252:
444:(electric field) is large enough at a point in the fluid, the fluid at that point ionizes and it becomes conductive. If a charged object has a sharp point, the electric field strength around that point will be much higher than elsewhere. Air near the electrode can become ionized (partially conductive), while regions more distant do not. When the air near the point becomes conductive, it has the effect of increasing the apparent size of the conductor. Since the new conductive region is less sharp, the ionization may not extend past this local region. Outside this region of ionization and conductivity, the charged particles slowly find their way to an oppositely charged object and are neutralized.
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of its source of secondary avalanche electrons (see below). It appears a little larger than the corresponding positive corona, as electrons are allowed to drift out of the ionizing region, and so the plasma continues some distance beyond it. The total number of electrons and electron density is much greater than in the corresponding positive corona. However, they are of predominantly lower energy, owing to being in a region of lower potential gradient. Therefore, whilst for many reactions, the increased electron density will increase the reaction rate, the lower energy of the electrons will mean that reactions which require higher electron energy may take place at a lower rate.
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region of the high potential gradient (and therefore the electrons have high energy), whereas in a negative corona many of the electrons are in the outer, lower-field areas. Therefore, if electrons are to be used in an application which requires high activation energy, positive coronas may support a greater reaction constant than corresponding negative coronas; though the total number of electrons may be lower, the number of very high energy electrons may be higher.
236:
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1057:. The air movement associated with a discharge current of a few hundred microamperes can blow out a small candle flame within about 1 cm of a discharge point. A pinwheel, with radial metal spokes and pointed tips bent to point along the circumference of a circle, can be made to rotate if energized by a corona discharge; the rotation is due to the differential electric attraction between the metal spokes and the
168:
455:. A corona forms only when the conductor is widely enough separated from conductors at the opposite potential that an arc cannot jump between them. If the geometry and gradient are such that the ionized region continues to grow until it reaches another conductor at a lower potential, a low resistance conductive path between the two will be formed, resulting in an
1013:
The difference, then, between positive and negative coronas, in the matter of the generation of secondary electron avalanches, is that in a positive corona they are generated by the gas surrounding the plasma region, the new secondary electrons travelling inward, whereas in a negative corona they are
859:
The electron has a much higher charge/mass ratio and so is accelerated to a higher velocity than the positive ion. It gains enough energy from the field that when it strikes another atom it ionizes it, knocking out another electron, and creating another positive ion. These electrons are accelerated
993:
Electrons ionized from the neutral gas are not useful in sustaining the negative corona process by generating secondary electrons for further avalanches, as the general movement of electrons in a negative corona is outward from the curved electrode. For negative corona, instead, the dominant process
980:
A negative corona is manifested in a non-uniform corona, varying according to the surface features and irregularities of the curved conductor. It often appears as tufts of the corona at sharp edges, the number of tufts altering with the strength of the field. The form of negative coronas is a result
931:
A positive corona has a much lower density of free electrons compared to a negative corona; perhaps a thousandth of the electron density, and a hundredth of the total number of electrons. However, the electrons in a positive corona are concentrated close to the surface of the curved conductor, in a
474:
or disruptive potential gradient of the fluid. In air at sea level pressure of 101 kPa, the critical value is roughly 30 kV/cm, but this decreases with pressure, therefore, corona discharge is more of a problem at high altitudes. Corona discharge usually forms at highly curved regions on electrodes,
1006:
of air at standard temperatures and pressures, making it a more liberal source of secondary electrons under these conditions. Again, the source of energy for the electron-liberation is a high-energy photon from an atom within the plasma body relaxing after excitation from an earlier collision. The
962:
or avalanche region. They are created by ionization caused by the photons emitted from that plasma in the various de-excitation processes occurring within the plasma after electron collisions, the thermal energy liberated in those collisions creating photons which are radiated into the gas. The
935:
Coronas are efficient producers of ozone in the air. A positive corona generates much less ozone than the corresponding negative corona, as the reactions which produce ozone are relatively low-energy. Therefore, the greater number of electrons of a negative corona leads to increased production.
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At a certain distance from the electrode, the electric field becomes low enough that it no longer imparts enough energy to the electrons to ionize atoms when they collide. This is the outer edge of the corona. Outside this, the ions move through the air without creating new ions. The outward
825:
Corona discharge occurs when the electric field is strong enough to create a chain reaction; electrons in the air collide with atoms hard enough to ionize them, creating more free electrons that ionize more atoms. The diagrams below illustrate at a microscopic scale the process which creates a
866:. Both positive and negative coronas rely on electron avalanches. In a positive corona, all the electrons are attracted inward toward the nearby positive electrode and the ions are repelled outwards. In a negative corona, the ions are attracted inward and the electrons are repelled outwards.
923:
A positive corona is manifested as a uniform plasma across the length of a conductor. It can often be seen glowing blue/white, though many of the emissions are in the ultraviolet. The uniformity of the plasma is caused by the homogeneous source of secondary avalanche electrons described in
875:
The glow of the corona is caused by electrons recombining with positive ions to form neutral atoms. When the electron falls back to its original energy level, it releases a photon of light. The photons serve to ionize other atoms, maintaining the creation of electron
483:
there first. On sharp points in the air, corona can start at potentials of 2–6 kV. In order to suppress corona formation, terminals on high voltage equipment are frequently designed with smooth large-diameter rounded shapes like balls or toruses.
625:). They can also be used to remove particulate matter from air streams by first charging the air, and then passing the charged stream through a comb of alternating polarity, to deposit the charged particles onto oppositely charged plates.
989:
Negative coronas are more complex than positive coronas in construction. As with positive coronas, the establishing of a corona begins with an exogenous ionization event generating a primary electron, followed by an electron avalanche.
900:
or spark. Only a small number of gas molecules take part in the electron avalanches and are ionized, having energies close to the ionization energy of 1–3 ev, the rest of the surrounding gas is close to ambient temperature.
830:
A neutral atom or molecule, in a region of the strong electric field (such as the high potential gradient near the curved electrode), is ionized by a natural environmental event (for example, being struck by an ultraviolet
511:. (See below for more details.) The physics of positive and negative coronas are strikingly different. This asymmetry is a result of the great difference in mass between electrons and positively charged
928:, below. With the same geometry and voltages, it appears a little smaller than the corresponding negative corona, owing to the lack of a non-ionising plasma region between the inner and outer regions.
542:
Removal of unwanted electric charges from the surface of aircraft in flight and thus avoiding the detrimental effect of uncontrolled electrical discharge pulses on the performance of avionic systems
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the curved electrode, and the positive ions repelled from it. By undergoing inelastic collisions closer and closer to the curved electrode, further molecules are ionized in an electron avalanche.
951:
As with a negative corona, a positive corona is initiated by an exogenous ionization event in a region of a high potential gradient. The electrons resulting from the ionization are attracted
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The electric field accelerates these oppositely charged particles in opposite directions, separating them, preventing their recombination, and imparting kinetic energy to each of them.
331:). Corona discharges can also happen in weather, such as thunderstorms, where objects like ship masts or airplane wings have a charge significantly different from the air around them (
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use of ionized neutral gas as a source of ionization is further diminished in a negative corona by the high-concentration of positive ions clustering around the curved electrode.
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moving ions are attracted to the opposite electrode and eventually reach it and combine with electrons from the electrode to become neutral atoms again, completing the circuit.
417:
A variety of forms of corona discharge, from various metal objects. Notice, especially in the last two pictures, how the discharge is concentrated at the points on the objects.
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process, creating a non-thermal plasma. The avalanche mechanism does not release enough energy to heat the gas in the corona region generally and ionize it, as occurs in an
628:
The free radicals and ions generated in corona reactions can be used to scrub the air of certain noxious products, through chemical reactions, and can be used to produce
499:. This is determined by the polarity of the voltage on the highly curved electrode. If the curved electrode is positive with respect to the flat electrode, it has a
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of the air. It is often seen as a bluish glow in the air adjacent to pointed metal conductors carrying high voltages, and emits light by the same mechanism as a
397:, and making high voltage electrodes in smooth rounded shapes. However, controlled corona discharges are used in a variety of processes such as air filtration,
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and collide with other atoms, creating further electron/positive-ion pairs, and these electrons collide with more atoms, in a chain reaction process called an
463:, depending upon the source of the electric field. If the source continues to supply current, a spark will evolve into a continuous discharge called an arc.
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and become conductive, allowing charge to continuously leak off the conductor into the air. A corona discharge occurs at locations where the strength of the
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electrons resulting from the ionization of a neutral gas molecule are then electrically attracted back toward the curved electrode, attracted
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In a positive corona, secondary electrons, for further avalanches, are generated predominantly in the fluid itself, in the region outside the
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A further feature of the structure of negative coronas is that as the electrons drift outwards, they encounter neutral molecules and, with
751:, toroidal devices that serve to spread the electric field over a larger areas and decrease the field gradient below the corona threshold.
1032:), combine to produce negative ions. These negative ions are then attracted to the positive uncurved electrode, completing the 'circuit'.
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around conductors undergoing corona processes in air. A negative corona generates much more ozone than the corresponding positive corona.
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operating at mains voltage can suffer progressive loss of capacitance as corona discharges cause local vaporization of the metallization
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is present. These gases are corrosive and can degrade and embrittle nearby materials, and are also toxic to humans and the environment.
251:
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1235:"Design and Experimental Evaluation of Innovative Wire-to-Plane Fins' Configuration for Atmosphere Corona-Discharge Cooling Devices"
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358:, the current leakage caused by coronas can constitute an unwanted load on the circuit. In the air, coronas generate gases such as
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such as sharp corners, projecting points, edges of metal surfaces, or small diameter wires. The high curvature causes a high
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Under other conditions, the collision of the positive species with the curved electrode can also cause electron liberation.
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corona in the air next to a pointed electrode carrying a high negative voltage with respect to ground. The process is:
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In many high voltage applications, corona is an unwanted side effect. Corona discharge from high voltage electric power
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Chen, Junhong (August 2002). "Direct-Current Corona
Enhanced Chemical Reactions" (Document). University of Minnesota.
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Ionized gases produced in a corona discharge are accelerated by the electric field, producing a movement of gas or
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of the electrons (the energy required to liberate the electrons from the surface) is considerably lower than the
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lines. Therefore, power transmission equipment is designed to minimize the formation of corona discharge.
451:, the corona is often called a "single-electrode discharge", as opposed to a "two-electrode discharge"—an
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constitutes an economically significant waste of energy for utilities. In high voltage equipment like
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Coronas can be used to generate charged surfaces, which is an effect used in electrostatic copying (
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Corona can progressively damage the insulation inside these devices, leading to equipment failure
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around conductors energized by a 1.05 million volt transformer in a U.S. NIST laboratory in 1941
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910:(1929), formulated from empirical observations. Later papers derived more accurate formulas.
44:
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Additional information about corona, its effects, characteristics and preventative measures
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1272:"Ozone Production in the Positive DC Corona Discharge: Model and Comparison to Experiments"
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generated by the curved electrode itself, the new secondary electrons travelling outward.
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the plasma, and so begins the process of creating further avalanches inside the plasma.
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A corona discharge is a process by which a current flows from an electrode with a high
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The onset voltage of corona or corona inception voltage (CIV) can be found with
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to nearby areas of lower potential, or recombine to form neutral gas molecules.
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Long exposure photograph of corona discharge on an insulator string of a 500 kV
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Coronas can generate audible and radio-frequency noise, particularly near
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Corona discharge has a number of commercial and industrial applications:
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Corona discharge from a spoon attached to the high voltage terminal of a
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1234:
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Takacs, J. (1972). "Corona
Stabilizer for Van De Graaff Accelerators".
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1310:"Animals see power lines as glowing, flashing bands, research reveals"
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Possible distress in animals that are sensitive to ultraviolet light
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are often added to insulators of high voltage transmission lines.
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Corona discharges can often be suppressed by improved insulation,
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An important reason for considering coronas is the production of
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M. Cogollo; P. M. Balsalobre; A. Díaz-Lantada; H. Puago (2020).
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Hurley, Morgan J.; Gottuk, Daniel T.; Hall, John R. Jr. (2015).
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Lüttgens, Günter; Lüttgens, Sylvia; Schubert, Wolfgang (2017).
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having the ability to undergo a significant degree of ionizing
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around the electrode. The ions generated eventually pass the
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Ionization of a gaseous sample for subsequent analysis in a
243:. Corona discharges represent a significant power loss for
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at these locations so that the air breaks down and forms
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Static
Electricity: Understanding, Controlling, Applying
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Refrigeration of electronic devices by forced convection
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Gaseous
Conductors; Theory and Engineering Applications
1362:. University of California Press. pp. 406–409.
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1410:Electrical Coronas Their Basic Physical Mechanisms
1206:Fridman, Alexander; Kennedy, Lawrence A. (2004).
610:Static charge neutralization, as applied through
16:Ionization of air around a high-voltage conductor
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1386:Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering
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998:, from the surface of the electrode itself. The
255:The corona discharge around a high-voltage coil
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667:Corona discharge is generally undesirable in:
1330:"Vishay Offers C-stability in X2 Capacitors"
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1155:SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
747:In many cases, coronas can be suppressed by
793:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1250:
813:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
189:, without removing the technical details.
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1076:Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
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1276:Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing
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994:generating secondary electrons is the
890:Thermodynamically, a corona is a very
523:at common temperatures and pressures.
425:into a neutral fluid, usually air, by
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466:Corona discharge forms only when the
187:make it understandable to non-experts
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791:adding citations to reliable sources
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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1185:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 94.
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34:This article has multiple issues.
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839:particle), to create a positive
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1448:Nuclear Instruments and Methods
1358:Loeb, Leonard Benedict (1965).
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644:Corona discharges on the 380kV
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75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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1336:. 14 June 2012. Archived from
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1209:Plasma Physics and Engineering
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703:Electrical components such as
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1086:Dielectric barrier discharge
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683:Electromagnetic interference
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1118:Kaiser, Kenneth L. (2005).
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672:Electric power transmission
662:electric power transmission
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578:to expose photographic film
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1212:. CRC Press. p. 560.
939:Beyond the plasma, in the
574:Production of photons for
556:electrostatic precipitator
551:Sanitization of pool water
299:such as air surrounding a
1429:Cobine, James D. (1941).
1158:. Springer. p. 683.
606:ion mobility spectrometer
560:air-conditioning systems
275:Large corona discharges
1288:10.1023/A:1021315412208
1121:Electrostatic Discharge
739:Plastic film capacitors
447:Along with the similar
1408:Loeb, Leonard (1965).
1128:. pp. 2.73–2.75.
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1044:Corona discharge on a
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1506:Electrical breakdown
996:photoelectric effect
787:improve this section
309:electrical breakdown
289:electrical discharge
84:improve this article
1460:1972NucIM.103..587T
1383:Peek, F.W. (1929).
1252:10.3390/app10031010
1091:Kirlian photography
1071:Alternating current
674:, where it causes:
646:overhead power line
576:Kirlian photography
521:inelastic collision
472:dielectric strength
370:(NO), and in turn,
321:dielectric strength
241:overhead power line
1360:Electrical Coronas
1340:on 3 February 2016
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863:electron avalanche
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614:like ionizing bars
612:antistatic devices
477:potential gradient
442:potential gradient
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348:radio transmitters
340:transmission lines
325:gas discharge lamp
317:potential gradient
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245:electric utilities
99:"Corona discharge"
1268:Davidson, Jane H.
1004:ionization energy
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1059:space charge
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749:corona rings
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570:Air ionisers
565:Photocopying
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534:Applications
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486:Corona rings
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399:photocopiers
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368:nitric oxide
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1391:McGraw-Hill
1245:(3): 1010.
1030:water vapor
876:avalanches.
843:and a free
732:can suffer
686:Purple glow
654:Switzerland
650:Albula Pass
388:water vapor
380:nitric acid
1500:Categories
1439:B000B9PK7S
1422:B0006BM4LG
1344:2017-11-22
1102:References
976:Properties
919:Properties
907:Peek's law
837:cosmic ray
717:generators
709:capacitors
692:production
677:Power loss
590:ionic wind
293:ionization
265:Tesla coil
140:April 2013
110:newspapers
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1476:0029-554X
1126:CRC Press
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