: 8590: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8571: 8562: 8560: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8541: 8533: 8525: 8517: 8509: 8501: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8452: 8450: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8431: 8423: 8415: 8407: 8399: 8391: 8382: 8380: 8370: 8369: 8361: 8353: 8345: 8337: 8329: 8321: 8312: 8310: 8302: 8301: 8294: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8271: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8043: 8041:CAFE standards 8037: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7941:North Carolina 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7731:South Carolina 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:North Carolina 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:North Carolina 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7048:external links 7043: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7027:External links 7025: 7023: 7022: 6996: 6978: 6967:. Data.bls.gov 6956: 6942: 6916: 6896: 6872: 6854: 6829: 6791: 6764: 6733: 6711: 6678: 6664: 6656:10.17226/21744 6637: 6611: 6583: 6556: 6531: 6501: 6468: 6438: 6411: 6389: 6362: 6336: 6311: 6288: 6266: 6251: 6236: 6203: 6188: 6164: 6123: 6102: 6087: 6052: 6022: 6001: 5979: 5953: 5924: 5880: 5849: 5828: 5813: 5778: 5752: 5726: 5693: 5660: 5627: 5591: 5564: 5550: 5524: 5509: 5481: 5467: 5433: 5381: 5370: 5342: 5320: 5294: 5263: 5237: 5219: 5194: 5168: 5141: 5115: 5094: 5068: 5045: 5037: 5012: 4982: 4971:. May 18, 2009 4956: 4934: 4917:"Fuel Economy" 4908: 4886: 4861: 4836: 4809: 4784: 4752: 4734: 4702: 4680: 4662: 4633: 4612: 4586: 4567: 4548: 4529: 4496: 4474: 4438: 4408: 4382: 4346: 4328: 4314: 4306:10.17226/10172 4287: 4273: 4265:10.17226/10172 4246: 4239: 4231:Traffic Safety 4227:Evans, Leonard 4218: 4178: 4148: 4107: 4085: 4052: 4023: 3998: 3972: 3928: 3914: 3876: 3862: 3837: 3823: 3815:10.17226/10172 3782: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3616: 3603: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3546:plug-in hybrid 3532: 3531: 3512: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3486:rebound effect 3469:Main article: 3466: 3463: 3423: 3422: 3403: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3300: 3271: 3267: 3179: 3176: 3164:global warming 3133: 3130: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2865:Passenger Cars 2862: 2841: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2808: 2805: 2766: 2763: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2348:Passenger Cars 2345: 2328: 2325: 2292: 2289: 2275: 2272: 2246: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2221:Combined Fleet 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2194:Passenger Cars 2191: 2190: 2179: 2168: 2157: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2107:Honda Civic GX 2095:Chevrolet Volt 2075:global warming 2070: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2038: 2035: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1994:Subaru (0.08), 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985:Nissan (0.65), 1983: 1967: 1964: 1950: 1947: 1945:truck fleet.) 1936: 1933: 1928:George W. Bush 1919: 1916: 1907: 1903: 1872: 1869: 1821:Main article: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 989: 988: 983: 981:Passenger Cars 978: 964: 961: 949:Ford Excursion 939: 936: 890: 887: 882: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 848: 833: 830: 822: 819: 814: 809: 806: 801: 796: 793: 788: 783: 780: 774: 763: 741: 737: 731: 727: 721: 714: 710: 704: 700: 694: 687: 683: 677: 673: 667: 660: 656: 650: 646: 636: 632: 628: 623: 619: 615: 610: 606: 602: 597: 593: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 524: 504: 484: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 434: 430: 425: 418: 415: 412: 409: 405: 401: 395: 390: 387: 378: 357: 345: 342: 324: 323: 320: 317: 292: 289: 280:European Union 259: 258: 251: 248: 245: 153: 150: 145: 136: 135: 134: 111:global warming 69: 68: 48:the key points 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10135: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10071: 10068: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9991:Environmental 9988: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9925:Energy policy 9922: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9819: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9596: 9595:controversies 9592: 9589: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9551:San Francisco 9548: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9487: 9482: 9480: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403:Right to know 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9214: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929:Clean Air Act 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8812: 8806: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306:Supreme Court 8303: 8299: 8292: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8257: 8256: 8255:Energy portal 8252: 8251: 8248: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164:Organizations 8162: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8011:West Virginia 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7921:New Hampshire 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7886:Massachusetts 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7776:West Virginia 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7676:New Hampshire 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7636:Massachusetts 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7501:Hydroelectric 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453:West Virginia 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7368:Massachusetts 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Energy policy 7213: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7079: 7069: 7065: 7064:inappropriate 7061: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6966: 6960: 6952: 6946: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6847:September 24, 6839: 6833: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6721: 6715: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6549:September 24, 6541: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6505: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6400: 6393: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6321: 6315: 6299: 6292: 6276: 6270: 6263:. Autotrader. 6262: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6118:The Economist 6115: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6091: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5983: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5920: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5887: 5885: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5838: 5832: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5677:Status Report 5671: 5664: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5644:Status Report 5638: 5631: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5611:Status Report 5605: 5598: 5596: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5506: 5505: 5490: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5379: 5374: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5268: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5230: 5223: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5108: 5106: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5041: 5022: 5016: 5008: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4944: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4890: 4872: 4865: 4847: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4794: 4788: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4622: 4616: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4478: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4339: 4332: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4124:Status Report 4118: 4111: 4095: 4089: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4008: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889:Energy Policy 3883: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3528: 3525:December 2011 3516: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3477: 3472: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439:station wagon 3434: 3430: 3419: 3407: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:Ford Explorer 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3332: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294:Tesla Model 3 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227:Ethanol plant 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3108:Nissan Altima 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096:Toyota Matrix 3093: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3061:Active debate 3058: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2803:the 2023 MY. 2800: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2765:2020 rollback 2762: 2758: 2756: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2139:(2.4 mpg 2123: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:electric cars 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2046: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1943: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1889:pickup trucks 1886: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1824: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 990: 987: 982: 977: 973: 970: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 935: 931: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 905: 888: 885: 880: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 847: 831: 828: 820: 817: 812: 807: 804: 799: 794: 791: 786: 781: 778: 772: 762: 739: 735: 729: 725: 719: 712: 708: 702: 698: 692: 685: 681: 675: 671: 665: 658: 654: 648: 644: 634: 630: 626: 621: 617: 613: 608: 604: 600: 595: 591: 579: 545: 541: 540:harmonic mean 536: 522: 502: 482: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 432: 428: 423: 416: 413: 410: 407: 403: 399: 393: 388: 385: 377: 375: 371: 355: 341: 337: 334: 328: 321: 318: 315: 314: 313: 309: 306: 297: 288: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 256: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 241: 239: 230: 226: 222: 219: 214: 210: 206: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181:harmonic mean 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 140: 133: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 107: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 65: 55: 49: 47: 42: 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 10083: 10074: 9963: 9618:Nixon pardon 9518:Inauguration 9457: 9417: 9299: 9290:Citizen suit 9278:and concepts 9201: 9175: 8941: 8791: 8783: 8761: 8753: 8745: 8737: 8729: 8721: 8713: 8705: 8697: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8665: 8657: 8635: 8627: 8619: 8611: 8603: 8595: 8573: 8565: 8543: 8535: 8527: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8471: 8463: 8455: 8433: 8425: 8417: 8409: 8401: 8393: 8385: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8315: 8253: 8040: 7976:South Dakota 7971:Rhode Island 7966:Pennsylvania 7946:North Dakota 7736:South Dakota 7726:Rhode Island 7721:Pennsylvania 7701:North Dakota 7408:North Dakota 7286:or territory 7082: 7073: 7058:by removing 7045: 7013:. Retrieved 7009: 6999: 6986: 6981: 6969:. Retrieved 6959: 6945: 6933:. Retrieved 6929:the original 6919: 6867:the original 6857: 6845:. Retrieved 6832: 6820:. Retrieved 6813:the original 6806: 6794: 6782:. Retrieved 6776: 6767: 6755:. Retrieved 6751:the original 6746: 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6714: 6702:. Retrieved 6695:the original 6681: 6671:December 23, 6669:. Retrieved 6646: 6640: 6628:. Retrieved 6624: 6614: 6602:. Retrieved 6596: 6586: 6574:. Retrieved 6570:the original 6559: 6547:. Retrieved 6534: 6522:. Retrieved 6518:the original 6513: 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6485:the original 6471: 6459:. Retrieved 6455:the original 6450: 6441: 6429:. Retrieved 6425:the original 6414: 6402:. Retrieved 6392: 6380:. Retrieved 6376:the original 6365: 6353:. Retrieved 6349: 6339: 6329:September 9, 6327:. Retrieved 6314: 6304:September 9, 6302:. Retrieved 6291: 6281:September 9, 6279:. Retrieved 6269: 6254: 6239: 6227:. Retrieved 6220:the original 6206: 6191: 6183:the original 6176: 6167: 6155:. Retrieved 6148:the original 6139: 6126: 6117: 6090: 6080:February 22, 6078:. Retrieved 6074:the original 6045:February 22, 6043:. Retrieved 6039:the original 6025: 6016: 6004: 5992:. Retrieved 5990:. energy.gov 5982: 5970:. Retrieved 5966: 5956: 5944:. Retrieved 5940:the original 5934: 5927: 5899:the original 5893: 5871:. Retrieved 5867:the original 5862: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5831: 5816: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5771:December 31, 5769:. Retrieved 5765: 5755: 5743:. Retrieved 5739:the original 5729: 5717:. Retrieved 5710:the original 5696: 5685:the original 5680: 5676: 5663: 5652:the original 5647: 5643: 5630: 5619:the original 5614: 5610: 5582:. Retrieved 5576: 5567: 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5537: 5527: 5512: 5502: 5484: 5470: 5460:February 16, 5458:. Retrieved 5447:The Atlantic 5446: 5436: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5373: 5363:September 4, 5361:. Retrieved 5357: 5345: 5335:February 16, 5333:. Retrieved 5323: 5311:. Retrieved 5306: 5297: 5285:. Retrieved 5279: 5256:December 22, 5254:. 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Retrieved 3763: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3633: 3625: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3558:retail price 3551: 3536:There are a 3535: 3522: 3514: 3482: 3455: 3436: 3413: 3405: 3375: 3368:Toyota Prius 3357: 3354: 3351: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3288: 3275: 3261: 3251: 3248: 3239: 3232:Ethanol fuel 3230: 3214:Rick Wagoner 3211: 3207: 3204: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3157: 3154: 3146: 3138: 3135: 3121: 3113: 3088: 3080: 3072: 3064: 3055: 2870:Light Trucks 2869: 2864: 2859: 2849: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2768: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2353:Light Trucks 2352: 2347: 2342: 2332: 2305: 2294: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2242:Barack Obama 2239: 2207:Light Trucks 2129: 2111: 2083:Toyota Prius 2047: 2040: 2015: 2006: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1938: 1921: 1893: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1830: 1826: 986:Light Trucks 985: 980: 975: 968: 941: 932: 921: 906: 902: 845: 760: 537: 475: 347: 338: 329: 325: 310: 302: 264:fuel economy 260: 235: 223: 201: 174: 155: 123: 108: 104: 96:light trucks 94:of cars and 92:fuel economy 79: 75: 74: 72: 62:January 2017 59: 43: 41:lead section 9532:Wilson desk 9502:(1974–1977) 9452:‹ The 9275:Regulations 7831:Connecticut 7651:Mississippi 7566:Connecticut 7428:Puerto Rico 7313:Connecticut 7076:August 2023 6757:November 7, 6726:February 4, 6431:October 24, 6404:October 24, 6178:Motor Trend 5994:October 12, 5915:|work= 5573:"Road Regs" 4996:White House 4975:November 9, 4777:October 23, 4693:White House 4655:October 17, 4605:January 30, 4321:November 9, 4280:November 9, 3895:: 279–287. 3581:Low penalty 3566:fuel prices 3554:multi-valve 3447:Lee Iacocca 3374:. In 1999, 3342:grey market 3337:Malaise era 3266:34 mpg 3104:Nissan 350Z 2779:Elaine Chao 2255:metric tons 1795:42.4 (40.9) 1777:41.3 (39.4) 1759:39.8 (38.0) 1741:38.5 (36.7) 1723:36.5 (34.7) 1705:35.2 (33.3) 1687:34.0 (32.1) 1669:33.2 (31.4) 1651:32.7 (30.7) 344:Calculation 276:first world 10102:Categories 9544:Sacramento 8844:Refuse Act 8006:Washington 7931:New Mexico 7926:New Jersey 7821:California 7766:Washington 7686:New Mexico 7681:New Jersey 7556:California 7496:Geothermal 7448:Washington 7393:New Mexico 7303:California 7203:Energy law 6935:October 2, 6248:. Hagerty. 6157:October 8, 5794:(5): 3–4. 5134:August 10, 5087:August 28, 5048:emissions. 4802:October 8, 4171:August 30, 4016:August 10, 3656:Carbon tax 3629:Heidi King 3458:PT Cruiser 3427:See also: 3380:depreciate 3272:‑imp 3263:Volkswagen 2860:Model Year 2343:Model Year 2247:‑imp 2141:‑imp 2133:‑imp 2103:Th!nk City 2063:‑imp 2055:‑imp 1881:overturned 1854:Land Rover 1846:model year 976:Model Year 955:(2WD) and 213:Ford F-150 177:model year 8857:Weeks Act 8851:Lacey Act 8819:decisions 8815:treaties, 8309:decisions 8055:emissions 8016:Wisconsin 7981:Tennessee 7896:Minnesota 7781:Wisconsin 7741:Tennessee 7646:Minnesota 7621:Louisiana 7516:Renewable 7511:Petroleum 7458:Wisconsin 7433:Tennessee 7378:Minnesota 7363:Louisiana 7060:excessive 6971:March 24, 6704:August 4, 6564:Edmunds. 6140:NHSTA.gov 5917:ignored ( 5907:cite book 5808:0026-0657 5745:March 12, 5455:1072-7825 5287:August 3, 5061:August 9, 4949:April 14, 4927:April 14, 4375:March 12, 3909:0301-4215 3756:Citations 3591:penalties 3416:June 2023 3376:USA Today 3276:green car 3268:‑US 3196:Big Three 2137:‑US 2059:‑US 2051:‑US 2027:biodiesel 1004:Combined 992:Domestic 205:Honda Fit 46:summarize 9509:Timeline 9454:template 9342:LDV Rule 8001:Virginia 7956:Oklahoma 7936:New York 7911:Nebraska 7901:Missouri 7891:Michigan 7881:Maryland 7871:Kentucky 7851:Illinois 7836:Delaware 7826:Colorado 7816:Arkansas 7761:Virginia 7711:Oklahoma 7691:New York 7666:Nebraska 7656:Missouri 7641:Michigan 7631:Maryland 7616:Kentucky 7596:Illinois 7571:Delaware 7561:Colorado 7551:Arkansas 7526:Solar by 7479:Material 7418:Oklahoma 7398:New York 7383:Missouri 7373:Michigan 7343:Illinois 7308:Colorado 7298:Arkansas 7208:New York 6630:June 22, 6604:June 22, 6576:June 26, 6524:March 3, 6494:March 3, 6461:March 3, 6382:March 9, 6355:March 3, 6229:June 26, 5972:March 3, 5946:March 4, 5873:March 3, 5719:June 20, 5584:June 22, 5543:July 28, 5538:The Hill 5428:54456988 5420:30523100 5212:July 19, 5187:April 1, 4969:Politico 4727:April 7, 4716:AutoWeek 4522:March 9, 4489:June 23, 4401:March 9, 4229:(2004). 4211:March 9, 4141:June 20, 4045:March 9, 3987:. 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