893:
which were used in retail purchase environments to determine the specific consumption values that drove consumer purchase attitudes and behaviours. Petrick adapted
Sweeney and Soutar's 2002 study with the creation of the SERV-RERVAL scale, which consisted of quality, monetary price, behavioural price, emotional and reputation. Also following Sweeney and Soutar, researchers Sanchez, Callarisa, Rodriguez and Moliner developed a post-purchase perceived value scale called GLOVAL in 2006, which was designed specifically for the tourism industry. The GLOVAL scale composed of six dimensions, where four of them related to the dimensions of functional value and the last two related to social and emotional value.
737:
587:
complexity of understanding consumer value. In the past decade, researchers have attempted to review the existing literature surrounding consumer value by studying the construct in merely business contexts, while most studied consumer contexts. Since the 2000s, more recent studies have moved away from approaching the construct as a concept, but rather, a measurement, which explores the relationships between value and other variables.
22:
596:
Consumer value conceptualisation has been considered "broad as it is extensive and is represented as much in the field of economics and philosophy as it is in the domain of business". Despite different expressions, however, a commonality between these definitions is that consumer value is the gains and losses perceived by a consumer, in which these include
733:, in which these were further separated into eight value types: efficiency, excellence, status, esteem, play, aesthetics, ethics, and spirituality. These value types were considered either self-oriented (i.e. to be primarily concerned with oneself) or other-oriented (i.e. taking into account the feelings and needs of others).
885:. Emotional values detailed the consumer's feelings, affect or mood about their consumption experience. Epistemic values were about consumers needing novelty, satisfying curiosity and an eagerness for knowledge. Conditional values consisted of the perceived utility gained from a product or a service in relation to
871:
As inspired by
Zeithaml, another popular approach in consumer value literature was the division of the concept as two measures, with the first being benefits (economic, social and relational), and the second being consumers' sacrifices (price, time, effort, risks and opportunities). Other researchers
595:
Despite consumer value being regarded as a core marketing concept, researchers have widely agreed on the inconsistency of its definition, its nature, its characteristics and its conceptualisation. The definition of consumer value has been identified to differ based on the perspective and the context.
875:
A further example of a multi-dimensional approach to consumer value was Sheth's 1991 identification of five dimensions to the concept, including functional, social, emotional, epistemic and conditional. More specifically, functional values were defined as the consumer's perception of the functional
728:
Among the numerous studies surrounding consumer value, Holbrook's was considered to be a pioneer of the value construct as he defined it to be a core element of a consumer's consumption experience. His approach was consistently refined over two decades, fundamentally leading to his development of a
892:
In a following study conducted in 2001, Sweeney and Soutar reduced Sheth's original five dimensions into three. These included functional value, social value and emotional value, in which they were then later elaborated into a scale known as the PERVAL scale. The PERVAL scale consisted of 19 items
749:
Efficiency is the result of an individual actively using a product or consuming an experience to accomplish some kind of purpose. Efficiency is often measured as “a ratio of outputs to inputs.” An example of this is the efficiency of a car, where an appropriate ratio is the distance the car can
525:
The emergence of consumer value research began in the 1980s, with the 1990s and 2000s being a time of clear growth and a generation of key insights for marketing academics. The definition of consumer value has long remained unclear due to the nature of the construct, its characteristics and its
586:
to the consumer value construct can be traced back to the 1980s. During the 1990s and 2000s, the conceptualisation and measurement of the construct expanded rapidly in the field of management, organisation and marketing literatures. Many insights, questions and contributions joined the current
859:
Despite the occasional use of a one-dimensional approach to consumer value research, most academics approached their studies by including multiple dimensions to capture the numerous characteristics of product consumption. Researchers have widely agreed on two distinguishable dimensions from
729:
typology of value. This typology has been noted as "the most comprehensive approach to the value construct, because it captures more potential sources of value than do other conceptualisations". The value conceptualisations that
Holbrook identified included economic, social, hedonic, and
807:
Ethics is a self-oriented value and involves performing an act for others' sake, taking into account how it may affect them or their reaction to it. For example, individuals donating blood do not do it for their own selfish gains – they are often motivated by selflessness instead.
863:
Researchers such as
Holbrook, Lapierre; Pura; Sanchez, Callarisa, Rodriguez and Moliner followed a multi-dimensional approach. Some researchers including Holbrook and Corfman and Hirschman and Holbrook studied consumer value through approaches like social, socio-psychological and
573:
can be distinguished from them, where one is functional in nature, and the other is emotional in nature. Researchers have developed their own scales and approaches to the consumer value conceptualisation, in which as many as eight dimensions have been seen in literature.
521:
and long-term success of a business, and is the basis of all marketing activities. Research has shown that the most important factor of repurchase intentions is consumer value, where value stems from positive consumer shopping experiences from retailers.
1349:
Holbrook, M.B. and
Corfman, K.P. (1985), “Quality and value in the consumption experience: phaedrus rides again”, in Jacoby, J. and Olson, J.C. (Eds), Perceived Quality: How Consumers view Stores and Merchandise, Health and Company, Lexington, MA, pp.
843:
Zeithaml defines perceived value as the overall customer experience, and as the compromise between either benefits and sacrifices or between quality and sacrifices, in which the sacrifices can be split into financial and psychological.
655:'Value is price' and 'value is what I get for what I give'. A consumer perceives value as what they have received (i.e., an assessment of the overall utility of a product) and what they have given for the product (e.g., price).
703:
Value is what a consumer prefers and the act of evaluating the product's attributes, performance and consequences, and whether they successfully fulfil the customer's goals and purposes in situations they require them.
541:
choice. In academic literature, researchers have widely considered Morris
Holbrook's definition of value as a core element of a consumer's consumption experience, to be a pioneer in consumer value research. Holbrook's
1635:
Svee, E.O., Giannoulis, C., & Zdravkovic, J. Modeling
Business Strategy: A Consumer Value Perspective. 4th Practice of Enterprise Modeling (PoEM), Nov 2011, Oslo, Norway. pp.67–81, 10.1007/978-3-642-24849-8_6ff.
46:
880:
attributes or benefits of a product or service, such as its performance, price and efficiency. Social values entailed how consumers perceived their product or service in terms of its association with distinctive
778:
Status and esteem play hand in hand with one another, with esteem seen as a reaction to status. Esteem is the enhancement of one's reputation and their public image through the ownership of certain possessions.
1171:
Sánchez-Fernández, Raquel, M. Angeles
Iniesta-Bonillo, and Morris B. Holbrook. "The conceptualisation and measurement of consumer value in services." International Journal of Market Research 51, no. 1 (2009):
1190:
Thompson, Craig J., and Maura
Troester. "Consumer value systems in the age of postmodern fragmentation: The case of the natural health microculture." Journal of consumer research 28, no. 4 (2002): 550–571.
750:
travel against the amount of fuel it uses. Efficiency can also be measured as convenience, such as how much use can be derived from a product or service versus the time or energy used to source them.
787:
Play is the consumption of a product or an experience purely for one's own enjoyment and typically involves having fun. It is actively sought by individuals and it is a self-oriented experience.
1923:
Grewal, D., Monroe, K. B., & Krishnan, R. (1998). "The
Effects of Price-Comparison Advertising on Buyers' Perceptions of Acquisition Value, Transaction Value, and Behavioral Intentions".
1948:
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Value as Excellence in the Consumption Experience. In Morris B. Holbrook (Eds.), Consumer Value: A Framework for Analysis and Research, (pp. 43–62). London: Routledge.
820:" where this "Other" may constitute some Divine Power, or some otherwise inaccessible Inner Being." An example of this is people donating money to churches to feel closer to an "Other."
872:
also identified a dimension known as 'transaction value', which focused more on the psychological satisfaction or pleasure that consumers would receive from an attractive price deal.
1289:
Gallarza, M. G., Arteaga, F., Del Chiappa, G., Gil-Saura, I., & Holbrook, M. B. (2017). "A multidimensional service-value scale based on Holbrook's typology of customer value".
758:
Excellence refers to an individual's admiration or appreciation of an object due to its quality, its ability to achieve a goal or to carry out a particular function. For example, a
868:. Several additional dimensions in literature emerged thereafter. Consumer value research has seen as many as eight dimensions; for example, Gallarza and Saura's 2006 study.
2032:
Mathwick, C., Malhotra, N. K., & Rigdon, E. (2002). "The effect of dynamic retail experiences on experiential perceptions of value: an internet and catalog comparison".
2057:
Lee, C. K., Yoon, Y. S., & Lee, S. K. (2007). "Investigating the relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendations: The case of the Korean DMZ".
1261:
Zeithaml, V. A., Verleye, K., Hatak, I., Koller, M., & Zauner, A. (2020). Three Decades of Customer Value Research: Paradigmatic Roots and Future Research Avenues.
770:
Status refers to an individual's consumption of a product or an experience to communicate a particular type of image or to convey an impression that portrays success.
851:
ratio-oriented definition has since popularised and influenced many researchers to study the conceptualisation of consumer value as a "get-versus-give" trade-off.
1241:
828:
Another study on consumer value that has been widely accepted by researchers was the works of Zeithaml in 1988, where four common uses of value were identified:
671:
and conditional value. These consumption values are independent and each value acts as different contributions in any situation a consumer must make a choice.
1181:
Holbrook, Morris B. "Special session summary customer value C a framework for analysis and research." NA-Advances in Consumer Research Volume 23 (1996).
2082:
Wu, C. H. J., & Liang, R. D. (2009). "Effect of experiential value on customer satisfaction with service encounters in luxury-hotel restaurants".
1595:
Lai, A.W. (1995). Consumer value, product benefits and customer value: a consumption behavior approach. Advances in Consumer Research, 22: 381–388.
1645:
Gallarza, M. G., Gil-Saura, I., & Holbrook, M. B. (2011). "The value of value: Further excursions on the meaning and role of customer value".
1805:
Monroe, K.B. and Chapman, J.D. (1987). Framing Effects on Buyers' Subjective Product Evaluations, Advances in Consumer Research, 14: 193–197.
2125:
1058:
Active values (efficiency; economic value and enjoyment); Reactive values (visual attraction; entertainment value and service excellence)
569:
Consumer value literature has seen more multi-dimensional approaches than one-dimensional approaches, however researchers agree that two
695:
Value is the difference between a consumer's perception of having or using a product or a service, and the total costs of its purchase.
840:
4. Value is the qualitative, quantitative, objective and subjective elements of a customer's overall exchange experience
2303:
1414:
Tasci, A. D. (2016). "A critical review of consumer value and its complex relationships in the consumer-based brand equity network".
1723:
Sánchez, J., Callarisa, L., Rodríguez, R. M., & Moliner, M. A. (2006). "Perceived value of the purchase of a tourism product".
799:
appreciation of a consumption experience, and the enjoyment of it for one's own sake without needing any external justification.
1242:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271585009_An_overview_of_the_consumer_value_literature_-_perceived_value_desired_value
533:
There are various definitions of consumer value in literature, however, an overall recurring theme is that consumer value is a
506:
is used to describe a consumer's strong relative preference for certain subjectively evaluated product or service attributes.
1957:
Parasuraman, A., & Grewal, D. (2000). "The Impact of Technology on the Quality-Value-Loyalty Chain: A Research Agenda".
1508:
Babin, B. J., Darden, W. R., & Griffin, M. (1994). "Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value".
1366:
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). "Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence".
1439:
Woodall, T. (2003). "Conceptualising 'value for the customer': An attributional, structural and dispositional analysis".
490:
36:
639:
The characterisation of an individual's experience based on their interaction with a specific object, thing, or event.
2118:
2007:
Petrick, J. F. (2002). "Development of a Multi-Dimensional Scale for Measuring the Perceived Value of a Service".
1982:
Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2001). "Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale".
1748:
Hirschman, E. C., & Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic Consumption: Emerging Concepts, Methods and Propositions.
1480:
Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross, B. L. (1991). "Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values".
816:
Spirituality is an "intrinsically motivated acceptance, adoption, appreciation, admiration, or adoration of an “
1873:
Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). "The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality".
1533:
Maklan, S., & Knox, S. (1997). "Reinventing the brand: bridging the gap between customer and brand value".
736:
1586:
Day, G.S. (1999). Market Driven Strategy. Processes for Creating Value, 2nd ed., The Free Press, New York, NY.
1898:
Grönroos, C. (1997). "From marketing mix to relationship marketing ‐ towards a paradigm shift in marketing".
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based on what they have given and what they have received, has also been used by multiple researchers since.
1236:
Morar, Doriana. (2013). An overview of the consumer value literature – perceived value, desired value. In
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may be a good choice for a high-quality car, however, it would not be a good choice for a delivery truck.
2324:
2111:
1839:
Litten, L., Kotler, P., & Fox, K. F. A. (1987). "Strategic Marketing for Educational Institutions".
619:
Table 1 outlines the differing definitions of consumer value by various academic researchers over time.
2283:
896:
Table 2 outlines the differing dimensions of consumer value by various academic researchers over time.
414:
848:
860:
literature. The first is functional in nature, while the other is emotional or affective in nature.
2329:
796:
138:
1162:
Holbrook, Morris B. Consumer value: a framework for analysis and research. Psychology Press, 1999.
834:
2. 'What I get for what I give' – value is the trade-off between benefits and costs
2163:
2148:
837:
3. Value is the trade-off between the price of a product and its perceived quality
538:
483:
429:
409:
394:
208:
183:
158:
98:
2245:
2240:
2153:
1462:
Emotion in the consumption experience: Toward a new model of the human consumer (R.A. Peterson)
510:
218:
1327:
Consumer Value: A Framework for Analysis and Research (Routledge Interpretive Market Research)
2204:
1444:
865:
663:
A consumer makes a choice based on various consumption values, including functional, social,
518:
404:
256:
168:
153:
2288:
2255:
1083:
419:
349:
311:
223:
203:
118:
82:
1695:
Pura, M. (2005). "Linking perceived value and loyalty in location‐based mobile services".
8:
2293:
2230:
2158:
1814:
Nilson, T.H. (1993). "Value-added marketing: Marketing management for superior results".
543:
369:
359:
296:
173:
113:
987:
Emotional or intrinsic value, functional or extrinsic value, logical or value for money
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or contextual factors, such as using sunscreen lotion during summer when going outside.
2250:
2235:
2214:
2199:
2134:
1864:
Lovelock, C.H. (1996). Services Marketing, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
1119:
1114:
1106:
979:
Benefits (quality, satisfaction and specific benefits), costs (money, time and effort)
886:
817:
605:
476:
452:
389:
379:
374:
326:
178:
143:
2045:
1995:
2260:
2178:
1827:
1561:
Woodruff, R. B. (1997). "Customer value: The next source for competitive advantage".
1493:
1238:
International Conference "Marketing – from information to decision" 6th Edition 2013,
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331:
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193:
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51:
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2020:
2016:
1991:
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1932:
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1704:
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447:
321:
123:
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1936:
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Efficiency, excellence, play, aesthetics, status, esteem, ethics, spirituality
960:
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514:
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1911:
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2318:
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1970:
399:
286:
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The role of affect in consumer behavior: emerging theories and applications.
882:
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555:
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Value is the difference between a consumer's perceived benefits and cost.
609:
1101:
684:
266:
241:
133:
1670:
Lapierre, J. (2000). "Customer‐perceived value in industrial contexts".
647:
Value is the outcome of an individual's overall consumption experience.
562:'s value conceptualisation as an individual's assessment of a product's
2209:
1574:
551:
547:
424:
1038:
Functional – quality, functional – price, emotional, special (PERVAL)
517:
has widely been considered to play a significant role in the success,
2103:
583:
570:
534:
384:
316:
73:
41:
1886:
1852:
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Quality, monetary price, behavioural price, emotional, reputation (
730:
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563:
103:
21:
108:
597:
537:
between a consumer's 'benefits and sacrifices' when making a
271:
251:
1082:
Experiential value (hedonic consumption paradigm): Consumer
824:
Zeithaml's Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality and Value
795:
Aesthetics is also a self-oriented value; it refers to the
613:
1066:
Functional value, emotional value, social value (GLOVAL)
854:
723:
1027:
Acquisition value, transaction value, value "in-use",
932:
Functional, emotional, conditional, social, epistemic
1780:
Zhang, J., & Mao, E. (2012). "What's Around Me?"
740:
An overview of Holbrook's Typology of Consumer Value.
1240:Cluj-Napoca, Romania: ResearchGate. Retrieved from
1697:Managing Service Quality: An International Journal
1416:Journal of Destination Marketing & Management
1074:Functional value, emotional value, overall value
623:Table 1. Different definitions of Consumer value
2316:
900:Table 2. Different dimensions of Consumer value
2084:International Journal of Hospitality Management
1329:(1st ed.). Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge.
1672:Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing
582:The origins of research, the interest and the
2119:
484:
1782:International Journal of E-Business Research
1959:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
1563:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
2126:
2112:
1063:Sanchez, Callarisa, Rodriguez and Moliner
491:
477:
1535:Journal of Product & Brand Management
1441:Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2003
1003:Quality, price, acquisition, transaction
735:
2317:
2133:
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1719:
1717:
1631:
1629:
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1625:
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1555:
1468:Heath, Lexington, MA (1986), pp.17–52.
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924:Acquisition value, transaction value
855:Dimensions of consumer value research
724:Holbrook's Typology of Consumer value
1345:
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550:, excellence, status, esteem, play,
15:
1767:
1714:
1552:
13:
1598:
1499:
1471:
1385:
1353:
1019:Consumption value, extended value
995:Functional value, emotional value
831:1. 'Value is price'
718:
14:
2341:
1332:
1308:
1272:
1246:
1193:
952:Hedonic value, utilitarian value
916:Hedonic value, utilitarian value
1086:, Excellent service, Aesthetics
976:Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman
20:
2076:
2051:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1951:
1942:
1917:
1892:
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1841:The Journal of Higher Education
1833:
1808:
1799:
1742:
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1639:
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1527:
1454:
1433:
971:Pre-use value, post-used value
811:
2021:10.1080/00222216.2002.11949965
1184:
1175:
1165:
1156:
1055:Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon
590:
1:
2071:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.017
2046:10.1016/s0022-4359(01)00066-5
1996:10.1016/s0022-4359(01)00041-0
1737:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.11.007
1647:Journal of Consumer Behaviour
1291:Journal of Service Management
1150:
790:
753:
744:
1828:10.1016/0024-6301(93)90036-f
1510:Journal of Consumer Research
1494:10.1016/0148-2963(91)90050-8
1482:Journal of Business Research
1000:Grewal, Monroe and Krishnan
7:
2009:Journal of Leisure Research
1263:Journal of Service Research
1092:
10:
2346:
2096:10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.03.008
1937:10.1177/002224299806200204
1428:10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.010
949:Babin, Darden and Griffin
676:Babin, Darden and Griffen
577:
415:Promotional representative
2276:
2223:
2187:
2141:
1912:10.1108/00251749710169729
1709:10.1108/09604520510634005
1684:10.1108/08858620010316831
1547:10.1108/10610429710175655
1303:10.1108/josm-06-2016-0166
802:
773:
765:
683:responses and other more
1971:10.1177/0092070300281015
929:Sheth, Newman and Gross
660:Sheth, Newman and Gross
2284:Consumers' co-operative
2164:Consumer culture theory
1794:10.4018/jebr.2012070103
1460:Holbrook, M.B. (1986).
1325:Holbrook, M.B. (1999).
1024:Parasuraman and Grewal
957:Litten, Kotler and Fox
782:
410:Promotional merchandise
395:Out-of-home advertising
184:Account-based marketing
35:, as no other articles
2246:Consumer socialization
2241:Consumer ethnocentrism
2154:Autonomous consumption
741:
219:Horizontal integration
2205:Consumer neuroscience
913:Holbrook and Corfman
739:
636:Holbrook and Corfman
519:competitive advantage
405:Product demonstration
257:Corporate anniversary
2289:Consumer-to-business
2256:Consumption function
2034:Journal of Retailing
1984:Journal of Retailing
1925:Journal of Marketing
1875:Journal of Marketing
1750:Journal of Marketing
1368:Journal of Marketing
1084:return on investment
679:Value is related to
420:Visual merchandising
350:Behavioral targeting
224:Vertical integration
204:Influencer marketing
2294:Factory-to-consumer
2231:Consumer confidence
2224:Consumer attributes
2159:Induced consumption
1900:Management Decision
1816:Long Range Planning
1035:Sweeney and Soutar
921:Monroe and Chapman
901:
624:
370:In-game advertising
360:Display advertising
236:Promotional content
2325:Marketing research
2236:Consumer confusion
2215:Marketing research
2200:Consumer economics
2135:Consumer behaviour
2059:Tourism Management
1725:Tourism Management
1575:10.1007/bf02894350
1120:Marketing strategy
1115:Marketing research
1107:Consumer behaviour
1071:Lee, Yoon and Lee
940:Tangibles values,
899:
742:
622:
546:of values include
453:Marketing research
390:Online advertising
380:Native advertising
375:Mobile advertising
327:Sex in advertising
144:Consumer behaviour
54:for suggestions.
44:to this page from
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2311:
2261:Cultural consumer
2179:Consumer spending
1145:Value (marketing)
1140:Value proposition
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963:, received value
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715:
528:conceptualisation
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500:
463:Consumer research
344:Promotional media
332:Underwriting spot
307:Product placement
287:On-hold messaging
277:Loyalty marketing
194:Product marketing
189:Digital marketing
68:
67:
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2299:Consumer service
2210:Consumer product
2174:Consumer economy
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1678:(2/3), 122–145.
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1163:
1160:
1029:redemption value
902:
898:
692:Maklan and Knox
625:
621:
560:Valerie Zeithaml
493:
486:
479:
458:Mystery shopping
355:Brand ambassador
292:Personal selling
282:Mobile marketing
262:Direct marketing
247:Ambush marketing
214:Annoyance factor
199:Social marketing
149:Consumer culture
129:Brand management
70:
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63:
60:
49:
47:related articles
24:
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2090:(4), 586–593.
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2050:
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2015:(2), 119–134.
2000:
1990:(2), 203–220.
1975:
1965:(1), 168–174.
1950:
1941:
1916:
1906:(4), 322–339.
1891:
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1857:
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1653:(4), 179–191.
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1569:(2), 139–153.
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52:Find link tool
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1269:(4), 409–432.
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1079:Wu and Liang
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883:social groups
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431:
430:Word-of-mouth
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400:Point of sale
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159:Effectiveness
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53:
48:
43:
39:
38:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2265:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2040:(1), 51–60.
2037:
2033:
2028:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1931:(2), 46–59.
1928:
1924:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1801:
1788:(3), 33–49.
1785:
1781:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:hal-01572390
1591:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1513:
1509:
1485:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1440:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1371:
1367:
1326:
1294:
1290:
1266:
1262:
1237:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1158:
895:
891:
874:
870:
866:experiential
862:
858:
849:cost-benefit
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
815:
812:Spirituality
806:
794:
786:
777:
769:
757:
748:
727:
618:
594:
581:
568:
556:spirituality
532:
524:
513:of consumer
508:
503:
502:
174:Segmentation
99:Distribution
93:Key concepts
56:
30:
2149:Consumption
1102:Consumerism
942:intangibles
908:Dimensions
887:situational
878:utilitarian
847:Zeithaml's
631:Definition
591:Definitions
539:consumption
267:Franchising
242:Advertising
209:Attribution
134:Co-creation
2319:Categories
1847:(4), 479.
1822:(3), 141.
1516:(4), 644.
1151:References
905:Author(s)
791:Aesthetics
754:Excellence
745:Efficiency
731:altruistic
628:Author(s)
571:dimensions
552:aesthetics
548:efficiency
425:Web banner
312:Propaganda
119:Activation
83:Management
50:; try the
37:link to it
2277:Processes
1881:(2), 31.
1756:(3), 92.
1449:200800200
1111:Marketing
1008:Holbrook
992:Grönroos
984:Woodruff
968:Lovelock
797:intrinsic
709:Day; Lai
700:Woodruff
669:epistemic
665:emotional
652:Zeithaml
644:Holbrook
584:attention
535:trade-off
511:construct
385:New media
317:Publicity
169:Promotion
154:Dominance
74:Marketing
59:June 2024
40:. Please
2142:Concepts
1445:ProQuest
1374:(3), 2.
1125:SERVQUAL
1098:Consumer
1093:See also
1048:SERVQUAL
1043:Petrick
685:tangible
610:benefits
544:typology
442:Research
297:Premiums
252:Branding
179:Strategy
1464:(Ed.),
1172:93–113.
1016:Oliver
944:values
937:Nilson
760:Ferrari
681:hedonic
606:quality
602:utility
578:Origins
564:utility
114:Service
104:Pricing
1447:
1350:31–57.
803:Ethics
774:Esteem
766:Status
302:Prizes
164:Ethics
109:Retail
33:orphan
31:is an
1443:, 1.
1135:Value
818:Other
614:costs
598:price
515:value
272:Label
876:and
783:Play
612:and
509:The
2092:doi
2067:doi
2042:doi
2017:doi
1992:doi
1967:doi
1933:doi
1908:doi
1883:doi
1849:doi
1824:doi
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1705:doi
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1518:doi
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1299:doi
2321::
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2013:34
2011:,
1988:77
1986:,
1963:28
1961:,
1929:62
1927:,
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1994::
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1969::
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1914:.
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61:)
57:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
