Conservation biology

59: 1573:, not biodiversity, reigns supreme. It is estimated that 36% of the Earth's surface, encompassing 38.9% of the worlds vertebrates, lacks the endemic species to qualify as biodiversity hotspot. Moreover, measures show that maximizing protections for biodiversity does not capture ecosystem services any better than targeting randomly chosen regions. Population level biodiversity (mostly in coldspots) are disappearing at a rate that is ten times that at the species level. The level of importance in addressing biomass versus endemism as a concern for conservation biology is highlighted in literature measuring the level of threat to global ecosystem carbon stocks that do not necessarily reside in areas of endemism. A hotspot priority approach would not invest so heavily in places such as 434:, most people in the world, including Darwin, believed in special creation and that all species were unchanged. George-Louis Leclerc was one of the first naturalist that questioned this belief. He proposed in his 44 volume natural history book that species evolve due to environmental influences. Erasmus Darwin was also a naturalist who also suggested that species evolved. Erasmus Darwin noted that some species have vestigial structures which are anatomical structures that have no apparent function in the species currently but would have been useful for the species' ancestors. The thinking of these early 18th century naturalists helped to change the mindset and thinking of the early 19th century naturalists. 2160:(IUCN), meaning they too are threatened with extinction. Even though extinction is natural, the decline in species is happening at such an incredible rate that evolution can simply not match, therefore, leading to the greatest continual mass extinction on Earth. Humans have dominated the planet and our high consumption of resources, along with the pollution generated is affecting the environments in which other species live. There are a wide variety of species that humans are working to protect such as the Hawaiian Crow and the Whooping Crane of Texas. People can also take action on preserving species by advocating and voting for global and national policies that improve climate, under the concepts of 656: 14881: 385: 258:, and scientific reason. Organizations and citizens are responding to the biodiversity crisis through conservation action plans that direct research, monitoring, and education programs that engage concerns at local through global scales. There is increasing recognition that conservation is not just about what is achieved but how it is done. A "conservation acrostic" has been created to emphasize that point where C = co-produced, O = open, N = nimble, S = solutions-oriented, E = empowering, R = relational, V = values-based, A = actionable, T = transdisciplinary, I = inclusive, O = optimistic, and N = nurturing. 1654: 1393:), and many other methods. When determining which metrics to monitor for a conservation project, it is important to understand how an ecosystem functions and what role different species and abiotic factors have within the system. It is important to have a precise reason for why ecological monitoring is implemented; within the context of conservation, this reasoning is often to track changes before, during, or after conservation measures are put in place to help a species or habitat recover from degradation and/or maintain integrity. 1043: 948: 703: 14857: 3020:, in which the program described "The purpose of this conference is to accelerate and facilitate the development of a rigorous new discipline called conservation biology — a multidisciplinary field drawing its insights and methodology mostly from population ecology, community ecology, sociobiology, population genetics, and reproductive biology." This inclusion of topics at the meeting related to animal breeding reflected participation and support of the zoo and captive breeding communities. 14808: 2096: 13742: 246:, and the negative effect these are having on our capabilities to sustain the well-being of human society. Conservation biologists work in the field and office, in government, universities, non-profit organizations and industry. The topics of their research are diverse, because this is an interdisciplinary network with professional alliances in the biological as well as social sciences. Those dedicated to the cause and profession advocate for a global response to 14830: 14819: 14403: 12347: 11123: 10873: 235:, and ecosystem diversity. The concern stems from estimates suggesting that up to 50% of all species on the planet will disappear within the next 50 years, which will increase poverty and starvation, and will reset the course of evolution on this planet. Researchers acknowledge that projections are difficult, given the unknown potential impacts of many variables, including species introduction to new biogeographical settings and a non-analog climate. 1906:. Left unchecked, the urchins destroyed the shallow water kelp communities that supported the Steller's sea cow's diet and hastened their demise. The sea otter was thought to be a keystone species because the coexistence of many ecological associates in the kelp beds relied upon otters for their survival. However this was later questioned by Turvey and Risley, who showed that hunting alone would have driven the Steller's sea cow extinct. 14893: 14391: 12359: 370: 1601: 14869: 1212:

conservation problems across the broad range of taxa (i.e. including microbes, plants, and animals). Physiology is considered in the broadest possible terms to include functional and mechanistic responses at all scales, and conservation includes the development and refinement of strategies to rebuild populations, restore ecosystems, inform conservation policy, generate decision-support tools, and manage natural resources.

113: 1535:, such as migration, and a holistic examination of biodiversity at levels beyond the species, including genetic, population and ecosystem diversity. Extensive, systematic, and rapid rates of biodiversity loss threatens the sustained well-being of humanity by limiting supply of ecosystem services that are otherwise regenerated by the complex and evolving holistic network of genetic and ecosystem diversity. While the 14423: 1498: 1433:

environments. They also have very permeable skin that allows them to breath and intake water, which means they also take any air or water-soluble pollutants in as well. Birds often cover a wide range in habitat types annually, and also generally revisit the same nesting site each year. This makes it easier for researchers to track ecological effects at both an individual and a population level for the species.

14413: 1378:, habitats, and ecosystems means that any current or future conservation work will have to make assumptions to determine if the work is having any effect on the population or ecosystem health. Ecological monitoring can provide early warning signals of deleterious effects (from human activities or natural changes in an environment) on an ecosystem and its species. In order for signs of negative trends in 2510:

species can be saved, and they have to decide which their efforts should be used to protect. This concept is known as the Conservation Triage. The extinction threat is estimated to range from 15 to 37 percent of all species by 2050, or 50 percent of all species over the next 50 years. The current extinction rate is 100–100,000 times more rapid today than the last several billion years.

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Obura, D. O.; Ochavillo, D.; Polidoro, B. A.; Precht, W. F.; Quibilan, M. C.; Reboton, C.; Richards, Z. T.; Rogers, A. D.; Sanciangco, J.; Sheppard, A.; Sheppard, C.; Smith, J.; Stuart, S.; Turak, E.; Veron, J. E. N.; Wallace, C.; Weil, E.; Wood, E. (2008). "One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts".

345:: "What is left now is, so to say, the skeleton of a body wasted by disease; the rich, soft soil has been carried off and only the bare framework of the district left." In the bible, through Moses, God commanded to let the land rest from cultivation every seventh year. Before the 18th century, however, much of European culture considered it a 859:, its early development was driven by academic research into urban wildlife. Initially perceived as radical, the movement's view of conservation being inextricably linked with other human activity has now become mainstream in conservation thought. Considerable research effort is now directed at urban conservation biology. The 2403:

species on earth, making them of increasingly prevalent conservation interest. Threats include the decline or fragmentation of host populations, or the extinction of host species. Parasites are intricately woven into ecosystems and food webs, thereby occupying valuable roles in ecosystem structure and function.

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Carpenter, K. E.; Abrar, M.; Aeby, G.; Aronson, R. B.; Banks, S.; Bruckner, A.; Chiriboga, A.; Cortes, J.; Delbeek, J. C.; DeVantier, L.; Edgar, G. J.; Edwards, A. J.; Fenner, D.; Guzman, H. M.; Hoeksema, B. W.; Hodgson, G.; Johan, O.; Licuanan, W. Y.; Livingstone, S. R.; Lovell, E. R.; Moore, J. A.;

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of that region. This planetary wealth is being lost at an incredible rate as the demands of human society is exceeding the bio-regenerative capacity of the Earth. While biodiversity and ecosystems are resilient, the danger of losing them is that humans cannot recreate many ecosystem functions through

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method. Preservationists advocate for giving areas of nature and species a protected existence that halts interference from the humans. In this regard, conservationists differ from preservationists in the social dimension, as conservation biology engages society and seeks equitable solutions for both

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Systematic conservation planning is an effective way to seek and identify efficient and effective types of reserve design to capture or sustain the highest priority biodiversity values and to work with communities in support of local ecosystems. Margules and Pressey identify six interlinked stages in

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form a central supporting hub unique to their ecosystem. The loss of such a species results in a collapse in ecosystem function, as well as the loss of coexisting species. Keystone species are usually predators due to their ability to control the population of prey in their ecosystem. The importance

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was prominent in promoting this ideology, publishing many medico-topographical reports that demonstrated the scale of damage wrought through large-scale deforestation and desiccation, and lobbying extensively for the institutionalization of forest conservation activities in British India through the

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where the vast majority of biodiversity is represented. Conservation of fungi and conservation of insects, in particular, are both of pivotal importance for conservation biology. As mycorrhizal symbionts, and as decomposers and recyclers, fungi are essential for sustainability of forests. The value

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and death of corals. Decline and extinction risk in coral reef biodiversity has risen dramatically in the past ten years. The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food

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Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline. By 2000, 27% of the world's coral reef ecosystems had effectively collapsed. The largest period of decline occurred in a dramatic "bleaching" event in 1998, where approximately 16% of all the coral

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Biodiversity hotspots and coldspots are a way of recognizing that the spatial concentration of genes, species, and ecosystems is not uniformly distributed on the Earth's surface. For example, "... 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to

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of species is employed extensively in conservation management, some scientists highlight that it is the common species that are the primary source of exploitation and habitat alteration by humanity. Moreover, common species are often undervalued despite their role as the primary source of ecosystem

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A pie chart image showing the relative biomass representation in a rain forest through a summary of children's perceptions from drawings and artwork (left), through a scientific estimate of actual biomass (middle), and by a measure of biodiversity (right). The biomass of social insects (middle) far

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approach. The concept is based on a new philosophy or leadership theory steering away from historical notions of power, authority, and dominance. Adaptive conservation leadership is reflective and more equitable as it applies to any member of society who can mobilize others toward meaningful change

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Those in favor of the hotspot approach point out that species are irreplaceable components of the global ecosystem, they are concentrated in places that are most threatened, and should therefore receive maximal strategic protections. This is a hotspot approach because the priority is set to target

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Thomas, Chris D.; Cameron, Alison; Green, Rhys E.; Bakkenes, Michel; Beaumont, Linda J.; Collingham, Yvonne C.; Erasmus, Barend F. N.; de Siqueira, Marinez Ferreira; Grainger, Alan; Hannah, Lee; Hughes, Lesley; Huntley, Brian; van Jaarsveld, Albert S.; Midgley, Guy F.; Miles, Lera; Ortega-Huerta,

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A large proportion of parasite species are threatened by extinction. A few of them are being eradicated as pests of humans or domestic animals; however, most of them are harmless. Parasites also make up a significant amount of global biodiversity, given that they make up a large proportion of all

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There is plenty of debate on how conservation resources can be used most efficiently; even within ecological monitoring, there is debate on which metrics that money, time and personnel should be dedicated to for the best chance of making a positive impact. One specific general discussion topic is

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The conservation of habitats like forest, water or soil in its natural state is crucial for any species depending in it to thrive. Instead of making the whole new environment looking alike the original habitat of wild animals is less effective than preserving the original habitats. An approach in

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The last word in ignorance is the man who says of an animal or plant: "What good is it?" If the land mechanism as a whole is good, then every part is good, whether we understand it or not. If the biota, in the course of aeons, has built something we like but do not understand, then who but a fool

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Mason, Rachel and Judith Ramos. (2004). Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Tlingit People concerning the Sockeye Salmon Fishery of the Dry Bay Area, A Cooperative Agreement Between Department of the Interior National Park Service and the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe, Final Report (FIS) Project 01-091,

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add a catastrophic threat toward a mass extinction of global biological diversity. Numerous more species are predicted to face unprecedented levels of extinction risk due to population increase, climate change and economic development in the future. Conservationists have claimed that not all the

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Another benefit of ecological monitoring is the hard evidence it provides scientists to use for advising policy makers and funding bodies about conservation efforts. Not only is ecological monitoring data important for convincing politicians, funders, and the public why a conservation program is

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as proved by latest researches, so it is more crucial to protect the old ones. The reforestation campaign launched by Himalayan Adventure Therapy in Nepal basically visits the old forests in periodic basis which are vulnerable to loss of density and the area covered due to unplanned urbanization

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biodiversity are a recent phenomenon. Natural resource conservation, however, has a history that extends prior to the age of conservation. Resource ethics grew out of necessity through direct relations with nature. Regulation or communal restraint became necessary to prevent selfish motives from

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Rodrigues, Ana S. L.; Andelman, Sandy J.; Bakarr, Mohamed I.; Boitani, Luigi; Brooks, Thomas M.; Cowling, Richard M.; Fishpool, Lincoln D. C.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Gaston, Kevin J.; Hoffmann, Michael; Long, Janice S.; Marquet, Pablo A.; Pilgrim, John D.; Pressey, Robert L.; Schipper, Jan;

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An art scape image showing the relative importance of animals in a rain forest through a summary of (a) child's perception compared with (b) a scientific estimate of the importance. The size of the animal represents its importance. The child's mental image places importance on big cats, birds,

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regularly monitor indicator species, however, there are limitations coupled with many practical considerations that must be followed for the approach to be effective. It is generally recommended that multiple indicators (genes, populations, species, communities, and landscape) be monitored for

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are not in the business of trading stocks for much of the planet's living natural capital stored in ecosystems. There is no natural stock market with investment portfolios into sea horses, amphibians, insects, and other creatures that provide a sustainable supply of ecosystem services that are

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is estimated to be one species every few years. Actual extinction rates are estimated to be orders of magnitudes higher. While this is important, it's worth noting that there are no models in existence that account for the complexity of unpredictable factors like species movement, a non-analog

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are highly susceptible to pollutants in their environment due to their behaviours and physiological features that cause them to absorb pollutants at a faster rate than other species. Amphibians spend parts of their time in the water and on land, making them susceptible to changes in both

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There is a movement in conservation biology suggesting a new form of leadership is needed to mobilize conservation biology into a more effective discipline that is able to communicate the full scope of the problem to society at large. The movement proposes an adaptive leadership approach that

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An integrative scientific discipline applying physiological concepts, tools, and knowledge to characterizing biological diversity and its ecological implications; understanding and predicting how organisms, populations, and ecosystems respond to environmental change and stressors; and solving

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led by the New York Zoological Society. In the early 20th century the New York Zoological Society was instrumental in developing concepts of establishing preserves for particular species and conducting the necessary conservation studies to determine the suitability of locations that are most

453:. The 19th-century fascination with natural history engendered a fervor to be the first to collect rare specimens with the goal of doing so before they became extinct by other such collectors. Although the work of many 18th and 19th century naturalists were to inspire nature enthusiasts and 1763:

tells us that more than three-quarters of the world's people live in nations that are ecological debtors – their national consumption has outstripped their country's biocapacity. Thus, most of us are propping up our current lifestyles, and our economic growth, by drawing (and increasingly

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has risen to prominence, with less emphasis being given to single-species or even single-habitat focused actions. Instead an ecosystem approach is advocated by most mainstream conservationists, although concerns have been expressed by those working to protect some high-profile species.

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The prospects of averting mass extinction seems unlikely when "90% of all of the large (average approximately ≥50 kg), open ocean tuna, billfishes, and sharks in the ocean" are reportedly gone. Given the scientific review of current trends, the ocean is predicted to have few surviving

3016:, complementing Frankel's conception and coining of "conservation genetics", to encompass the application of biological sciences in general to conservation. Subsequently, Soulé and Wilcox wrote conceived the agenda for the meeting they jointly convened on September 6–9, 1978, titled 1568:

Those arguing in favor of setting priorities for coldspots point out that there are other measures to consider beyond biodiversity. They point out that emphasizing hotspots downplays the importance of the social and ecological connections to vast areas of the Earth's ecosystems where

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in 1972. As of 2006, a total of 830 sites are listed: 644 cultural, 162 natural. The first country to pursue aggressive biological conservation through national legislation was the United States, which passed back to back legislation in the Endangered Species Act (1966) and

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activities. Then they plant the new saplings of same tree families of that existing forest in the areas where the old forest has been lost and also plant those saplings to the barren areas connected to the forest. This maintains the density and area covered by the forest.

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value. The monarch migrates across North America, covering multiple ecosystems and so requires a large area to exist. Any protections afforded to the monarch butterfly will at the same time umbrella many other species and habitats. An umbrella species is often used as

2328:). Honey bees provide an indispensable ecological services through their acts of pollination supporting a huge variety of agriculture crops. The use of honey and wax have become vastly used throughout the world. The sudden disappearance of bees leaving empty hives or 1754:

valuable to society. The ecological footprint of society has exceeded the bio-regenerative capacity limits of the planet's ecosystems by about 30 percent, which is the same percentage of vertebrate populations that have registered decline from 1970 through 2005.

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group, with over 32% of all surviving species being threatened with extinction. The surviving populations are in continual decline in 43% of those that are threatened. Since the mid-1980s the actual rates of extinction have exceeded 211 times rates measured from the

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The measure of ongoing species loss is made more complex by the fact that most of the Earth's species have not been described or evaluated. Estimates vary greatly on how many species actually exist (estimated range: 3,600,000–111,700,000) to how many have received a

311:. These rules were guided by clan elders who knew lifelong details of each river and stream they managed. There are numerous examples in history where cultures have followed rules, rituals, and organized practice with respect to communal natural resource management. 1514:

serves as an international conservation tool to identify those species most in need of conservation attention and by providing a global index on the status of biodiversity. More than the dramatic rates of species loss, however, conservation scientists note that the

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to a large net carbon source both during and immediately after the outbreak. In the worst year, the impacts resulting from the beetle outbreak in British Columbia were equivalent to 75% of the average annual direct forest fire emissions from all of Canada during

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and provides a global index of biodiversity by monitoring approximately 5,000 populations in 1,686 species of vertebrate (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians) and report on the trends in much the same way that the stock market is tracked.

1645:, and biomass. Both sides agree, however, that conserving biodiversity is necessary to reduce the extinction rate and identify an inherent value in nature; the debate hinges on how to prioritize limited conservation resources in the most cost-effective way. 1459:

researchers that practice ethics in the biological and social sciences. Chan states that conservationists must advocate for biodiversity and can do so in a scientifically ethical manner by not promoting simultaneous advocacy against other competing values.

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Today, many threats to biodiversity exist. An acronym that can be used to express the top threats of present-day H.I.P.P.O stands for Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Pollution, Human Population, and Overharvesting. The primary threats to biodiversity are

148:. The meeting was prompted due to concern over tropical deforestation, disappearing species, and eroding genetic diversity within species. The conference and proceedings that resulted sought to initiate the bridging of a gap between theory in ecology and 4010: 1942:

through pollution or some other link to proximate human activities. Monitoring an indicator species is a measure to determine if there is a significant environmental impact that can serve to advise or modify practice, such as through different forest

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using communication techniques that are inspiring, purposeful, and collegial. Adaptive conservation leadership and mentoring programs are being implemented by conservation biologists through organizations such as the Aldo Leopold Leadership Program.

840:(1970), which together injected major funding and protection measures to large-scale habitat protection and threatened species research. Other conservation developments, however, have taken hold throughout the world. India, for example, passed the 1405:(to understand a system that has not been degraded by humans), where there is human impact (so the effects from humans can be investigated), or where there is data deserts and little is known about the habitats' and communities' response to human 1332:, which occurs outside the natural habitat. In-situ conservation involves protecting or restoring the habitat. Ex-situ conservation, on the other hand, involves protection outside of an organism's natural habitat, such as on reservations or in 831:, hundreds of species specific protection plans ensued. Notably the United Nations acted to conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind. The programme was adopted by the General Conference of 8696:

Chapin III, F. Stuart; Zavaleta, Erika S.; Eviner, Valerie T.; Naylor, Rosamond L.; Vitousek, Peter M.; Reynolds, Heather L.; Hooper, David U.; Lavorel, Sandra; Sala, Osvaldo E.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Mack, Michelle C.; Díaz, Sandra (May 2000).

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Rypel, Andrew L.; Saffarinia, Parsa; Vaughn, Caryn C.; Nesper, Larry; O’Reilly, Katherine; Parisek, Christine A.; Miller, Matthew L.; Moyle, Peter B.; Fangue, Nann A.; Bell-Tilcock, Miranda; Ayers, David; David, Solomon R. (December 2021).

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of a species or habitat at repeating intervals with defined methods. Long-term monitoring for environmental and ecological metrics is an important part of any successful conservation initiative. Unfortunately, long-term data for many

1547:, there is debate on how to prioritize genes, species, or ecosystems, which are all components of biodiversity (e.g. Bowen, 1999). While the predominant approach to date has been to focus efforts on endangered species by conserving 2336:

across the United States reported CCD losses in up to 76% of their colonies. This sudden demographic loss in bee numbers is placing a strain on the agricultural sector. The cause behind the massive declines is puzzling scientists.

1561:. The costs of discovering, naming, and mapping out the distribution of every species, they argue, is an ill-advised conservation venture. They reason it is better to understand the significance of the ecological roles of species. 8230:

Carlson, Colin J.; Hopkins, Skylar; Bell, Kayce C.; Doña, Jorge; Godfrey, Stephanie S.; Kwak, Mackenzie L.; Lafferty, Kevin D.; Moir, Melinda L.; Speer, Kelly A.; Strona, Giovanni; Torchin, Mark; Wood, Chelsea L. (October 2020).

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and the monarch butterfly, that capture the public's attention and attract support for conservation measures. Paradoxically, however, conservation bias towards flagship species sometimes threatens other species of chief concern.

2059:(66 mya) extinction spasms. Within the last 10,000 years, human influence over the Earth's ecosystems has been so extensive that scientists have difficulty estimating the number of species lost; that is to say the rates of 1075:

becoming extinct during any given time interval. It does not represent all marine species, just those that are readily fossilized. The labels of the traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised

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in their conservation management plans. This sort of advocacy is similar to the medical profession advocating for healthy lifestyle options, both are beneficial to human well-being yet remain scientific in their approach.

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in London to discuss his idea for a new organisation to save the best places for wildlife in the British Isles. This meeting led to the formation of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, which later became the

8117: 9853:"Conservationists use triage to determine which species to save and not: Like battlefield medics, conservationists are being forced to explicitly apply triage to determine which creatures to save and which to let go" 4520:

Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Schooley, Jason D.; Lackmann, Alec R.; Rider, Steven J.; Riecke, Dennis K.; McMullen, Joseph; Ganus, J. Eric; Steffensen, Kirk D.; Kramer, Nicholas W.; Shattuck, Zachary R. (December 2021).

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Many conservation researchers believe that having a long-term ecological monitoring program should be a priority for conservation projects, protected areas, and regions where environmental harm mitigation is used.

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to identify and conserve threatened species within their borders, as well as protect associated habitats. The late 1990s saw increasing professionalism in the sector, with the maturing of organisations such as the

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on land is found in plants, which is sustained by insect relations. This great ecological value of insects is countered by a society that often reacts negatively toward these aesthetically 'unpleasant' creatures.

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to ecosystems, there are examples where humans mutually coexist in a sustainable way with nature. Even with the current threats to biodiversity there are ways we can improve the current condition and start anew.

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is a global community of conservation professionals dedicated to advancing the science and practice of conserving biodiversity. Conservation biology as a discipline reaches beyond biology, into subjects such as

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MacKenzie, Darryl I.; Nichols, James D.; Hines, James E.; Knutson, Melinda G.; Franklin, Alan B. (2003). "Estimating Site Occupancy, Colonization, and Local Extinction When a Species Is Detected Imperfectly".

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formed in 1895 with the manifesto to "...promote the permanent preservation, for the benefit of the nation, of lands, ... to preserve (so far practicable) their natural aspect." In May 1912, a month after the

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Nepal named reforestation campaign has helped increase the density and area covered by the original forests which proved to be better than creating entirely new environment after original one is let to lost.

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Thomas, JA; Telfer, MG; Roy, DB; Preston, CD; Greenwood, JJ; Asher, J; Fox, R; Clarke, RT; Lawton, JH (2004). "Comparative Losses of British Butterflies, Birds, and Plants and the Global Extinction Crisis".

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taking more than could be locally sustained, therefore compromising the long-term supply for the rest of the community. This social dilemma with respect to natural resource management is often called the "

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Conservation physiology is particularly relevant to practitioners in that it has the potential to generate cause-and-effect relationships and reveal the factors that contribute to population declines.

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Fedriani, JM; García, L; Sanchéz, M; Calderon, J; Ramo, C (2017). "Long-term impact of protected colonial birds on a jeopardized cork oak population: conservation bias leads to restoration failure".

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The rapid decline of established biological systems around the world means that conservation biology is often referred to as a "Discipline with a deadline". Conservation biology is tied closely to

2368:, Canada, which has infested 470,000 km (180,000 sq mi) of forested land since 1999. An action plan has been prepared by the Government of British Columbia to address this problem. 1467:, which seeks to identify what measures will deliver "the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time." In contrast, some conservation biologists argue that nature has an 7621: 1382:

or species health to be detected, monitoring methods must be carried out at appropriate time intervals, and the metric must be able to capture the trend of the population or habitat as a whole.

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Long-term monitoring can include the continued measuring of many biological, ecological, and environmental metrics including annual breeding success, population size estimates, water quality,

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Kurz, W. A.; Dymond, C. C.; Stinson, G.; Rampley, G. J.; Neilson, E. T.; Carroll, A. L.; Ebata, T.; Safranyik, L. (2008). "Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change".

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Organization of the meeting itself also entailed bridging a gap between genetics and ecology. Soulé, was an evolutionary geneticist working with wheat geneticist Sir Otto Frankel to advance

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2016 conservation indicator which includes the following indicators: marine protected areas, terrestrial biome protection (global and national), and species protection (global and national)

2140:. However, "The current amphibian extinction rate may range from 25,039 to 45,474 times the background extinction rate for amphibians." The global extinction trend occurs in every major 695:

from 1901 to 1909. The 1916 National Parks Act, included a 'use without impairment' clause, sought by John Muir, which eventually resulted in the removal of a proposal to build a dam in

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Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, R; Linke, S; Boon, P (2016). "The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world".

223:. Conservation biology is concerned with phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biodiversity and the science of sustaining evolutionary processes that engender 2505:

large amounts of carbon which regulates global conditions. In present day, there have been major climate shifts with temperature changes making survival of some species difficult. The

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species level concerns over population level or biomass. Species richness and genetic biodiversity contributes to and engenders ecosystem stability, ecosystem processes, evolutionary

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Brooks T. M.; Mittermeier R. A.; Gerlach J.; Hoffmann M.; Lamoreux J. F.; Mittermeier C. G.; Pilgrim J. D.; Rodrigues A. S. L. (2006). "Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities".

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Brooks T. M.; Mittermeier R. A.; Gerlach J.; Hoffmann M.; Lamoreux J. F.; Mittermeier C. G.; Pilgrim J. D.; Rodrigues A. S. L. (2006). "Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities".

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The term conservation biology and its conception as a new field originated with the convening of "The First International Conference on Research in Conservation Biology" held at the

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Cooke, S. J.; Michaels, S.; Nyboer, E. A.; Schiller, L.; Littlechild, D. B. R.; Hanna, D. E. L.; Robichaud, C. D.; Murdoch, A.; Roche, D.; Soroye, P.; Vermaire, J. C. (2022-05-31).

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security for hundreds of millions of people. Conservation biology plays an important role in international agreements covering the world's oceans and other issues pertaining to

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Some biodiversity loss is more insidious than others due to systemic neglect. For example, sport killing and wanton waste of tons of native fishes from unregulated 21st century

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From this principle, conservation biologists can trace communal resource based ethics throughout cultures as a solution to communal resource conflict. For example, the Alaskan

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Manlik, Oliver (2019). "The Importance of Reproduction for the Conservation of Slow-Growing Animal Populations". In Pierre Comizzoli; Janine L. Brown; William V. Holt (eds.).

2168:. The Earth's oceans demand particular attention as climate change continues to alter pH levels, making it uninhabitable for organisms with shells which dissolve as a result. 9480: 9207: 2987:

J. Douglas. 1978. Biologists urge US endowment for conservation. Nature Vol. 275, 14 September 1978. Kat Williams . 1978. Natural Sciences. Science News. September 30, 1978.

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Freckleton, Rob; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Bickford, David; Diesmos, Arvin C.; Lee, Tien Ming; Koh, Lian Pin; Brook, Barry W.; Sekercioglu, Cagan H.; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2008).

1131:(estimated range: 1.5–8 million). Less than 1% of all species that have been described beyond simply noting its existence. From these figures, the IUCN reports that 23% of 530:

who systematically adopted a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This was the first case of state conservation management of forests in the world.

3248:

Koh, Lian Pin; Dunn, Robert R.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Colwell, Robert K.; Proctor, Heather C.; Smith, Vincent S. (2004). "Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis".

9543:

Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".

9389:

Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".

5933:

Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".

2226:

These predictions will undoubtedly appear extreme, but it is difficult to imagine how such changes will not come to pass without fundamental changes in human behavior.

630:. Originally known as "the Plumage League", the group gained popularity and eventually amalgamated with the Fur and Feather League in Croydon, and formed the RSPB. The 8081: 3004:, who suggested the idea for a conference to Wilcox was concerned with the application of community ecology and island biogeography theory to conservation. Wilcox and 2446:

also poses challenges, because the global network of protected areas only covers 11.5% of the Earth's surface. A significant consequence of fragmentation and lack of

1483:

was a classical thinker and writer on such conservation ethics whose philosophy, ethics and writings are still valued and revisited by modern conservation biologists.

4234:"Harvest trends, growth and longevity, and population dynamics reveal traditional assumptions for redhorse (Moxostoma spp.) management in Minnesota are not supported" 1118:

is possibly the most significant contribution toward the scientific understanding of both the process and how to measure the rate of species extinction. The current

592:

was passed in Britain as the first nature protection law in the world after extensive lobbying from the Association for the Protection of Seabirds and the respected

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communities for protecting wildlife in Canada. Some conservation efforts are yet to fully take hold due to ecological neglect. For example in the USA, 21st century

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Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005). "Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas".

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Many of the threats to biodiversity, including disease and climate change, are reaching inside borders of protected areas, leaving them 'not-so protected' (e.g.

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to maintain the environment for future generations, and that scientific, empirically based methods should be applied to ensure this duty was carried out. Sir

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or to effectively coordinate their plan of action and to identify best management practices (e.g.). Systematic strategies generally employ the services of

2081:

estimates that we have exceeded the bio-regenerative capacity of the planet, requiring 1.6 Earths to support the demands placed on our natural resources.

2116:. The global extinction rate may be approximately 1,000 times higher than the natural background extinction rate. It is estimated that two-thirds of all 751:

of native fishes, which amounts to killing wild animals for recreation and disposing of them immediately afterwards, remains unregulated and unmanaged.

12261: 11139: 9285: 7629: 6939: 10048: 7342: 876: 10296: 8449: 5452:"Long-term monitoring for conservation management: Lessons from a case study integrating remote sensing and field approaches in floodplain forests" 4394: 1924:

has a narrow set of ecological requirements, therefore they become useful targets for observing the health of an ecosystem. Some animals, such as

11195: 10291: 9852: 7595: 457:, their writings, by modern standards, showed insensitivity towards conservation as they would kill hundreds of specimens for their collections. 12286: 11190: 11159: 11101: 10935: 5263:

Manolis JC, Chan KM, Finkelstein ME, Stephens S, Nelson CR, Grant JB, Dombeck MP (2009). "Leadership: A new frontier in conservation science".

5049:

Brun, Philipp; Thuiller, Wilfried; Chauvier, Yohann; Pellissier, Loïc; Wüest, Rafael O.; Wang, Zhiheng; Zimmermann, Niklaus E. (January 2020).

2157: 1507: 588:. This period also saw the passage of the first conservation legislation and the establishment of the first nature conservation societies. The 6816:

Committee on Noneconomic and Economic Value of Biodiversity, Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1999).

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effective conservation measurement that prevents harm to the complex, and often unpredictable, response from ecosystem dynamics (Noss, 1997).

12418: 11585: 11185: 11169: 11111: 3978: 534: 268:

The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.

8805:

Becker, C. G.; Fonseca, C. R.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Batista, R. F.; Prado, P. I. (2007). "Habitat Split and the Global Decline of Amphibians".

3680:

Murphree, Marshall W. (2009-05-22). "The strategic pillars of communal natural resource management: benefit, empowerment and conservation".

552:

came into widespread use in the late 19th century and referred to the management, mainly for economic reasons, of such natural resources as

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Also considered to be a consequence of evolution, where individual selection is favored over group selection. For recent discussions, see:

8980: 7871:"Consequences of plant population size and density for plant-pollinator interactions and plant performance: Plant-pollinator interactions" 1265:

are immense fields unto themselves, but these disciplines are of prime importance to the practice and profession of conservation biology.

12198: 10525: 8423: 7279:"National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis – Scientific Experts Believe We Are In Midst of Fastest Mass Extinction in Earth's History" 4055: 2035:. It is generally accepted that there have been five major global mass extinctions that register in Earth's history. These include: the 663:

in the United States. New conservation movements are needed to deter irreparable biodiversity loss to fragile freshwater ecosystems.

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Lackmann, Alec R.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Jacobson, Reed I.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2023-08-30).

1810:

and biodiversity loss. This means that there are greater rates of biodiversity loss in places where the inequity of wealth is greatest

1286:. Conservation biologists advocate for reasoned and sensible management of natural resources and do so with a disclosed combination of 93:

and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of

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weighing at least 44 kilograms (97 lb) have gone extinct in the last 50,000 years. The Global Amphibian Assessment reports that

2056: 999: 607: 163:. The inherent multidisciplinary basis for conservation biology has led to new subdisciplines including conservation social science, 8590:"Long-term changes in the diversity of amphibian communities inhabiting small water bodies in the urban area of Olsztyn (NE Poland)" 8472: 6338: 6151: 866:

By 1992, most of the countries of the world had become committed to the principles of conservation of biological diversity with the

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Kennett, D. J.; Kennett, J. P.; West, A.; Mercer, C.; Hee, S. S. Q.; Bement, L.; Bunch, T. E.; Sellers, M.; Wolbach, W. S. (2009).

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from 1872, which protected animals during their breeding season so as to prevent the stock from being brought close to extinction.

318:

around 250 BC issued edicts restricting the slaughter of animals and certain kinds of birds, as well as opened veterinary clinics.

6859: 6559: 1821:, one measure of ecosystem services suggests the contribution amounts to trillions of dollars yearly. For example, one segment of 10723: 4684: 4523:"The Sport Fish Restoration Program as a Funding Source to Manage and Monitor Bowfishing and Monitor Inland Commercial Fisheries" 58: 7500: 4102: 14709: 11895: 11134: 2052: 1006: 9124:

Bowen, Brian W. (1999). "Preserving genes, species, or ecosystems? Healing the fractured foundations of conservation policy".

6355:

The following papers are examples of research showing the relationship between biodiversity, biomass, and ecosystem stability:

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U.S. Endangered Species Act (7 U.S.C. § 136, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) of 1973, Washington DC, U.S. Government Printing Office

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pollination is estimated to provide between 10 and 18 billion dollars of value yearly. The value of ecosystem services on one

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Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015-06-01).

4915: 4758: 4586: 4421:"Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity" 4377: 4326: 4191: 3961: 3921: 3875: 3845: 3811: 3763: 3732: 3132: 2890: 2858: 2812: 2742: 2048: 1013: 537:

introduced the first permanent and large-scale forest conservation program in the world in 1855, a model that soon spread to

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in the wild, became convinced that the species and the area were conservation priorities. He was instrumental in persuading

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is the reduction of animal migration on a global scale. Considering that billions of tonnes of biomass are responsible for

17: 9328: 8492:"Effect of nature protection and management of grassland on biodiversity – Case from big flooded river valley (NE Poland)" 14923: 13750: 10007: 9514:

Mccallum, Malcolm L.; Bury, Gwendolyn W. (2013). "Google search patterns suggest declining interest in the environment".

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Australia state of the environment 2001: independent report to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage

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Rodríguez-González, Patricia María; Albuquerque, António; Martínez-Almarza, Miguel; Díaz-Delgado, Ricardo (2017-11-01).

4267: 13338: 12297: 12175: 12095: 11935: 11910: 10778: 10515: 3633: 3008:, who together initiated planning for the conference in June 1977 when Lovejoy secured a commitment of seed funding at 1798:, supplying medicines and health benefits, and unquantifiable quality of life improvements. There is a relationship, a 867: 744: 4774:

Regan, Helen M.; Lupia, Richard; Drinnan, Andrew N.; Burgman, Mark A. (2001). "The Currency and Tempo of Extinction".

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climate, changing species interactions, evolutionary rates on finer time scales, and many other stochastic variables.

349:

to admire nature. Wilderness was denigrated while agricultural development was praised. However, as early as AD 680 a

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Wilson, Edward O. (1987). "The Little Things That Run the world (The Importance and Conservation of Invertebrates)".

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Sutherland, W.; et al. (2015). Sutherland, William J; Dicks, Lynn V; Ockendon, Nancy; Smith, Rebecca K (eds.).

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Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23).

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would discard seemingly useless parts? To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.

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was a major preoccupation in the 18th century, with grand expeditions and the opening of popular public displays in

12223: 12180: 11420: 11239: 11076: 10902: 10758: 10284: 10034: 9921: 9896: 8288:"Threats to Biodiversity | GEOG 030: Geographic Perspectives on Sustainability and Human-Environment Systems, 2011" 7525:

McCallum, Malcolm L. (2007). "Amphibian Decline or Extinction? Current Declines Dwarf Background Extinction Rate".

5393:"Why We Need to Invest in Large-Scale, Long-Term Monitoring Programs in Landscape Ecology and Conservation Biology" 2128: 1225: 1077: 1020: 860: 7735:

The Royal Society. 2005. Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Policy document 12/05.

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Hamilton, E., and H. Cairns (eds). 1961. Plato: the collected dialogues. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

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Human activities are associated directly or indirectly with nearly every aspect of the current extinction spasm.

1703:

and would, for example, register the value of an ecosystem before it is cleared to make way for development. The

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society and ecosystems. Some preservationists emphasize the potential of biodiversity in a world without humans.

1034: 855:, UK, a development followed in rapid succession in cities across the UK, then overseas. Although perceived as a 841: 589: 6321: 14933: 14689: 14459: 12140: 12038: 11573: 11027: 10542: 10224: 10108: 10068: 9909: 2470: 1188: 644: 45: 31: 9304: 9032: 8638:

Sechrest, Wes; Stuart, Simon N.; Underhill, Les G.; Waller, Robert W.; Watts, Matthew E. J.; Yan, Xie (2004).

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Society, National Geographic. "Honeybee." National Geographic. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 11 October 2016.

7655: 7538: 3650:"Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Tlingit People Concerning the Sockeye Salmon Fishery of the Dry Bay Area" 1894:. Sea urchins feed on kelp, while sea otters feed on sea urchins. With the rapid decline of sea otters due to 498:. The conservation ethic that began to evolve included three core principles: that human activity damaged the 14913: 14777: 14426: 13348: 12384: 12363: 12331: 12208: 12135: 11331: 11234: 11226: 10876: 10615: 10450: 10274: 10254: 8388: 8371: 1299: 1087: 1042: 947: 9316: 9052:

Tilman, David; Clark, Michael; Williams, David R.; Kimmel, Kaitlin; Polasky, Stephen; Packer, Craig (2017).

8539:

Dulisz, Beata; Stawicka, Anna Maria; Knozowski, Paweł; Diserens, Tom A.; Nowakowski, Jacek J. (2022-01-01).

2112:. It has been suggested that an unprecedented number of species is becoming extinct in what is known as the 1397:

important to implement, but also to keep them convinced that a program should be continued to be supported.

427:. Preservationist or conservationist sentiments are a development of the late 18th to early 20th centuries. 321:

Conservation ethics are also found in early religious and philosophical writings. There are examples in the

14374: 12404: 12120: 11388: 11326: 10838: 10581: 10376: 10371: 10249: 9792: 8490:

Knozowski, Paweł; Nowakowski, Jacek J.; Stawicka, Anna Maria; Górski, Andrzej; Dulisz, Beata (2023-11-10).

6405:"Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity" 5837:

Luck, Gary W.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2003). "Population diversity and ecosystem services".

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that do not receive the same degree of social attention or attract funds as the vertebrates. These include

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Cooke, S. J.; Sack, L.; Franklin, C. E.; Farrell, A. P.; Beardall, J.; Wikelski, M.; Chown, S. L. (2013).

14364: 12228: 12160: 11536: 10895: 10856: 10763: 10748: 10547: 10432: 10361: 10264: 10158: 9934: 7176: 6879: 5650: 5563: 3196:"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land" 2590: 2585: 2570: 2320:

One area of concern in the insect world that has caught the public eye is the mysterious case of missing

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In the mid-20th century, efforts arose to target individual species for conservation, notably efforts in

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P. K. Anderson. (1996). Competition, predation, and the evolution and extinction of Steller's Sea Cow,

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from all corners of the planet indicating that humanity may be causing the sixth and fastest planetary

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Samways, Michael J. (1993). "Insects in biodiversity conservation: some perspectives and directives".

7572: 6963: 6896:"Carbon capture, water filtration, other boreal forest ecoservices worth estimated $ 250 billion/year" 6587: 6152:"Elemental conservation units: communicating extinction risk without dictating targets for protection" 6043:

Leroux SJ, Schmiegelow FK (February 2007). "Biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism".

5451: 3303: 2759: 898:; i.e., the complex interrelationships among humans, other species, and the physical environment. The 776:

and his son Archie Carr III is notable in this era. Akeley for example, having led expeditions to the

13849: 13809: 13774: 13386: 12965: 12942: 12910: 12130: 11925: 11763: 11415: 11255: 10738: 10718: 10703: 10673: 10569: 9990: 9893: 9879: 6687:"Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study" 6328:

is an example of funding organization that excludes biodiversity coldspots in its strategic campaign.

5810: 4268:"Theodore Roosevelt and Conservation - Theodore Roosevelt National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 2506: 2482: 2113: 1939: 1053: 1052: 958: 957: 910:, and the ensuing pollution, have demonstrated how easily ecological relationships can be disrupted. 542: 531: 212: 204: 8639: 6360:"Preserving genes, species, or ecosystems? Healing the fractured foundations of conservation policy" 3891: 1492: 1049: 954: 14704: 14679: 14416: 13129: 12938: 12063: 11940: 11905: 11654: 11644: 11618: 11291: 10866: 10783: 10753: 10733: 10341: 10259: 10244: 10234: 10209: 10204: 9902: 6794: 4317:

Museums and the natural environment: the role of natural history museums in biological conservation

3074:"What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science" 2329: 2044: 1839: 1807: 1468: 1048: 1046: 1027: 953: 951: 871: 816: 5549: 4015:(Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Feb 10, 2006 ed.). London: W. H. Allen. 3988: 1056: 1051: 961: 956: 14667: 14657: 13901: 13035: 12351: 12125: 11968: 11778: 11750: 11473: 11463: 11381: 11251: 11009: 10708: 10610: 10557: 10316: 10239: 8232: 8181:

Riitters, Kurt; Wickham, James; O'Neill, Robert; Jones, K. Bruce; Smith, Elizabeth (2000-09-29).

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APIS, Volume 10, Number 11, November 1992, M.T. Sanford: Estimated value of honey bee pollination

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Another highlight that links conservation biology to insects, forests, and climate change is the

2261: 1629: 30:"Biological conservation" and "Conservation ecology" redirect here. For scientific journals, see 12427: 9360:

McCallum, Malcolm L. (2021). "Turtle biodiversity losses suggest coming sixth mass extinction".

6817: 4522: 978: 487:

described the importance of "preserving nature"; much of this early emphasis had its origins in

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Krausman, Paul R.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1990). "Conservation and Wildlife Education in India".

4183: 4173: 2575: 2427: 2064: 1783: 808: 718: 623: 442: 408: 289: 8889:"Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park" 7758: 3755: 3749: 1653: 1589:. These areas contribute a great abundance of population (not species) level biodiversity and 1096:

Extinction rates are measured in a variety of ways. Conservation biologists measure and apply

14885: 14767: 14747: 14684: 14061: 14038: 14018: 13358: 13099: 13029: 13009: 12578: 12553: 12533: 12268: 12213: 12170: 12053: 12028: 11993: 11669: 11222: 11014: 10983: 10728: 10713: 10534: 10455: 10427: 10422: 10381: 10351: 10346: 10311: 10229: 10173: 10113: 10103: 8541:"Effectiveness of using nest boxes as a form of bird protection after building modernization" 5564:"Conserving nature at regional and continental scales—a scientific program for North America" 5162: 2997: 2535: 2469:

However, human activities need not necessarily cause irreparable harm to the biosphere. With

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and other human acts are proceeding much faster than human assessment of species. The latest

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25 February 1899. Reprinted together by the Society for the Protection of Birds, April 1899.

3012:, felt both genetics and ecology should be represented. Wilcox suggested use of a new term 2100:

butterflies, and then reptiles versus the actual dominance of social insects (such as ants).

655: 307:

had resource boundaries, rules, and restrictions among clans with respect to the fishing of

14636: 14631: 14281: 14091: 13854: 13824: 13655: 13617: 13265: 12903: 12798: 12608: 12233: 12203: 12155: 12150: 12073: 11978: 11874: 11556: 11541: 11516: 11501: 11458: 10823: 10813: 10620: 10417: 10366: 10356: 10321: 10219: 10214: 10178: 10143: 10138: 10133: 9998: 9927: 9601: 9552: 9443: 9398: 9245:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1200. Springer. pp. 13–39. 9170: 9065: 8995: 8900: 8814: 8654: 8324: 7792: 7694: 7458: 7377: 7221: 6863: 6748: 6416: 6359: 6276: 6099: 5997: 5942: 5745: 4995: 4940: 4620: 4342: 4299: 3525: 3334: 3257: 2555: 2454:

across the earth, the reduction of migration is a serious matter for conservation biology.

2412: 2353: 2202: 2073: 1867: 1709: 1532: 1446: 1329: 1321: 1109: 899: 793: 733: 472: 192: 9744: 5681:

Wildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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Kala, Chandra Prakash (2009). "Medicinal plants conservation and enterprise development".

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gave the President power to set aside forest reserves from the land in the public domain.

8: 14369: 14359: 14196: 14066: 13779: 13769: 13690: 13632: 12713: 12583: 12165: 12048: 12043: 11788: 11707: 11526: 11506: 11496: 11336: 11321: 10965: 10630: 10605: 10598: 10520: 10442: 10163: 10153: 10123: 9941: 7172: 6342: 6190: 5449: 3009: 2650: 2625: 2600: 2595: 2419: 2300: 2206: 2185: 2165: 2090: 2068: 1982: 1722: 1690: 1613: 1536: 1308: 1273: 1097: 990: 856: 812: 785: 619: 507: 499: 247: 10088: 9605: 9556: 9447: 9402: 9174: 9069: 8999: 8904: 8818: 8658: 8328: 7796: 7698: 7462: 7424: 7381: 7282: 7225: 6752: 6626: 6420: 6280: 6103: 6001: 5946: 5749: 5611:"Value and Advocacy in Conservation Biology: Crisis Discipline or Discipline in Crisis?" 5121: 5104: 4999: 4944: 3529: 3473:

Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907

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This method of measuring the global economic benefit of nature has been endorsed by the

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United Nations Environment Programme – World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)

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The Lizard King: The true crimes and passions of the world's greatest reptile smugglers

9624: 9590:"Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians" 9589: 9576: 9531: 9467: 9422: 9377: 9348: 9308: 9272: 9194: 9149: 9097: 9019: 8923: 8888: 8838: 8782: 8755: 8678: 8619: 8570: 8401: 8393: 8347: 8312: 8262: 8163: 8063: 8020: 7962: 7927: 7923: 7892: 7851: 7816: 7718: 7550: 7542: 7482: 7400: 7365: 7244: 7210:"Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians" 7209: 7066: 7023: 6998: 6771: 6736: 6717: 6667: 6563: 6439: 6404: 6392: 6300: 6244: 6182: 6122: 6087: 6068: 6020: 5985: 5966: 5769: 5591: 5432: 5288: 5207: 5126: 5080: 5026: 4983: 4964: 4845: 4799: 4711: 4575: 4455: 4420: 4315: 3834: 3705: 3625: 3579: 3412: 3357: 3322: 3281: 3220: 3195: 3173: 3165: 3100: 3073: 2782: 2707: 2682: 2635: 2620: 2161: 2032: 1903: 1734: 1726: 1672: 1625: 1621: 1590: 1554: 1528: 1336:, in circumstances where viable populations may not be present in the natural habitat. 1112:

as a function of the rate of habitat loss and site occupancy to obtain such estimates.

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Conservation biology: a training manual for biological diversity and genetic resources

8640:"Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity" 7743: 7443: 6705: 5850: 5679: 4883: 4150: 2332:(CCD) is not uncommon. However, in 16-month period from 2006 through 2007, 29% of 577 1825:

forests has been assigned an annual value of 250 billion dollars; as another example,

743:

In the 21st century professional conservation officers have begun to collaborate with

132:

with a group of leading university and zoo researchers and conservationists including

14757: 14495: 14296: 14176: 14033: 13700: 13426: 13114: 13104: 13063: 12813: 12693: 12548: 12319: 12302: 12273: 12068: 11952: 11758: 11511: 11448: 11316: 10843: 10552: 10510: 10396: 10279: 9960: 9837: 9831: 9808: 9750: 9731: 9712: 9693: 9687: 9672: 9653: 9629: 9568: 9459: 9414: 9381: 9352: 9276: 9264: 9254: 9186: 9141: 9137: 9089: 9081: 9011: 8955: 8928: 8869: 8830: 8787: 8736: 8728: 8670: 8623: 8611: 8574: 8562: 8521: 8513: 8352: 8266: 8212: 8167: 8155: 8067: 8055: 8012: 7887: 7870: 7847: 7808: 7736: 7722: 7710: 7664: 7508: 7486: 7474: 7405: 7310: 7249: 7185: 7152: 7087: 7081: 7028: 6841: 6831: 6776: 6709: 6477: 6444: 6384: 6380: 6367: 6304: 6292: 6248: 6236: 6219:

Running, S. W. (2008). "Climate Change: Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon, and Climate".

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The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park: Volume 1 Revised Edition

4047: 4016: 3957: 3917: 3871: 3841: 3807: 3759: 3728: 3697: 3617: 3575: 3543: 3456: 3404: 3385:"The projection of species distribution models and the problem of non-analog climate" 3362: 3273: 3225: 3161: 3128: 3105: 3051: 2970: 2960: 2886: 2854: 2848: 2808: 2738: 2712: 2615: 2550: 2489:, for example, is often cited as a serious threat in this regard, because there is a 2447: 1934: 1915: 1742: 1531:. Concerns for biodiversity loss covers a broader conservation mandate that looks at 1456: 1325: 907: 777: 304: 239: 9535: 9312: 9286:"Amphibian Decline or Extinction? Current Declines Dwarf Background Extinction Rate" 9153: 8979:

Miguel A.; Townsend Peterson, A.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Williams, Stephen E. (2004).

8842: 8508: 8491: 8405: 8182: 8024: 7966: 7896: 7855: 7820: 7554: 7304: 6721: 6671: 6396: 6186: 5292: 5130: 4968: 3709: 3629: 3416: 3285: 3177: 1557:, argue that it is more cost-effective, logical, and socially relevant to invest in 494:

Scientific conservation principles were first practically applied to the forests of

388:

More conservation research is needed for understanding ecology and behaviour of the

14928: 14616: 14490: 14406: 14023: 13710: 13597: 13207: 13170: 13055: 13025: 12538: 12243: 12115: 12090: 11983: 11809: 11783: 11735: 11730: 11712: 11649: 11600: 11521: 11491: 11486: 11443: 11296: 10574: 10269: 10093: 9917: 9798: 9619: 9609: 9580: 9560: 9523: 9495: 9471: 9451: 9426: 9406: 9369: 9340: 9300: 9246: 9222: 9198: 9178: 9133: 9101: 9073: 9003: 8918: 8908: 8822: 8777: 8767: 8718: 8710: 8682: 8662: 8601: 8552: 8503: 8383: 8342: 8332: 8287: 8252: 8244: 8202: 8194: 8147: 8047: 8002: 7954: 7919: 7882: 7843: 7800: 7702: 7534: 7466: 7395: 7385: 7239: 7229: 7124: 7116: 7062: 7018: 7010: 6823: 6766: 6756: 6701: 6659: 6434: 6424: 6376: 6284: 6228: 6166: 6117: 6107: 6072: 6052: 6015: 6005: 5970: 5950: 5907: 5876: 5846: 5753: 5718: 5622: 5575: 5510: 5463: 5414: 5404: 5336: 5272: 5211: 5191: 5116: 5062: 5021: 5003: 4948: 4897: 4879: 4835: 4827: 4783: 4666: 4602: 4534: 4492: 4450: 4432: 4241: 3689: 3609: 3583: 3571: 3533: 3446: 3396: 3352: 3342: 3265: 3215: 3207: 3157: 3095: 3087: 3043: 2952: 2944: 2774: 2702: 2694: 2645: 2525: 2451: 2435: 2365: 2309: 2269: 2241: 2181: 2109: 2011: 1986: 1972: 1968: 1856: 1778:

plays an essential role in sustaining humanity, including the regulation of global

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Molnar, J.; Marvier, M.; Kareiva, P. (2004). "The sum is greater than the parts".

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Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries

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levels. This is a most serious threat to societies relying heavily upon oceanic

1890:

grow and form nurseries in shallow waters to shelter creatures that support the

768:

appropriate as conservation priorities; the work of Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr.,

128:

in La Jolla, California, in 1978 led by American biologists Bruce A. Wilcox and

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While most in the community of conservation science "stress the importance" of

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The modern roots of conservation biology can be found in the late 18th-century

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Marine conservation biology: the science of maintaining the sea's biodiversity

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treatments and management scenarios, or to measure the degree of harm that a

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is a biodiversity crisis requiring far more action than a priority focus on

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Ecological monitoring is the systematic collection of data relevant to the

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Conservation biologists regularly prepare detailed conservation plans for

238:

Conservation biologists research and educate on the trends and process of

175:

had originated first but is now often considered a subdiscipline as well.

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is enormous because they outnumber all other living groups in measure of

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Conservation biologists have started to collaborate with leading global

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Board of Revenue started local conservation efforts in 1842, headed by

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overdrawing) upon the ecological capital of other parts of the world.

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is not available in many cases. A lack of historical data on species

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can be applied to ecological monitoring as a way to investigate how

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By the 1970s, led primarily by work in the United States under the

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on the one hand and conservation policy and practice on the other.

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traditions. In Greek philosophy, Plato lamented about pasture

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Conservation biology and the concept of biological diversity (

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and 70% of plants that have been evaluated are designated as

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Conservation biologists are dealing with and have published

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In 1980, a significant development was the emergence of the

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Efforts are made to preserve the natural characteristics of

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Conservation biologists study trends and process from the

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of a keystone species was shown by the extinction of the

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group that is being monitored. For example, 23% of all

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whether monitoring should happen where there is little

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was opened in 1872 as the world's first national park.

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reefs in the world disappeared in less than a year.

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Identify conservation goals for the planning region

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(2010). 3062: 2275: 2205:, including increases in ocean temperatures and 1962: 606:One of the first conservation societies was the 278: 120:, Australia, without affecting visitors' access. 11362:Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in 10292:Integrated Conservation and Development Project 9594:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8893:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8753: 8183:"Global-Scale Patterns of Forest Fragmentation" 8129: 8127: 7370:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7323: 7214:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6999:"Modelling the extinction of Steller's sea cow" 5736:Gaston, K.J. (2010). "Valuing common species". 5174: 5161:The IUCN does not disaggregate endangered from 4896: 4046:(1–2). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: 485–500. 3327:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1928:with their semi-permeable skin and linkages to 1693:of nature and to make these values apparent in 1045: 950: 12287:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 9790: 9587: 9326: 9283: 7520: 7518: 7332: 7207: 6684: 6560:"From the Ecological Society of America (ESA)" 5866: 4910:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. 4577:A naturalist in Florida: a celebration of Eden 3029: 2493:between species extinction and the release of 2292:-forming species), invertebrate (particularly 2158:International Union for Conservation of Nature 1833:island has been imputed to be as great as the 1508:International Union for Conservation of Nature 1191:to assist in the decision-making process. The 754: 14453: 12911: 12412: 11389: 10903: 10042: 6987: 6214: 6212: 6210: 5561: 3840:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2349:are all being considered as possible causes. 2171: 1845: 1342:Old Forests Store More Carbon than Young Ones 1108:, and a multitude of other variables such as 938: 9991:The Center for Biodiversity and Conservation 9513: 9243:Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation 8369: 8124: 7649: 7647: 7573:"A looming mass extinction caused by humans" 6996: 6822:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 6590:. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. 4746: 4312: 4040:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 3801: 3741: 3592: 2733:Soulé, Michael E.; Wilcox, Bruce A. (1980). 2728: 2726: 2680: 2606:Nature conservation organizations by country 1493:Biodiversity § Benefits of biodiversity 10928:Template: Threatened species by region 10056: 9779:Sodhi, Navjot S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2010). 8754:Wilcove, David S; Wikelski, Martin (2008). 7515: 7147:Ehrlich, Anne H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (1981). 7142: 7140: 7080:Carroll, C. Dennis; Meffe, Gary K. (1997). 6958: 6956: 5704: 5702: 5360: 5098: 5096: 5094: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3804:A history of nature conservation in Britain 1147:. Better knowledge is being constructed by 933: 14460: 14446: 12918: 12904: 12419: 12405: 12358: 11396: 11382: 10910: 10896: 10049: 10035: 9770:. Bioversity International. Archived from 9764:Scheldeman, X.; van Zonneveld, M. (2010). 9030: 8370:Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine (2004). 7203: 7201: 6793:Staff of World Resources Program. (1998). 6262: 6260: 6258: 6207: 6145: 6143: 6141: 4581:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 3956:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 3797: 3795: 3793: 3484:"Biodiversity protection and preservation" 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3302:World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2561:Indigenous peoples: environmental benefits 2406: 1951:may impart on the health of an ecosystem. 1486: 894:Ecology has clarified the workings of the 283:Conscious efforts to conserve and protect 12885:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 12298:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 9802: 9623: 9613: 8954:. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall. 8922: 8912: 8862:Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 8781: 8771: 8722: 8605: 8556: 8507: 8387: 8346: 8336: 8256: 8206: 8006: 7886: 7644: 7566: 7564: 7399: 7389: 7243: 7233: 7128: 7022: 6770: 6760: 6586:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). 6582: 6580: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6438: 6428: 6149: 6121: 6111: 6019: 6009: 5832: 5830: 5651:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 5626: 5418: 5408: 5120: 5066: 5025: 5007: 4839: 4496: 4454: 4436: 3537: 3450: 3356: 3346: 3219: 3099: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2798: 2796: 2723: 2706: 2280:Serious concerns also being raised about 1749:registers a financial crisis, traders on 1593:, including cultural value and planetary 1463:A conservationist may be inspired by the 1389:(which can be measured in many way, i.e. 1320:Conservation may be classified as either 608:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 12326:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 9730:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. 9711:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. 9692:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. 9652:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. 9359: 8376:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8037: 7613: 7524: 7303:May, Robert Lewis; Lawton, John (1995). 7137: 7073: 7046:Landres PB, Verner J, Thomas JW (1988). 6953: 6462: 6460: 6458: 5803: 5780: 5729: 5699: 5673: 5671: 5091: 4865:"Measuring the changing state of nature" 4008: 3907: 3905: 3820: 3751:A Primer of Conservation Biology, 3rd ed 3727:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3679: 3511: 3298:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). 2932: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2881:Meffe, Gary K.; Martha J. Groom (2006). 2737:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. 2244:. A concern is that the majority of all 2131:on a global scale faster than any other 2094: 1652: 1599: 1502:outweighs the number of species (right). 1496: 1424:is affecting an ecosystem. Species like 701: 654: 460: 383: 368: 111: 57: 27:Study of threats to biological diversity 12426: 11274:The world's 100 most threatened species 11269:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 9850: 9829: 9588:Wake, D. B.; Vredenburg, V. T. (2008). 8950:Global climate change and life on earth 8855: 8699:"Consequences of changing biodiversity" 7944: 7619: 7422: 7208:Wake, D. B.; Vredenburg, V. T. (2008). 7198: 7165: 6255: 6218: 6138: 5687:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. p. 180 5550:Birds as indicators of Ecosystem Health 5105:"On the Future of Conservation Biology" 4930: 4306: 4200: 4123:28 January 1876; and The plume trade. 4103:"Protecting seabirds at Bempton Cliffs" 4087:Coastal Dunes: Ecology and Conservation 4033: 3976: 3790: 3747: 3320: 3307: 2821: 1954:Government regulators, consultants, or 1813:Although a direct market comparison of 1203:Conservation physiology was defined by 14: 14906: 11896:Corporate environmental responsibility 10917: 9240: 8973: 8971: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8276: 7988: 7909: 7561: 6984:. Marine Mammal Science, 11(3):391-394 6685:Mitchell R, Popham F (November 2008). 6577: 6514: 5827: 5786: 5735: 5602: 5496: 5102: 4365: 4321:. London: Leicester University Press. 4068: 4012:The Forests and Gardens of South India 4009:Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke (1861). 3949: 3593:Wilson DS, Wilson EO (December 2007). 3561: 3439:PLOS Sustainability and Transformation 3243: 3241: 3239: 2867: 2793: 2084: 1697:. This system of accounting is called 1004: 997: 988: 983: 430:Before Charles Darwin set sail on HMS 361:in response to his religious beliefs. 14441: 12899: 12880:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 12400: 11377: 10891: 10030: 10023:– Free access to conservation studies 9123: 8981:"Extinction risk from climate change" 8470: 8233:"A global parasite conservation plan" 7587: 7333:Dell'Amore, Christine (30 May 2014). 6624: 6455: 6357: 5668: 5386: 5384: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5322: 5320: 4392: 4227: 4225: 4171: 4100: 3911: 3902: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3640: 3428: 3426: 2899: 2802: 2757: 2473:for biodiversity at all levels, from 2057:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 2018: 1357:Ecological monitoring in conservation 1032: 1025: 1018: 1011: 14412: 12269:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 9993:– American Museum of Natural History 9981:Conservation Biology Institute (CBI) 7833: 7593: 7309:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 6476:. Wesseling, Germany: Welzel+Hardt. 5608: 5326: 5233:"Amphibian Conservation Action Plan" 5175:Margules CR, Pressey RL (May 2000). 5137: 4563:, Arbor House, New York, N.Y. (1986) 3147: 2850:Fundamentals of conservation biology 2656:World Conservation Monitoring Centre 2471:conservation management and planning 1909: 1440: 1220:Conservation biology as a profession 1173:Select additional conservation areas 1068:(not the absolute number) of marine 976: 968: 364: 14422: 10008:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9851:Nijhuis, Michelle (July 23, 2012). 9481:"Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots" 9208:"Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots" 8968: 8273: 7267:http://www.millenniumassessment.org 7171: 6150:Wood CC, Gross MR (February 2008). 5456:Journal of Environmental Management 5122:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00000-e1.x 4084:G. Baeyens; M. L. Martinez (2007). 3236: 2807:. Sinauer Associates. p. 584. 1850: 1817:is likely insufficient in terms of 1649:Economic values and natural capital 970:Marine extinction intensity during 639:sank, banker and expert naturalist 541:, as well the United States, where 441:was ignited through the efforts of 126:University of California, San Diego 24: 13339:Evolutionary developmental biology 11911:Environmental full-cost accounting 11403: 10016:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 9996: 9709:Essentials of Conservation Biology 9650:Principles of Conservation Biology 9112: 8471:Hance, Jeremy (January 19, 2009). 8120:from the original on Dec 13, 2022. 7924:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00055.x 7423:Bentley, Molly (January 2, 2009). 7083:Principles of conservation biology 7067:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00195.x 6627:"Bees get plants' pests in a flap" 5815:American Museum of Natural History 5381: 5361:Spellerberg, Ian F. (2005-08-18). 5347: 5317: 5177:"Systematic conservation planning" 4292:"Environmental timeline 1890–1920" 4222: 3854: 3423: 2883:Principles of conservation biology 2581:List of conservation organisations 1170:Review existing conservation areas 1160:the systematic planning approach: 1064:The blue graph shows the apparent 1041: 946: 868:Convention on Biological Diversity 736:, spearheaded the movement toward 590:Sea Birds Preservation Act of 1869 25: 14945: 13364:Post-transcriptional modification 11845:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 10169:Conservation biology of parasites 9974: 7620:Worrall, Simon (20 August 2016). 7570: 7425:"Diamond clues to beasts' demise" 6997:Turvey, S.T; Risley, C.L (2006). 6601:"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" 5896:"Turning up the heat on hotspots" 5839:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5397:Current Landscape Ecology Reports 5307:"Aldo Leopold Leadership Program" 5145:"IUCN Red-list statistics (2006)" 4907:The Theory of Island Biogeography 4872:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4671:LII / Legal Information Institute 2681:Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J (2008). 2398:Conservation biology of parasites 2392:Conservation biology of parasites 1998:, which are species, such as the 1195:is often considered in planning. 1115:The Theory of Island Biogeography 838:National Environmental Policy Act 14891: 14879: 14867: 14855: 14829: 14828: 14818: 14817: 14806: 14421: 14411: 14402: 14401: 14389: 13740: 12357: 12346: 12345: 12315:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 11352:Vulnerability and susceptibility 11240:Decline in amphibian populations 11122: 11121: 10872: 10871: 10285:Tropical rainforest conservation 10189:Vulnerability and susceptibility 9922:Society for Conservation Biology 9897:Society for Conservation Biology 9689:A primer of Conservation Biology 9671:. 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Archived from 3576:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.97069.x 3435:"Reconceptualizing conservation" 3162:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x 1685:to determine how to measure the 1226:Society for Conservation Biology 1155:Systematic conservation planning 1078:Capitanian mass extinction event 861:Society for Conservation Biology 687:was set up in 1895. A series of 51:. For the popular movement, see 11901:Corporate social responsibility 11830:Ocean thermal energy conversion 11769:Community-supported agriculture 11454:Human impact on the environment 10834:NatureServe conservation status 10119:Conservation-induced extinction 9479:Kareiva P.; Marvier M. (2003). 9206:Kareiva P.; Marvier M. (2003). 8594:The European Zoological Journal 8509:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165280 6525: 6051:(1): 266–8, discussion 269–70. 5643: 5555: 5542: 5529: 5490: 5443: 5299: 5256: 5225: 5168: 5155: 5042: 4975: 4924: 4890: 4856: 4810: 4767: 4740: 4722: 4695: 4677: 4659: 4650: 4637: 4613: 4595: 4566: 4553: 4513: 4471: 4412: 4386: 4372:. University of Toronto Press. 4359: 4335: 4284: 4260: 4238:Environmental Biology of Fishes 4165: 4143: 4130: 4113: 4094: 4077: 4062: 4027: 4002: 3970: 3943: 3930: 3884: 3781: 3772: 3754:. 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Cambridge University Press. 3832:Farber, Paul Lawrence (2000). 2990: 2981: 2751: 2209:, causing both the release of 1189:Geographic Information Systems 1176:Implement conservation actions 689:national forests and preserves 178: 13: 1: 12332:Sustainable Development Goals 12136:Socially responsible business 11332:Ecoregion conservation status 11235:Decline in insect populations 10451:Assisted natural regeneration 10255:Ecoregion conservation status 9819:A free textbook for download. 9787:A free textbook for download. 9516:Biodiversity and Conservation 9362:Biodiversity and Conservation 9333:Biodiversity and Conservation 8607:10.1080/24750263.2022.2087773 8545:Biodiversity and Conservation 7947:Biodiversity and Conservation 7086:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer. 6706:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61689-X 6625:Black, Richard (2008-12-22). 6467:European Communities (2008). 5851:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00100-9 5552:. 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(2004). 9031:John Roach (July 12, 2004). 8773:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060188 8372:"Ecological light pollution" 8338:10.1371/journal.pone.0001636 8249:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108596 8152:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108696 8114:Province of British Columbia 8089:Province of British Columbia 8052:10.1126/science.316.5827.970 8008:10.1126/science.314.5798.397 6762:10.1371/journal.pone.0000444 6409:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 6092:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 6011:10.1371/journal.pone.0001515 5497:Burger, Joanna (July 2006). 5364:Monitoring Ecological Change 5238:. 2007-07-04. Archived from 4753:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 4366:Foster, Janet (1998-01-01). 3914:James Burnett, Lord Monboddo 3787:The Bible, Leviticus, 25:4-5 3748:Primack, Richard B. (2004). 3514:"The Tragedy of the Commons" 3452:10.1371/journal.pstr.0000016 3000:as a new field at the time. 2566:List of basic biology topics 2531:Conservation-reliant species 2248:species will not be able to 1455:Conservation biologists are 888:landscape scale conservation 802:Democratic Republic of Congo 213:minimum population viability 7: 14778:Zoo emergency response team 12925: 12161:Sustainability organization 11946:Standards and certification 11537:Social return on investment 10857:List of conservation issues 10265:Evidence-based conservation 10159:Mutualisms and conservation 9935:Diversity and Distributions 9251:10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_2 7594:Tate, Karl (19 June 2015). 7505:Global Amphibian Assessment 6968:National Geographic Society 6339:"The Biodiversity Hotspots" 5503:Environmental Bioindicators 5341:10.5958/j.0975-4261.1.2.011 4621:"the story of the virungas" 3977:MUTHIAH, S. (Nov 5, 2007). 3723:Wilson, David Alec (2002). 2847:Hunter, Malcolm L. (1996). 2591:Mutualisms and conservation 2586:List of conservation topics 2571:List of biological websites 2513: 2190:Human impact on marine life 2123:and one-half of all mammal 1465:resource conservation ethic 1268:Conservationists introduce 900:burgeoning human population 886:Since 2000, the concept of 881:Society for the Environment 755:Global conservation efforts 685:New York Zoological Society 95:natural resource management 77:with the aim of protecting 10: 14950: 14924:Environmental conservation 11586:Systemic change resistance 10984:Critically Endangered (CR) 10307:Roadless area conservation 10099:Compassionate conservation 9794:What Works in Conservation 9785:. Oxford University Press. 9374:10.1007/s10531-021-02140-8 8946:Wyman, Richard L. (1991). 8558:10.1007/s10531-021-02334-0 7151:. New York: Random House. 7109:Journal of Applied Ecology 6806:. 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(1986). 2631:Tyranny of small decisions 2410: 2395: 2201:is caused by a mixture of 2175: 2172:Status of oceans and reefs 2088: 2079:World Wide Fund for Nature 1966: 1913: 1854: 1846:Strategic species concepts 1695:global market transactions 1670: 1490: 1444: 1120:background extinction rate 939:Measuring extinction rates 728:civil servants, including 697:Dinosaur National Monument 673:Forest Reserve Act of 1891 464: 455:conservation organizations 437:By the early 19th century 261: 107: 29: 14801: 14720: 14695:Former zoos and aquariums 14650: 14604: 14483: 14383: 14352: 13914: 13884: 13850:Polymerase chain reaction 13810:Green fluorescent protein 13760: 13749: 13738: 13646: 13578: 13510: 13450: 13387:Earliest known life forms 13372: 13319: 13236: 13143: 12983: 12974: 12933: 12867: 12434: 12341: 12252: 12189: 11961: 11888: 11797: 11764:Climate-smart agriculture 11749: 11721: 11678: 11632: 11599: 11472: 11429: 11411: 11360: 11282: 11212: 11178: 11120: 11069: 11062: 11037: 11002: 10974: 10953: 10946: 10934: 10925: 10852: 10806: 10661: 10498: 10441: 10410: 10330: 10197: 10077: 10064: 9747:Wild Mammals in Captivity 9528:10.1007/s10531-013-0476-6 9345:10.1007/s10531-015-0940-6 7764:. fungal-conservation.org 6936:www.waikatoregion.govt.nz 5515:10.1080/15555270600701540 4953:10.1017/S0094837300010332 4704:Wildlife Society Bulletin 4438:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0 3694:10.1007/s10531-009-9644-0 3401:10.1007/s10531-009-9584-8 3127:. Boston: Little, Brown. 2949:10.1007/978-1-4020-6891-1 2507:effects of global warming 2483:Yellowstone National Park 2114:Holocene extinction event 1985:, because of its lengthy 1940:environmental degradation 1902:on the kelp beds and the 1898:, sea urchin populations 1769:WWF Living Planet Report 1761:Living Planet Report 2008 1080:are clickable links; see 872:Biodiversity Action Plans 817:Biodiversity Action Plans 788:to act in defense of the 543:Yellowstone National Park 407:. By 1900 there were 150 205:effective population size 11906:Environmental accounting 11655:Sustainable architecture 11645:Environmental technology 11292:Biodiversity action plan 10966:Extinct in the Wild (EW) 10694:Central African Republic 10342:Conservation designation 10260:Environmental protection 10245:Conspicuous conservation 10235:Conservation photography 10210:Conservation development 10205:Conservation agriculture 10021:Conservationevidence.com 9903:Conservation and Society 9797:. Open Book Publishers. 8856:Schmidt, Gerald (2005). 6319:Global Conservation Fund 5609:Chan, Kai M. A. (2008). 4689:frwebgate.access.gpo.gov 4090:. Springer. p. 282. 3048:10.1525/bio.2012.62.11.5 2330:colony collapse disorder 2262:multi-cellular organisms 2129:amphibians are declining 1840:technological innovation 934:Concepts and foundations 89:from excessive rates of 13902:species discovery curve 13030:Response to environment 11779:Sustainable agriculture 10433:Human–wildlife conflict 10317:Site-based conservation 10240:Conservation psychology 10058:Conservation of species 9885:Biological Conservation 9830:Christy, Bryan (2008). 9615:10.1073/pnas.0801921105 9456:10.1126/science.1127609 9327:McCallum M. L. (2015). 9284:McCallum M. L. (2008). 9183:10.1126/science.1127609 8914:10.1073/pnas.0809090105 8827:10.1126/science.1149374 8292:www.e-education.psu.edu 8237:Biological Conservation 8199:10.5751/ES-00209-040203 8140:Biological Conservation 7805:10.1126/science.1095046 7707:10.1126/science.1159196 7471:10.1126/science.1162819 7391:10.1073/pnas.0802504105 7235:10.1073/pnas.0801921105 7121:10.1111/1365-2664.12672 6430:10.1073/pnas.0709069104 6233:10.1126/science.1159607 6113:10.1073/pnas.0707823105 5758:10.1126/science.1182818 5055:Journal of Biogeography 4776:The American Naturalist 4069:Haines, Aubrey (1996). 3806:. New York: Routledge. 3348:10.1073/pnas.0802812105 3270:10.1126/science.1101101 3079:Conservation Physiology 2933:Van Dyke, Fred (2008). 2501:. Ecosystems store and 2407:Threats to biodiversity 2358:Dendroctonus ponderosae 2312:. The greatest bulk of 1861:Some species, called a 1725:. Nature sustains many 1545:sustaining biodiversity 1487:Conservation priorities 1471:that is independent of 475:period particularly in 409:natural history museums 40:Biological Conservation 14642:Species reintroduction 14375:Plant morphology terms 13979:Biological engineering 13661:Biological interaction 12494:Biological engineering 12322:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 12191:Sustainable management 12176:Urban drainage systems 11916:Environmental planning 11880:Water recycling shower 11870:Tidal stream generator 11665:Sustainable industries 11624:Sustainable population 11609:Demographic transition 11591:Tragedy of the commons 11342:Latent extinction risk 10490:Species reintroduction 10149:Latent extinction risk 9999:"Conservation Biology" 9293:Journal of Herpetology 8110:"Mountain pine beetle" 7527:Journal of Herpetology 7507:. IUCN. Archived from 7015:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0415 5535:Macdonald, N. (2002). 5009:10.1126/sciadv.1400253 4425:Communications Biology 3866:Mader, Sylvia (2016). 3212:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 3092:10.1093/conphys/cot001 2699:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 2576:List of biology topics 2461: 2448:linked protected areas 2428:agricultural expansion 2389: 2228: 2203:environmental stresses 2101: 1808:social income inequity 1802:, between markets and 1792:cycling soil nutrients 1766: 1668: 1637: 1559:biodiversity coldspots 1503: 1214: 1059: 964: 931: 809:Endangered Species Act 721: 719:Yosemite National Park 664: 645:Natural History Museum 643:held a meeting at the 626:skins and feathers in 443:Alexander von Humboldt 393: 381: 290:Tragedy of the Commons 270: 121: 63: 14934:Philosophy of biology 14768:Wildlife conservation 14748:Behavioral enrichment 14062:Developmental biology 14039:Computational biology 14019:Cellular microbiology 13359:Mendelian inheritance 13271:Energy transformation 12579:Developmental biology 12554:Computational biology 12534:Cellular microbiology 12214:Humanistic capitalism 12029:Environmental finance 11670:Sustainable packaging 11227:Endangered arthropods 11223:Threatened arthropods 11145:Critically Endangered 11087:Critically Endangered 10862:List of organisations 10516:Hawaiian honeycreeper 10456:Ecosystem restoration 10428:Habitat fragmentation 10423:Fortress conservation 10382:Marine protected area 10352:Conservation easement 10347:Conservation district 10312:Roadside conservation 10230:Conservation movement 10174:Species translocation 10114:Conservation genetics 10104:Conservation behavior 9600:(Suppl 1): 11466–73. 9509:on September 6, 2006. 9236:on September 6, 2006. 9118:Scientific literature 7220:(Suppl 1): 11466–73. 6528:"World Wildlife Fund" 6375:(12 Suppl 1): S5–10. 5163:critically endangered 4747:Gore, Albert (1992). 4736:on February 27, 2007. 4313:Davis, Peter (1996). 4208:"History of the RSPB" 4178:. Armonk, N.Y. U.S.: 3979:"A life for forestry" 3950:Barton, Greg (2002). 3912:Cloyd, E. L. (1972). 3802:Evans, David (1997). 3333:(Suppl 1): 11458–65. 2998:conservation genetics 2536:Ecological extinction 2457: 2444:Habitat fragmentation 2370: 2224: 2098: 1780:atmospheric chemistry 1757: 1656: 1618:Critically Endangered 1603: 1550:biodiversity hotspots 1517:sixth mass extinction 1500: 1259:conservation genetics 1209: 1088:source and image info 1058: 985:Millions of years ago 963: 926:A Sand County Almanac 912: 798:Virunga National Park 738:wildlife conservation 730:Charles Gordon Hewitt 724:In the 20th century, 705: 658: 610:, founded in 1889 in 483:. Thinkers including 467:Conservation movement 461:Conservation movement 387: 372: 266: 209:inbreeding depression 169:conservation genetics 165:conservation behavior 150:evolutionary genetics 115: 61: 14914:Conservation biology 14738:Animals in captivity 14637:In situ conservation 14632:Ex situ conservation 14622:Conservation biology 14282:Reproductive biology 14167:Mathematical biology 14092:Evolutionary biology 14043:Conservation biology 13855:Two-hybrid screening 13825:Protein purification 13656:Biogeochemical cycle 13618:Internal environment 13266:Cellular respiration 12799:Reproductive biology 12684:Mathematical biology 12609:Evolutionary biology 12559:Conservation biology 12181:Urban infrastructure 11875:Water heat recycling 11698:Conservation biology 11542:Steady-state economy 11517:Micro-sustainability 11502:Ecological footprint 11459:Planetary boundaries 11302:Conservation biology 11297:Biodiversity threats 11010:Near Threatened (NT) 10824:Planetary boundaries 10814:Conservation officer 10418:Conservation refugee 10367:Habitat conservation 10357:Conservation reserve 10322:Wetland conservation 10220:Conservation grazing 10215:Conservation finance 10179:Conservation welfare 10144:In-situ conservation 10139:Extinction threshold 10134:Ex-situ conservation 9928:Conservation Letters 9910:Conservation Biology 9836:. New York: Twelve. 8187:Conservation Ecology 8116:. January 26, 2024. 7912:Conservation Biology 7836:Conservation Biology 7376:(Suppl 1): 11453–7. 6932:"The Hidden Economy" 6540:on February 25, 2009 5711:Conservation Biology 5615:Conservation Biology 5109:Conservation Biology 3938:The forests of India 3936:Stebbing, E.P (1922) 3150:Conservation Biology 3014:conservation biology 2556:In-situ conservation 2464:Wake and Vredenburg 2413:Biodiversity threats 2354:mountain pine beetle 2074:Living Planet Report 1710:Living Planet Report 1533:ecological processes 1447:Conservation (ethic) 1330:ex-situ conservation 1322:in-situ conservation 1110:loss of biodiversity 1098:statistical measures 863:originated in 1985. 794:Albert National Park 691:were established by 314:The Mauryan emperor 273:– Theodore Roosevelt 67:Conservation biology 47:Conservation Ecology 33:Conservation Biology 18:Conservation Biology 14835:Category: Aquariums 14690:Conservation topics 14067:Ecological genetics 13780:Gel electrophoresis 13770:Genetic engineering 13723:Population dynamics 13633:Reproductive system 12584:Ecological genetics 12428:Branches of biology 12282:Earth Summit (1992) 11936:Metrics and indices 11789:Sustainable fishery 11708:Holocene extinction 11527:Product stewardship 11497:Earth Overshoot Day 11337:Habitat destruction 11322:Conservation status 11140:Extinct in the Wild 11082:Extinct in the Wild 11045:Data Deficient (DD) 10164:Nature conservation 10154:Marine conservation 10124:Conservation status 9942:Ecology and Society 9877:Animal Conservation 9857:Scientific American 9824:General non-fiction 9606:2008PNAS..10511466W 9557:2000Natur.403..853M 9448:2006Sci...313...58B 9403:2000Natur.403..853M 9175:2006Sci...313...58B 9078:10.1038/nature22900 9070:2017Natur.546...73T 9037:National Geographic 9008:10.1038/nature02121 9000:2004Natur.427..145T 8905:2008PNAS..10516988M 8819:2007Sci...318.1775B 8667:10.1038/nature02422 8659:2004Natur.428..640R 8329:2008PLoSO...3.1636S 7989:Holden, C. (2006). 7797:2004Sci...303.1879T 7699:2008Sci...321..560C 7626:National Geographic 7463:2009Sci...323...94K 7382:2008PNAS..10511453A 7339:National Geographic 7226:2008PNAS..10511466W 6970:. October 19, 2023. 6753:2007PLoSO...2..444M 6421:2007PNAS..10418123C 6289:10.1038/nature06777 6281:2008Natur.452..987K 6104:2008PNAS..105.9495N 6002:2008PLoSO...3.1515U 5947:2000Natur.403..853M 5750:2010Sci...327..154G 5548:Begazo, A. (2022). 5000:2015SciA....1E0253C 4945:1991Pbio...17...37R 4645:In Brightest Africa 4138:British Association 3991:on November 8, 2007 3530:1968Sci...162.1243H 3339:2008PNAS..10511458J 3262:2004Sci...305.1632K 3010:World Wildlife Fund 2651:Wildlife management 2626:Restoration ecology 2601:Nature conservation 2596:Natural environment 2420:habitat destruction 2186:Marine conservation 2166:climate restoration 2091:Holocene extinction 2085:Holocene extinction 1904:ecosystem collapsed 1900:grazed unrestricted 1723:European Commission 1614:Extinct in the Wild 1537:conservation status 1309:adaptive management 857:grassroots movement 813:Species at Risk Act 786:Albert I of Belgium 620:great crested grebe 508:James Ranald Martin 502:, that there was a 353:was founded on the 187:in researching the 14813:Animals portal 14788:Zoological society 14675:Animal sanctuaries 14627:Endangered species 14541:Marine mammal park 14396:Biology portal 14292:Structural biology 14277:Relational biology 14102:Generative biology 14097:Freshwater biology 13897:mark and recapture 13845:Restriction enzyme 13638:Respiratory system 13593:Circulatory system 13520:Epidermis (botany) 12875:History of biology 12809:Structural biology 12794:Relational biology 12619:Generative biology 12614:Freshwater biology 11741:Sustainable energy 11703:Endangered species 11660:Sustainable design 11574:Consumer behaviour 11050:Not Evaluated (NE) 11038:Not fully assessed 11015:Least Concern (LC) 10919:Threatened species 10461:Island restoration 10392:Open space reserve 10184:Threatened species 9500:10.1511/2003.4.344 9488:American Scientist 9227:10.1511/2003.4.344 9215:American Scientist 8426:on August 23, 2019 7959:10.1007/BF00056672 7875:Journal of Ecology 7632:on August 23, 2014 6982:Hydrodamalis gigas 6964:"Keystone Species" 6918:2007-02-02 at the 6882:2007-04-07 at the 6802:2008-11-30 at the 6324:2007-11-16 at the 5881:10.1511/2003.4.344 5869:American Scientist 4643:Akeley, C., 1923. 3125:The future of life 2636:Water conservation 2621:Renewable resource 2304:of insects in the 2162:climate mitigation 2102: 2033:species extinction 2019:Context and trends 1872:Hydrodamalis gigas 1727:ecosystem services 1673:Ecosystem services 1669: 1660:desert in western 1638: 1591:ecosystem services 1555:Nature Conservancy 1529:endangered species 1504: 1257:. Within biology, 1207:and colleagues as: 1084:for more details. 1060: 965: 849:urban conservation 815:(SARA) of Canada, 722: 693:Theodore Roosevelt 665: 641:Charles Rothschild 513:Forest Departments 489:Christian theology 394: 382: 379:John James Audubon 351:wildlife sanctuary 221:endangered species 189:population ecology 122: 102:conservation ethic 64: 14919:Landscape ecology 14843: 14842: 14758:Immersion exhibit 14496:Animal theme park 14435: 14434: 14297:Synthetic biology 14177:Molecular biology 14034:Cognitive biology 13910: 13909: 13736: 13735: 13427:Natural selection 13208:Organic compounds 13105:Scientific method 13095:Emergent property 13036:Hierarchy of life 13006:Energy processing 12893: 12892: 12814:Synthetic biology 12694:Molecular biology 12549:Cognitive biology 12394: 12393: 12320:Earth Summit 2002 12303:Lisbon Principles 12275:Our Common Future 11953:Sustainable yield 11759:Civic agriculture 11512:Green consumption 11449:Global governance 11371: 11370: 11317:Bird conservation 11208: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11058: 11057: 10885: 10884: 10844:Soil conservation 10397:Wildlife corridor 10280:Forest protection 10275:Forest management 9997:Sarkar, Sahotra. 9966:978-0-85092-392-6 9843:978-0-446-58095-3 9814:978-1-78374-157-1 9804:10.11647/OBP.0060 9756:978-0-226-44009-5 9737:978-0-87893-800-1 9718:978-0-87893-720-2 9699:978-0-87893-728-8 9678:978-1-55963-662-9 9659:978-0-87893-597-0 9339:(10): 2497–2519. 9260:978-3-030-23633-5 9126:Molecular Ecology 8961:978-0-412-02821-2 8709:(6783): 234–242. 7791:(5665): 1879–81. 7670:978-0-643-06745-5 7316:978-0-19-854829-4 7191:978-2-940529-40-7 7158:978-0-394-51312-6 7093:978-0-87893-521-5 6837:978-0-309-06581-8 6700:(9650): 1655–60. 6483:978-92-79-08960-2 6368:Molecular Ecology 5906:(7053): 919–920. 5744:(5962): 154–155. 5462:(Pt 2): 392–402. 5374:978-1-139-44547-4 5151:on June 30, 2006. 5068:10.1111/jbi.13734 4917:978-0-691-08836-5 4760:978-0-395-57821-6 4588:978-0-300-05589-4 4559:A.R. Rabinowitz, 4539:10.1002/fsh.10679 4498:10.1002/fsh.10660 4379:978-0-8020-7969-5 4328:978-0-7185-1548-5 4193:978-0-7656-0187-2 3963:978-1-139-43460-7 3940:vol. 1, pp. 72-81 3923:978-0-19-812437-5 3877:978-0-07-802426-9 3847:978-0-8018-6390-5 3813:978-0-415-14491-9 3765:978-0-87893-728-8 3734:978-0-226-90134-3 3688:(10): 2551–2562. 3134:978-0-316-64853-0 2892:978-0-87893-518-5 2860:978-0-86542-371-8 2814:978-0-87893-795-0 2744:978-0-87893-800-1 2616:Regional Red List 2551:Genetic pollution 2432:urban development 2270:marine ecosystems 2268:left to dominate 2242:natural resources 2053:Triassic–Jurassic 1983:monarch butterfly 1977:An example of an 1922:indicator species 1916:Indicator species 1910:Indicator species 1868:Steller's sea cow 1784:pollinating crops 1737:and therefore no 1608:categories: EX ( 1457:interdisciplinary 1441:Ethics and values 1418:indicator species 993: 800:) in what is now 780:and observed the 778:Virunga Mountains 683:in 1892, and the 526:, a professional 511:establishment of 392:in central China. 365:Early naturalists 305:Pacific Northwest 240:biodiversity loss 16:(Redirected from 14941: 14896: 14895: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14860: 14859: 14851: 14832: 14831: 14821: 14820: 14811: 14810: 14705:Zoo associations 14680:Butterfly houses 14617:Captive breeding 14491:Animal sanctuary 14462: 14455: 14448: 14439: 14438: 14425: 14424: 14415: 14414: 14405: 14404: 14398: 14394: 14393: 14370:Ecological terms 14024:Chemical biology 13885:Field techniques 13758: 13757: 13744: 13603:Digestive system 13598:Endocrine system 13171:Chemical element 13130:Biology journals 13026:Self-replication 12981: 12980: 12920: 12913: 12906: 12897: 12896: 12539:Chemical biology 12421: 12414: 12407: 12398: 12397: 12361: 12360: 12349: 12348: 12293:Agenda 21 (1992) 12264: 12229:Natural resource 12116:Organic movement 12091:Impact investing 11810:Hydroelectricity 11784:Sustainable diet 11736:Renewable energy 11731:Carbon footprint 11713:Invasive species 11650:Natural building 11601:World population 11562:Marketing myopia 11522:Over-consumption 11492:Circular economy 11487:Anti-consumerism 11444:Environmentalism 11398: 11391: 11384: 11375: 11374: 11125: 11124: 11067: 11066: 10951: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10912: 10905: 10898: 10889: 10888: 10875: 10874: 10759:Papua New Guinea 10651:Cryopreservation 10616:Gray nurse shark 10270:Flagship species 10094:Captive breeding 10051: 10044: 10037: 10028: 10027: 10012: 10003:Zalta, Edward N. 9970: 9949:Training manuals 9866: 9864: 9863: 9847: 9818: 9806: 9786: 9775: 9760: 9741: 9722: 9703: 9682: 9663: 9637: 9627: 9617: 9584: 9565:10.1038/35002501 9539: 9522:(6–7): 1355–67. 9510: 9508: 9502:. Archived from 9485: 9475: 9430: 9411:10.1038/35002501 9385: 9368:(5): 1257–1275. 9356: 9323: 9321: 9315:. Archived from 9290: 9280: 9237: 9235: 9229:. Archived from 9212: 9202: 9157: 9106: 9105: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9027: 8985: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8953: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8926: 8916: 8899:(44): 16988–93. 8884: 8878: 8877: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8813:(5857): 1775–7. 8802: 8796: 8795: 8785: 8775: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8726: 8715:10.1038/35012241 8693: 8687: 8686: 8644: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8609: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8560: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8511: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8452:on July 25, 2011 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8391: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8350: 8340: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8284: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8210: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8131: 8122: 8121: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8091:. Archived from 8086: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8010: 7986: 7980: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7890: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7759:"Orphans of Rio" 7755: 7746: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7662: 7651: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7628:. Archived from 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7448: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7393: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7341:. Archived from 7330: 7321: 7320: 7306:Extinction rates 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7281:. Archived from 7275: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7247: 7237: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7183: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7052: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7026: 6994: 6985: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6938:. Archived from 6928: 6922: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6892: 6886: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6862:. Archived from 6856: 6850: 6849: 6813: 6807: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6774: 6764: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6691: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6664:10.1002/aqc.2681 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6603:. Archived from 6597: 6591: 6584: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6562:. Archived from 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6539: 6533:. Archived from 6532: 6523: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6475: 6464: 6453: 6452: 6442: 6432: 6400: 6364: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6341:. Archived from 6335: 6329: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6275:(7190): 987–90. 6264: 6253: 6252: 6216: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6189:. Archived from 6156: 6147: 6136: 6135: 6125: 6115: 6098:(28): 9495–500. 6083: 6077: 6076: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6023: 6013: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5955:10.1038/35002501 5930: 5924: 5923: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5653:. Archived from 5647: 5641: 5640: 5630: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5559: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5422: 5412: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5358: 5345: 5344: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5214:. Archived from 5196:10.1038/35012251 5190:(6783): 243–53. 5181: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5147:. Archived from 5141: 5135: 5134: 5124: 5100: 5089: 5088: 5070: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5029: 5011: 4988:Science Advances 4979: 4973: 4972: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4843: 4826:(8): 2200–2207. 4814: 4808: 4807: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4732:. Archived from 4726: 4720: 4719: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4500: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4458: 4440: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4320: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4298:. Archived from 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4054:. Archived from 4031: 4025: 4024: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3896:web2.uwindsor.ca 3888: 3882: 3881: 3863: 3852: 3851: 3839: 3829: 3818: 3817: 3799: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3655:. Archived from 3654: 3647:Yakutat, Alaska. 3644: 3638: 3637: 3632:. Archived from 3599: 3587: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3541: 3524:(3859): 1243–8. 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3490:. Archived from 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3454: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3395:(8): 2255–2261. 3380: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3350: 3318: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3256:(5690): 1632–4. 3245: 3234: 3233: 3223: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3103: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3027: 3021: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2930: 2897: 2896: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2844: 2819: 2818: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2710: 2693:(1636): 759–65. 2678: 2646:Wildlife disease 2526:Bird observatory 2465: 2452:nutrient cycling 2436:overexploitation 2387: 2366:British Columbia 2310:species richness 2282:taxonomic groups 2232: 2182:Marine pollution 2110:extinction event 2069:wetland draining 2065:reef destruction 2049:Permian–Triassic 2012:mountain gorilla 1996:flagship species 1979:umbrella species 1973:Flagship species 1969:Umbrella species 1863:keystone species 1857:Keystone species 1851:Keystone species 1794:, purifying our 1770: 1721:leaders and the 1604:Summary of 2006 1595:nutrient cycling 1129:species binomial 1082:Extinction event 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 991: 986: 981: 980: 974: 929: 790:mountain gorilla 782:mountain gorilla 763:conservation in 532:Governor-General 524:Alexander Gibson 343:land degradation 299:peoples and the 274: 130:Michael E. Soulé 21: 14949: 14948: 14944: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14939: 14938: 14904: 14903: 14902: 14890: 14880: 14878: 14868: 14866: 14854: 14846: 14844: 14839: 14805: 14797: 14763:Nocturnal house 14743:Animal training 14716: 14646: 14600: 14516:Butterfly house 14479: 14466: 14436: 14431: 14388: 14387: 14379: 14365:Botanical terms 14348: 14347: 14346: 14307:Systems biology 14272:Quantum biology 13906: 13880: 13762: 13752: 13745: 13732: 13642: 13623:Muscular system 13580: 13574: 13565:Vascular tissue 13512: 13506: 13446: 13407:History of life 13368: 13349:Gene regulation 13344:Gene expression 13315: 13232: 13139: 12970: 12929: 12924: 12894: 12889: 12863: 12824:Systems biology 12789:Quantum biology 12430: 12425: 12395: 12390: 12337: 12262: 12254: 12253:Agreements and 12248: 12185: 11989:Climate finance 11957: 11884: 11840:Reclaimed water 11793: 11745: 11717: 11674: 11628: 11614:Family planning 11595: 11468: 11425: 11407: 11402: 11372: 11367: 11356: 11278: 11200: 11174: 11160:Near Threatened 11116: 11102:Near Threatened 11054: 11033: 11021:Lower Risk (LR) 10998: 10994:Vulnerable (VU) 10989:Endangered (EN) 10970: 10930: 10921: 10916: 10886: 10881: 10848: 10802: 10657: 10575:Indian elephant 10494: 10437: 10406: 10402:30 by 30 target 10333: 10326: 10302:Riparian buffer 10193: 10080: 10073: 10060: 10055: 9977: 9967: 9861: 9859: 9844: 9815: 9757: 9738: 9719: 9700: 9679: 9660: 9551:(6772): 853–8. 9506: 9483: 9442:(5783): 58–61. 9397:(6772): 853–8. 9319: 9288: 9261: 9233: 9210: 9169:(5783): 58–61. 9115: 9113:Further reading 9110: 9109: 9064:(7656): 73–81. 9050: 9046: 8994:(6970): 145–8. 8983: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8944: 8940: 8885: 8881: 8854: 8850: 8803: 8799: 8752: 8748: 8694: 8690: 8653:(6983): 640–3. 8642: 8635: 8631: 8586: 8582: 8537: 8533: 8488: 8484: 8469: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8368: 8364: 8309: 8305: 8296: 8294: 8286: 8285: 8274: 8228: 8224: 8179: 8175: 8132: 8125: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8095: 8084: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8046:(5827): 970–2. 8036: 8032: 7987: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7943: 7939: 7908: 7904: 7867: 7863: 7832: 7828: 7780: 7776: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7749: 7734: 7730: 7693:(5888): 560–3. 7682: 7678: 7671: 7660: 7652: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7618: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7523: 7516: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7446: 7440: 7436: 7421: 7417: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7345:on May 31, 2014 7331: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7288: 7286: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7261: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7181: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7145: 7138: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7003:Biology Letters 6995: 6988: 6979: 6975: 6962: 6961: 6954: 6945: 6943: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6920:Wayback Machine 6911: 6907: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6884:Wayback Machine 6875: 6871: 6866:on May 5, 2007. 6858: 6857: 6853: 6838: 6814: 6810: 6804:Wayback Machine 6792: 6788: 6733: 6729: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6648: 6644: 6635: 6633: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6585: 6578: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6473: 6465: 6456: 6415:(46): 18123–8. 6401: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6326:Wayback Machine 6316: 6312: 6265: 6256: 6227:(5889): 652–3. 6217: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6154: 6148: 6139: 6084: 6080: 6041: 6037: 5982: 5978: 5941:(6772): 853–8. 5931: 5927: 5912:10.1038/436919a 5892: 5888: 5865: 5858: 5835: 5828: 5819: 5817: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5785: 5781: 5734: 5730: 5707: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5660: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5607: 5603: 5580:10.2307/1313572 5574:(10): 809–817. 5560: 5556: 5547: 5543: 5534: 5530: 5495: 5491: 5448: 5444: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5359: 5348: 5325: 5318: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5101: 5092: 5047: 5043: 4994:(5): e1400253. 4980: 4976: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4898:MacArthur, R.H. 4895: 4891: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4832:10.1890/02-3090 4815: 4811: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4745: 4741: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4700: 4696: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4554: 4533:(12): 595–604. 4518: 4514: 4491:(12): 605–616. 4476: 4472: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4349: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4311: 4307: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4230: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4099: 4095: 4082: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4032: 4028: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3910: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3864: 3855: 3848: 3830: 3821: 3814: 3800: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3721: 3717: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3597: 3588: 3559: 3555: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3445:(5): e0000016. 3431: 3424: 3381: 3374: 3319: 3308: 3297: 3293: 3246: 3237: 3200:Biology Letters 3192: 3185: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3121: 3117: 3070: 3063: 3042:(11): 962–969. 3028: 3024: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2967: 2941:Springer-Verlag 2931: 2900: 2893: 2879: 2868: 2861: 2845: 2822: 2815: 2801: 2794: 2779:10.2307/1310054 2762: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2731: 2724: 2679: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2641:Welfare biology 2546:Genetic erosion 2521:Applied ecology 2516: 2467: 2463: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2278: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2198:Coral bleaching 2192: 2174: 2148:and 12% of all 2093: 2087: 2055:(200 mya), and 2025:paleontological 2021: 1975: 1967:Main articles: 1965: 1918: 1912: 1859: 1853: 1848: 1815:natural capital 1804:natural capital 1776:natural economy 1772: 1768: 1700:natural capital 1679: 1651: 1630:Near Threatened 1495: 1489: 1473:anthropocentric 1469:intrinsic value 1453: 1443: 1412:The concept of 1359: 1350:preservationist 1318: 1222: 1205:Steven J. Cooke 1201: 1185:grant proposals 1157: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 998: 996: 989: 987: 984: 982: 977: 975: 969: 966: 962: 941: 936: 930: 919: 902:and associated 811:along with the 796:(since renamed 757: 650:Wildlife Trusts 578:wildlife refuge 469: 463: 397:Natural history 367: 281: 276: 272: 264: 181: 134:Kurt Benirschke 110: 56: 53:Conservationism 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14947: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14901: 14900: 14888: 14886:Earth sciences 14876: 14864: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14837: 14826: 14824:Category: Zoos 14815: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14733:Animal cruelty 14730: 14724: 14722: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14702: 14700:Nature centers 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14660: 14654: 14652: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14608: 14606: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14576:Reptile centre 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14487: 14485: 14481: 14480: 14465: 14464: 14457: 14450: 14442: 14433: 14432: 14430: 14429: 14419: 14409: 14399: 14384: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14356: 14354: 14350: 14349: 14345: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14162:Marine biology 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13974:Bioinformatics 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13912: 13911: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13878: 13871: 13864: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13805:DNA microarray 13802: 13800:DNA sequencing 13797: 13792: 13790:Centrifugation 13787: 13785:Chromatography 13782: 13777: 13775:Transformation 13772: 13766: 13764: 13755: 13747: 13746: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13686:Climate change 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13652: 13650: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13628:Nervous system 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13584: 13582: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13560:Vascular plant 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13516: 13514: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13498: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13467: 13462: 13456: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13417:Microevolution 13414: 13412:Macroevolution 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13376: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13325: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13306:Photosynthesis 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13261:Cell signaling 13258: 13253: 13248: 13242: 13240: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13147: 13145: 13144:Chemical basis 13141: 13140: 13138: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13110:Taxonomic rank 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13090:Reductionistic 13087: 13033: 12998: 12993: 12987: 12985: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12968: 12963: 12962: 12961: 12951: 12946: 12937:Introduction ( 12934: 12931: 12930: 12923: 12922: 12915: 12908: 12900: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12871: 12869: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12679:Marine biology 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12489:Bioinformatics 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12424: 12423: 12416: 12409: 12401: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12355: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12335: 12329: 12328:(Rio+20, 2012) 12323: 12317: 12312: 12306: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12284: 12279: 12271: 12266: 12258: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12195: 12193: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12074:Infrastructure 12071: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12004:Eco-capitalism 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11921:Sustainability 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11892: 11890: 11889:Accountability 11886: 11885: 11883: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11755: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11727: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11684: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11605: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11576: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11547:Sustainability 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11482:Anthropization 11478: 11476: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11405:Sustainability 11401: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11378: 11369: 11368: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11288: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11242: 11237: 11219: 11217: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11170:Data Deficient 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11131: 11129: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11112:Data Deficient 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11073: 11071: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11012: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10980: 10978: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10963: 10957: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10915: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10892: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10869: 10867:List of people 10864: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10779:United Kingdom 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10626:Painted turtle 10623: 10618: 10613: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10550: 10545: 10543:American bison 10537: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10518: 10508: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10338: 10336: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10085: 10083: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10054: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10018: 10013: 9994: 9988: 9983: 9976: 9975:External links 9973: 9972: 9971: 9965: 9946: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9906: 9899: 9888: 9881: 9868: 9867: 9848: 9842: 9821: 9820: 9813: 9788: 9776: 9774:on 2011-09-27. 9761: 9755: 9742: 9736: 9723: 9717: 9704: 9698: 9683: 9677: 9664: 9658: 9639: 9638: 9585: 9540: 9511: 9494:(4): 344–351. 9476: 9431: 9386: 9357: 9324: 9322:on 2008-12-17. 9299:(3): 483–491. 9281: 9259: 9238: 9221:(4): 344–351. 9203: 9158: 9132:(s1): S5–S10. 9114: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9044: 9042: 9041: 8967: 8960: 8938: 8879: 8848: 8797: 8746: 8688: 8629: 8600:(1): 791–812. 8580: 8551:(1): 277–294. 8531: 8482: 8463: 8437: 8411: 8362: 8303: 8272: 8222: 8173: 8123: 8101: 8098:on 2013-04-19. 8073: 8030: 7981: 7972: 7937: 7902: 7861: 7826: 7774: 7747: 7728: 7676: 7669: 7643: 7612: 7586: 7560: 7514: 7511:on 2009-07-06. 7492: 7434: 7415: 7356: 7322: 7315: 7295: 7270: 7259: 7197: 7190: 7164: 7157: 7136: 7115:(2): 450–458. 7099: 7092: 7072: 7038: 6986: 6973: 6952: 6923: 6905: 6887: 6869: 6851: 6836: 6808: 6786: 6727: 6677: 6642: 6617: 6592: 6576: 6551: 6513: 6489: 6482: 6454: 6348: 6345:on 2008-12-22. 6330: 6310: 6254: 6206: 6137: 6078: 6035: 5976: 5925: 5886: 5856: 5826: 5802: 5779: 5728: 5698: 5667: 5642: 5601: 5554: 5541: 5528: 5509:(2): 136–144. 5489: 5442: 5403:(4): 137–146. 5380: 5373: 5346: 5316: 5313:on 2007-02-17. 5298: 5255: 5224: 5221:on 2009-02-25. 5167: 5154: 5136: 5090: 5061:(1): 130–142. 5041: 4974: 4923: 4916: 4889: 4855: 4841:2027.42/149732 4809: 4788:10.1086/317005 4766: 4759: 4739: 4721: 4694: 4676: 4658: 4649: 4636: 4612: 4594: 4587: 4565: 4552: 4512: 4470: 4411: 4385: 4378: 4358: 4347:people.wku.edu 4334: 4327: 4305: 4302:on 2005-02-23. 4283: 4259: 4221: 4199: 4192: 4164: 4142: 4129: 4112: 4093: 4076: 4061: 4058:on 2012-03-04. 4026: 4001: 3969: 3962: 3942: 3929: 3922: 3901: 3883: 3876: 3853: 3846: 3819: 3812: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3764: 3740: 3733: 3715: 3672: 3639: 3636:on 2009-03-26. 3614:10.1086/522809 3553: 3504: 3475: 3466: 3422: 3372: 3306: 3291: 3235: 3183: 3140: 3133: 3115: 3061: 3022: 3006:Thomas Lovejoy 2989: 2980: 2965: 2898: 2891: 2866: 2859: 2820: 2813: 2792: 2750: 2743: 2722: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2611:Protected area 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2495:carbon dioxide 2487:Climate change 2456: 2440:wildlife trade 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2396:Main article: 2393: 2390: 2379: 2347:global warming 2326:Apis mellifera 2277: 2274: 2237: 2223: 2173: 2170: 2089:Main article: 2086: 2083: 2020: 2017: 1964: 1961: 1935:miner's canary 1914:Main article: 1911: 1908: 1855:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1823:North American 1756: 1707:publishes its 1664:, part of the 1658:Tadrart Acacus 1650: 1647: 1488: 1485: 1477:utilitarianism 1475:usefulness or 1442: 1439: 1358: 1355: 1317: 1314: 1221: 1218: 1200: 1197: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1156: 1153: 1149:The Plant List 1102:fossil records 1063: 1040: 967: 945: 944: 943: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 917: 829:United Kingdom 792:and establish 770:Carl E. Akeley 756: 753: 632:National Trust 556:, fish, game, 539:other colonies 535:Lord Dalhousie 465:Main article: 462: 459: 451:Charles Darwin 366: 363: 309:sockeye salmon 280: 277: 265: 263: 260: 180: 177: 142:Thomas Lovejoy 118:Hopetoun Falls 109: 106: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14946: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14887: 14877: 14875: 14865: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14852: 14849: 14836: 14827: 14825: 14816: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14803: 14800: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14728:Animal rights 14726: 14725: 14723: 14719: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14685:Dolphinariums 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14655: 14653: 14649: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14603: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14536:Nature center 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14488: 14486: 14484:Types of zoos 14482: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14463: 14458: 14456: 14451: 14449: 14444: 14443: 14440: 14428: 14420: 14418: 14410: 14408: 14400: 14397: 14392: 14386: 14385: 14382: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14242:Phylogenetics 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14137:Human biology 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14029:Chronobiology 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14004:Biotechnology 14002: 14000: 13999:Biostatistics 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13892:Belt transect 13890: 13889: 13887: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13872: 13870: 13869: 13865: 13863: 13862: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13840:Southern blot 13838: 13836: 13835:Northern blot 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13748: 13743: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13645: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13613:Immune system 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13577: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13530:Ground tissue 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13509: 13503: 13500: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13453: 13449: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13432:Phylogenetics 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13397:Genetic drift 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13375: 13371: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13239: 13235: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13203:Nucleic acids 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13166:Chemical bond 13164: 13162: 13161:Carbohydrates 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13148: 13146: 13142: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12967: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12932: 12928: 12921: 12916: 12914: 12909: 12907: 12902: 12901: 12898: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12759:Phylogenetics 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12654:Human biology 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12544:Chronobiology 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12519:Biotechnology 12517: 12515: 12514:Biostatistics 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12429: 12422: 12417: 12415: 12410: 12408: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12380: 12379: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12368: 12366: 12365: 12356: 12354: 12353: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12333: 12330: 12327: 12324: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12310: 12309:Earth Charter 12307: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12251: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12199:Environmental 12197: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12131:Refurbishment 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12121:Organizations 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12034:Green economy 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12019:Eco-socialism 12017: 12015: 12014:Eco-investing 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11999:Disinvestment 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11887: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11820:Marine energy 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11774:Cultured meat 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11677: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11532:Simple living 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11399: 11394: 11392: 11387: 11385: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: / 11232: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11216: 11211: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11165:Least Concern 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11127:WP categories 11119: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11107:Least Concern 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10901: 10899: 10894: 10893: 10890: 10878: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10851: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10829:IUCN Red List 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10819:De-extinction 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10791:United States 10789: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10472: 10471:afforestation 10469: 10468: 10467: 10466:Reforestation 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10052: 10047: 10045: 10040: 10038: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9968: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9915:peer-reviewed 9912: 9911: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9858: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9816: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9789: 9784: 9783: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9655: 9651: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9239: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8982: 8974: 8972: 8963: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8641: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8128: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8004: 8001:(5798): 397. 8000: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7953:(3): 258–82. 7952: 7948: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7842:(4): 1030–6. 7841: 7837: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7778: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7745: 7742: 7741:0-85403-617-2 7738: 7732: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7672: 7666: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7648: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7574: 7571:Vince, Gaia. 7567: 7565: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7533:(3): 483–91. 7532: 7528: 7521: 7519: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7327: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7285:on 2007-06-07 7284: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7202: 7193: 7187: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7061:(4): 316–28. 7060: 7056: 7055:Conserv. Biol 7049: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6991: 6983: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6942:on 2011-07-19 6941: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6828:10.17226/9589 6825: 6821: 6820: 6812: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6607:on 2008-12-19 6606: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6566:on 2010-07-26 6565: 6561: 6555: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6471: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6361: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6196:on 2018-10-01 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6159:Conserv. Biol 6153: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6045:Conserv. Biol 6039: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5875:(4): 344–51. 5874: 5870: 5863: 5861: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5831: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5717:(6): 1670–1. 5716: 5712: 5705: 5703: 5683: 5682: 5674: 5672: 5657:on 2014-06-27 5656: 5652: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5385: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5271:(4): 879–86. 5270: 5266: 5265:Conserv. Biol 5259: 5245:on 2007-07-04 5241: 5234: 5228: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4878:(7): 326–30. 4877: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4330: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3662:on 2009-02-25 3658: 3651: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3608:(4): 327–48. 3607: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3570:(6): 1447–8. 3569: 3565: 3564:Conserv. Biol 3557: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3494:on 2016-10-18 3493: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3156:(2): 368–78. 3155: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086:(1): cot001. 3085: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002:Jared Diamond 2999: 2993: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2966:9781402068904 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:feedback loop 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:deforestation 2421: 2414: 2404: 2399: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:fossil record 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:deforestation 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1858: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774:The inherent 1771: 1765: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1646: 1644: 1635: 1634:Least Concern 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:IUCN Red List 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1512:IUCN Red List 1509: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:bioindicators 1410: 1408: 1407:perturbations 1404: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1391:Shannon Index 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1310: 1307:parallels an 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:invertebrates 1134: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1044: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1001: 994: 973: 949: 928: 927: 922: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 889: 884: 882: 878: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819:developed in 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 765:South America 762: 752: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 720: 716: 715:Glacier Point 712: 708: 704: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:United States 662: 657: 653: 651: 646: 642: 638: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:protest group 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 597:Alfred Newton 595: 594:ornithologist 591: 587: 583: 580:), parkland, 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:British India 492: 490: 486: 485:Lord Monboddo 482: 478: 474: 473:Enlightenment 468: 458: 456: 452: 448: 447:Charles Lyell 444: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 423:, and 300 in 422: 421:United States 419:, 250 in the 418: 417:Great Britain 414: 410: 406: 405:North America 402: 398: 391: 386: 380: 376: 371: 362: 360: 356: 355:Farne Islands 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 286: 275: 269: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 146:Jared Diamond 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 119: 114: 105: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 60: 54: 50: 48: 43: 41: 36: 34: 19: 14710:WAZA members 14621: 14612:Biodiversity 14605:Conservation 14561:Penguinarium 14551:Night safari 14521:Dolphinarium 14287:Sociobiology 14267:Protistology 14232:Photobiology 14227:Pharmacology 14217:Parasitology 14212:Paleontology 14192:Neuroscience 14172:Microbiology 14082:Epidemiology 14052:Cytogenetics 14014:Cell biology 13994:Biosemiotics 13984:Biomechanics 13964:Biogeography 13959:Biochemistry 13954:Bacteriology 13949:Astrobiology 13873: 13866: 13859: 13830:Western blot 13820:Enzyme assay 13795:Cell culture 13696:Conservation 13695: 13581:and function 13579:Animal form 13513:and function 13286:Fermentation 13064:Organ system 13022:Reproduction 13000:Properties ( 12804:Sociobiology 12784:Protistology 12749:Photobiology 12744:Pharmacology 12734:Parasitology 12729:Paleontology 12709:Neuroscience 12689:Microbiology 12599:Epidemiology 12569:Cytogenetics 12558: 12529:Cell biology 12509:Biosemiotics 12499:Biomechanics 12479:Biogeography 12474:Biochemistry 12469:Bacteriology 12464:Astrobiology 12383: 12376: 12369: 12362: 12350: 12274: 12039:Construction 11962:Applications 11697: 11680:Biodiversity 11439:Anthropocene 11363: 11347:Rare species 11301: 11284:Conservation 11283: 11262: / 11258: / 11254: / 11250: / 11246: 11229: / 11225: / 11196:Appendix III 11026: 11019: 10961:Extinct (EX) 10592:Bengal Tiger 10548:Arabian oryx 10539:Land mammal 10526:Golden eagle 10362:Gap analysis 10089:Biodiversity 10079:Conservation 10078: 10057: 10006: 9956: 9948: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9926: 9908: 9901: 9891:Conservation 9890: 9883: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9860:. 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Jackson 2229: 2225: 2219:biodiversity 2196: 2193: 2103: 2072: 2027:past to the 2022: 1995: 1978: 1976: 1953: 1945:silviculture 1933: 1921: 1919: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1812: 1796:water supply 1788:pest control 1773: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1747:stock market 1746: 1731:public goods 1716: 1708: 1698: 1680: 1677:Biodiversity 1643:adaptability 1639: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1548: 1542: 1505: 1481:Aldo Leopold 1464: 1462: 1454: 1435: 1411: 1403:human impact 1399: 1395: 1387:biodiversity 1384: 1360: 1347: 1338: 1319: 1305: 1280: 1275: 1267: 1251:anthropology 1223: 1215: 1210: 1202: 1193:SLOSS debate 1182: 1158: 1125: 1113: 1106:habitat loss 1095: 1085: 1065: 924: 921:Aldo Leopold 913: 893: 885: 865: 846: 806: 758: 742: 734:James Harkin 723: 679:founded the 666: 636: 628:fur clothing 605: 550:conservation 549: 547: 517: 493: 470: 439:biogeography 436: 431: 429: 395: 320: 313: 294: 284: 282: 271: 267: 237: 201:demographics 182: 173:Otto Frankel 157:biodiversity 154: 138:Otto Frankel 123: 99: 75:biodiversity 66: 65: 46: 39: 32: 14862:Environment 14586:Virtual zoo 14581:Safari park 14571:Petting zoo 14531:Insectarium 14526:Herpetarium 14427:WikiProject 14337:Xenobiology 14332:Virophysics 14302:Systematics 14257:Primatology 14202:Ornithology 14142:Ichthyology 14127:Herpetology 14122:Gerontology 14087:Epigenetics 14047:Cryobiology 13939:Agrostology 13929:Aerobiology 13924:Abiogenesis 13761:Laboratory 13608:Homeostasis 13511:Plant form 13334:Epigenetics 13256:Cell theory 13156:Amino acids 13135:Common name 13125:Peer review 13100:Mechanistic 12854:Xenobiology 12849:Virophysics 12819:Systematics 12774:Primatology 12719:Ornithology 12659:Ichthyology 12644:Herpetology 12639:Gerontology 12604:Epigenetics 12564:Cryobiology 12454:Agrostology 12444:Aerobiology 12439:Abiogenesis 12255:conferences 12126:Procurement 12069:Development 11969:Advertising 11931:Measurement 11865:Tidal power 11860:Small hydro 11825:Micro hydro 11688:Biosecurity 11640:Appropriate 11569:Sustainable 11552:Advertising 11474:Consumption 11464:Development 11245:Threatened 11191:Appendix II 10764:South Sudan 10749:New Zealand 10443:Restoration 9871:Periodicals 8868:(1): 13–5. 8766:(7): e188. 8724:11336/37401 8456:October 13, 8430:October 13, 7009:(1): 94–7. 6900:EurekAlert! 6747:(5): e444. 6502:www.uvm.edu 5420:1885/312385 4782:(1): 1–10. 4214:19 February 4157:19 February 2957:11059/14777 2374:carbon sink 2301:communities 2288:(including 2051:(245 mya), 2047:(370 mya), 2000:giant panda 1896:overhunting 1880:sea urchins 1831:New Zealand 1819:human value 1800:correlation 1751:Wall Street 1745:. When the 1376:populations 1276:degradation 1133:vertebrates 1104:, rates of 972:Phanerozoic 904:agriculture 774:Archie Carr 681:Sierra Club 562:pastureland 500:environment 359:St Cuthbert 244:extinctions 179:Description 14908:Categories 14753:Frozen zoo 14566:Pheasantry 14556:Oceanarium 14353:Glossaries 14322:Toxicology 14317:Teratology 14262:Proteomics 14247:Physiology 14187:Neontology 14152:Lipidology 14147:Immunology 14117:Geobiology 14077:Embryology 14057:Dendrology 13989:Biophysics 13969:Biogeology 13763:techniques 13718:Microbiome 13545:Plant stem 13437:Speciation 13382:Adaptation 13311:Prokaryote 13291:Metabolism 13251:Cell cycle 13082:> 13078:> 13074:> 13072:Population 13070:> 13066:> 13062:> 13058:> 13054:> 13050:> 13046:> 13042:> 13018:Regulation 13002:Adaptation 12839:Toxicology 12834:Teratology 12779:Proteomics 12764:Physiology 12704:Neontology 12669:Lipidology 12664:Immunology 12634:Geobiology 12594:Embryology 12574:Dendrology 12504:Biophysics 12484:Biogeology 12146:Sanitation 12101:Livelihood 12024:Ecovillage 12009:Eco-cities 11926:Accounting 11835:Pico hydro 11815:Hydropower 11633:Technology 11431:Principles 11186:Appendix I 11155:Vulnerable 11150:Endangered 11097:Vulnerable 11092:Endangered 11003:Lower risk 10976:Threatened 10947:Categories 10699:Costa Rica 10662:By country 10582:Slow loris 10558:Polar bear 10411:Key issues 10198:Approaches 9862:2017-05-07 8502:: 165280. 8297:2016-10-07 8243:: 108596. 8208:10535/3416 8146:: 108696. 7768:2011-07-09 7636:11 October 7605:11 October 7579:11 October 7349:11 October 7289:2022-12-29 6946:2022-12-29 6636:2010-04-01 6611:2008-12-30 6570:2008-12-30 6544:January 8, 6507:2022-12-29 6200:2009-01-05 5820:2022-12-29 5661:2013-10-20 5621:(1): 1–3. 5568:BioScience 5249:2022-12-29 5115:(1): 1–3. 4630:2022-07-10 4431:(1): 197. 4352:2017-05-07 4277:2016-10-04 4182:. p. 3995:2009-03-09 3666:2009-01-07 3602:Q Rev Biol 3498:2016-10-11 3036:BioScience 2767:BioScience 2663:References 2499:atmosphere 2377:1959–1999. 2343:pesticides 2334:beekeepers 2322:honey bees 2264:with only 2178:Coral reef 2176:See also: 2154:Red Listed 2142:vertebrate 2133:vertebrate 2037:Ordovician 2029:ecological 2004:blue whale 1987:migrations 1926:amphibians 1892:food chain 1876:sea otters 1733:without a 1683:economists 1671:See also: 1626:Vulnerable 1622:Endangered 1540:services. 1491:See also: 1451:Land ethic 1445:See also: 1426:amphibians 1334:gene banks 1316:Approaches 1284:ecosystems 1243:humanities 1231:philosophy 1145:threatened 1141:endangered 1066:percentage 853:Birmingham 749:bowfishing 745:indigenous 661:bowfishing 612:Manchester 586:watersheds 582:wilderness 504:civic duty 375:gyrfalcons 347:pagan view 242:, species 229:population 91:extinction 87:ecosystems 14773:Zookeeper 14663:Aquariums 14546:Menagerie 14473:aquariums 14237:Phycology 14222:Pathology 14207:Osteology 14197:Nutrition 14157:Mammalogy 14132:Histology 13875:in silico 13751:Research 13728:Resources 13701:Ecosystem 13691:Community 13676:Biosphere 13588:Breathing 13470:Eukaryote 13452:Diversity 13402:Gene flow 13374:Evolution 13281:Eukaryote 13193:Molecules 13084:Biosphere 13080:Ecosystem 13076:Community 13048:Organelle 12943:Evolution 12754:Phycology 12739:Pathology 12724:Osteology 12714:Nutrition 12674:Mammalogy 12649:Histology 12239:Recycling 12234:Planetary 12224:Materials 12219:Landscape 12204:Fisheries 12171:Transport 12096:Landscape 12079:Marketing 12054:Gardening 11994:Community 11941:Reporting 11805:Footprint 11693:Biosphere 11264:Chromista 10739:Mauritius 10719:Indonesia 10704:Hong Kong 10674:Australia 10646:Seed bank 10636:Sea otter 10506:Arthropod 10478:Rewilding 10332:Protected 9642:Textbooks 9382:233903598 9353:254285797 9277:201756810 9086:1476-4687 8874:729066337 8733:1476-4687 8624:250940055 8616:2475-0263 8575:254280225 8567:1572-9710 8518:0048-9697 8267:225345547 8217:1195-5449 8168:225517357 8160:0006-3207 8068:170560082 7723:206513451 7487:206514910 6305:205212545 6249:206513681 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14252:Pomology 14182:Mycology 14112:Genomics 14107:Genetics 13934:Agronomy 13915:Branches 13868:in vitro 13465:Bacteria 13442:Taxonomy 13422:Mutation 13392:Function 13321:Genetics 13223:Proteins 13068:Organism 13044:Molecule 13028:), 12984:Overview 12959:Timeline 12939:Genetics 12868:See also 12844:Virology 12829:Taxonomy 12769:Pomology 12699:Mycology 12629:Genomics 12624:Genetics 12449:Agronomy 12352:Category 12151:Sourcing 12086:Greening 11979:Business 11855:Security 11850:Scarcity 10939:Red List 10877:Category 10784:Scotland 10754:Pakistan 10734:Malaysia 10570:Elephant 10499:By taxon 10129:Endemism 9634:18695221 9573:10706275 9536:15593201 9464:16825561 9419:10706275 9313:30162903 9269:31471793 9191:16825561 9154:33096004 9146:10703547 9094:28569796 9016:14712274 8933:18955700 8843:22055213 8835:18079402 8792:18666834 8741:10821284 8675:15071592 8526:37419354 8477:Mongabay 8406:33259398 8357:18286193 8317:PLOS ONE 8118:Archived 8060:17510336 8025:30877553 8017:17053115 7967:43987366 7897:84923092 7856:38218672 7821:22863854 7813:15031508 7744:Download 7715:18653892 7555:30162903 7479:19119227 7429:BBC News 7410:18695213 7254:18695221 7175:(2016). 7033:17148336 6916:Archived 6880:Archived 6846:25077215 6800:Archived 6781:17505535 6741:PLOS ONE 6722:37232884 6714:18994663 6672:88786689 6631:BBC News 6449:17991772 6397:33096004 6389:10703547 6322:Archived 6297:18432244 6241:18669853 6187:23211536 6179:18254851 6132:18621701 6065:17298533 6030:18231601 5990:PLOS ONE 5963:10706275 5799:(10): 7. 5766:20056880 5637:18254846 5484:28190693 5293:36810103 5285:19183215 5204:10821285 5131:83906221 5036:26601195 4969:29102370 4961:11538288 4904:(2001). 4796:18707231 4625:cotf.edu 4465:31149641 4404:23 April 4107:BBC News 3710:23587547 3630:37774648 3622:18217526 3417:16327687 3367:18695220 3286:30713492 3278:15361627 3230:20106856 3178:85324142 3110:27293585 2717:18198148 2514:See also 2380:— 2362:epidemic 2266:microbes 2106:evidence 2045:Devonian 1930:wetlands 1691:services 1632:) — LC ( 1628:) — NT ( 1624:) — VU ( 1620:) — EN ( 1616:) — CR ( 1612:) — EW ( 1372:habitats 1274:habitat 1135:, 5% of 918:— 908:industry 879:and the 726:Canadian 574:wildlife 570:forestry 528:botanist 481:Scotland 339:Buddhist 83:habitats 81:, their 14929:Habitat 14898:Biology 14874:Ecology 14848:Portals 14793:Zoology 14783:Zoo key 14721:Related 14668:largest 14417:Commons 14360:Biology 14342:Zoology 14072:Ecology 13944:Anatomy 13861:in vivo 13753:methods 13706:Habitat 13681:Climate 13666:Biomass 13648:Ecology 13495:Protist 13460:Archaea 13354:Genomes 13301:Mitosis 13296:Meiosis 13218:Polymer 13198:Monomer 13186:Quantum 13020:, 13016:, 13012:, 13008:, 13004:, 12991:Science 12976:Biology 12954:History 12949:Outline 12927:Biology 12859:Zoology 12589:Ecology 12459:Anatomy 12385:Degrees 12378:Studies 12371:Science 12166:Tourism 12059:Geopark 12049:Finance 12044:Fashion 11619:Control 11507:Ethical 11416:Outline 11364:italics 11247:Banksia 11231:spiders 11135:Extinct 11077:Extinct 11063:Species 10954:Extinct 10807:Related 10796:forests 10744:Namibia 10724:Ireland 10709:Iceland 10621:Manatee 10611:Dolphin 10565:Cheetah 10081:biology 10005:(ed.). 9920:of the 9918:journal 9625:2556420 9602:Bibcode 9581:4414279 9553:Bibcode 9472:5133902 9444:Bibcode 9436:Science 9427:4414279 9399:Bibcode 9199:5133902 9171:Bibcode 9163:Science 9102:4400396 9066:Bibcode 8996:Bibcode 8924:2579365 8901:Bibcode 8815:Bibcode 8807:Science 8783:2486312 8683:4320526 8655:Bibcode 8398:3868314 8348:2238793 8325:Bibcode 8040:Science 7995:Science 7932:2386020 7793:Bibcode 7785:Science 7695:Bibcode 7687:Science 7547:4498614 7459:Bibcode 7451:Science 7401:2556414 7378:Bibcode 7245:2556420 7222:Bibcode 7024:1617197 6772:1864998 6749:Bibcode 6440:2084307 6417:Bibcode 6277:Bibcode 6221:Science 6123:2474481 6100:Bibcode 6073:1394295 6021:2212107 5998:Bibcode 5971:4414279 5943:Bibcode 5746:Bibcode 5738:Science 5596:1313572 5212:4427223 5027:4640606 4996:Bibcode 4941:Bibcode 4850:3450043 4820:Ecology 4716:3782224 4607:wku.edu 4456:6533251 4272:nps.gov 3868:Biology 3584:1397580 3548:5699198 3526:Bibcode 3518:Science 3488:ffem.fr 3358:2556419 3335:Bibcode 3258:Bibcode 3250:Science 3221:2936204 3170:3591249 3101:4732437 2787:1310054 2708:2596898 2434:), and 2314:biomass 2207:acidity 2156:by the 2146:mammals 2125:species 2077:by the 1981:is the 1610:Extinct 1575:steppes 1571:biomass 1525:endemic 1368:species 1363:ecology 1326:habitat 1288:science 1281:healthy 761:big cat 667:In the 637:Titanic 566:forests 558:topsoil 477:England 413:Germany 335:Islamic 303:of the 297:Tlingit 262:History 233:species 225:genetic 185:ecology 108:Origins 79:species 14833: 14822: 14506:Aviary 14475:, and 14009:Botany 13815:vector 13671:Biomes 13540:Phloem 13525:Flower 13485:Fungus 13480:Animal 13276:Enzyme 13181:Matter 13176:Lipids 13115:Theory 13056:Tissue 13010:Growth 12524:Botany 12334:(2015) 12311:(2000) 12305:(1997) 12289:(1992) 12277:(1987) 12209:Forest 12111:Market 12106:Living 11723:Energy 11579:Market 11312:ARKive 11256:sharks 10774:Uganda 10769:Sweden 10689:Canada 10684:Brazil 10679:Belize 10669:Angola 10642:Plant 10631:Salmon 10606:Marine 10521:Raptor 10483:marine 10387:Marxan 9963: 9840: 9811: 9753: 9734: 9715: 9696: 9675: 9656: 9632: 9622: 9579: 9571: 9545:Nature 9534: 9470: 9462: 9425: 9417: 9391:Nature 9380: 9351: 9311: 9275: 9267: 9257: 9197: 9189: 9152: 9144: 9100: 9092: 9084: 9058:Nature 9024:969382 9022: 9014: 8988:Nature 8958: 8931: 8921: 8872: 8841: 8833: 8790: 8780: 8739: 8731: 8703:Nature 8681: 8673: 8647:Nature 8622: 8614: 8573: 8565: 8524: 8516: 8404: 8396: 8355: 8345: 8265: 8215: 8166: 8158: 8066: 8058: 8023: 8015: 7965: 7930: 7895: 7854: 7819: 7811: 7739: 7721: 7713: 7667: 7553: 7545: 7485: 7477: 7408: 7398: 7313: 7252: 7242: 7188: 7155: 7090: 7031: 7021: 6844: 6834: 6779: 6769: 6720: 6712: 6694:Lancet 6670: 6480: 6447: 6437: 6395: 6387: 6303: 6295: 6269:Nature 6247: 6239: 6185: 6177: 6130: 6120: 6071: 6063: 6028: 6018: 5969: 5961: 5935:Nature 5918: 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