1199:
1810:
teaching of modern sciences, and added that the state should not intervene the centers of religious learning (Hawza). He wasn't against formation of organizations and societies that do not create chaos, and in this regard there was no difference between religious and non-religious organizations. In law-making, unlike Nouri, he separated the religious (Sharia) and public law (Urfiya). His opinion was that the personal and family matters should be settled in religious courts by jurists, and the governmental affaris and matters of state should be taken care of by modern judiciary. Parliament added article 71 and 72 into the constitution based on his opinions. Ayatullah Yazdi said that as long as modern constitution did not force people to do what was forbidden by Sharia and refrain from religious duties, there was no reason to oppose democratic rule and the government had the right to prosecute wrongdoers.
1751:سلطنت مشروعه آن است کہ متصدی امور عامه ی ناس و رتق و فتق کارهای قاطبه ی مسلمین و فیصل کافه ی مهام به دست شخص معصوم و موید و منصوب و منصوص و مأمور مِن الله باشد مانند انبیاء و اولیاء و مثل خلافت امیرالمومنین و ایام ظهور و رجعت حضرت حجت، و اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، چنان کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره». و به تجربه و تدقیقات صحیحه و غور رسی های شافیه مبرهن شده که نُه عشر تعدیات دوره ی استبداد در دوره ی مشروطیت کمتر میشود و دفع افسد و اقبح به فاسد و به قبیح واجب است.
1759:. If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust. From human experience and careful reflection it has become clear that democracy reduces the tyranny of state and it is obligatory to give precedence to the lesser evil." —Muhammad Kazim Khurasani
1925:
358:
3035:, 3rd printing (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1913), pp. 48, 119, 179. According to Shuster (p. 48), "Five days later the Persian Minister of Finance, Saniu'd-Dawleh was shot and killed in the streets of Teheran by two Georgians, who also succeeded in wounding four of the Persian police before they were captured. The Russian consular authorities promptly refused to allow these men to be tried by the Persian Government, and took them out of the country under Russian protection, claiming that they would be suitably punished."
512:
321:
51:
1945:
1156:
1881:, (who was a child at the time of the Constitutional Revolution) and theorized that until the return of the Hidden Imam, Islamic jurists should rule Iran, asserted that decades after the collapse of the revolution, that the constitution of 1906 was the work of (Iranian) agents of imperialist Britain, conspiring against Islam who "were instructed by their masters to take advantage of the idea of constitutionalism in order to deceive the people and conceal the true nature of their political crimes".
1087:
1007:
167:
5377:
4909:
1067:
533:
522:
1962:
959:, for a 50-year monopoly over the distribution and exportation of tobacco in exchange for £25,000 to the Shah personally and £15,000 a year to the state. Iranians cultivated a variety of tobacco "much prized in foreign markets" that was not grown elsewhere, and the arrangement threatened the job security of a significant portion of the Iranian population – hundreds of thousands of workers in agriculture and the bazaars.
1465:
foreign influence were also put in question by a number of actions – his close connection to the
Russians, his refusal to support the early bazaari protests against the Europeans in collecting customs dues, his endorsement of the sale of a cemetery to Russians for the construction of a (Russian) bank, leading to the unplanned exhuming of bodies, and the financing of an anti-constitutionalist rally with funds from that Russian bank.
1983:
420:
1668:
5082:
4412:
5092:
1110:. The two protesting groups sought sanctuary in a Tehran mosque, but the government entered the mosque and dispersed them. The dispersal triggered a larger movement that sought refuge at a shrine outside Tehran. The shah yielded to the demonstrators on January 12, 1906, agreeing to dismiss his prime minister and transfer power to a "house of justice" (forerunner of the Iranian parliament). The
1841:
1755:"According to Shia doctrine, only the infallible Imam has the right to govern, to run the affairs of the people, to solve the problems of the Muslim society and to make important decisions. As it was in the time of the prophets or in the time of the caliphate of the commander of the faithful, and as it will be in the time of the reappearance and return of the
815:, and a small group of radical reformers – argued that Iran's oil industry was being sold to the British, while tax breaks on imports, exports and manufactured textiles were destroying Iran's economy (which had been supported by the bazaar merchants), and that the shah was selling assets to pay interest on the fortune in foreign debt he had accumulated.
1387:. Other opponents included Mullah Qurban Ali Zanjani. Nouri maintained that sharia was a complete code of life, not just for religious ritual, and any other codes were both unnecessary and against Islam. Although he ranked below Marja' religious leaders, he told Shi'i Muslims to ignore the Marja' they followed if that marja' supported democracy.
1292:
themselves as heroes. Inspired by this victory, constitutionalists across Iran set up special committees in Tehran, Rasht, Qazvin, Isfahan and other cities, and the powerful
Bakhtiyari tribal leaders threw their support to the Tabriz rebels. Constitutionalist forces marched to Tehran, forced Mohammad Ali Shah's abdication in favor of his young son
924:. But the alliance was based on common enemies rather than common goals. The ulama sought "to extend their own power and to have Shi'i Islam more strictly enforced"; the liberals and radicals desired "greater political and social democracy and economic development"; and the bazaaris "to restrict favored foreign economic status and competition".
1773:
1198:
877:
Major roads between cities that might have appeared to be investments in improving transportation, provided opportunities not for greater trade and prosperity, but for tax collectors to fleece towns along the road, and thus "encouraged the local peasants to settle in more distant regions". A survey for the
British Foreign Office reported:
907:
particularly strong in those countries, like Iran, that had experienced
Russian penetration and oppression. Many considered it significant that the only Asian power with a constitution had defeated the only Western power without one, and constitutions came to be looked upon as the "secret of strength" of Western governments.
986:(tobacco monopoly). Bazaars shut down, and Iranians stopped smoking tobacco, Despite the popularity of tobacco – which Iranians were said to be less likely to forego than bread – the religious ban was so successful that it was said that women in the shah's harem quit smoking.
1441:"Because we are aware of the intended reasons for this institution, it is therefore incumbent on every Muslim to support its foundation, and those who try to defeat it, and their action against it, are considered contrary to shari'a." —Mirza Husayn Tehrani, Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Abdallah Mazandaran.
1475:
The anti-democracy clerics incited violence and one such cleric said that getting in the proximity of the parliament was a bigger sin than adultery, robbery and murder. In Zanjan, Mulla Qurban Ali
Zanjani mobilized a force of six hundred thugs who looted shops of pro-democracy merchants, took hold of
932:
became convinced that "law and order, security of property, and immunity from arbitrary power could all be achieved by importing parliamentary democracy" from Europe. The ulama (i.e. Islamic scholars) had less to gain and a less direct incentive to support a constitution, but were convinced (at least
885:
Perhaps worst of all the indignities Iran suffered from the superior militaries of
European powers were "a series of commercial capitulations." While the sales by the shah of titles, patents, privileges, concessions, monopolies, lands, ... high offices" paid for some improvements, such as a telegraph
1885:
At the beginning of the constitutional movement, when people wanted to write laws and draw up a constitution, a copy of the
Belgian legal code was borrowed from the Belgian embassy and a handful of individuals (whose names I do not wish to mention here) used it as the basis for the constitution they
1607:
If a thousand jurists write that this parliament is founded on the command to do good and prohibit evil ... then you are witness that this is not the case and they have erred ... (exactly as if they were to say) this animal is a sheep, and you know it is a dog, you have to say, 'You are mistaken, it
1375:
argued that while complete justice was impossible until the return of the Hidden Imam, "human experience and careful reflection" shows "that democracy reduces the tyranny of state" making it a "lesser evil" in governance and something Shi'i must support until the return of the Imam; also supporting
1308:
The revolution ended in
December 1911 when deputies of the Second Majlis, suffering from "internal dissension, apathy of the masses, antagonisms from the upper class, and open enmity from Britain and Russia", were "roughly" expelled from the Majlis and threatened with death if they returned by "the
906:
The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and the
Russian revolution of 1905 gave impetus to an Iranian opposition movement that had been growing since 1901. After a century of successive defeats, an Asian power had defeated a European power, an event that bolstered pride throughout Asia. This feeling was
898:
In 1872, Nasir al-Din Shah negotiated a concession granting a
British citizen control over Persian roads, telegraphs, mills, factories, extraction of resources, and other public works in exchange for a fixed sum and 60% of net revenue. This concession was rolled back after bitter local opposition.
881:'There are large tracts of fertile land which remain waste owing to their proximity to the main roads, as no village having cultivators on such spots can possibly prosper or enjoy the least immunity from the pestering visits of Government officials, and thefts and robberies committed by the tribes.'
1598:
Shari'a covers all regulations of government, and specifies all obligations and duties, so the needs of the people of Iran in matters of law are limited to the business of government, which, by reason of universal accidents, has become separated from Shari'a. ... Now the people have thrown out the
927:
The intellectuals were a "small but growing" group, many of whom learned of Western ways while travelling abroad and "were generally struck by Western economic development, comparative justice, and lack of arbitrary rule". In their writings these intellectuals criticized Iran's "autocratic rulers,
1809:
This did not mean he supported Fazlullah Nouri and Mohammad Ali Shah. When parliament asked him to review the final draft of constitution, he suggested some changes and signed the document. He said that modern industries were permissible unless explicitly prohibited by Sharia. He also agreed with
1291:
was appointed the commander in chief of High Council, i.e. commander of the constitutionalist forces. By April 1909, the Tabriz rebels had lost large numbers of fighters, but succeeded in driving out royalist forces from the city, and Sattar Khan and his lieutenant Bagher Khan had distinguished
894:
at least, 10% of "the guilds in this city were weavers; not even 1/5 of those survived" competition with imported textiles. Widows and orphans were hurt, and farmers suffered: by 1894 the price they were paid for wheat harvest dropped to 1/6 what it had been in 1871; irrigation systems had fallen
876:
To compensate for his lack of an army, the Qajar Shah would use "loyal tribes", putting down a rebellion by declaring a rebellious city or region "open booty" for the tribe, who would then appear to rape and pillage – a far more destructive means of discipline than arresting and punishing rebels.
1464:
As a rich and high-ranking Qajar court official responsible for conducting marriages and contracts, handling the wills of wealthy men and collected religious funds, Nouri had a powerful vested interest in maintaining the status quo of Iran's political structure. His professions of opposition to
1408:
After the parliament was formed, its members stayed in touch with Akhund Khurasani. Whenever legislative bills were discussed, he was telegraphed with the details for a juristic opinion. In a letter dated June 3, 1907, the parliament told Akhund about a group of anti-constitutionalists who were
1299:
A further split in the revolutionary movement occurred in 1910 when "a group of guerrilla fighters headed by Sattar Khan, refused to obey a government order to disarm." After a "brief but violent confrontation" in which Sattar Khan was wounded, Yeprem Khan, the recently appointed police chief of
1057:
to foreign powers on trade items ranging from weapons to tobacco. The aristocracy, religious authorities, and educated elite began demanding a curb on royal authority and the establishment of the rule of law as their concern about foreign (especially Russian) influence grew. The Qajars had taken
1586:
claiming girls' schools were brothels. Nouri also opposed freedom of the press, modern ways of governance, allocation of funds for modern industry and equal rights for all citizens irrespective of their religion. He bought a printing press and launched a newspaper of his own, "Ruznamih-i-Shaikh
1456:
made speeches and distributed tracts in support of the sources of emulation (Shi'i marja' religious leadership) in Najaf and their position on constitutionalism. They all agreed that the people must counter autocracy and injustice with a constitution that limited the powers of the state and a
818:
It ended in December 1911 when deputies of the Second Majlis, suffering from "internal dissension, apathy of the masses, antagonisms from the upper class, and open enmity from Britain and Russia", were "roughly" expelled from the Majlis and threatened with death if they returned by "the shah's
1222:
The electoral law of September 9, 1906 defined the regulations for the Elections to the Majlis. (No women, foreigners, men under 25, "persons notorious for mischievous opinions," those with a criminal record, active military personnel, etc. were allowed to vote. Members of the parliament were
1910:
argues that a major lesson of the Revolution is that what separates the "countless uprisings and popular protests" throughout the last hundred odd year of Iranian history from those in 1906, in 1953 and in 1979 that "ultimately resulted in radical change" is the ability to bring together a
1218:
The constitution itself was created by the royal proclamation on August 5, 1906 by Mozzafar al-Din Shah on "for the peace and tranquility of all the people of Persia." The Quran was the foundation of this constitution while the Belgian constitution served as a partial model for the document.
947:
The tobacco protest of 1891–1892 was "the first mass nationwide popular movement in Iran", and described as a "dress rehearsal for the...Constitutional Revolution", formed from an anti-imperialist and antimonarchist coalition of "clerics, mercantile interests, and dissident intellectuals".
1826:
The Shiʿite state is confined to Persia, and their prestige and prosperity depended upon it. Why have you permitted the ruin of Persia and the utter humiliation of the Shiʿite state? ... You may reply that the mullahs did not allow . This is not credible. ... I can foresee that my country
1821:
was "a well-known figure" and one of "the two most widely recognized clerical leaders of the Revolution" (the other being Sayyed ʿAbd-Allāh Behbahānī). Both were from "old and powerful clerical families" whose authority over the religious community was "beginning to be threatened by rival
1805:
did not offer the liberty to support constitutional politics. In his view, politics was beyond his expertise and therefore he avoided taking part in it. Therefore during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, he stayed neutral most of the times and seldom issued any political statement.
742:
The revolution was "the first of its kind in the Islamic world, earlier than the revolution of the Young Turks in 1908". It opened the way for the modern era in Persia, and debate in a burgeoning press. Many groups fought to shape the course of the revolution. The old order, which Shah
2843:
989:
The protest demonstrated to the Iranians "for the first time that it was possible to win out against the Shah and foreign interests… there is a direct line from the coalition which participated in the tobacco movement… culminating in the Constitutional Revolution" and arguably the
1768:
Nouri interpreted Sharia as equivalent to and in competition with written constitutions of modern society, unlike Akhund Khurasani who (in addition to being a higher ranking cleric), viewed the adherence to religion in a society as beyond one person or one interpretation.
1226:
The fundamental laws of December 30, 1906 defined the role of the Majlis as a bicameral legislature: the National Consultative Assembly was to be based "on justice." and there was to be "another Assembly, entitled the Senate." The Constitutional Amendment of 1907 declared
1822:
mojtaheds". Ṭabāṭabāʾī had "demonstrated liberal proclivities since the late period of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah". In a "famous letter" to the prime minister at the time, ʿAyn-al-Dawla in 1323/1905, he attacked "opposition to creation of a national assembly (majles-e mellatī)":
873:(formerly part of Iran) and signed a commercial treaty with Britain. The lack of a standing Iranian army was part of the problem because the forces that were raised to fight the Russians (for example) were "faction-ridden tribal contingents" and lacked modern artillery.
1175:) began, with the goal of limiting the power of the shah. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah agreed on a parliament in August 1906, and the first elections were held that fall. One hundred fifty-six members were elected, the overwhelming majority from Tehran and the merchant class.
1886:
then wrote, supplementing its deficiencies with borrowings from the French and British legal codes. True, they added some of the ordinances of Islam in order to deceive the people, but the basis of the laws that were now thrust upon the people was alien and borrowed.
1587:
Fazlullah", and published leaflets. He believed that the ruler was accountable to no institution other than God and people had no right to limit the powers or question the conduct of the shah; those who supported democratic form of government were corrupt and
1435:اساس این مجلس محترم مقدس بر امور مذکور مبتنی است. بر هر مسلمی سعی و اهتمام در استحکام و تشیید این اساس قویم لازم، و اقدام در موجبات اختلال آن محاده و معانده با صاحب شریعت مطهره علی الصادع بها و آله الطاهرین افضل الصلاه و السلام، و خیانت به دولت قوی شوکت است.
1911:
coalition of "the educated middle class", the mid-level clerics and the seminary students who "maintain an enormous amount of control and power over the pious masses", and "most crucially, the business class – the merchant class – the bazaari merchants".
1480:
and attacked merchants and looted stores. Nouri's ties to the court of the shah and landlords reinforced his fanaticism. He even contacted the Russian embassy for support and his men delivered sermons against democracy in mosques, resulting in chaos.
804:
The Constitutional Revolution began in 1905 with protest against a foreign director of customs (a Belgian) enforcing "with bureaucratic rigidity" the tariff collections to pay for a loan to another foreign source (Russians) that financed the shah's
792:), Iran's parliament amended the constitution on December 12, 1925, replacing the 1797–1925 Qajar dynasty with the Pahlavi dynasty as the legitimate sovereigns of Iran. The 1906–1907 constitution, though not adhered to, remained until after the
1058:
large loans from Russia and Britain to pay for the Shah's extravagant lifestyle and the cost of the government; the shah financed a royal tour of Europe in 1900 by borrowing ₽22 million from Russia, using Iranian customs receipts as collateral.
1396:
1242:, the sixth Qajar shah, came to power in January 1907. He opposed the constitution. The British switched their support to the shah, abandoning the constitutionalists. In August of that year, taking advantage of Iran's weakness, the
1831:), my stature and prestige, my service to Islam are about to fall into the hands of enemies and all my stature gone. As long as I breathe, therefore, I will strive for the preservation of this country, be it at the cost of my life"
889:
Under the Qajar dynasty (1789–1925), foreign (Western) mass-manufactured products, "especially textiles, undermined the traditional handicrafts, and consequently presented for many bazaars a mutual enemy – the foreigner." In
91:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
4240:
1705:) of all Shiites, have issued clear fatwas that uphold the necessity of the Constitution. Aside from their words, they have also shown this by their actions. They see in Constitution the support for splendour of Islam.
1898:
named after him. This was despite the fact that Nouri was defending the monarchy against the constitution, and the Islamic Revolution (before Khomeini consolidated power) had been all about the overthrow of the shah.
1223:
required to be fully literate in Persian, "Iranian subjects of Iranian extraction," "locally known," "not be in government employment," between the ages of 30 and 70, and "have some insight into affairs of State."
1476:
the city for several days, and killed the representative Sa'd al-Saltanih. Nouri himself recruited mercenaries from criminal gangs to harass supporters of democracy. On December 22, 1907, Nouri led a mob towards
1648:', (essential the worst condemnation possible in Shi'i Islam). In so doing they established a model of religious secularity in government in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in (some) Shi'i seminaries.
1789:, another prominent Marja of Najaf. Both Mohammad Kazem and Khorasani led a great Shia school in Najaf although they had different views in politics at the same time. While Akhund Khorasani was an eminent
1852:, who, with the assistance of Russian troops staged a coup against the Majlis (parliament) in 1907. In 1909, however, constitutionalists marched onto Tehran, ending the Minor Tyranny. Nouri was arrested.
5048:
1594:
Like Islamists later in the 20th century, Nouri preached the idea of sharia as a complete code of social life, not just religious ritual, and any other codes were both unnecessary and against Islam.
1090:
The first Majlis (October 7, 1906 – June 23, 1908); chairman Mortezā Qoli Khan Sani od-Dauleh, who had been finance minister for seven months when he was assassinated on 6 February 1911 by two
1855:
The Revolutionary Tribunal declared Nouri guilty of inciting mobs against the constitutionalists and issuing fatwas declaring parliamentary leaders "apostates", "atheists," "secret Freemasons" and
1461:
made clear his desire to roll back democracy and reestablish his authority by military and foreign support (in 1908), Shaikh Fazlullah reversed his position and sided with the shah and his court.
582:
1663:
He who wins his own soul, protects his religion, is against following his desires and is obedient to the command of his Master; that is the person whom the people should take as their model.
777:
The revolution ended in December 1911 when the Shah's ministers oversaw the expulsion of the deputies of the Second Majlis from the parliament "with the support of 12,000 Russian troops".
1490:
1332:
clergy among the Iranian people that went beyond issues directly involved with religion. (Usuli Shi'i consider it obligatory for a Muslim not trained in the religious sciences to obey a
1287:
After shelling the Majles (parliament) of Iran in the capital Tehran, 40,000 of Mohammad Ali Shah's soldiers were ordered to attack Tabriz, where Constitutional rebels were holding out.
4891:
1636: – defended the parliament when it came under attack from the cleric of the shah's court, Nouri. They acted as a legitimising force, invoking the Quranic command of '
307:
2018:
3412:
1862:(warlike pagans) whose blood ought to be shed by the faithful. He was found guilty of "sowing corruption and sedition on earth," and in July 1909, Nouri was hanged as a traitor.
1231:
to be the state religion, and called for a council of five high ranking Twelver Shia clerics to ensure that the laws passed by the parliament were not against the laws of Islam.
369:
766:
with Russian and British support. This led to a second effort with constitutionalist forces marching to Tehran, forced Mohammad Ali Shah's abdication in favor of his young son
1578:
He argued Islam contained a complete code of life, whereas democracy would allow for "teaching of chemistry, physics and foreign languages", which would cause the spread of
4943:
676:
865:, Iran lost "Georgia, Armenia, and their Caspian navy" to Russia, "gave up its claims to Afghanistan, and paid an indemnity of three million pounds to the tsar". In the
5078:
4445:
575:
1659:, the Thiqa tul-islam from Tabriz, opposed Nuri saying that only the opinion of the sources of emulation is worthy of consideration in the matters of faith. He wrote:
1041:'s accession Persia faced a financial crisis, with annual governmental expenditures far in excess of revenues as a result of the policies of his father. The monarch,
854:
In the late 19th century, like most of the Muslim world, Iran suffered from foreign intrusion and exploitation, military weakness, lack of cohesion, and corruption.
631:
374:
899:
Other concessions to the British included giving the new Imperial Bank of Persia exclusive rights to issue banknotes, and opening up the Karun River to navigation.
5415:
1532:"Because Nouri is causing trouble and sedition, his interfering in any affair is forbidden." —Mirza Husayn Tehrani, Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Abdallah Mazandaran.
1202:
1182:
first met in October 1906. The shah was old and frail, and attending the inauguration of parliament was one of his last official acts. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's son,
4378:
5555:
4291:
616:
568:
621:
2581:
1612:
Unlike Islamists, he saw the king as the "executive of the Islamic government", and a debilitation of the power of the king as "a derogation of religion".
643:
626:
5070:
4632:
4146:
3794:
17:
94:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
4936:
2331:
4438:
1508:
Notified about Nouri's activities, Akhund Khurasani consulted the other Marja' and in a letter dated December 30, 1907, they issued a statement:
4782:
63:
5336:
3769:
1344:, understood that he could not use royal prestige and tradition to fight constitutional government. Instead, he would find religious allies.
1106:
for price-gouging. The city's merchants rebelled, closing its bazaar. The clergy followed suit as a result of the alliance formed during the
1538:
However, Nouri continued his activities and a few weeks later Akhund Khurasani and his fellow Marja's argued for his expulsion from Tehran:
5351:
5346:
2062:
1318:
5560:
5420:
4929:
4304:
Foran, John. "The Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran's Populist Alliance: A Class Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911",
2396:
886:
network and in Tehran a regular police force, a municipal civil service, etc., they were also spent on consumption by the shah's court.
5570:
5565:
5440:
4912:
4431:
3039:
39:
1053:(1896–1907), who often relied on his chancellor to manage his decentralized state. His dire financial straits caused him to sign many
5435:
5400:
4397:
1325:
that effectively shut down tobacco use in Iran and reversed the monopoly agreement on tobacco, showed the enormous influence of the
826:(parliaments), a deposed shah and a 1907 division of the country by Britain and Russia capitalizing on Iran's weak government. A new
384:
2110:
while disarming the revolutionaries in Tehran as commander of Tehran's police force during the interim constitutionalist government.
1246:
was signed, dividing Iran into a Russian zone in the north and a British zone in the south; the center of the country was neutral.
5358:
1709:
He firmly opposed the idea of a supervisory committee of Tehran's clerics censoring the conduct of the parliament, and said that:
1765:
As "sanctioned by sacred law and religion", Akhund believes, a theocratic government can only be formed by the infallible Imam.
1409:
trying to undermine legitimacy of democracy in the name of religious law. Akhund Khurasani and the other two members of the trio (
1347:
There were clergy on both sides of the dispute. On the side of constitutional government were three of the highest level clerics (
5063:
4321:(تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) (History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution), in Persian, 951 p. (Negāh Publications, Tehran, 2003),
1468:
In his fight against the institution of parliament, he led a large group of followers and began a round-the-clock sit-in in the
1562:"Restore peace and expel Nouri as quickly as possible." – Mirza Husayn Tehrani, Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Abdallah Mazandaran.
158:
124:
5269:
1437:الاحقر نجل المرحوم الحاج میرزا خلیل قدس سره محمد حسین، حررّہ الاحقر الجانی محمد کاظم الخراسانی، من الاحقر عبدالله المازندرانی
830:
created a parliament, giving it final approval of all loans and the budget. The majles was endorsed by the leading clerics of
5117:
4366:
4220:
4136:
4096:
3965:
3925:
3900:
3595:
2722:
2565:
1140:
1014:
2603:
Tilmann J. Röder, "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives" in Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder,
1380:, who argued that only the sources of emulation (highest level clerics) should be heeded when it comes to matters of faith.
5450:
5122:
4612:
4572:
4536:
2165:
1894:, Nouri, as the leader of the Constitutional Revolution's opponents, was celebrated enough in the Islamic Republic to have
1689:
Let us consider the idea that the constitution is against Sharia law: all oppositions of this kind are in vain because the
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2607:(Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 321–372. The article includes an English translation of the following documents:
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115:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Persian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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as Persia's treasurer-general. In response, Russia issued an ultimatum to expel Shuster and suspend the parliament,
5425:
5226:
2144:
1395:
267:
257:
2147:– Aristocrat and landowner who was accused of a bomb attack on Mohammad Ali Shah and freed by British troops
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petty officials, venal clerics, and arbitrary courts, and of the low status of women." The "mercantile class" or
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2013:
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611:
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4348:, Volume I, translated into English by Evan Siegel, 347 p. (Mazda Publications, Costa Mesa, California, 2006).
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2288:
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1933:
1603:
And if the Marja' religious leader that a Shi'i Muslim followed supported democracy, that Muslim should not:
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The political base of the constitutionalist movement to control the power of the shah was an alliance of the
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defected from the constitutionalists, helping the shah kill some revolutionaries and bomb the parliament.
1190:) by December 31, 1906, making his power contingent on the will of the people, and died three days later.
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1414:
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843:
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30:
This article is about the 1905–1911 Iranian revolution. For the revolution that took place in 1979, see
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protesters returned from the shrine in triumph, riding royal carriages and hailed by a jubilant crowd.
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loan for Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's royal tour. In December of that year, two merchants in Tehran were
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110:
2714:
The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State
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4697:
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952:
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527:
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337:
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214:
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The Fundamental Law (Qanun-e Asasi-e Mashruteh) of the Iranian Empire of 14th Dhu-‘l-Qa’dah 1324
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2007:
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5241:
5153:
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4747:
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3040:"The retreat by the Parliament in overseeing the financial matters is a retreat of democracy"
2361:
2320:
1797:, many imitators (followers) prayed behind Kazem Yazdi too, as his lessons on legal rulings (
1656:
1377:
1340:, when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior.) After this debacle, the new Shah,
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862:
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299:
131:
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4692:
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1991:
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1629:
1410:
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1186:, was unsympathetic to constitutionalism; the shah signed the constitution (modeled on the
839:
796:
a new constitution was approved on 2 and 3 December 1979 establishing an Islamic Republic.
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653:
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4058:
This book is also available in two volumes, published by Amir Kabir Publications in 1984.
8:
5143:
4800:
4722:
4707:
4687:
4582:
2189:
2150:
1997:
1641:
1558:الداعی محمد حسین نجل المرحوم میرزا خلیل، الداعی محمد کاظم الخراسانی، عبدالله المازندرانی
1399:
The trio: (left to right) Akhund Khurasani, Mirza Husayn Tehrani and Abdullah Mazandarani
1322:
1254:
In 1908, the shah moved to "exploit the divisions within the ranks of the reformers" and
1049:
shortly before his death. Weakness and extravagance continued during the brief reign of
262:
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5194:
5138:
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4197:
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4012:
3824:
2896:
2406:
2386:
2194:
2057:
1891:
1878:
1844:
Shaykh Ibrahim Zanjani was head of the tribunal who sentenced Fazlullah Nouri to death.
1228:
1026:
991:
956:
858:
793:
362:
31:
4070:. Vol. I. Translated by Evan Siegel. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publications.
5163:
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4657:
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4349:
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4132:
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4004:
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3896:
3857:
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3820:
3793:
Mohammad, Linah; Kenin, Justine; Kelly, Mary Louise; Aslan, Reza (October 14, 2022).
3591:
3487:
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2587:
2561:
2401:
2376:
2218:
2200:
2092:
2083:
1929:
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1206:
979:
771:
759:
658:
538:
470:
224:
106:
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in what has been called a "vast open-air school of political science". Demand for a
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1514:
1423:
1329:
1293:
785:
767:
695:
543:
35:
4277:
Browne, Edward G., "The Persian Revolution of 1905–1909", Mage Publishers (1995).
4269:
4245:
978:, issued a fatwa declaring the use of tobacco to be tantamount to war against the
933:
for a time) that their "hierocracy vis-a-vis the monarchy" would not be weakened.
739:, and has been called an "epoch-making episode in the modern history of Persia".
532:
521:
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4652:
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4086:
4000:
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2391:
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2113:
1968:
1500:
in 1908. He was hanged by the constitutional revolutionaries on 31 July 1909 (in
1453:
1384:
1371:, (aka Akhund Khurasani) was the most involved in the issue, he and his student
1266:
1107:
1010:
942:
809:) extravagant tour of Europe. The revolutionaries – mainly bazaar merchants, the
638:
379:
747:
had struggled for so long to sustain, was finally replaced by new institutions.
3913:
Iran's first revolution: Shi'ism and the constitutional revolution of 1905–1909
3028:
2698:"Pahlavi Dynasty – Dictionary definition of Pahlavi Dynasty – Encyclopedia.com"
2613:
The Amendment of the Fundamental Law of the Iranian Empire of 29th Sha’ban 1325
2185:
2087:
1099:
1098:
In 1905, protests erupted about the imposition of Persian tariffs to repay the
732:
424:
419:
4193:
3935:
3878:
Amanat, Abbas (1992). "Constitutional Revolution i. Intellectual background".
3413:"The Notional Basis of Social Order in Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri's Understanding"
2236:
during the rule of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar who shelled and besieged Parliament
2197:– American teacher who fought with the constitutionalists and was killed
5394:
4876:
4627:
4562:
4314:
4261:
4110:(1st University of Texas Press ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
4032:
4008:
3975:
3491:
3483:
2411:
2336:
2139:
2131:
2052:
2047:
1944:
1717:, … we don't have the right to entrust government to a group of four or five
1644:, and linked opposition to the constitutional movement to 'a war against the
1272:
Persia tried to remain free of Russian influence through resistance (via the
1262:
1103:
975:
728:
325:
252:
1776:
Kazim Yazdi: the apolitical Marja of Najaf at times of democratic revolution
1261:, staging a coup d'état and creating a period in Iranian history called the
4810:
4702:
4346:
History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tārikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran
4068:
History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tarikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran
3795:"How protests in Iran are similar to the Constitutional Revolution of 1906"
2119:
1363:– who telegraphed fatwa in favor of the constitution from their schools in
995:
3953:
Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani
5300:
4742:
4732:
4597:
4417:
4287:
3951:
2107:
2103:
2077:
2071:
2027:
1972:
1955:
1667:
1489:
1288:
1163:
During the summer of 1906, about 12,000 men camped in the gardens of the
1079:
1075:
483:
466:
4016:
1066:
166:
4737:
4667:
4201:
4177:
3195:
2900:
2876:
1948:
1907:
1501:
1477:
1155:
736:
478:
193:
113:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
4309:
2184:– Leader of revolutionary forces from the northern provinces of
1961:
1131:
killed 22 protesters and injured 100. The bazaar again closed and the
962:
This led to unprecedented nationwide protest erupting first among the
1790:
1621:
1348:
1337:
1091:
1006:
971:
970:. In December 1891, the most important religious authority in Iran,
411:
332:
2892:
2128:– Satirist, writer and pioneer of the Iranian women's movement
2122:– Bakhtiari tribal leader whose forces captured Tehran in 1909
2086:– Founder of a revolutionary movement based in the forests of
1982:
1135:
went on strike, a large number taking sanctuary in the holy city of
4892:
Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution
1333:
1249:
1128:
1124:
1086:
3583:
1840:
2815:
2097:
2042:
1976:
1579:
1528:محمد حسین (نجل) میرزا خلیل، محمد کاظم خراسانی، عبدالله مازندرانی
963:
929:
891:
4088:
Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891-1892
3468:"Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam"
3329:محسن کدیور، "سیاست نامه خراسانی"، ص١٨٠، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء
3305:محسن کدیور، "سیاست نامه خراسانی"، ص۱۷۷، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء
3192:محسن کدیور، "سیاست نامه خراسانی"، ص۱۶۹، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء
2558:
Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911
1457:
legislature that represented the country. However, when monarch
88:
5091:
4178:"The Anti-Constitutionalist Arguments of Shaikh Fazlallah Nuri"
2066:
1588:
1276:) to the shah's policies. Parliament appointed American lawyer
1119:
1071:
921:
175:
which established the constitutional monarchy on August 5, 1906
3856:. California: University of California Press. pp. 92–97.
5168:
4402:
4369:, Professor of History and International and Area Studies at
3078:
Tribes & empire on the margins of nineteenth-century Iran
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2022:
1857:
1802:
1794:
1756:
1645:
1364:
1326:
967:
917:
870:
831:
811:
286:
3916:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford & New York:
3535:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2623:
2621:
5081:
4953:
3174:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2793:
2791:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
1798:
1383:
The leader of those opposing constitutional government was
3985:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement"
3750:
3748:
3664:
3662:
3313:
3311:
3104:
3102:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2510:
2508:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2434:
4333:
This book is also available in two volumes, published by
3611:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3211:
3134:
3132:
3119:
3117:
2914:
2661:
2618:
1599:
law of the Prophet and have set up their own law instead.
1136:
1117:
During a fight in early 1906, government forces killed a
3892:
The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran
3164:
3162:
3149:
3147:
2951:
The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran
2931:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2831:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2731:
2212:
1472:
on June 21, 1907 which lasted till September 16, 1907.
1452:
At the beginning of the constitutional movement, Sheikh
3792:
3761:
3745:
3686:
3674:
3659:
3647:
3623:
3565:
3553:
3516:
3392:
3380:
3356:
3344:
3308:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3223:
3099:
2537:
2520:
2505:
2484:
2472:
2455:
2106:– Armenian Iranian revolutionary leader. Wounded
1526:چون نوری مخل آسائش و مفسد است، تصرفش در امور حرام است.
27:
1909 Iranian uprising against monarch Mohammad Ali Shah
4951:
3720:
3635:
3541:
3499:
3447:
3368:
3332:
3129:
3114:
3042:(in Persian). Mardom-Salari, No. 1734, 20 Bahman 1386
2982:
982:, using the strongest possible language to oppose the
895:
into ruin, "turning fields and villages into desert".
4453:
4128:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam, and the Soul of a Nation
3786:
3159:
3144:
3007:
2861:
2803:
2203:– Liberal nationalist and future prime minister
1496:(d. 1909), a cleric who supported the coup d'état of
709:
590:
4407:
4387:
Photographs of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran
4158:
The History of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran
3435:
3287:
2953:. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1851686162, p. 215
1835:
84:
4239:
3849:
3768:Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhullah Musawi. "Introduction".
3758:, University of California Press, 1999 p. 24
2226:– Cleric who was hanged after the revolution
1801:) were famous. Yazdi was apolitical, holding that
1309:shah's cabinet, backed by 12,000 Russian troops".
34:. For the series of reforms launched in 1963, see
4292:The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911"
2710:
1556:رفع اغتشاشات حادثه و تبعید نوری را عاجلاً اعلام.
5392:
4046:] (in Persian). Tehran: Negāh Publications.
4044:History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
3410:
3080:, University of Washington Press, 2009. (p. 172)
3037:
2877:"Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective"
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2332:History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
1870:The legacy of the revolution in Iran is mixed.
1713:this delicate subject shall be submitted to the
1250:The Minor Tyranny and the civil war of 1908–1909
5416:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
4308:, Vol. 20, No. 6 (Dec 1991), pp. 795–823.
4172:In 7 volumes, published in 3 volumes (1697 pp.)
3584:Hann, G.; Dabrowska, K.; Greaves, T.T. (2015).
1448:Fazlollah Nouri and the anti-constitutionalists
1296:, and re-established the constitution in 1909.
1150:
731:. The revolution led to the establishment of a
727:, took place between 1905 and 1911 during the
3742:by Amir Adler and Adler (1985), pp. 45–46
2010:– Nationalist writer and literary critic
758:shortly before his death. He was succeeded by
109:accompanying your translation by providing an
75:Click for important translation instructions.
62:expand this article with text translated from
5556:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran
5064:
4937:
4439:
2633:
2232:– Russian colonel and commander of the
2030:– Participated in the defense of Tabriz
955:granted a concession to an Englishman, Baron
920:, liberal and radical intellectuals, and the
715:
576:
5347:Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war
3771:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist
1994:– First elected Prime Minister of Iran
3587:Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan
3465:
3404:
2397:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1568:
819:cabinet, backed by 12,000 Russian troops".
5071:
5057:
4944:
4930:
4446:
4432:
4208:
4145:
3852:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
3819:
3617:
3411:Naderi, H.; Mohaddesi., H. (Spring 2017).
3235:
3083:
3054:
3024:
3022:
2964:Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Iran
2937:
2797:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2704:
2543:
2531:
2514:
2499:
2478:
2466:
2449:
2080:– Sālār-e Melli (national chieftain)
1677:
1033:, when he was visiting and praying in the
583:
569:
165:
5337:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
4375:in Persian, Radio Zamaneh, August 7, 2008
4341:1961 edition is in one volume, 934 pages.
2583:The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions
2555:
2168:– Intellectual and social reformer.
471:
5359:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3949:
3888:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3571:
3559:
3522:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3317:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3229:
3217:
3201:
3180:
3108:
2979:. University of California, 1969, p. 208
2925:
1981:
1960:
1943:
1923:
1848:Nouri allied himself with the new Shah,
1839:
1771:
1666:
1640:' to justify democracy in the period of
1620:The three of the highest level clerics (
1488:
1394:
1197:
1154:
1085:
1065:
1005:
4105:
4065:
4062:1961 edition is in one 934-page volume.
4031:
3982:
3881:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2
3726:
3713:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2
3577:
3547:
3510:
3466:Ghobadzadeh, Naser (October 17, 2013).
3453:
3338:
3138:
3123:
3019:
2988:
2821:
2654:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2
1914:
1730:Responding to Nouri's arguments Akhund
1681:; January 19, 1861 – December 31, 1911)
1300:Tehran "succeeded in disarming them".
38:. For similarly named revolutions, see
14:
5393:
4237:
4175:
4124:
4084:
3877:
3538:"، ص ۲۱۴-۲۱۵، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء
3168:
3153:
3013:
2874:
2825:
2809:
2684:
2627:
2605:Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries
911:
159:constitutionalization attempts in Iran
5052:
4925:
4427:
4151:Tārikh-e Enqelāb-e Mashrutyyat-e Iran
3909:
3441:
3293:
3205:
2213:Monarchists (Anti-Constitutionalists)
2116:– Armenian revolutionary leader
2100:– Armenian revolutionary leader
1919:
1127:). In a skirmish shortly afterwards,
762:, who abolished the constitution and
564:
5123:Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan
4160:]. Tehran: Sokhan Publications.
3767:
3590:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 292.
2977:Religion and State in Iran 1785–1906
2560:. Westview Press. pp. 116–117.
2258:
1986:Second anniversary of the revolution
1234:
822:In between there were two different
44:
4394:Slide Show, narrated by Bāqer Āqeli
4294:, Columbia University Press. 1996.
4271:The Persian Constitutional Movement
4241:"Constitutional Revolution in Iran"
3895:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1928:Poster commemorating the July 1909
1676:
1638:enjoining good and forbidding wrong
1390:
1312:
1193:
789:
716:
699:
246:Revolution: June 1905 – August 1906
24:
5421:People executed by Iran by hanging
5174:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
4512:Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh
4231:
3472:Philosophy & Social Criticism'
3002:Smoke: A Global History of Smoking
2417:Women in Constitutional Revolution
2000:– Founder and editor of the
1750:
1554:
1524:
1433:
1025:was assassinated on 1 May 1896 by
1001:
936:
902:Nikki R. Keddie points out that
351:Civil war: August 1906 – July 1909
25:
5582:
5571:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
5566:Wars involving the Russian Empire
5441:Persian Constitutional Revolution
5232:Persian Constitutional Revolution
5149:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)
4613:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi
4455:Persian Constitutional Revolution
4403:Constitutional Revolution of Iran
4365:Reza Jamāli in conversation with
4359:
3950:Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (2015).
3046:(9 February 2008). Archived from
2249:Alexander Khan Setkhanian –
2166:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi
1836:Nouri's execution and celebration
1061:
725:Constitutional Revolution of Iran
692:Persian Constitutional Revolution
594:Persian Constitutional Revolution
152:Persian Constitutional Revolution
18:Constitutional Revolution of Iran
5436:20th-century Iranian politicians
5401:19th-century Iranian politicians
5376:
5375:
5352:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
5227:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
5090:
5080:
4908:
4907:
4410:
4389:, in Persian, Jadid Online, 2007
4248:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
3704:Šarīf Kāšānī, I, pp. 61–63; cf.
2242:– Deputy Commander of the
1785:Nouri tried to get support from
1678:ثقة الاسلام میرزا علی آقا تبریزی
1205:treats an injured man after the
994:as well, according to Historian
764:bombarded the parliament in 1908
531:
520:
510:
418:
356:
319:
49:
4648:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
3732:
3698:
3528:
3459:
3323:
3299:
3186:
3070:
2994:
2969:
2956:
2943:
2690:
2597:
2367:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
2283:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
2014:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
1892:1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution
1879:1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution
1819:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
1147:on the grounds of the embassy.
772:re-established the constitution
462:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli Tariverdi
121:{{Translated|fa|انقلاب مشروطه}}
5561:Iran–Russia military relations
5381:Category:Iran–Russia relations
5280:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
5270:1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots
4952:Changes in political power in
4558:Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh
4256:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
3983:Hermann, Denis (May 1, 2013).
3004:. Reaktion Books, 2004, p. 60.
3000:Gilman, Sander, and Zhou Xun.
2881:The American Historical Review
2875:Keddie, Nikki R. (June 1983).
2574:
2549:
2382:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran
2342:Intellectual movements in Iran
1180:National Consultative Assembly
1143:, which agreed to shelter the
119:You may also add the template
13:
1:
5247:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5118:Ambassadors of Russia to Iran
4791:Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh
4578:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
3710:"Constitutional Revolution".
2651:"Constitutional Revolution".
2428:
2182:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
2145:Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan
1934:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
1139:. Many merchants went to the
869:, it agreed to withdraw from
849:
499:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
5285:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4856:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4836:Persian Constitution of 1906
4507:Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan
4176:Martin, V. A. (April 1986).
4108:Qājār Persia: eleven studies
4001:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828
3889:Arjomand, Said Amir (1989).
3847:
3826:Iran Between Two Revolutions
3417:Iranian Journal of Sociology
3241:
3089:
3060:
2271:Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani
2074:– Revolutionary leader
2019:Mohamad Vakil Altodjâr Yazdi
1697:, who are today the models (
1582:. He propagandized against
1265:. It was at this point that
1214:Persian Constitution of 1906
1151:Creation of the constitution
1094:in Tehran, is in the center.
392:Society of College graduates
209:Persian Constitution of 1906
7:
5451:Iranian democracy movements
5275:Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909)
5252:Iranian famine of 1942–1943
4723:Jahangir-Khan Sur-e-Esrafil
4106:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1988).
3848:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
3708:I, pp. 390–391; quoted in:
2949:Mottahedeh, Roy P. (2000).
2313:
1932:. The men on horseback are
1634:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani
1485:Fatwas for the Constitution
1415:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani
1361:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani
844:Shaykh Abdullah Mazandarani
710:
304:School of Political Science
10:
5587:
4638:Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh
4603:Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat
4568:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma
4532:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma
4476:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
4319:Tārikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran
4154:تاريخ انقلاب مشروطيت ايران
4037:Tārikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran
3831:Princeton University Press
3812:
2717:. Routledge. p. 138.
2711:Mahmood T. Davari (2004).
2387:Iranian Revolution of 1979
2240:Eskandar Khan Davidkhanian
2207:Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat
2177:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma
1814:Sayyed Moḥammad Ṭabāṭabāʾī
1303:
1211:
1070:Revolutionary fighters in
1051:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
1021:The fourth Qajar monarch,
940:
807:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
799:
752:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
677:Russian Empire involvement
173:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
83:Machine translation, like
29:
5372:
5329:
5293:
5262:
5187:
5131:
5113:Embassy of Russia, Tehran
5100:
5033:
5012:
4981:
4960:
4905:
4869:
4823:
4781:
4758:Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian
4550:
4494:
4468:
4461:
4215:. Oneworld Publications.
4212:The Mantle of the Prophet
4194:10.1080/00263208608700658
4085:Keddie, Nikki R. (1966).
3958:Syracuse University Press
3716:. 1992. pp. 163–216.
2966:. Lexington, 2005, p. 86.
2657:. 1992. pp. 163–216.
2556:Berberian, Houri (2001).
2372:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani
2277:Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani
1865:
1141:British embassy in Tehran
602:
494:Najaf-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari
452:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani
440:
435:
295:Committee of Guild Elders
238:
233:
200:
188:
180:
164:
156:
151:
64:the corresponding article
40:Constitutional Revolution
5456:20th-century revolutions
5159:Anglo-Russian Convention
4887:Jungle Movement of Gilan
4882:1921 Persian coup d'état
4274:. British Academy, 1918.
4153:
4039:
3484:10.1177/0191453713507014
3033:The Strangling of Persia
2347:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani
2309:, anti-constitutionalist
2303:, anti-constitutionalist
2265:Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani
2172:Abdolhossein Teymourtash
1732:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani
1726:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani
1671:Thiqa tul-Islam Tabrizi(
1569:Leading clerical figures
1369:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani
1244:Anglo-Russian Convention
782:1921 Persian coup d'état
5426:Executed Iranian people
5108:Embassy of Iran, Moscow
4796:Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi
4773:Edward Granville Browne
4713:Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi
4698:Mahammad Amin Rasulzade
4643:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
4588:Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari
4481:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
4335:Amir Kabir Publications
4209:Mottahedeh, R. (2014).
4125:Mackey, Sandra (1996).
4066:Kasravi, Ahmad (2006).
3918:Oxford University Press
2844:"Tobacco Protest, Iran"
2234:Persian Cossack Brigade
2126:Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi
1498:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
1459:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
1240:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
1184:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
1031:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
745:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
489:Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari
375:Society of Azerbaijanis
268:Revolutionary Committee
258:Social Democratic Party
215:Constitutional monarchy
130:For more guidance, see
5551:Politics of Qajar Iran
5321:Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar
4763:William Morgan Shuster
4663:Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani
4522:Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
4396:, Jadid Online, 2007:
4254:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4182:Middle Eastern Studies
3989:Middle Eastern Studies
3910:Bayat, Mangol (1991).
3038:Mohammad-Reza Nazari.
2307:Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani
2301:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri
2224:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri
2008:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani
1987:
1979:
1958:
1941:
1888:
1845:
1833:
1777:
1723:
1707:
1682:
1665:
1610:
1601:
1574:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri
1505:
1494:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri
1470:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
1400:
1376:constitutionalism was
1373:Muhammad Hossein Naini
1367:, Iraq; of the three,
1278:William Morgan Shuster
1209:
1203:Amir Khan Amir al-Alam
1160:
1095:
1083:
1035:Shah Abdul-Azim Shrine
1018:
909:
883:
867:Treaty of Paris (1857)
457:Muhammad Hossein Naini
292:Committee of Merchants
280:Semi-organized groups:
204:Revolutionary victory
171:Royal proclamation by
5431:People from Nur, Iran
5306:Mohammad Taqi Pessian
5242:Battle of Robat Karim
5154:Treaty of Turkmenchay
5087:Iran–Russia relations
4897:Iranian Enlightenment
4806:Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari
4748:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli
4718:Mirza Fatali Akhundov
2611:(December 30, 1906);
2362:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
2321:Young Turk Revolution
2251:Second in command to
1985:
1964:
1947:
1927:
1883:
1843:
1824:
1775:
1711:
1687:
1670:
1661:
1657:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
1652:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
1605:
1596:
1492:
1404:Early fatwa by marja'
1398:
1378:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
1201:
1158:
1089:
1069:
1047:the 1906 constitution
1009:
904:
879:
863:Treaty of Turkmenchay
756:the 1906 constitution
723:), also known as the
308:School of Agriculture
289:and seminary students
132:Knowledge:Translation
103:copyright attribution
5411:Iranian Shia clerics
5316:Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar
5179:Marine Security Belt
4693:Mohammad Ali Tarbiat
4527:Mirza Nasrullah Khan
4238:Ansari, Ali (2016).
4091:. Psychology Press.
4040:تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران)
3756:Tortured Confessions
3754:Abrahamian, Ervand,
3204:, pp. 173–174;
2422:Bourgeois revolution
2357:Abdallah Mazandarani
2352:Mirza Husayn Tehrani
2295:Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
2065:– Activist in
1992:Mirza Nasrullah Khan
1915:Notable participants
1787:Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
1781:Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
1630:Mirza Husayn Tehrani
1589:apostates from Islam
1411:Mirza Husayn Tehrani
1357:Mirza Husayn Tehrani
1188:Belgian constitution
1043:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah
1039:Mozaffar al-Din Shah
840:Mirza Husayn Tehrani
721:Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh
5446:Revolutions in Iran
5144:Treaty of Kurakchay
4801:Sediqeh Dowlatabadi
4708:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
4688:Mirza Alakbar Sabir
4583:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
4268:Browne, Edward G.,
3884:. pp. 163–176.
3740:The Spirit of Allah
3183:, pp. 173–174.
2687:, pp. 150–155.
2630:, pp. 163–176.
2580:Jack A. Goldstone.
2291:, constitutionalist
2289:Mirza Hussein Naini
2285:, constitutionalist
2279:, constitutionalist
2273:, constitutionalist
2267:, constitutionalist
2151:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
1998:Mirza Jahangir Khan
1323:Mirza Hasan Shirazi
976:Mirza Hasan Shirazi
912:Discontented groups
790:کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹
671:Associated articles
263:Society of Humanity
5342:Axis of Resistance
5195:Russo-Persian Wars
5139:Treaty of Gulistan
4851:Majlis Bombardment
4768:Howard Baskerville
4753:Mirza Reza Kermani
4673:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
4608:Mehdi Qoli Hedayat
4551:Constitutionalists
4371:University of Yale
4306:Theory and Society
4244:. In Fleet, Kate;
3821:Abrahamian, Ervand
3536:سیاست نامه خراسانی
3050:on April 27, 2009.
2962:Poulson, Stephen.
2615:(October 7, 1907).
2407:Secularism in Iran
2195:Howard Baskerville
2058:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
2041:– Active in
1988:
1980:
1959:
1942:
1920:Constitutionalists
1846:
1778:
1701:) and the refuge (
1683:
1506:
1401:
1342:Mohammad Ali Qajar
1210:
1161:
1159:Parliament in 1906
1096:
1084:
1082:are in the center.
1027:Mirza Reza Kermani
1019:
992:Iranian Revolution
957:Paul Julius Reuter
859:Treaty of Gulistan
794:Islamic Revolution
607:Majlis Bombardment
447:Mohammad Tabatabai
111:interlanguage link
32:Iranian Revolution
5501:Conflicts in 1911
5496:Conflicts in 1910
5491:Conflicts in 1909
5486:Conflicts in 1908
5481:Conflicts in 1907
5476:Conflicts in 1906
5471:Conflicts in 1905
5406:Iranian Islamists
5388:
5387:
5164:Tehran Conference
5046:
5045:
4919:
4918:
4861:Triumph of Tehran
4819:
4818:
4678:Rais al-Mojahedin
4658:Mohammad Khiabani
4618:Mirza Malkam Khan
4502:Abdol Majid Mirza
4222:978-1-78074-738-5
4147:Malekzādeh, Mehdi
4138:978-0-525-94005-0
4098:978-0-7146-1971-2
3967:978-0-8156-3388-4
3927:978-0-19-506822-1
3902:978-0-19-504258-0
3597:978-1-84162-488-4
3220:, pp. 50–52.
3029:W. Morgan Shuster
2928:, pp. 48–49.
2761:, pp. 46–47.
2724:978-1-134-29488-6
2586:Routledge, 2015
2567:978-0-8133-3817-0
2452:, pp. 76–77.
2402:Triumph of Tehran
2377:Ruhollah Khomeini
2259:Religious leaders
2219:Abdol Majid Mirza
2201:Mohammed Mosaddeq
2093:Mirza Malkom Khan
2084:Mirza Kuchak Khan
1930:Triumph of Tehran
1875:Ruhollah Khomeini
1850:Mohammad Ali Shah
1763:
1762:
1566:
1565:
1536:
1535:
1445:
1444:
1235:Mohammad Ali Shah
1207:Triumph of Tehran
1123:(a descendant of
1023:Naser al-Din Shah
953:Naser al-Din Shah
760:Mohammad Ali Shah
708:
685:
684:
559:
558:
528:Mohammad Ali Shah
431:
430:
389:Society of Guilds
225:Triumph of Tehran
143:
142:
76:
72:
16:(Redirected from
5578:
5379:
5378:
5364:Axis of Upheaval
5311:Shafi Khan Qajar
5237:Persian Campaign
5101:Diplomatic posts
5095:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5050:
5049:
5038:Politics of Iran
4946:
4939:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4911:
4910:
4846:the First Majlis
4824:Important events
4633:Heydar Latifiyan
4623:Hassan Taqizadeh
4542:Vladimir Liakhov
4486:Ahmad Shah Qajar
4466:
4465:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4265:
4243:
4226:
4205:
4171:
4142:
4121:
4102:
4081:
4057:
4028:
3979:
3956:. Syracuse, NY:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3906:
3885:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3844:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3497:
3495:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
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3372:
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3354:
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3342:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3306:
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3297:
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3285:
3279:
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3255:
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3227:
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3097:
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3068:
3058:
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3051:
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3011:
3005:
2998:
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2929:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2848:Encyclopedia.com
2840:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
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2744:
2729:
2728:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2682:
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2658:
2648:
2631:
2625:
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2601:
2595:
2578:
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2571:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2253:Vladimir Liakhov
2230:Vladimir Liakhov
2161:Hassan Taqizadeh
2136:Heydar Latifiyan
2039:Hossein Ardabili
2034:Seyed Jamal Vaez
1877:, leader of the
1737:
1736:
1680:
1679:
1626:Akhund Khurasani
1624:) at the time –
1584:female education
1541:
1540:
1511:
1510:
1478:Tupkhanih Square
1420:
1419:
1391:Important events
1353:Akhund Khurasani
1351:) at the time –
1313:Religious debate
1294:Ahmad Shah Qajar
1282:occupying Tabriz
1194:The constitution
1029:, a follower of
836:Akhund Khurasani
791:
768:Ahmad Shah Qajar
719:
718:
713:
703:
701:
597:
595:
585:
578:
571:
562:
561:
544:Vladimir Liakhov
535:
524:
517:Mozafaredin Shah
515:
514:
513:
473:
423:
422:
361:
360:
359:
324:
323:
322:
240:
239:
169:
149:
148:
122:
116:
89:Google Translate
74:
70:
53:
52:
45:
36:White Revolution
21:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5466:1910s conflicts
5461:1900s conflicts
5391:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5368:
5325:
5289:
5258:
5183:
5127:
5096:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5047:
5042:
5029:
5008:
4977:
4956:
4950:
4920:
4915:
4901:
4865:
4841:Siege of Tabriz
4831:Tobacco Protest
4815:
4777:
4683:Mirzadeh Eshghi
4653:Hassan Modarres
4593:Colonel Pessian
4573:Ali Asghar Khan
4546:
4490:
4457:
4452:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4398:(4 min 30 sec).
4392:
4379:Audio recording
4362:
4344:Ahmad Kasravi,
4250:Rowson, Everett
4234:
4232:Further reading
4229:
4223:
4168:
4155:
4139:
4118:
4099:
4078:
4054:
4041:
3968:
3940:
3938:
3928:
3903:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3841:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3787:
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3775:
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3753:
3746:
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3733:
3725:
3721:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3618:Mottahedeh 2014
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3529:
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3517:
3509:
3500:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3440:
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3424:
3409:
3405:
3397:
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3385:
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3357:
3349:
3345:
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3333:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3100:
3088:
3084:
3076:Arash Khazeni,
3075:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3036:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2938:Abrahamian 1982
2936:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2893:10.2307/1864588
2873:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2824:, p. 223;
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2798:Abrahamian 1982
2796:
2789:
2783:Abrahamian 1982
2781:
2777:
2771:Abrahamian 1982
2769:
2765:
2759:Abrahamian 1982
2757:
2753:
2747:Abrahamian 1982
2745:
2732:
2725:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2634:
2626:
2619:
2602:
2598:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2554:
2550:
2544:Abrahamian 1982
2542:
2538:
2532:Abrahamian 1982
2530:
2521:
2515:Abrahamian 1982
2513:
2506:
2500:Abrahamian 1982
2498:
2485:
2479:Abrahamian 1982
2477:
2473:
2467:Abrahamian 1982
2465:
2456:
2450:Abrahamian 1982
2448:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2392:Tobacco Protest
2326:History of Iran
2316:
2261:
2244:Cossack Brigade
2215:
2156:Sevkaretsi Sako
2114:Arshak Gafavian
2021:– Deputy
1969:Arshak Gafavian
1966:(left to right)
1922:
1917:
1868:
1838:
1752:
1691:hujjaj al-islam
1646:Imam of the Age
1571:
1559:
1529:
1504:) as a traitor.
1454:Fazlullah Nouri
1438:
1393:
1385:Fazlullah Nouri
1315:
1306:
1252:
1237:
1229:Twelver Shi'ism
1216:
1196:
1165:British embassy
1153:
1108:Tobacco Protest
1064:
1015:British Embassy
1004:
1002:Mozaffar ad-Din
966:, and then the
951:In March 1890,
945:
943:Tobacco Protest
939:
937:Tobacco protest
914:
852:
828:fundamental law
802:
688:
687:
686:
681:
668:
598:
593:
591:
589:
555:
554:
553:
511:
509:
504:
503:
427:
417:
416:
407:Cossack Brigade
396:
395:
380:Central Society
357:
355:
343:
342:
338:Cossack Brigade
320:
318:
313:
312:
277:
229:
196:
176:
139:
138:
137:
120:
114:
77:
54:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5584:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5386:
5385:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5053:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4537:Amin al-Soltan
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:Sheikh Khaz'al
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4495:Authoritarians
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4385:Shokā Sahrāi,
4382:
4361:
4360:External links
4358:
4357:
4356:
4342:
4312:
4302:
4285:
4275:
4266:
4246:Krämer, Gudrun
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4206:
4188:(2): 181–196.
4173:
4166:
4143:
4137:
4122:
4117:978-0292769007
4116:
4103:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4063:
4052:
4033:Kasravi, Ahmad
4029:
3995:(3): 430–453.
3980:
3966:
3947:
3926:
3907:
3901:
3886:
3875:
3862:
3845:
3839:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3785:
3774:. Al-Islam.org
3760:
3744:
3738:Taheri, Amir,
3731:
3729:, p. 440.
3719:
3706:Tārīḵ-e bīdārī
3697:
3695:, p. 218.
3685:
3683:, p. 217.
3673:
3671:, p. 216.
3658:
3656:, p. 215.
3646:
3634:
3632:, p. 214.
3622:
3620:, p. 118.
3610:
3596:
3576:
3574:, p. 200.
3564:
3562:, p. 201.
3552:
3550:, p. 434.
3540:
3527:
3525:, p. 203.
3515:
3513:, p. 439.
3498:
3458:
3456:, p. 435.
3446:
3444:, p. 181.
3434:
3403:
3401:, p. 198.
3391:
3389:, p. 197.
3379:
3367:
3365:, p. 199.
3355:
3353:, p. 196.
3343:
3341:, p. 437.
3331:
3322:
3320:, p. 212.
3307:
3298:
3296:, p. 182.
3286:
3284:, p. 205.
3274:
3272:, p. 160.
3262:
3260:, p. 193.
3250:
3234:
3232:, p. 195.
3222:
3210:
3208:, p. 181.
3194:
3185:
3173:
3171:, p. 191.
3158:
3156:, p. 183.
3143:
3141:, p. 430.
3128:
3126:, p. 438.
3113:
3111:, p. 162.
3098:
3082:
3069:
3053:
3018:
3016:, p. 131.
3006:
2993:
2991:, p. 248.
2981:
2975:Algar, Hamid.
2968:
2955:
2942:
2930:
2913:
2887:(3): 579–598.
2860:
2830:
2814:
2812:, p. 143.
2802:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2730:
2723:
2703:
2689:
2660:
2632:
2617:
2596:
2573:
2566:
2548:
2536:
2519:
2504:
2483:
2471:
2454:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
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2323:
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2274:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
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2237:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2211:
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2209:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2088:Gilan Province
2081:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1867:
1864:
1837:
1834:
1816:
1815:
1783:
1782:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1654:
1653:
1618:
1617:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1487:
1486:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1406:
1405:
1392:
1389:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1267:Fazlollah Nori
1256:eliminate the
1251:
1248:
1236:
1233:
1212:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1152:
1149:
1063:
1062:First protests
1060:
1003:
1000:
941:Main article:
938:
935:
913:
910:
851:
848:
801:
798:
683:
682:
680:
679:
673:
672:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
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641:
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634:
629:
624:
619:
609:
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600:
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557:
556:
552:
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546:
541:
536:
525:
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505:
502:
501:
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491:
486:
481:
476:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:Russian Empire
415:
414:
409:
403:
401:Qajar dynasty
399:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:Tabriz Council
366:
352:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
335:
329:
316:
314:
311:
310:
296:
293:
290:
283:
281:
276:
275:
273:Secret Society
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
247:
243:
236:
235:
231:
230:
228:
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222:
212:
205:
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128:
117:
95:
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81:
78:
59:
58:
57:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5583:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5511:1910s in Iran
5509:
5507:
5506:1900s in Iran
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
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5412:
5409:
5407:
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5399:
5398:
5396:
5383:
5382:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
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5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
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5292:
5286:
5283:
5281:
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5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
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5261:
5253:
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5230:
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5208:
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5119:
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5018:
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5015:
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5002:
5000:
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4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
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4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Qajar dynasty
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Saad ad-Daula
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
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4689:
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4684:
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4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Ahmad Kasravi
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Hassan Pirnia
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4419:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4354:1-56859-197-7
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4327:964-351-138-3
4324:
4320:
4316:
4315:Ahmad Kasravi
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:0-231-10351-4
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:0-934211-45-0
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4167:964-372-095-0
4163:
4159:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4077:1-56859-197-7
4073:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4053:964-351-138-3
4049:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
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3955:
3954:
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3915:
3914:
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3904:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3840:0-691-10134-5
3836:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3796:
3789:
3773:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3693:Farzaneh 2015
3689:
3682:
3681:Farzaneh 2015
3677:
3670:
3669:Farzaneh 2015
3665:
3663:
3655:
3654:Farzaneh 2015
3650:
3644:, p. 52.
3643:
3642:Arjomand 1989
3638:
3631:
3630:Farzaneh 2015
3626:
3619:
3614:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3573:
3572:Farzaneh 2015
3568:
3561:
3560:Farzaneh 2015
3556:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3534:محسن کدیور، "
3531:
3524:
3523:Farzaneh 2015
3519:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3399:Farzaneh 2015
3395:
3388:
3387:Farzaneh 2015
3383:
3377:, p. 51.
3376:
3375:Arjomand 1989
3371:
3364:
3363:Farzaneh 2015
3359:
3352:
3351:Farzaneh 2015
3347:
3340:
3335:
3326:
3319:
3318:Farzaneh 2015
3314:
3312:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3282:Farzaneh 2015
3278:
3271:
3270:Farzaneh 2015
3266:
3259:
3258:Farzaneh 2015
3254:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3230:Farzaneh 2015
3226:
3219:
3218:Arjomand 1989
3214:
3207:
3203:
3202:Farzaneh 2015
3198:
3189:
3182:
3181:Farzaneh 2015
3177:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:Farzaneh 2015
3105:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2940:, p. 73.
2939:
2934:
2927:
2926:Arjomand 1989
2922:
2920:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2800:, p. 59.
2799:
2794:
2792:
2785:, p. 57.
2784:
2779:
2773:, p. 14.
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2749:, p. 51.
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2592:1-135-93758-3
2589:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2546:, p. 91.
2545:
2540:
2534:, p. 95.
2533:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2517:, p. 97.
2516:
2511:
2509:
2502:, p. 84.
2501:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2481:, p. 81.
2480:
2475:
2469:, p. 83.
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Ibn al-Sheikh
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Ahmad Kasravi
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Ahmad Kasravi
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Hassan Pirnia
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Stepan Zorian
2051:
2049:
2048:Aref Ghazvini
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:Sur-e Esrafil
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1912:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:an expressway
1893:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Twelver Shi'i
1328:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:Minor Tyranny
1260:
1259:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
993:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
949:
944:
934:
931:
925:
923:
919:
908:
903:
900:
896:
893:
887:
882:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
861:and the 1828
860:
855:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
816:
814:
813:
808:
797:
795:
787:
783:
778:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
740:
738:
737:Persia (Iran)
734:
730:
729:Qajar dynasty
726:
722:
717:انقلاب مشروطه
712:
706:
697:
693:
678:
675:
674:
670:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
596:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
566:
563:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Eyn-ed-Dowleh
537:
534:
529:
526:
523:
518:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
426:
421:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
402:
398:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
353:
350:
347:
346:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
328:
327:
326:Qajar dynasty
315:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
282:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
253:Secret Center
251:
250:
248:
245:
242:
241:
237:
232:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
168:
163:
160:
155:
150:
145:
133:
129:
126:
118:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
80:
79:
73:
67:
65:
60:You can help
56:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5546:1911 in Iran
5541:1910 in Iran
5536:1909 in Iran
5531:1908 in Iran
5526:1907 in Iran
5521:1906 in Iran
5516:1905 in Iran
5374:
5231:
5004:1980 attempt
4967:
4811:Zainab Pasha
4703:Aref Qazvini
4454:
4393:
4386:
4367:Abbās Amānat
4345:
4339:Amir Kabir's
4338:
4334:
4330:
4318:
4305:
4288:Afary, Janet
4270:
4253:
4211:
4185:
4181:
4157:
4150:
4127:
4107:
4087:
4067:
4060:Amir Kabir's
4059:
4043:
4036:
3992:
3988:
3952:
3939:. Retrieved
3912:
3891:
3880:
3869:December 30,
3867:. Retrieved
3851:
3825:
3799:. Retrieved
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3770:
3763:
3755:
3739:
3734:
3727:Hermann 2013
3722:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3586:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3548:Hermann 2013
3543:
3530:
3518:
3511:Hermann 2013
3478:(10): 1009.
3475:
3471:
3461:
3454:Hermann 2013
3449:
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3420:
3416:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3339:Hermann 2013
3334:
3325:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3243:
3242:Abrahamian,
3237:
3225:
3213:
3197:
3188:
3176:
3139:Hermann 2013
3124:Hermann 2013
3091:
3090:Abrahamian,
3085:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3061:Abrahamian,
3056:
3048:the original
3032:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2989:Lambton 1988
2984:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2933:
2904:. Retrieved
2884:
2880:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:
2828:, p. 5.
2822:Lambton 1988
2817:
2805:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2713:
2706:
2692:
2653:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2582:
2576:
2557:
2551:
2539:
2474:
2330:
2120:Sardar Assad
2001:
1965:
1951:
1906:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1784:
1767:
1764:
1729:
1721:from Tehran.
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1662:
1655:
1619:
1616:Three marja'
1611:
1608:is unclean'.
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1577:
1555:
1537:
1525:
1507:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1434:
1407:
1382:
1346:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1286:
1273:
1271:
1257:
1253:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1144:
1132:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1097:
1020:
996:Nikki Keddie
988:
983:
961:
950:
946:
926:
915:
905:
901:
897:
888:
884:
880:
875:
857:In the 1813
856:
853:
823:
821:
817:
810:
803:
779:
776:
749:
741:
724:
720:
711:Mashrūtiyyat
691:
689:
632:Shanb Ghazan
592:
436:Lead figures
400:
354:
349:
317:
300:Dar ul-Funun
298:Students of
278:
244:
144:
107:edit summary
98:
71:(March 2021)
69:
61:
5301:Abbas Mirza
5294:Individuals
4982:Coup d'état
4743:Nikol Duman
4733:Sattar Khan
4598:Yeprem Khan
4462:Key figures
4418:Iran portal
3603:February 3,
3169:Martin 1986
3154:Martin 1986
3014:Keddie 1966
2826:Keddie 1966
2810:Mackey 1996
2685:Mackey 1996
2628:Amanat 1992
2108:Sattar Khan
2104:Yeprem Khan
2078:Bagher Khan
2072:Sattar Khan
2028:Nikol Duman
1973:Yeprem Khan
1956:Sattar Khan
1938:Sardar Asad
1642:occultation
1417:) replied:
1289:Sattar Khan
1104:bastinadoed
1080:Bagher Khan
1076:Sattar Khan
1055:concessions
980:Hidden Imam
664:Atabak Park
484:Yeprem Khan
467:Sattar Khan
211:promulgated
201:Resulted in
5395:Categories
5013:Deposition
4961:Revolution
4738:Bāqer Khān
4668:Iraj Mirza
4131:. Dutton.
3936:1051306470
3863:0520081730
3442:Bayat 1991
3294:Bayat 1991
3244:Khomeinism
3206:Bayat 1991
3092:Khomeinism
3063:Khomeinism
2429:References
2190:Mazandaran
2063:Mehdi Cont
1949:Baqir Khan
1908:Reza Aslan
1903:Reza Aslan
1890:After the
1873:Ayatollah
1502:Toopkhaneh
1319:1891 fatwa
1169:parliament
974:-e taqlid
850:Background
780:After the
733:parliament
649:2nd Tabriz
617:Ana Khatun
612:1st Tabriz
549:Rahim Khan
479:Baqir Khan
412:Shahsevans
363:Parliament
221:instituted
219:Parliament
66:in Persian
5263:Incidents
5220:Abbasabad
5215:1826–1828
5210:1804–1813
5205:1722–1723
5200:1651–1653
5188:Conflicts
5132:Diplomacy
4337:in 1984.
4262:1873-9830
4025:143672216
4009:0026-3206
3976:931494838
3941:April 30,
3801:April 30,
3778:April 19,
3492:0191-4537
3427:April 30,
2853:April 19,
2297:, neutral
2004:newspaper
1734:replied:
1336:, i.e. a
1092:Georgians
1011:Sanctuary
774:in 1909.
705:romanized
644:Astarabad
622:Sari Dagh
184:1905–1911
125:talk page
4913:Category
4870:See also
4469:Monarchs
4252:(eds.).
4149:(2004).
4035:(2003).
4017:23471080
3823:(1982).
2314:See also
1860:al-harbi
1745:English
1549:English
1519:English
1428:English
1334:mujtahid
1129:Cossacks
1125:Muhammad
627:Hokmavar
333:Nazmiyeh
189:Location
157:Part of
101:provide
5330:Related
4968:1905–06
4202:4283111
3813:Sources
3248:: p. 95
3096:: p. 93
3067:: p. 92
2906:May 11,
2901:1864588
2098:Khetcho
2043:Mashhad
1977:Khetcho
1803:Usulism
1741:Persian
1719:mullahs
1693:of the
1673:Persian
1580:atheism
1545:Persian
1515:Persian
1424:Persian
1304:The end
1100:Russian
1045:signed
1013:at the
964:bazaari
930:bazaari
892:Isfahan
800:History
786:Persian
754:signed
707::
700:مشروطیت
696:Persian
654:Isfahan
469: (
385:Dashnak
234:Parties
123:to the
105:in the
68:.
4352:
4325:
4298:
4281:
4260:
4219:
4200:
4164:
4135:
4114:
4095:
4074:
4050:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3974:
3964:
3934:
3924:
3899:
3860:
3837:
3594:
3490:
3246:, 1993
3094:, 1993
3065:, 1993
2899:
2721:
2594:p. 245
2590:
2564:
2067:Kerman
1975:, and
1952:(left)
1866:Legacy
1858:koffar
1791:Marja'
1715:atabat
1703:malija
1699:marja'
1695:atabat
1622:marja'
1349:marja'
1338:marja'
1274:majlis
1258:majlis
1173:majlis
1120:sayyid
1072:Tabriz
1017:, 1906
972:marja'
922:bazaar
824:majles
770:, and
659:Tehran
530:
519:
194:Persia
4783:Women
4331:Note:
4310:JSTOR
4198:JSTOR
4156:[
4042:[
4021:S2CID
4013:JSTOR
3797:. NPR
2897:JSTOR
2186:Gilan
2023:Rasht
1829:waṭan
1795:Najaf
1757:Mahdi
1365:Najaf
1327:Usuli
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