32:
1808:
969:
Pursuant to a "letter of entrustment" dated 13 June 2007 the
British government has devolved wide discretion to the government of the territory to manage its own external affairs, and adds that the British government would give "sympathetic consideration" for requests to take action on other matters.
927:
Under the
Constitution the governor is given responsibility for all external affairs, and in practice this power is exercised by or under the direction of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. However, the Constitution also provides that this power is then to be delegated by the governor either to the
748:
The seventh chapter, which is made up of articles 91–101, specifies that there shall be a Public
Service Commission, a Teaching Service Commission, a Judicial and Legal Services Commission and a Police Service Commission. The power to appoint, remove and exercise disciplinary control over the public
462:
QC as "an instrument minimal in its intent and its effect." Historically it was a part of the process that eventually led to the more fundamental constitutional change. In 1954 the
Constitution and Elections Act, 1954, was passed, which provided for universal adult suffrage for the first time in the
1439:
The 1976 Constitution was amended five times pursuant to the Virgin
Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order, 1979; the Virgin Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order, 1982; the Virgin Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order, 1991; the Virgin Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order, 1994 and the
1545:
The exam was later halted when two officers – Leonard Fahie (now deceased) and
Hendrickson Williams – mounted a legal challenge over the constitutionality of what was the new promotion policy, including the exam. They were defeated in the court few months ago, and the RVIPF subsequently announced
713:
The chapter sets out both the qualifications and disqualifications for elected membership. It also confirms that the governor, acting on advice of the premier, has power to prorogue and dissolve the House of
Assembly. The House of Assembly must be dissolved within four years of first sitting, and
785:. In May 2015 he was replaced by Sheila Brathwaite. The complaints commissioner appears to be the least well functioning part of the Constitution; although complaints are reported and then investigated, the usual outcome is that the relevant government department simply ignores the findings.
457:
The main purpose of the 1950 Constitution was to re-devolve power back to the reformed
Legislative Council in the British Virgin Islands from the governor of the Leeward Islands. Historically it is regarded a holding measure. It was famously described by
394:. Accordingly, the Constitution is in substantially similar form to the constitutions of a number of other British dependent territories. The Constitution came into force immediately following the dissolution of the old Legislative Council prior to the
717:
The
Constitution does not make express provision for privileges and immunities of the House of Assembly, but permits the Legislature to make laws to determine the same, provided always that such laws do not exceed the position in relation to the
477:
The 1967 Constitution was eventually replaced by a revised and updated constitution which came into force on 1 June 1977, and the 1976 Constitution was amended at various points, including in 1994 pursuant to the
Elections Act, 1994 to introduce
978:
In the comparatively brief history of the 2007 constitution, there has only been one legal challenge brought against it to date. In 2012 two police officers brought proceedings against the acting chief of police, David Morris, and the governor,
1929:
1033:
As the British Virgin Islands is a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, absent such delegation then all external affairs of the British Virgin Islands would be conducted by the United Kingdom through the Foreign and Commonwealth
780:
The ninth chapter, which is made up of articles 110–112, sets out the procedure for the appointment of a complaints commissioner and describes its process and function. The first complaints commissioner was the former deputy governor
904:
The 2007 constitution has never been amended (although previous constitutions had been), nor have any of the letters delegating authority to the territory to manage its external affairs. However, in 2010 the premier at the time,
1909:
1772:
793:
The tenth and final chapter, which is made up of articles 113–119, deals principally with revocations and the continuing validity of existing laws and offices and officers. Article 119, the final article, provides:
701:
The fifth chapter, which is made up of articles 62–88, sets out the regulation and procedures of the House of Assembly, giving the House of Assembly the power to make laws, describing the sittings, voting and the
657:
and describes the appointment process for that office. The chapter also sets out how the duties and powers of the governor are determined, making reference to the role of the sovereign through the sovereign's
454:. Following civil unrest in 1947 the territory was granted its first modern written constitution in 1950, although at this time it still remained part of the wider Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands.
1914:
620:
The second chapter, which is made up of articles 9–34, lays out the fundamental rights and freedoms of those in the British Virgin Islands. The wording is broadly taken from documents such as the
749:
offices judiciary, the police force is vested in the governor who shall ordinarily exercise that power on the advice of the relevant commission (there is no equivalent power for teaching posts).
435:
The British Virgin Islands has had four written constitutions during its modern history. Although prior to 1954 various constitutional arrangements were made for the territory in relation to its
843:
154:
937:
1782:
580:
The remainder of the recitals are more generic and common in form to the constitutions of other British Overseas Territories, including "respect for fundamental rights and freedoms and the
1904:
1558:
680:, and exercised through the governor. The remainder of the chapter sets out the appointment of Cabinet, which is constituted by the premier, four other ministers, and the attorney general
1957:
1919:
346:
710:. The governor has reserve powers to disallow laws passed by the House of Assembly and (in an emergency) to declare laws to have been passed in accordance with the constitution.
1962:
1952:
1899:
1869:
687:
The premier is appointed by the governor as the head of the largest party in the House of Assembly. Other ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier.
379:, and superseded the 1976 constitution. In addition to the constitution itself, a number of the constitutional powers of the British Virgin Islands government are specified a "
772:, to be used in the event of an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure. Use of the fund requires the approval of the House of an Assembly by way of an appropriation bill.
676:
The fourth chapter, which is made up of articles 46–61, sets out the structure and composition of the Executive. Article 46 provides that executive authority is vested in the
1767:
1637:
645:
or announced on radio – because of the devastation caused by the hurricane neither of those was possible. Accordingly, the declaration had to be "posted in public places".
1889:
1884:
1879:
577:
which is the essence of a Virgin Islander". This operates as a prelude to various provisions in the Constitution which reserve specific rights of privileges to Belongers.
909:, publicly stated that the constitution may soon have to be amended to delegate further powers to the territory from the United Kingdom. In 2016 the subsequent premier,
298:
1829:
736:
The sixth chapter, which is made up of articles 89 and 90, sets out the provisions relating to the judiciary. This simply provides for the continuing authority of the
467:
had been conducted on the basis of votes of landowners who were able to pass a literacy test – scarcely a representative sample of the population as a whole in 1950).
436:
1844:
1839:
1707:
983:, alleging that the Police Service (Delegation of Powers) Regulations, 2012 were unlawful under article 97(5) of the Constitution. Their claim eventually failed.
659:
234:
561:
Article 1) the Constitution contains a number of recitals relating to the heritage of the British Virgin Islands, which includes a professed national belief in
479:
2011:
1536:
339:
252:
604:
The first chapter of the Constitution simply sets out a number of defined terms and generally applicable principles. This includes the definition of "
1522:
992:
851:
163:
1939:
922:
696:
529:
497:
407:
332:
309:
149:
632:. Chapter II expressly reserves the right to the British Virgin Islands Government to legislate in a way which is prejudicial to non-belongers.
835:
573:
The recitals also contain an express statement: "the people of the territory of the Virgin Islands have over centuries evolved with a distinct
537:
470:
The British government had hoped that after the Leeward Islands Federation was abolished in 1956 the British Virgin Islands would join the new
1450:
816:
464:
446:
From 1901, when the original Legislative Council was formally dissolved, until 1950 the territory was officially administered as part of the
94:
1934:
395:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
706:
of the House of Assembly, as well as detailing the role and election of the speaker of the Legislative Assembly. The House of Assembly is
2001:
2006:
1248:
482:
into the legislature. The 1976 constitution was in turn superseded in 2007 by the current form which came into force on 15 June 2007.
440:
293:
1617:
1602:
933:
758:
662:. Article 37 of the chapter describes the times when an acting governor is required and the appointment process for that position.
731:
714:
fresh general elections held. General elections must be held within two months, but not earlier than 21 days, after dissolution.
269:
195:
180:
1692:
956:
811:
719:
654:
517:
485:
In 2022 a new constitutional review was undertaken, and the Commission issued its report and recommendations in February 2024.
22:
635:
Article 27 permits the governor to declare a "state of emergency". The only time this power has ever been exercised was after
319:
1762:
829:
821:
671:
621:
533:
521:
430:
403:
131:
1864:
288:
1627:
1226:
641:
625:
1062:
798:
There is reserved to Her Majesty full power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Virgin Islands.
569:
he society of the Virgin Islands is based upon certain moral, spiritual and democratic values including a belief in God.
1854:
1559:"British Virgin Islands should have constitution suspended, says corruption report - raising prospect of rule from UK"
943:
other Caribbean regional affairs relating specifically to issues that are of interest to or affect the Virgin Islands;
1787:
1506:
1104:
609:
52:
536:
which consists of the premier, four other ministers appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier, and the
856:
737:
451:
387:
which delegates powers to the British Virgin Islands government to represent itself in certain external affairs.
384:
1540:
82:
70:
1974:
471:
399:
119:
1255:
1924:
1595:
1580:
947:
596:
and institutions" and " country based on qualities of honesty, integrity, mutual respect, self-reliance".
391:
1894:
1702:
629:
1677:
878:
447:
1859:
1874:
1797:
1742:
1712:
1632:
474:, but there was little enthusiasm for that, and so eventually the 1967 Constitution was promulgated.
390:
The 2007 Constitution was adopted as part of a wider consultation between the United Kingdom and the
368:
99:
1777:
1752:
1727:
1687:
1672:
1642:
807:
The Constitution provides for various public offices in the British Virgin Islands. These include:
501:
1454:
1792:
1732:
1697:
1652:
1588:
1096:
364:
158:
1747:
1737:
1717:
1662:
1657:
1647:
376:
1834:
1722:
1667:
1575:
870:
The Constitution also provides for various public commissions and committees. These include:
765:
for the storage of public funds, and article 104 regulates the authorisation of expenditure.
31:
1996:
1757:
1682:
414:
241:
592:
and political advancement", governance based upon "based on adherence to well-established
421:
constitutions, there is a blurring of the distinctions between legislature and executive.
8:
1816:
1498:
906:
769:
558:
525:
505:
418:
757:
The eighth chapter, which is made up of articles 102–109, regulates the powers of the
1502:
1100:
996:
762:
574:
653:
The third chapter, which is made up of articles 35–45, states that there shall be a
398:. The new constitution adopted new nomenclature: the Chief Minister was renamed the
589:
459:
124:
677:
605:
513:
283:
615:
962:
928:
premier or a minister of government in relation to a number of specific areas:
636:
585:
372:
1256:"Deputy Premier Slams Elton Georges For "Old School Boy Way" Of Writing Memos"
1990:
1066:
980:
910:
782:
509:
167:
1610:
1063:"Constitutional & Political Development in the Virgin Islands 1950-2000"
87:
443:, there are few direct records remaining in relation to those provisions.
367:
documented primarily within the Virgin Islands Constitution Order, 2007 a
999:
recommended that the territory's constitution be suspended and reviewed.
581:
75:
639:
in 2017. However the declaration is required to be either posted in the
1168:
965:
matters directly affecting the interests of the British Virgin Islands.
707:
494:
938:
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
1821:
593:
1807:
1546:
the resumption of the written exam as part of its promotion policy.
1138:
375:. The 2007 Constitution was the fourth written constitution of the
1523:"Morris in full support of controversial 'delegation of powers'"
528:
the leader of the party with the largest number of seats in the
1128:
Virgin Islands (Constitution) Order, 1976 (SI No 2145 of 1976).
1024:
Virgin Islands (Constitution) Order, 1976 (SI No 2145 of 1976).
703:
1119:
Virgin Islands (Constitution) Order, 1967 (SI No 471 of 1967).
940:, or any other Caribbean regional organisation or institution;
616:
Chapter II: Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual
1576:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order, 2007 (SI No 1678 of 2007)
946:
the relationship between the British Virgin Islands and the
565:. The second paragraphs of the recitals contains the words:
1189:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, articles 80 and 81.
1169:"Hurricane Irma: UK territory declares state of emergency"
1304:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 51(1)(b).
959:
and the regulation of finance and financial services; and
562:
1611:
Constitutions of states and dependencies in the Americas
1249:"Complaints Commission deemed useless by some – Georges"
865:
761:
over the public finances. The chapter provides for the
1484:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 60(4).
1475:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 60(1).
1440:
Virgin Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order, 2000.
1403:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 91(1).
1394:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 57(1).
1385:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 44(1).
1376:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 34(1).
1349:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 70(1).
1340:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 69(4).
1331:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 69(1).
1322:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 59(1).
1313:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 58(1).
1295:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 52(2).
1286:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 52(1).
1277:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 36(1).
1268:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 35(1).
1198:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 84(3).
1158:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 26(4).
775:
557:
Prior to the commencement of Chapter I (but after the
1227:"Sheila Brathwaite Appointed Complaints Commissioner"
1367:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 110.
1358:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 109.
1430:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 96.
1421:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 86.
1412:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 93.
1216:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 82.
1207:
Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, article 86.
1229:. Government of the Virgin Islands – Press Release
743:
993:British Virgin Islands 2021 Commission of Inquiry
913:, also called for further constitutional review.
1988:
1251:. Virgin Islands News Online. 25 September 2012.
1525:. Virgin Islands News Online. 14 December 2012.
923:Foreign relations of the British Virgin Islands
697:House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands
628:, although there is a greater emphasis on the
406:, and the Legislative Council was renamed the
2012:Constitutions of British Overseas Territories
1596:
1539:. BVI News. 17 September 2015. Archived from
1065:. House of Assembly (website). Archived from
690:
516:, who is represented in the territory by the
340:
1930:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
973:
725:
665:
648:
599:
1537:"Stalled again! Governor halts police exam"
936:, the Association of Caribbean States, the
788:
547:
413:The Constitution is framed on the classic "
1603:
1589:
361:Constitution of the British Virgin Islands
347:
333:
1451:"Premier ready for constitutional review"
424:
1453:. BVI News. 28 June 2016. Archived from
1052:Constitution (Virgin Islands) Act, 1950.
1043:Constitution (Virgin Islands) Act, 1902.
934:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
892:a Judicial and Legal Services Commission
759:Government of the British Virgin Islands
752:
402:, the Executive Council was renamed the
1087:
848:Deputy Speaker of the House of Assembly
732:Judiciary of the British Virgin Islands
532:. Executive authority is vested in the
1989:
986:
720:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
655:governor of the British Virgin Islands
23:Politics of the British Virgin Islands
1584:
1495:British Virgin Islands Commercial Law
672:Cabinet of the British Virgin Islands
622:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
431:History of the British Virgin Islands
380:
953:tourism and tourism-related matters;
866:Commissions, councils and committees
289:British Overseas Territories citizen
916:
776:Chapter IX: Complaints Commissioner
626:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
2002:2007 in the British Virgin Islands
1258:. Platinum News. 17 December 2012.
1139:"Your Constitution Virgin Islands"
417:" precept, although as with other
14:
2023:
2007:Law of the British Virgin Islands
1569:
802:
1806:
1773:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
844:Speaker of the House of Assembly
493:The constitution provides for a
30:
1551:
1529:
1515:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1443:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1241:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1161:
1152:
1131:
840:Director of Public Prosecutions
744:Chapter VII: The Public Service
740:in the British Virgin Islands.
738:Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
452:governor of the Leeward Islands
385:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1122:
1113:
1081:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1027:
1018:
1009:
950:in matters of mutual interest;
1:
1088:Spitz, Barry; Clarke, Giles.
932:the Caribbean Community, the
899:
889:a Teaching Service Commission
877:an advisory committee on the
472:Federation of the West Indies
1171:. BBC News. 8 September 2017
1002:
948:United States Virgin Islands
895:a Police Services Commission
488:
437:former colonial legislatures
392:British Overseas Territories
7:
886:a Public Service Commission
883:a National Security Council
630:right of self-determination
552:
520:. The governor appoints as
10:
2028:
1561:. Sky News. 30 April 2022.
920:
729:
694:
691:Chapter V: The Legislature
669:
610:British Virgin Islands law
480:"at-large" representatives
448:Leeward Islands Federation
428:
1948:
1915:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1815:
1804:
1616:
974:Constitutional challenges
874:a human rights commission
726:Chapter VI: The Judiciary
666:Chapter IV: The Executive
649:Chapter III: The Governor
600:Chapter I: Interpretation
500:(legislature) based upon
463:territory's history (the
1935:Turks and Caicos Islands
852:Leader of the Opposition
789:Chapter X: Miscellaneous
548:Structure and provisions
502:representative democracy
270:Administrative divisions
164:Leader of the Opposition
1097:LexisNexis Butterworths
861:Complaints Commissioner
826:Ministers of Government
159:Corine George-Massicote
1850:British Virgin Islands
1543:on 20 September 2015.
800:
768:Article 106 creates a
571:
425:Constitutional history
377:British Virgin Islands
1763:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1091:Spitz & Clarke's
997:Sir Gary Hickinbottom
796:
753:Chapter VIII: Finance
594:democratic principles
567:
465:1950 general election
396:2007 general election
381:letter of entrustment
365:codified constitution
1501:. 2012. p. 15.
1457:on 15 September 2016
879:prerogative of mercy
590:economic empowerment
415:separation of powers
369:statutory instrument
1940:U.S. Virgin Islands
1783:Trinidad and Tobago
1628:Antigua and Barbuda
1499:Sweet & Maxwell
1015:SI No 1678 of 2007.
987:Hickinbottom Report
363:is a predominantly
253:National Democratic
1693:Dominican Republic
770:Contingencies Fund
660:secretary of state
584:", the "quest for
526:head of government
506:multi-party system
441:executive councils
419:Westminster system
1984:
1983:
763:Consolidated Fund
575:cultural identity
559:legal boilerplate
530:House of Assembly
498:House of Assembly
408:House of Assembly
357:
356:
310:Foreign relations
299:Visa requirements
235:Political parties
150:House of Assembly
2019:
1905:Saint Barthélemy
1865:Falkland Islands
1810:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1497:(2nd ed.).
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1093:Offshore Service
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
917:External Affairs
836:Attorney General
538:attorney general
460:McWelling Todman
349:
342:
335:
125:Natalio Wheatley
34:
18:
17:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1958:Central America
1944:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
989:
976:
925:
919:
902:
868:
857:Auditor General
817:Deputy Governor
805:
791:
778:
755:
746:
734:
728:
699:
693:
678:British monarch
674:
668:
651:
618:
606:belonger status
602:
555:
550:
514:British monarch
491:
433:
427:
353:
324:
320:Other countries
304:
303:
284:Belonger status
279:
264:
263:
258:
257:
254:
247:
246:
243:
229:
190:
175:
174:
145:
137:
136:
115:
107:
106:
95:Deputy Governor
66:
58:
57:
48:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Sint Eustatius
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
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