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it might be the dilutant that causes the effect. To control for the effect of the dilutant, the same test is run twice; once with the artificial sweetener in the dilutant, and another done exactly the same way but using the dilutant alone. Now the experiment is controlled for the dilutant and the experimenter can distinguish between sweetener, dilutant, and non-treatment. Controls are most often necessary where a confounding factor cannot easily be separated from the primary treatments. For example, it may be necessary to use a tractor to spread fertilizer where there is no other practicable way to spread fertilizer. The simplest solution is to have a treatment where a tractor is driven over plots without spreading fertilizer and in that way, the effects of tractor traffic are controlled.
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254:, and this result sets the baseline upon which the treatment must improve upon. Even if the treatment group shows improvement, it needs to be compared to the placebo group. If the groups show the same effect, then the treatment was not responsible for the improvement (because the same number of patients were cured in the absence of the treatment). The treatment is only effective if the treatment group shows more improvement than the placebo group.
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When possible, multiple positive controls may be usedâif there is more than one disease test that is known to be effective, more than one might be tested. Multiple positive controls also allow finer comparisons of the results (calibration, or standardization) if the expected results from the positive
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If the positive control does not produce the expected result, there may be something wrong with the experimental procedure, and the experiment is repeated. For difficult or complicated experiments, the result from the positive control can also help in comparison to previous experimental results. For
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The simplest types of control are negative and positive controls, and both are found in many different types of experiments. These two controls, when both are successful, are usually sufficient to eliminate most potential confounding variables: it means that the experiment produces a negative result
151:) and give fertilizer to half of them. If there are differences between the fertilized treatment and the unfertilized treatment, these differences may be due to the fertilizer as long as there weren't other confounding factors that affected the result. For example, if the fertilizer was spread by a
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and observes that ten of them subsequently become sick, the underlying cause could be the sweetener itself or something unrelated. Other variables, which may not be readily obvious, may interfere with the experimental design. For instance, the artificial sweetener might be mixed with a dilutant and
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to measure the amount of an enzyme in a set of extracts, a positive control would be an assay containing a known quantity of the purified enzyme (while a negative control would contain no enzyme). The positive control should give a large amount of enzyme activity, while the negative control should
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Where there are only two possible outcomes, e.g. positive or negative, if the treatment group and the negative control (non-treatment group) both produce a negative result, it can be inferred that the treatment had no effect. If the treatment group and the negative control both produce a positive
211:) can be very difficult. Control measurements may also be used for other purposes: for example, a measurement of a microphone's background noise in the absence of a signal allows the noise to be subtracted from later measurements of the signal, thus producing a processed signal of higher quality.
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if they deduce or otherwise obtain information that has been masked to them. Unblinding that occurs before the conclusion of a study is a source of experimental error, as the bias that was eliminated by blinding is re-introduced. Unblinding is common in blind experiments and must be measured and
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In other examples, outcomes might be measured as lengths, times, percentages, and so forth. In the drug testing example, we could measure the percentage of patients cured. In this case, the treatment is inferred to have no effect when the treatment group and the negative control produce the same
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In randomization, the groups that receive different experimental treatments are determined randomly. While this does not ensure that there are no differences between the groups, it ensures that the differences are distributed equally, thus correcting for
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example, if the well-established disease test was determined to have the same effect as found by previous experimenters, this indicates that the experiment is being performed in the same way that the previous experimenters did.
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Controls eliminate alternate explanations of experimental results, especially experimental errors and experimenter bias. Many controls are specific to the type of experiment being performed, as in the molecular markers used in
270:), then we can compare it against a different test that is already known to work. The well-established test is a positive control since we already know that the answer to the question (whether the test works) is yes.
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experiments, and may simply have the purpose of ensuring that the equipment is working properly. The selection and use of proper controls to ensure that experimental results are valid (for example, absence of
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Bello, Segun; Moustgaard, Helene; HrĂłbjartsson, AsbjĂžrn (October 2014). "The risk of unblinding was infrequently and incompletely reported in 300 randomized clinical trial publications".
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when a negative result is expected, and a positive result when a positive result is expected. Other controls include vehicle controls, sham controls and comparative controls.
320:), the experiment can be controlled by assigning the treatments to randomly selected plots of land. This mitigates the effect of variations in soil composition on the yield.
179:). This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the
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354:. A blind can be imposed on any participant of an experiment, including subjects, researchers, technicians, data analysts, and evaluators. In some cases,
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but no tractor was used on the unfertilized treatment, then the effect of the tractor needs to be controlled.
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recommend that all studies assess and report unblinding. In practice, very few studies assess unblinding.
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an experiment. For example, participants may not know who received an active treatment and who received a
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is involved in the phenomenon under study, and the positive results are not solely due to the treatment.
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342:. If this information were to become available to trial participants, patients could receive a larger
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may be produced by making many different samples with different quantities of the enzyme.
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controls have different sizes. For example, in the enzyme assay discussed above, a
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has revealed high levels of unblinding in pharmacological trials. In particular,
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581:"Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine â Levels of Evidence (March 2009)"
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346:, researchers could influence the experiment to meet their expectations (the
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Life, Vol. II: Evolution, Diversity and
Ecology: (Chs. 1, 21â33, 52â57)
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266:. For example, to assess a new test's ability to detect a disease (its
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results. Some improvement is expected in the placebo group due to the
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using a controlled experiment that has been described as the first
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385:, and is used in many fields of research. In some fields, such as
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488:"Practical aspects of experimental design in animal research"
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Blinding is the practice of withholding information that may
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designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the
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During the course of an experiment, a participant becomes
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
214:For example, if a researcher feeds an experimental
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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27:Methods employed to reduce error in science tests
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642:The Harvard Medical School guide to men's health
2685:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
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262:Positive controls are often used to assess
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131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1008:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
1004:Attributable fraction for the population
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1012:Preventable fraction for the population
1000:Attributable fraction among the exposed
14:
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3211:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
358:may be necessary to achieve blinding.
350:), and evaluators could be subject to
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381:Blinding is an important tool of the
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3221:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1175:Correlation does not imply causation
1091:Animal testing on non-human primates
689:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911.
591:from the original on 26 October 2017
323:
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
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2816:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1668:
455:. W. H. Freeman. 2006. p. 15.
403:False positives and false negatives
257:
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24:
2911:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1537:Pearson product-moment correlation
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312:For example, in experiments where
242:result, it can be inferred that a
25:
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671:
486:Johnson PD, Besselsen DG (2002).
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609:
539:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
293:
45:
3170:Least-squares spectral analysis
147:Take identical growing plants (
56:needs additional citations for
2151:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1254:
1058:Pre- and post-test probability
780:Patient and public involvement
631:
603:
573:
551:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.05.007
278:give very low to no activity.
13:
1:
3464:Geographic information system
2680:Simultaneous equations models
437:
2647:Coefficient of determination
2258:Uniformly most powerful test
1185:Sex as a biological variable
36:Treatment and control groups
7:
3216:Proportional hazards models
3160:Spectral density estimation
3142:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2576:Maximum posterior estimator
1808:Randomized controlled trial
1149:Intention-to-treat analysis
1121:Analysis of clinical trials
1050:Specificity and sensitivity
804:Randomized controlled trial
396:
374:trials are poorly blinded.
10:
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2976:Multivariate distributions
1396:Average absolute deviation
615:"A Treatise of the Scurvy"
413:Controlling for a variable
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891:Nested caseâcontrol study
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638:Simon, Harvey B. (2002).
149:Argyroxiphium sandwicense
3459:Environmental statistics
2981:Elliptical distributions
2774:Generalized linear model
2703:Simple linear regression
2473:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1930:Probability distribution
1839:Stochastic approximation
1401:Coefficient of variation
760:Academic clinical trials
237:Placebo-controlled study
3119:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2727:Non-standard predictors
2161:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1834:Adaptive clinical trial
978:Relative risk reduction
826:Adaptive clinical trial
770:Evidence-based medicine
753:Adaptive clinical trial
686:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
432:Wait list control group
3515:Mathematics portal
3336:Engineering statistics
3244:NelsonâAalen estimator
2821:Analysis of covariance
2708:Ordinary least squares
2632:Pearson product-moment
2036:Statistical functional
1947:Empirical distribution
1780:Controlled experiments
1509:Frequency distribution
1287:Descriptive statistics
966:Number needed to treat
218:to sixty laboratories
187:Controlled experiments
156:
18:Controlled experiments
3431:Population statistics
3373:System identification
3107:Autocorrelation (ACF)
3035:Exponential smoothing
2949:Discriminant analysis
2944:Canonical correlation
2808:Partition of variance
2670:Regression validation
2514:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2413:Likelihood-ratio test
2102:Frequentist inference
2014:Locationâscale family
1935:Sampling distribution
1900:Statistical inference
1867:Cross-sectional study
1854:Observational studies
1813:Randomized experiment
1642:Stem-and-leaf display
1444:Central limit theorem
970:Number needed to harm
857:Cross-sectional study
809:Scientific experiment
765:Clinical study design
508:10.1093/ilar.43.4.202
209:confounding variables
177:confounding variables
146:
3354:Probabilistic design
2939:Principal components
2782:Exponential families
2734:Nonlinear regression
2713:General linear model
2675:Mixed effects models
2665:Errors and residuals
2642:Confounding variable
2544:Bayesian probability
2522:Van der Waerden test
2512:Ordered alternative
2277:Multiple comparisons
2156:RaoâBlackwellization
2119:Estimating equations
2075:Statistical distance
1793:Factorial experiment
1326:Arithmetic-Geometric
936:Cumulative incidence
376:Reporting guidelines
244:confounding variable
216:artificial sweetener
173:independent variable
80:"Scientific control"
65:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3426:Official statistics
3349:Methods engineering
3030:Seasonal adjustment
2798:Poisson regressions
2718:Bayesian regression
2657:Regression analysis
2637:Partial correlation
2609:Regression analysis
2208:Prediction interval
2203:Likelihood interval
2193:Confidence interval
2185:Interval estimation
2146:Unbiased estimators
1964:Model specification
1844:Up-and-down designs
1532:Partial correlation
1488:Index of dispersion
1406:Interquartile range
843:Observational study
775:Real world evidence
729:experimental design
408:Designed experiment
197:Experimental design
3446:Spatial statistics
3326:Medical statistics
3226:First hitting time
3180:Whittle likelihood
2831:Degrees of freedom
2826:Multivariate ANOVA
2759:Heteroscedasticity
2571:Bayesian estimator
2536:Bayesian inference
2385:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2270:Randomization test
2240:Testing hypotheses
2213:Tolerance interval
2124:Maximum likelihood
2019:Exponential family
1952:Density estimation
1912:Statistical theory
1872:Natural experiment
1818:Scientific control
1735:Survey methodology
1421:Standard deviation
1129:Riskâbenefit ratio
1096:First-in-man study
1046:Case fatality rate
887:Caseâcontrol study
861:Longitudinal study
316:is affected (e.g.
161:scientific control
157:
3561:Scientific method
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3421:National accounts
3391:Actuarial science
3383:Social statistics
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3203:Survival function
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3050:Granger causality
2891:Contingency table
2866:Survival analysis
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2695:Linear regression
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2561:Credible interval
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2129:Method of moments
1998:Parametric family
1959:Statistical model
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1803:Random assignment
1725:Statistical power
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1504:Contingency table
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1341:Generalized/power
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1170:Survivorship bias
1134:Systematic review
1101:Multicenter trial
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1063:
1054:Likelihood-ratios
1026:Clinical endpoint
994:Population impact
948:Period prevalence
725:Clinical research
545:(10): 1059â1069.
462:978-0-7167-7674-1
383:scientific method
352:confirmation bias
324:Blind experiments
307:systematic errors
300:Random assignment
273:Similarly, in an
193:Scientific method
181:scientific method
141:
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133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
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3165:Fourier analysis
3152:Frequency domain
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3045:Structural break
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2954:Cluster analysis
2901:Log-linear model
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2764:Homoscedasticity
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2498:(KruskalâWallis)
2483:
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2423:Cross validation
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2390:AndersonâDarling
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2295:Likelihood-ratio
2287:Parametric tests
2265:Permutation test
2248:1- & 2-tails
2139:Minimum distance
2111:Point estimation
2107:
2106:
2058:Optimal decision
2009:
1908:
1907:
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1877:Quasi-experiment
1827:Adaptive designs
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1542:Rank correlation
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1069:Trial/test types
944:Point prevalence
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865:Ecological study
848:EBM II-2 to II-3
819:Open-label trial
814:Blind experiment
790:Controlled study
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620:. Archived from
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587:. 11 June 2009.
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519:. Archived from
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330:Blind experiment
258:Positive control
231:Negative control
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3236:Hazard function
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2835:
2802:
2788:
2768:
2722:
2689:
2651:
2614:
2613:
2582:
2526:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2481:
2466:
2445:Rank statistics
2439:
2418:Model selection
2406:
2364:Goodness of fit
2358:
2335:
2309:
2281:
2234:
2179:
2168:Median unbiased
2096:
2007:
1940:Order statistic
1902:
1881:
1848:
1822:
1774:
1729:
1672:
1670:Data collection
1651:
1563:
1518:
1492:
1470:
1430:
1382:
1299:Continuous data
1289:
1276:
1258:
1253:
1223:
1218:
1189:
1153:
1115:
1060:
1014:
988:
962:Risk difference
950:
911:
845:
837:
792:
784:
748:Trial protocols
731:
722:
680:"Control"
677:
674:
669:
662:
636:
632:
627:on 2 June 2015.
624:
617:
608:
604:
594:
592:
579:
578:
574:
535:
531:
523:
490:
484:
477:
467:
465:
463:
449:
448:
444:
440:
399:
348:observer effect
332:
326:
302:
296:
260:
239:
233:
199:
189:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3504:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3309:
3307:Bioinformatics
3303:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:partial (PACF)
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3059:Specific tests
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2959:Classification
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2906:McNemar's test
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Semiparametric
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2485:
2482:(MannâWhitney)
2477:
2476:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2407:(ShapiroâWilk)
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2319:Specific tests
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1770:Standard error
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:Optimal design
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1497:Summary tables
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1331:Contraharmonic
1328:
1323:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1213:List of topics
1209:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Selection bias
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:Animal testing
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1038:Mortality rate
1024:
1022:
1016:
1015:
998:
996:
990:
989:
960:
958:
952:
951:
930:
928:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
884:
883:
882:
877:
867:
853:
851:
839:
838:
836:
835:
834:
833:
831:Platform trial
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
800:
798:
786:
785:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
756:
755:
750:
743:Clinical trial
739:
737:
733:
732:
721:
720:
713:
706:
698:
692:
691:
673:
672:External links
670:
668:
667:
660:
630:
602:
572:
529:
526:on 2010-05-29.
501:(4): 202â206.
475:
461:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
429:
426:clinical trial
415:
410:
405:
398:
395:
372:antidepressant
344:placebo effect
328:Main article:
325:
322:
318:soil fertility
298:Main article:
295:
292:
288:standard curve
259:
256:
252:placebo effect
232:
229:
188:
185:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3578:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3541:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Geostatistics
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3436:Psychometrics
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3299:Biostatistics
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3261:
3260:Log-rank test
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3131:(BoxâJenkins)
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:DurbinâWatson
3082:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:DickeyâFuller
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Cointegration
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Decomposition
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Cohen's kappa
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Nonparametric
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:Nonparametric
2486:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2458:Sample median
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:loss function
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Questionnaire
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Control chart
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
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294:Randomization
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76:Find sources:
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54:This article
52:
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19:
3537:
3525:
3506:
3499:
3411:Econometrics
3361: /
3344:Chemometrics
3321:Epidemiology
3314: /
3287:Applications
3129:ARIMA model
3076:Q-statistic
3025:Stationarity
2921:Multivariate
2864: /
2860: /
2858:Multivariate
2856: /
2796: /
2792: /
2566:Bayes factor
2465:Signed rank
2377:
2351:
2343:
2331:
2026:Completeness
1862:Cohort study
1817:
1760:Opinion poll
1695:Missing data
1682:Study design
1637:Scatter plot
1559:Scatter plot
1552:Spearman's Ï
1514:Grouped data
1211:
1204:
1197:
986:Hazard ratio
870:Cohort study
789:
684:
646:. New York:
641:
633:
622:the original
605:
593:. Retrieved
584:
575:
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521:the original
498:
494:
466:. Retrieved
451:
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380:
360:
356:sham surgery
333:
311:
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275:enzyme assay
272:
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127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
3566:Experiments
3539:WikiProject
3454:Cartography
3416:Jurimetrics
3368:Reliability
3099:Time domain
3078:(LjungâBox)
3000:Time-series
2878:Categorical
2862:Time-series
2854:Categorical
2789:(Bernoulli)
2624:Correlation
2604:Correlation
2400:JarqueâBera
2372:Chi-squared
2134:M-estimator
2087:Asymptotics
2031:Sufficiency
1798:Interaction
1710:Replication
1690:Effect size
1647:Violin plot
1627:Radar chart
1607:Forest plot
1597:Correlogram
1547:Kendall's Ï
1180:Null result
1139:Replication
1034:Infectivity
956:Association
907:Case report
897:Case series
880:Prospective
611:Lind, James
468:14 February
268:sensitivity
169:observation
121:August 2011
3555:Categories
3406:Demography
3124:ARMA model
2929:Regression
2506:(Friedman)
2467:(Wilcoxon)
2405:Normality
2395:Lilliefors
2342:Student's
2218:Resampling
2092:Robustness
2080:divergence
2070:Efficiency
2008:(monotone)
2003:Likelihood
1920:Population
1753:Stratified
1705:Population
1524:Dependence
1480:Count data
1411:Percentile
1388:Dispersion
1321:Arithmetic
1256:Statistics
982:Odds ratio
974:Risk ratio
940:Prevalence
926:Occurrence
902:Case study
650:. p.
648:Free Press
438:References
418:James Lind
391:open trial
366:reported.
314:crop yield
235:See also:
191:See also:
165:experiment
91:newspapers
2787:Logistic
2554:posterior
2480:Rank sum
2228:Jackknife
2223:Bootstrap
2041:Bootstrap
1976:Parameter
1925:Statistic
1720:Statistic
1632:Run chart
1617:Pie chart
1612:Histogram
1602:Fan chart
1577:Bar chart
1459:L-moments
1346:Geometric
1042:Morbidity
1030:Virulence
932:Incidence
559:1878-5921
363:unblinded
3501:Category
3194:Survival
3071:Johansen
2794:Binomial
2749:Isotonic
2336:(normal)
1981:location
1788:Blocking
1743:Sampling
1622:QâQ plot
1587:Box plot
1569:Graphics
1464:Skewness
1454:Kurtosis
1426:Variance
1356:Heronian
1351:Harmonic
1206:Glossary
1199:Category
1076:In vitro
917:Measures
736:Overview
589:Archived
585:cebm.net
567:24973822
517:12391395
397:See also
387:medicine
204:SDS-PAGE
3527:Commons
3474:Kriging
3359:Process
3316:studies
3175:Wavelet
3008:General
2175:Plug-in
1969:L space
1748:Cluster
1449:Moments
1267:Outline
1081:In vivo
340:placebo
153:tractor
105:scholar
32:Control
3396:Census
2986:Normal
2934:Manova
2754:Robust
2504:2-way
2496:1-way
2334:-test
2005:
1582:Biplot
1373:Median
1366:Lehmer
1308:Center
658:
565:
557:
515:
495:ILAR J
459:
422:scurvy
420:cured
175:(i.e.
163:is an
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3020:Trend
2549:prior
2491:anova
2380:-test
2354:-test
2346:-test
2253:Power
2198:Pivot
1991:shape
1986:scale
1436:Shape
1416:Range
1361:Heinz
1336:Cubic
1272:Index
1020:Other
625:(PDF)
618:(PDF)
595:2 May
524:(PDF)
491:(PDF)
112:JSTOR
98:books
3253:Test
2453:Sign
2305:Wald
1378:Mode
1316:Mean
859:vs.
727:and
656:ISBN
597:2018
563:PMID
555:ISSN
513:PMID
470:2015
457:ISBN
336:bias
220:rats
195:and
84:news
34:and
2433:BIC
2428:AIC
547:doi
503:doi
167:or
67:by
3557::
1056:,
1052:,
1048:,
1044:,
1040:,
1036:,
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683:.
654:.
652:31
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543:67
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493:.
478:^
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109:·
102:·
95:·
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20:)
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