403:(IoA) gave only limited powers to the Government of India, only about the three subject matters of Foreign affairs, Defence and Communications. It was similar to several hundred others IoA signed between the Government of India and other princely states. Whereas the other states later signed merger agreements, the relationship of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India was governed by special circumstances. In view of them, the Article 370 was incorporated in the Constitution. The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Maharaja (later Sadr-e-Riyasat)
824:
relationship of the state with the Union) may be amended by an Act of the
Legislative Assembly of the state passed by not less than two-thirds of its membership. If such amendment seeks to affect Governor or Election Commission, it needs the President's assent to come into effect. No amendment of the Constitution of India shall extend to Jammu and Kashmir unless so extended by an order of Jammu and Kashmir President under Article 370(1).
161:
66:
25:
718:
in relation to the state unless (a) it is made at the request or with the concurrence of the government of the state; or (b) where it has not been so made, it is applied subsequently by the
President to that state at the request or with the concurrence of the government of that state. In December 1964, Articles 356 and 357 were extended to the state.
727:
Kashmir; hence the
Fundamental Right to property is still guaranteed in this state. It is the only state which does not have to give a detailed record on the money flowing in the state and where it is used and how. In the Indian Constitutional history only one Fundamental Right has been added so far and that is
717:
The Union of India has no power to declare
Financial Emergency under Article 360 in the state. The Union can declare emergency in the state only in case of War or External Aggression. No proclamation of emergency made on the grounds of internal disturbance or imminent danger thereof shall have effect
324:
jurisdiction extends over limited matters with respect to State of Jammu and
Kashmir, and in all other matters not specifically vested in Federal government, actions have to be supported by state legislature. Also, unlike other states, residual powers were vested with the state government. Because of
708:
had very limited jurisdiction over Jammu and
Kashmir in comparison with other states. Till 1963, Parliament could legislate on subjects contained in the Union List, and had no jurisdiction in case of Concurrent List under 7th Schedule with Jammu and Kashmir. The Parliament had no power to legislate
395:
with
Pakistan. However, on 6 October 1947, Pashto tribes, supported by the government of Pakistan, attacked Jammu and Kashmir on the behest of Pakistan to achieve forcible accession to Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh requested assistance from India, and when India requested an Instrument of Accession
614:
Although India has a unitary citizenship, Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir defines a concept of
Permanent Residency, in Part III. Hurriyat often spread lies on the concept of Permanent Residency and falsely claims that the people of J&K enjoys dual citizenship. However, the stand of Supreme
827:
No bill or amendment can be introduced or moved in either House of the
Legislature which seeks to make any change in the provisions that (a) the State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India (Art. 3) (b) the executive and legislative power of the State does not
739:
Provisions of Part XVII of the
Constitution apply to Jammu and Kashmir only insofar as they relate to (i) the official language of the Union; (ii) the official language for communication between one state and another; or between a state and the Union; and (iii) language of the proceedings in the
726:
Part IV, Article 36-51 (Directive Principles of the State Policy) and Part IVA, Article 51A (Fundamental Duties) of the Constitution are not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. In addition to other fundamental rights, Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(2) of the Constitution are still applicable to Jammu and
823:
The 5th Schedule pertaining to the administration and control of Schedule Areas and Scheduled Tribes and the 6th Schedule pertaining to administration of tribal areas are not applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Provisions of the State Constitution (except those relating to the
819:
Certain special rights have been granted to the permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir with regard to employment under the state, acquisition of immovable property in the state, settlement in the state, and scholarship and other forms of aid as the state government may provide.
643:
having solemnly resolved, in pursuance of the accession of this State to India which took place on the twenty sixth day of October, 1947, to further define the existing relationship of the State with the Union of India as an integral part thereof, and to secure to ourselves-
828:
extend to matters those with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws for the State under the provisions of the Constitution of India (Art. 5), (c) of the Constitution of India as applicable in relation to the State (Art.147 (c) and Art. 147. (Art. 147(a)).
415:
As of 2002, 29 amendments were made to the Constitution. The Constitution, as of 2002, had 158 articles divided into 13 parts and 7 schedules. The divisions of articles is as follows. The numbers in braces after show the articles included in a particular part.
618:“We may also add that permanent residents of Jammu & Kashmir are citizens of India, and there is no dual citizenship as is contemplated by some other federal Constitutions in other parts of the world.”
692:
was accorded special status under Article 370. Even though included in 1st Schedule as 15th state, all the provisions of the Constitution which are applicable to other states were not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.
809:
There were 111 seats in Jammu and Kashmir state legislative assembly. Of these seats, 24 were reserved for representatives from Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, to remain vacant until Pakistan ceases the occupation of
697:
can declare emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose Governor's rule in certain conditions. Matters related to Defense, Foreign relations, Communication and Finance of Jammu and Kashmir is under jurisdiction of
940:
788:
of Part 12 was about amendment of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution which stated that, "No Bill shall be introduced or moved in State Legislative Assembly to amend or change above mentioned articles 3 and
922:
740:
Supreme Court. Urdu is the official language of the state but the use of English would also be permitted for official purposes unless the state legislature provides otherwise.
293:. The constitution was adopted on 17 November 1956, and came into effect on 26 January 1957. It was rendered infructuous on 5 August 2019 by an order signed by the
375:
India gained its independence from the United Kingdom on midnight of 15 August 1947, and simultaneously Pakistan was created as a new country as a result of the
941:"Article 370: Integral review of Article 370 overdue, but needs cooperation not confrontation: Congress leader Karan Singh | India News - Times of India"
852:
357:
1119:
586:: Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council
387:
who tried to avoid declaring his state's accession to either of the two dominions at the time of independence (although that was not an option under the
958:
178:
38:
225:
134:
1316:
197:
106:
338:
1211:
1172:
1133:
1080:
987:
400:
204:
113:
1326:
862:
847:
842:
353:
313:
211:
120:
1285:
325:
these constitutional provisions, the State of Jammu and Kashmir enjoyed a special but temporary autonomous status as mentioned in
881:
76:
763:
330:
44:
193:
102:
1250:
857:
688:
Under Part XXI of the Constitution of India, which deals with "Temporary, Transitional and Special provisions", the State of
677:
326:
309:
1278:
329:. Among notable and visible differences with other states, till 1965, the head of state in Jammu and Kashmir was called
1306:
380:
1020:
352:
issued a presidential order, namely, The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 (C.O. 272) under
262:
244:
52:
923:"Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir: Special status of J&K revoked: Full text of the notification on Kashmir"
1346:
1311:
218:
182:
127:
91:
962:
803:
388:
83:
1321:
392:
87:
282:
1301:
779:
762:
of the part 2 was about extent of "Executive" and "Legislative" powers of the state and stated that "
689:
305:
290:
659:
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this seventeenth day of November, 1956, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE
1341:
1222:
1183:
1144:
1091:
896:
171:
360:
and this has rendered the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir infructuous from that date. Now the
1336:
1331:
994:
728:
342:
882:
https://ceojk.nic.in/PDF/Extracts%20from%20the%20Constitution%20of%20Jammu%20and%20Kashmir.pdf
771:
699:
361:
301:
709:
Preventive Detention laws for the state; only the state legislature had the power to do so.
364:
is applicable to Jammu and Kashmir, like all other states and union territories of India.
8:
775:
767:
705:
694:
384:
321:
317:
358:
all the provisions of Constitution of India applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
1120:"Supreme Court rejects HC ruling: No sovereignty for J-K outside Constitution of India"
592:: Salaries, allowances and other conditions of service of the Judges of the High Court.
376:
349:
294:
766:
has executive and legislative power of all matters except those with respect to which
1028:
837:
334:
721:
485:
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of the State Legislature and Its members (72-73)
16:
Constitution of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in force between 1957–2019
656:
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation;
1295:
1032:
756::-The State of Jammu and Kashmir is and will be a part of Union of India."
383:, then a princely state under suzerainty of British Monarch, and ruled by
404:
1053:
635:
Preamble to the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is as quoted below.
396:
to India, the Maharaja signed it so that India could help in defence.
312:, and it was the only state in India to have a separate constitution.
782:
includes Defense sector, Foreign affairs, Finance and Communication.
653:
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among us all;
160:
65:
297:
and ceased to be applicable on that date. It also included Ladakh.
770:
has power to make laws for the State under the provisions of the
1281:. Government of Jammu and Kashmir. (archived 23 November 2018).
793:
722:
Fundamental duties, directive principles and fundamental rights
281:
was the legal Constitution which established the framework for
982:
980:
731:. This right too has not been extended to Jammu and Kashmir.
286:
977:
650:
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
1219:
Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
1180:
Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
1141:
Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
610:: Provision as to disqualification on ground of defections
752:
in part 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir constitution stated "
580:: Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges of the Governor
333:(Head of State) whereas in other state, the title was
1107:
Read page 3 of the document or page 21 of pdf format.
853:
Interim Constitution of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1974)
802:
of Part VI of Jammu and Kashmir constitution defines
743:
558:
Articles 148 to 152 have been omitted in Part XIII.
639:"WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR,
185:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1134:"Article 147 of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"
1088:Official Website of J & K Legislative Assembly
1212:"Article 48 of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"
1173:"Article 48 of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"
754:Relationship of the State with the Union of India
1293:
959:"History and Background of the Kashmir Conflict"
669:Preamble of Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir.
676:The preamble resembles almost verbatim to the
615:court is very clear and to put in its words-
441:: Directive Principles of State Policy (11-25)
683:
1286:Constitutional Position of Jammu and Kashmir
915:
794:Relations with Pakistan administered Kashmir
470:Composition of the State Legislature (46-50)
92:introducing citations to additional sources
519:: Finance, Property and Contracts (114-123)
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1054:"Central acts applicable to J&K state"
500:Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery (92)
891:
889:
647:JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
476:Officers of the State Legislature (57-63)
316:of the Constitution of India stated that
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
863:Article 35A of the Constitution of India
848:Article 370 of the Constitution of India
843:Article 356 of the Constitution of India
337:, and the head of government was called
82:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1075:
1073:
806:as "Pakistan Occupied Territory" (POK).
712:
528:The Public Service Commission (128-137)
1294:
1238:Page 17 of document and page 35 of pdf
1204:
1199:Page 16 of document and page 34 of pdf
1165:
886:
764:Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
497:Legislative power of the Governor (91)
491:Procedure In Financial Matters (79-84)
459:Conduct of Government Business (43-45)
1317:Constitutions of country subdivisions
1018:
988:""Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir""
858:Part XXI of the Constitution of India
734:
678:Preamble to the Constitution of India
548:: Amendment of the Constitution (147)
327:Part XXI of the Constitution of India
1070:
1019:Ashiq, Peerzada (18 December 2016).
542:: Miscellaneous Provisions (143-146)
370:
183:adding citations to reliable sources
154:
59:
18:
1081:"Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"
482:Disqualification of Members (68-71)
410:
194:"Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"
103:"Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"
13:
744:Relations with Government of India
279:Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
14:
1358:
1279:Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
1272:
34:This article has multiple issues.
1327:History of the Republic of India
1021:"J&K has no sovereignty: SC"
814:
662:TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."
598:: Forms of Oaths or affirmations
525:: The Public Services (124-137)
467:: The State Legislature (46-92)
453:The Council of Ministers (35-41)
391:). Maharaja Hari Singh signed a
159:
75:relies largely or entirely on a
64:
23:
1251:"The importance of Article 370"
1243:
1126:
1112:
170:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1160:Document page 67, PDF page 85.
1046:
1012:
951:
933:
897:"Inside "Indian held Kashmir""
875:
1:
868:
804:Pakistan administered Kashmir
554:: Transmonal Issues (153-158)
488:Legislative Procedure (74-78)
407:had signed into law in 1957.
389:Indian Independence Act, 1947
1284:Surya Bhan Singh Billawria,
1221:. p. 17. Archived from
1182:. p. 16. Archived from
1143:. p. 67. Archived from
511:Subordinate Courts (109-113)
435:: Permanent Residents (6-10)
7:
1090:. p. 3. Archived from
831:
630:
494:Procedure Generally (85-90)
479:Conduct of Business (64-67)
429:: The State government(3-5)
10:
1363:
684:Jurisdiction of Parliament
473:General Provisions (51-56)
304:granted special status to
1307:Jammu and Kashmir (state)
456:The Advocate General (42)
508:The High Court (93-113)
447:: The Executive (26-45)
401:Instrument of Accession
1288:. Legal Service India.
729:Right to Education Act
674:
624:Supreme Court of India
348:On 5 August 2019, the
1347:Defunct constitutions
1312:Constitution of India
772:Constitution of India
700:Constitution of India
637:
536:: Elections (138-142)
362:Constitution of India
302:Constitution of India
774:". Sectors in which
713:Emergency provisions
604:: Regional Languages
450:The Governor (26-34)
393:standstill agreement
283:the state government
179:improve this article
88:improve this article
1322:Government of India
1228:on 3 September 2014
1189:on 3 September 2014
1150:on 3 September 2014
1122:. 17 December 2016.
1097:on 3 September 2014
1000:on 3 September 2014
901:The Express Tribune
776:Government of India
768:Parliament of India
695:Government of India
423:: Preliminary (1-2)
385:Maharaja Hari Singh
318:Parliament of India
945:The Times of India
927:The Economic Times
903:. 25 February 2015
778:can make laws for
735:Official languages
377:partition of India
350:President of India
295:President of India
838:Ranbir Penal Code
780:Jammu and Kashmir
706:Union Legislature
690:Jammu and Kashmir
381:Jammu and Kashmir
371:Historical aspect
345:in other states.
306:Jammu and Kashmir
291:Jammu and Kashmir
273:
272:
265:
255:
254:
247:
229:
153:
152:
138:
57:
1354:
1302:Indian documents
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:
993:. Archived from
992:
984:
975:
974:
972:
970:
961:. Archived from
955:
949:
948:
937:
931:
930:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
893:
884:
879:
672:
411:Salient features
322:Union government
268:
261:
250:
243:
239:
236:
230:
228:
187:
163:
155:
148:
145:
139:
137:
96:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1292:
1291:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
990:
986:
985:
978:
968:
966:
965:on 10 July 2014
957:
956:
952:
939:
938:
934:
921:
920:
916:
906:
904:
895:
894:
887:
880:
876:
871:
834:
817:
796:
746:
737:
724:
715:
686:
673:
666:
640:
633:
413:
405:Dr. Karan Singh
373:
367:
269:
258:
257:
256:
251:
240:
234:
231:
188:
186:
176:
164:
149:
143:
140:
97:
95:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:1956 documents
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1273:External links
1271:
1268:
1267:
1242:
1203:
1164:
1125:
1111:
1069:
1045:
1011:
976:
950:
947:. 29 May 2014.
932:
914:
885:
873:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
833:
830:
816:
813:
812:
811:
807:
795:
792:
791:
790:
783:
757:
745:
742:
736:
733:
723:
720:
714:
711:
685:
682:
664:
632:
629:
612:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
556:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
530:
529:
520:
514:
513:
512:
503:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
462:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
442:
436:
430:
424:
412:
409:
372:
369:
343:Chief Minister
339:Prime Minister
331:Sadr-i-Riyasat
271:
270:
253:
252:
167:
165:
158:
151:
150:
86:. Please help
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1359:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:1957 in India
1335:
1333:
1332:1956 in India
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
996:
989:
983:
981:
964:
960:
954:
946:
942:
936:
928:
924:
918:
902:
898:
892:
890:
883:
878:
874:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
829:
825:
821:
815:Miscellaneous
808:
805:
801:
798:
797:
787:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
748:
747:
741:
732:
730:
719:
710:
707:
703:
701:
696:
691:
681:
679:
671:
670:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
636:
628:
627:
625:
619:
616:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
564:
563:
562:
559:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
527:
526:
524:
521:
518:
515:
510:
509:
507:
504:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
466:
463:
458:
455:
452:
449:
448:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
418:
417:
408:
406:
402:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Indian states
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
267:
264:
249:
246:
238:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196: –
195:
191:
190:Find sources:
184:
180:
174:
173:
168:This article
166:
162:
157:
156:
147:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105: –
104:
100:
99:Find sources:
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
77:single source
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1237:
1230:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1206:
1198:
1191:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1179:
1167:
1159:
1152:. Retrieved
1145:the original
1140:
1128:
1114:
1106:
1099:. Retrieved
1092:the original
1087:
1060:. Retrieved
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1024:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
995:the original
967:. Retrieved
963:the original
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
900:
877:
826:
822:
818:
799:
785:
759:
753:
749:
738:
725:
716:
704:
687:
675:
668:
667:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
623:
622:
620:
617:
613:
608:Schedule VII
607:
601:
595:
589:
584:Schedule III
583:
577:
571:
566:
565:
560:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
522:
516:
505:
464:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
398:
374:
366:
347:
341:in place of
299:
278:
276:
274:
259:
241:
232:
222:
215:
208:
201:
189:
177:Please help
172:verification
169:
141:
131:
124:
117:
110:
98:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
786:Article 147
602:Schedule VI
590:Schedule IV
578:Schedule II
561:Schedules:
354:Article 370
314:Article 370
1296:Categories
869:References
800:Article 48
596:Schedule V
574:(Repealed)
567:Schedule I
235:April 2014
205:newspapers
144:April 2014
114:newspapers
39:improve it
1255:The Hindu
1062:23 August
1033:0971-751X
1025:The Hindu
760:Article 5
750:Article 3
552:Part XIII
517:Part VIII
289:state of
84:talk page
45:talk page
832:See also
810:Kashmir.
665:—
631:Preamble
546:Part XII
506:Part VII
433:Part III
335:Governor
320:and the
1038:3 April
1004:27 July
572:Omitted
540:Part XI
523:Part IX
465:Part VI
439:Part IV
427:Part II
356:making
285:of the
219:scholar
128:scholar
1031:
969:28 May
534:Part X
445:Part V
421:Part I
308:among
287:Indian
221:
214:
207:
200:
192:
130:
123:
116:
109:
101:
1260:6 May
1232:7 May
1226:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1193:7 May
1187:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1154:7 May
1148:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1101:6 May
1095:(PDF)
1084:(PDF)
1057:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
907:7 May
226:JSTOR
212:books
135:JSTOR
121:books
1262:2017
1234:2015
1195:2015
1156:2015
1103:2015
1064:2014
1040:2019
1029:ISSN
1006:2020
971:2014
909:2015
399:The
300:The
277:The
198:news
107:news
789:5."
181:by
90:by
1298::
1253:.
1236:.
1217:.
1197:.
1178:.
1158:.
1139:.
1105:.
1086:.
1072:^
1027:.
1023:.
979:^
943:.
925:.
899:.
888:^
702:.
680:.
621:--
570::
379:.
48:.
1264:.
1066:.
1042:.
1008:.
973:.
929:.
911:.
626:.
266:)
260:(
248:)
242:(
237:)
233:(
223:·
216:·
209:·
202:·
175:.
146:)
142:(
132:·
125:·
118:·
111:·
94:.
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
