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633:' was defined as "a geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values." Other effective area-based conservation measures complement protected areas across landscapes, seascapes, and river basins. Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures are referenced together in Target 3 of the draft Global Biodiversity Framework, which is due to be agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held 5 to 17 December in
399:, while cultural services are a source of aesthetic and cultural value for tourism and heritage. Such services are often overlooked by humanity, due to the ecosystem from which they originate being far from urbanized areas. The contamination of ecosystem services within a designated area ultimately degrades their use for society. For example, the protection of a water body inherently protects that water body's microorganisms and their ability to adequately filter pollutants and pathogens, ultimately protecting water quality itself. Therefore, the implementation of protected areas is vital to maintaining the quality and consistency of ecosystem services, ultimately allowing human society to function without the interference of human infrastructure or policies.
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levels, elected and traditional authorities, indigenous peoples and local communities, private individuals and non-profit trusts, among others. Most protected-area and forest management institutions acknowledge the importance of recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, sharing the costs and benefits of protected areas and actively involving them in their governance and management. This has led to the recognition of four main types of governance, defined on the basis of who holds authority, responsibility, and who can be held accountable for the key decisions for protected areas. Indeed, governance of protected areas has emerged a critical factor in their success.
756:. Although these networks are well regulated (local communities are aware of their importance and actively contribute to their maintenance), Bhutan is currently a developing country that is undergoing infrastructure development and resource collection. The country's economic progression has brought about human-wildlife conflict and increased pressure on the existence of its protected areas. In light of ongoing disputes on the topic of optimal land usage, Dorji (et al.), in a study using camera traps to detect wildlife activity, summarize the results of a nationwide survey that compares the biodiversity of Bhutan's protected areas versus that of intervening non-protected areas.
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617:(COP) adopted the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) to further develop and promote protected areas. PoWPA's objective was the "establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss." In 2010, protected areas were included in Target 11 of the CBD's
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709:(PADDD) events are processes that change the legal status of national parks and other protected areas in both terrestrial and marine environments. Downgrading is a decrease in legal restrictions on human activities within a protected area, downsizing is a decrease in protected area size through a legal boundary change, and degazettement is the loss of legal protection for an entire protected area. Collectively, PADDD represents legal processes that temper regulations, shrink boundaries, or eliminate legal protections originally associated with establishment of a protected area.
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522:. However, the mass protected areas movement did not begin until late nineteenth-century in North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, when other countries were quick to follow suit. While the idea of protected areas spread around the world in the twentieth century, the driving force was different in different regions. Thus, in North America, protected areas were about safeguarding dramatic and sublime scenery; in Africa, the concern was with game parks; in Europe, landscape protection was more common.
1112:, the administration of Joe Biden reached a record in conservation. In 3 years of ruling it conserved or in the process of conserving more than 24 millions acres of public land and in 2023 alone more than 12.5 million acres of public land became protected area. It is doing it together with the indigenouse people as 200 agreements of co-stewardship with them were signed in 2023 alone. The goal of Biden is to protect 30% of the terrestrial and marine territory of the United States by the year 2030.
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625:"By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes."
1003:, hosts tree species with critical biogeographical locations (southernmost limit) on the western slopes of Mount Lebanon’s mountain range and has passed laws to protect environmental sites at the national level, including nature reserves, forests, and Hima (local community-based conservation), with some of these sites having acquired one or more international designations:
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areas and non-protected areas". Protected areas had the highest levels of mammal biodiversity. This is made possible by the restriction of commercial activity and regulation of consumptive uses (firewood, timber, etc.). The regulation of such practices has allowed Bhutan's protected areas to thrive with high carnivore diversity and other rare mammals such as
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14 countries are currently considering at least 46 PADDD proposals. Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely but most PADDD events globally (62%) are related to industrial scale resource extraction and development – infrastructure, industrial agriculture, mining, oil and gas, forestry, fisheries, and industrialization.
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Scientific publications have identified 3,749 enacted PADDD events in 73 countries since 1892 which have collectively impacted an area approximately the size of Mexico. PADDD is a historical and contemporary phenomenon. 78% of PADDD events worldwide were enacted since 2000 and governments in at least
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Nationally designated protected areas cover 14.3% of the world's mountain areas, and these mountainous protected areas made up 32.5% of the world's total terrestrial protected area coverage in 2009. Mountain protected area coverage has increased globally by 21% since 1990 and out of the 198 countries
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Strategic Plan: Future
Evaluation of Progress, Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/30 Annex (13 April 2004), Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. Among the twenty-one subsidiary targets, the first two were: "1.1 At least 10% of each of the world's ecological regions effectively conserved" and "1.2 Areas of particular
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The study indicated that Bhutan's protected areas "are effectively conserving medium and large mammal species, as demonstrated through the significant difference in mammal diversity between protected areas, biological corridors, and non-protected areas with the strongest difference between protected
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How to manage areas protected for conservation brings up a range of challenges – whether it be regarding the local population, specific ecosystems or the design of the reserve itself – and because of the many unpredicatable elements in ecology issues, each protected area requires a case-specific set
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The designation of protected areas often also contained a political statement. In the 17th and 18th centuries, protected areas were mostly hunting grounds of rulers and thus, on the one hand, an expression of the absolute personal authority of a monarch, and on the other hand, they were concentrated
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guarding sacred sites or the convention of
European hunting reserves. Over 2000 years ago, royal decrees in India protected certain areas. In Europe, rich and powerful people protected hunting grounds for a thousand years. Moreover, the idea of protection of special places is universal: for example,
1062:, also known as a 'Private Reserve' predominantly managed for biodiversity conservation, protected without formal government recognition and is owned and stewarded by the O corporation International. O parks plays a particularly important role in conserving critical biodiversity in a section of the
1105:, the United States had a total of 6770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. These protected areas cover 2,607,131 km (1,006,619 sq mi), or 27.08 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world.
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In some countries, protected areas can be assigned without the infrastructure and networking needed to substitute consumable resources and substantively protect the area from development or misuse. The soliciting of protected areas may require regulation to the level of meeting demands for food,
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emerged which, thanks to the transport and communication technologies of industrialisation and the closely meshed and well-connected administrative apparatus that came with it, could actually assert claims to power over large contiguous territories. The establishment of nature reserves in mostly
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are reduced and longterm land cover change is prevented, which is an effective strategy in the struggle against global warming. Of all global terrestrial carbon stock, 15.2% is contained within protected areas. Protected areas in South
America hold 27% of the world's carbon stock, which is the
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for example. As a result, Protected Areas can encompass a broad range of governance types. A wide variety of rights-holders and stakeholders are involved in the governance and management of protected areas, including forest protected areas, such as government agencies and ministries at various
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For waters under national jurisdiction beyond inland waters, there are 14,688 Marine
Protected Areas (MPAs), covering approximately 10.2% of coastal and marine areas and 4.12% of global ocean areas. In contrast, only 0.25% of the world's oceans beyond national jurisdiction are covered by MPAs.
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There is increasing pressure to take proper account of human needs when setting up protected areas and these sometimes have to be "traded off" against conservation needs. Whereas in the past governments often made decisions about protected areas and informed local people afterwards, today the
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that define protected areas according to their management objectives, which are internationally recognised by various national governments and the United
Nations. The categories provide international standards for defining protected areas and encourage conservation planning according to their
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Subsequently, the range of natural resources that any one protected area may guard is vast. Many will be allocated primarily for species conservation whether it be flora or fauna or the relationship between them, but protected areas are similarly important for conserving sites of (indigenous)
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Enforcing protected area boundaries is a costly and labour-heavy endeavour, particularly if the allocation of a new protected region places new restrictions on the use of resources by the native people which may lead to their subsequent displacement. This has troubled relationships between
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also protects the ecosystem services society enjoys. Some ecosystem services include those that provide and regulate resources, support natural processes, or represent culture. Provisioning services provide resources to humanity, such as fuel and water, while regulating services include
613:(CBD) as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives." Under Article 8 of the CBD, parties who entered the treaty agreed to, among other things, "establish a system of protected areas." In 2004, the CBD's
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report indicating that Russia now ranks first in the world for its amount of protected natural areas with 63.3 million hectares of specially protected natural areas. However, the article did not contain a link to WWF's report and it may be based on previously gathered data.
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Jonas H.D., MacKinnon K., Dudley N., Hockings M., Jessen S., Laffoley D., MacKinnon D., Matallana-Tobon C., Sandwith T., Waithaka J., and S. Woodley, 2018. "Other
Effective Area-based Conservation Measures: From Aichi Target 11 to the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework."
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PADDD challenges the longstanding assumption that protected areas are permanent fixtures and highlights the need for decision-makers to consider protected area characteristics and the socioeconomic context in which they are situated to better ensure their permanence.
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and several other fields of analysis are expected to be introduced in the monitoring of protected areas management effectiveness, such as freshwater and marine or coastal studies which are currently underway, and islands and drylands which are currently in planning.
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emphasis is shifting towards greater discussions with stakeholders and joint decisions about how such lands should be set aside and managed. Such negotiations are never easy but usually produce stronger and longer-lasting results for both conservation and people.
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endorsed the protection of representative examples of all major ecosystem types as a fundamental requirement of national conservation programmes. This has become a core principle of conservation biology and has remained so in recent resolutions – including the
590:(ICCAs). ICCAs are "natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant bio - diversity values and ecological services, voluntarily conserved by (sedentary and mobile) indigenous and local communities, through customary laws or other effective means".
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trades, which are resorted to as an alternative form of substinence. Poaching has thus increased in recent years as areas with certain species are no longer easily and legally accessible. This increasing threat has often led governments to enforce
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is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to
Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to
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on the standards and terminology of protected areas took place at the
International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora in London. At the 1962 First World Conference on National Parks in Seattle the effect the
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populations changed at slower rate in protected areas. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within protected areas (−0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (−1.8% per year).
821:. The maintenance of these charismatic megafauna and other threatened species can be attributed to the intensity of Bhutan's management of its protected areas and its local communities' commitment to preserving them.
737:, and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources. In addition, the type of habitat, species composition, legal issues and governance, play important roles.
1983:
Justin
Nowakowski, A.; Watling, James I.; Murray, Alexander; Deichmann, Jessica L.; Akre, Thomas S.; Muñoz Brenes, Carlos L.; Todd, Brian D.; McRae, Louise; Freeman, Robin; Frishkoff, Luke O. (October 2023).
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Petersen, Anders Højgård; Strange, Niels; Anthon, Signe; Bjørner, Thomas Bue; Rahbek, Carsten (February 2016). "Conserving what, where and how? Cost-efficient measures to conserve biodiversity in
Denmark".
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The oldest legally protected reserve recorded in history is the Main Ridge Forest Reserve, established by an ordinance dated 13 April 1776. Other sources mention the 1778 approval of a protected area on
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and to provide a way for measuring the progress of such conservation. Protected areas will usually encompass several other zones that have been deemed important for particular conservation uses, such as
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Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip (2016). "The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world".
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185:. Protection helps maintain ecological processes that cannot survive in most intensely managed landscapes and seascapes. Indigenous peoples and local communities frequently criticize this method of
948:. 787,767 km (304,159 sq mi) are designated as terrestrial sites and 251,564 km (97,129 sq mi) as marine sites. Overall, 18 percent of the EU land mass is designated.
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Protected areas are cultural artifacts, and their story is entwined with that of human civilization. Protecting places and natural resources is by no means a modern concept, whether it be
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Ansell, Dean; Freudenberger, David; Munro, Nicola; Gibbons, Philip (June 2016). "The cost-effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for biodiversity conservation: A quantitative review".
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conservation. These newly implemented reserves safeguard a range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to marine habitats. These protected areas encompass nearly 20% of China's land area.
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The effectiveness of protected areas to protect biodiversity can be estimated by comparing population changes over time. Such an analysis found that the abundance of 2,239 terrestrial
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Drechsler, Martin; Johst, Karin; Wätzold, Frank (March 2017). "The cost-effective length of contracts for payments to compensate land owners for biodiversity conservation measures".
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Symes, William S.; et al. (2016). "Why do we lose protected areas? Factors influencing protected area downgrading, downsizing and degazettement in the tropics and subtropics".
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A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated
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importance to biodiversity protected." See also Stephen Woodley et al, "Meeting Aichi Target 11: What Does Success Look Like for Protected Area Systems?" (2012) 18(1) Parks 23.
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in a sustainable manner. The spectrum of benefits and values of protected areas is recognised not only ecologically, but culturally through further development in the arena of
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1973:
Bomhard, B., Butchart, S., Tracking Progress Towards the CBD's Targets for Protected Area Coverage and Management Effectiveness (UNEP-WCMC & BirdLife International, 2010)
729:. However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence the maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing
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conservationists and rural communities in many protected regions and is often why many Wildlife Reserves and National Parks face the human threat of poaching for the illegal
306:(KBA) among others. Likewise, a protected area or an entire network of protected areas may lie within a larger geographic zone that is recognised as a terrestrial or marine
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feed, livestock and fuel, and the legal enforcement of not only the protected area itself but also 'buffer zones' surrounding it, which may help to resist destabilisation.
498:), was declared a protected area in 1872, and it encompasses areas which are classified as both a National Park (Category II) and a Habitat Management Area (Category IV).
1765:
1523:"Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcoming of protected areas on land and sea"
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18.8% of the world's forest is covered by protected areas and sixteen of the twenty forest types have 10% or more protected area coverage. Of the 670 ecoregions with
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to maintain the networks that hold regular revisions for the succinct categorisations that have been developed to regulate and record protected areas. In 1972, the
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across multiple borders. As of 2016, there are over 161,000 protected areas representing about 17 percent of the world's land surface area (excluding Antarctica).
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Two Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) (under the Protocol of Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity of the Barcelona Convention)
2960:"Predicting the future effectiveness of protected areas for bird conservation in Mediterranean ecosystems under climate change and novel fire regime scenarios"
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are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the
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One major problem is that only 18% of the area covered by protected areas have been assessed, hence the effectiveness of most of them remains unclear.
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Initially, protected areas were recognised on a national scale, differing from country to country until 1933, when an effort to reach an international
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Scientists advocate that 50% of global land and seas be converted to inter-connected protected areas to sustain these benefits. The Asian country
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901:(IPAs) are formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Indigenous Australians, and form a specific class of protected area.
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Schöttker, Oliver; Johst, Karin; Drechsler, Martin; Wätzold, Frank (September 2016). "Land for biodiversity conservation — To buy or borrow?".
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Bohorquez, John J.; Xue, Guifang; Frankstone, Timothy; Grima, Maria M.; Kleinhaus, Karine; Zhao, Yiyi; Pikitch, Ellen K. (12 November 2021).
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Carbon emissions from deforestation account for an estimated 20% of global carbon emissions, so in protecting the worlds carbon stocks
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386:, unbeknownst to human society. Although biodiversity is usually the main reason for constructing protected areas, the protection of
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initiative has targeted to protect 30% of ocean territory and 30% of land territory worldwide by 2030; this has been adopted by the
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and implement new policies to adhere to the initial goal of protected areas, though many illegal activities are often overlooked.
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Prohibition of degradative activities including: fishing, hunting, development, agriculture, mining, logging, and sometimes entry.
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had had on the world's natural environment was acknowledged, and the need to preserve it for future generations was established.
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Increased: populations, species resilience, genetic diversity, and potential for adaptations, lowering the risk of extinction
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3149:"Easement or public land? An economic analysis of different ownership modes for nature conservation measures in California"
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in certain places and diminished with increasing spatial distance from the seat of power. In the late 19th century, modern
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This article is about protected regions of environmental or cultural value. For the protected area of a cricket pitch, see
2808:"Measuring progress in marine protection: A new set of metrics to evaluate the strength of marine protected area networks"
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achieved this high-reaching target by reserving 51.4% of the country's area as protected areas interconnected through
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Xu, Weihua; Pimm, Stuart L.; Du, Ao; Su, Yang; Fan, Xinyue; An, Li; Liu, Jianguo; Ouyang, Zhiyun (1 September 2019).
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3281:"Mammal richness and diversity in a Himalayan hotspot: the role of protected areas in conserving Bhutan's mammals"
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., N. Dudley, T. Jaeger, B. Lassen, N. Pathak Broome, A. Phillips and T. Sandwith (2013).
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Along with providing important stocks of natural resources, protected areas are often major sources of vital
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The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the
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almost 200 countries, signed onto the agreement which includes protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030 (
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913:, has begun implementing various protected areas in recent years. As of the year 2017, China has nearly
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Recently, the importance of protected areas has been brought to the fore at the threat of human-induced
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3790:"Governance and Conservation Effectiveness in Protected Areas and Indigenous and Locally Managed Areas"
3490:"China's little-known efforts to protect its marine ecosystems safeguard some habitats but omit others"
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peripheral regions thus became possible and at the same time underpinned the new state claim to power.
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Progress on the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 and 2012 Targets for Protected Area Coverage
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it occurs among the communities in the Pacific ("tapu" areas) and in parts of Africa (sacred groves).
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2759:"Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) and Its Conservation Implications"
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1951:"Looking to the Future of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas" (Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC, 2009)
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Protected Areas (Articles 8 (a) to (e)), Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/28 (20 February 2004) at para 18.
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30:"Conservation area" redirects here. For the particular use of that term in the United Kingdom, see
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CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (Decision 14/8).
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Xu, Weihua; Xiao, Yi; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Wu; Zhang, Lu; Hull, Vanessa; Wang, Zhi; Zheng, Hua;
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highest percentage of any continent in both absolute terms and as a proportion of the total stock.
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1759:"Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine Protected Areas"
1347:"Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics"
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is a network of protected areas established by the EU across all member states. It is made up of
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Reduction in: shifts in species distribution, intensity of storms, and impacts of sea level rise.
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in the United States. Yellowstone, the world's second official protected area (after Mongolia's
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Zhang, Yin; West, Paige; Thakholi, Lerato; Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh; et al. (2023).
3062:"Money for Nothing? A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments"
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As of December 2022, 17% of land territory and 10% of ocean territory were protected. At the
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2572:"for Conservation: A Global Overview, Dan Brockington and Jim Igoe. Accessed: 18 April 2011"
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2033:"Ecosystem services and justice of protected areas: the case of Circeo National Park, Italy"
395:, climate regulation, and protection against disease. Supporting ecosystem services include
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201:(IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas. The definition is as follows:
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Regos, Adrian; D'Amen, M; Titeux, Nicolas; Herrando, S; Guisan, A; Brotons, Lluis (2016).
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515:, a mountain previous protected by local nomads for centuries in Mongolia, by then-ruling
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2601:"Poachers target endangered animals in protected areas, study finds | DW | 18 April 2017"
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2541:
2120:
2048:
2001:
1668:
1541:
1442:
1429:
Soutullo, Alvaro (2010). "Extent of the Global Network of Terrestrial Protected Areas".
1362:
247:
189:
for the generally violent processes by which the regulations of the areas are enforced.
5098:
4972:
4903:
4695:
3592:
3530:
3489:
3316:
3178:
3088:
3061:
2990:
2940:
2889:
2788:
2714:
2585:
2553:
2147:
2104:
2073:
2032:
1897:
1841:
1470:
1317:
941:
806:
512:
495:
287:
206:
182:
2681:
Pringle, Robert M. (2017). "Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity".
1522:
1127:
546:
Since then, it has been an international commitment on behalf of both governments and
356:
Annual updates on each of these analyses are made in order to make comparisons to the
352:
with mountain areas, 43.9% still have less than 10% of their mountain areas protected.
5414:
5355:
5064:
5022:
4908:
4791:
3596:
3584:
3576:
3535:
3517:
3386:
3320:
3308:
3182:
3093:
2932:
2893:
2881:
2783:
2758:
2706:
2262:
Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories, Published October, 2008
2152:
2134:
2078:
2060:
2013:
1985:
1885:
1875:
1820:
1706:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1374:
1189:
805:. Also found to be prevalent were the large herbivore species: Asiatic water buffalo
753:
583:
527:
486:
383:
315:
3638:
2994:
2792:
2625:
2557:
2261:
2198:
1474:
852:
345:, 54% have 10% or more of their forest cover protected under IUCN Categories I – VI.
5086:
4781:
4605:
3809:
3801:
3566:
3525:
3509:
3300:
3248:
3217:
3213:
3168:
3129:
3083:
3073:
3040:
3032:
2982:
2944:
2924:
2871:
2827:
2778:
2718:
2698:
2545:
2325:
A Short History of the International System of Protected Area Management Categories
2142:
2124:
2068:
2052:
2005:
1732:
1545:
1446:
1366:
1342:
1204:
838:
761:
734:
519:
461:
412:
2733:"Middle East's investments in African farmlands are rooted in food security fears"
2056:
629:
In 2018, to complement protected areas across landscapes and seascapes, the term '
4813:
3252:
3078:
2831:
2306:
2268:
1607:"More than 190 countries sign landmark agreement to halt the biodiversity crisis"
1370:
1214:
1174:
945:
842:
795:
770:
765:
564:
263:
2279:
2105:"Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China"
1871:
Conservation of Wildlife Populations : Demography, Genetics, and Management
1169:
224:
3571:
3554:
3304:
3036:
2009:
1303:
1239:
1164:
1071:
1023:
There are three biosphere reserves in Lebanon that have been designated by the
960:
818:
730:
679:
579:
396:
259:
233:
219:
151:
109:
Share of important terrestrial biodiversity areas under protection, as of 2018.
3660:
3133:
1889:
5403:
5340:
5330:
5103:
4994:
4982:
4977:
3633:
3580:
3521:
3335:"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Section 324A"
3312:
3280:
2138:
2064:
2017:
1631:
1458:
1378:
1311:
1229:
776:
684:
455:
53:
3682:
2876:
2851:
2337:
Uekötter, Frank (9 March 2020). "Eine kleine Geschichte des Artenschutzes".
2129:
323:
cultural importance and considerable reserves of natural resources such as;
5017:
3588:
3539:
3513:
3097:
2936:
2885:
2732:
2710:
2156:
2082:
1466:
1084:
918:
568:
387:
342:
278:
4538:
1575:
645:
3829:
3726:"Summary of protection by Country and Territory on the 31st January 2008"
2100:
1986:"Protected areas slow declines unevenly across the tetrapod tree of life"
1244:
1234:
1184:
999:
Lebanon, home to one of the highest densities of floral diversity in the
929:
834:
800:
181:, often providing habitat and protection from hunting for threatened and
2702:
262:
buffers pH change), and increasing natural carbon sequestration via the
3814:
3173:
3148:
3045:
1982:
650:
516:
370:
311:
307:
258:
by: maintaining coastal primary producers, increasing teleost biomass (
65:
World map with percentage of each country under protection (2005 data)
3279:
Dorji, Sangay; Rajaratnam, Rajanathan; Vernes, Karl (1 October 2019).
2986:
2928:
2410:"A handbook for the indigenous and community conserved areas registry"
1869:
1550:
477:
Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources
5157:
4989:
3839:
3413:"Indigenous rangers to receive $ 250m in funding for jobs until 2021"
2549:
1960:
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, D., Bomhard, B., Fitzgerald, C. & Blyth, S.
814:
791:
38:
3732:. World Database on Protected Areas. 31 January 2008. Archived from
4913:
4640:
3760:"The Biden Administration Has Reached Conservation Records in 2023"
2280:
Mongolia Sacred Mountains: Bogd Khan, Burkhan Khaldun, Otgon Tenger
1917:
1650:"G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year"
1286:
1151:: a person who has been forced to relocate from a conservation area
675:
634:
598:
171:
147:
3883:
3834:
665:
in West Bengal, India, is a Habitat Management Area (Category IV).
657:
407:
3632:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
870:
Prohibited activities and safety instructions at a state park in
860:
846:
42:
3888:
3879:
Indicator Factsheet: Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas
3845:
3701:"Russia Has Most Protected Natural Areas in the World, WWF Says"
4898:
3014:
1337:
1160:
Climate change mitigation#Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks
1024:
871:
749:
166:. In December 2022, Nations have reached an agreement with the
3195:
3842:– campaigns for protecting at least 30% of the planet by 2030
2957:
1694:
Guidelines for Applying Protected Areas Management Categories
1013:
15 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (under Birdlife International)
786:
621:, known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Target 11 states:
587:
503:
3787:
3110:
2845:
2843:
2841:
1934:
Campbell, A., Miles. L., Lysenko, I., Hughes, A., Gibbs, H.
609:
In 1992, a protected area was defined in paragraph 2 of the
402:
27:
Areas protected for having ecological or cultural importance
3923:
3889:
Brazilian Amazon Protected areas – Instituto Socioambiental
3611:"Natura 2000 Barometer - Environment - European Commission"
3487:
3361:
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
2807:
1813:
Governance of Protected Areas. From understanding to action
424:
3060:
Ferraro, Paul J; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K (11 April 2006).
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2490:
from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
2838:
707:
Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement
699:
Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement
158:, Campaign for Nature which promoted the goal during the
1669:"COP15: Nations reach 'historic' deal to protect nature"
1341:; Wilshusen, Peter; Brockington, Dan; Seidler, Reinmar;
3147:
Schöttker, Oliver; Santos, Maria João (November 2019).
2743:
2453:
163:
2530:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
1947:
Coad L., Burgess, N.D., Bomhard, B., and Besancon, C.
3278:
3230:
2527:
2339:
Zeitschrift der Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung
604:
213:
2852:"The uncertain future of protected lands and waters"
2327:(WCPA Task Force on Protected Area Categories, 2007)
2103:; Polasky, Stephen; Jiang, Ling (14 February 2017).
1293:
917:, 80% of which are nature reserves aiming to foster
2799:
2484:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
1962:
How much of the world's mountain area is protected?
1936:
Carbon Storage in Protected Areas: Technical Report
1289:(type of protected area in former Soviet republics)
377:
2224:"Protecting ecosystems brings benefits to society"
1101:As of 31 January 2008, according to the
582:and the understanding of the necessity to consume
556:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
272:
3555:"Transforming Protected Area Management in China"
3059:
2900:
2501:"Schweizerischer Nationalpark – Protected Planet"
2030:
1938:(UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2008)
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1070:, located along the 12-mile-wide isthmus between
5401:
4809:Other effective area-based conservation measures
2480:UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 15) (Part 2)
2031:Benetti, Stefania; Langemeyer, Johannes (2021).
631:other effective area-based conservation measures
277:The objective of protected areas is to conserve
4804:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
3846:DOPA, a Digital Observatory for Protected Areas
3463:"Is China stepping up its nature conservation?"
3146:
2109:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2098:
1351:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
2850:Golden Kroner, Rachel E.; et al. (2019).
2598:
1520:
1507:
199:International Union for Conservation of Nature
168:Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
4554:
3909:
2849:
2756:
725:A main goal of protected areas is to prevent
467:Category IV – Habitat/Species Management Area
364:
3437:Hayes, Shelley; Egli, Daniel (26 May 2022).
3404:
2757:Mascia, Michael B.; Pailler, Sharon (2011).
2586:"BBC News: A Battle for DR Congo's Wildlife"
1902:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1846:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1210:List of largest protected areas in the world
4568:
3439:"Directory of Protected Areas in East Asia"
2674:
2407:
595:2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference
4561:
4547:
3916:
3902:
3794:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
3552:
3387:"Department of the Environment and Energy"
3337:. Australasian Legal Information Institute
1600:
1598:
1596:
3813:
3570:
3529:
3436:
3357:"Fact Sheets: Indigenous Protected Areas"
3172:
3087:
3077:
3044:
3017:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
2875:
2782:
2456:doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf
2146:
2128:
2072:
2037:Ecosystems and People (Abingdon, England)
1549:
940:(SPAs) designated respectively under the
743:
653:is a Strict Nature Reserve (Category Ia).
436:IUCN Protected Area Management Categories
403:IUCN Protected Area Management Categories
3410:
3391:Department of the Environment and Energy
2806:Roberts, Kelsey E.; et al. (2018).
2408:Environment, U. N. (16 September 2017).
2336:
1604:
1428:
865:
851:
828:
656:
644:
588:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas
485:
406:
296:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas
246:
223:
131:The term "protected area" also includes
104:
70: 0–3.9% of the country is protected
60:
3884:A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance
2805:
2680:
1593:
1561:from the original on 11 September 2011.
1392:
1390:
1388:
1195:Indigenous and Community Conserved Area
14:
5402:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
2193:
2191:
2094:
2092:
1836:from the original on 17 December 2020.
1666:
4542:
3897:
3806:10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081348
3349:
2906:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1410:from the original on 2 September 2016
649:Schweizerischer National Park in the
251:Climate change threats to coral reefs
3854:World Conservation Monitoring Center
3851:United Nations Environment Programme
3718:
3641:. Convention on Biological Diversity
3451:from the original on 11 August 2022.
1605:Paddison, Laura (19 December 2022).
1570:
1568:
1385:
1103:United Nations Environment Programme
429:Protected Area Management Categories
177:Protected areas are implemented for
41:organization pursuing compliance of
37:"Conservancy" redirects here. For a
3876:Biodiversity Indicators Partnership
3864:World Commission on Protected Areas
3757:
3259:
3004:from the original on 6 August 2016.
2188:
2089:
1271:World Commission on Protected Areas
977:conservation and community reserves
421:World Commission on Protected Areas
24:
3781:
3661:"Biosphere reserves in Arab State"
2307:"Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve"
2304:
1867:
1854:
1796:
1771:from the original on 27 July 2021.
1667:Briggs, Helen (19 December 2022).
1138:Conservation area (United Kingdom)
1016:One Specially Protected Area (SPA)
611:Convention on Biological Diversity
605:Convention on Biological Diversity
214:Protected Areas and Climate Change
32:Conservation area (United Kingdom)
25:
5426:
4681:Conservation biology of parasites
3830:WDPA dataset on Ocean Data Viewer
3823:
3559:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3411:Davidson, Helen (27 April 2018).
3363:. 7 December 2007. Archived from
1565:
1489:"unstats - Millennium Indicators"
1276:World Database on Protected Areas
1056:O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation
1038:Jabal Al Rihane Biosphere Reserve
924:
170:at the COP15, which includes the
122:exploitation of natural resources
5384:
5383:
4797:Tropical rainforest conservation
4701:Vulnerability and susceptibility
3627:
2784:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00147.x
2292:"Yellowstone – Protected Planet"
1632:"Sign the 30x30 Petition Today!"
1451:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01465.x
1310:
1296:
1096:
1064:Mesoamerican Biological Corridor
1010:Five UNESCO World Heritage Sites
915:10,000 to 12,000 protected areas
720:
378:Protection of ecosystem services
5346:NatureServe conservation status
4631:Conservation-induced extinction
3870:Global Protected Area Programme
3751:
3693:
3675:
3653:
3621:
3603:
3546:
3481:
3455:
3430:
3379:
3327:
3224:
3189:
3140:
3114:Journal for Nature Conservation
3104:
3053:
3008:
2951:
2725:
2658:. 16 April 2013. Archived from
2644:
2618:
2592:
2578:
2564:
2521:
2507:
2493:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2414:UNEP - UN Environment Programme
2401:
2385:. 1 August 2012. Archived from
2371:
2345:
2330:
2317:
2305:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
2298:
2284:
2273:
2255:
2241:
2216:
2199:"More About Ecosystem Services"
2163:
2024:
1976:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1910:
1751:
1725:
1699:
1686:
1660:
1140:(urban heritage area in the UK)
1108:According to a report from the
619:Strategic Plan for Biodiversity
273:Protection of natural resources
4737:Conservation management system
4621:Conservation-dependent species
4581:Index of conservation articles
3218:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.011
2599:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2515:"Jaldapara – Protected Planet"
2355:. October 2008. Archived from
2341:(in German). 11/2020. bpb: 15.
1642:
1624:
1576:"Protected Planet Report 2020"
1530:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1481:
1422:
1398:"Protected Planet Report 2016"
1331:
1200:IUCN protected area categories
1044:Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve
973:reserved and protected forests
857:Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve
236:effects in a variety of ways:
156:Biodiversity Strategy for 2030
13:
1:
4963:Assisted natural regeneration
4767:Ecoregion conservation status
3285:Biodiversity and Conservation
2057:10.1080/26395916.2021.1946155
1711:www.survivalinternational.org
1324:
1032:Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve
934:Special Areas of Conservation
640:
228:Change in average temperature
192:
137:transboundary protected areas
5351:Special Area of Conservation
4889:Landscape-scale conservation
4884:High conservation value area
4762:Community-based conservation
3962:Australian Capital Territory
3764:Center for American progress
3639:"Lebanon Biodiversity Facts"
3253:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.014
3079:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040105
2832:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.004
2379:"The Worlds Protected Areas"
2311:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2175:National Wildlife Federation
1964:(Cambridge, UNEP-WCMC, 2009)
1580:Protected Planet Report 2020
1371:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006
1261:Transboundary protected area
1255:Special Area of Conservation
1110:Center for American Progress
1050:
884:Protected areas of Australia
877:
548:non-government organisations
358:Millennium Development Goals
300:Alliance for Zero Extinction
47:Software Freedom Conservancy
7:
5369:List of conservation issues
4777:Evidence-based conservation
4671:Mutualisms and conservation
2967:Diversity and Distributions
1115:
10:
5431:
4819:Roadless area conservation
4611:Compassionate conservation
3572:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.009
3305:10.1007/s10531-019-01821-9
3037:10.1016/J.AGEE.2016.04.008
2010:10.1038/s41586-023-06562-y
1155:Centres of Plant Diversity
994:
899:Indigenous Protected Areas
881:
824:
481:
365:Protection of biodiversity
292:Centres of Plant Diversity
232:Protected Areas alleviate
217:
160:Convention on Biodiversity
128:, water, ...) is limited.
126:non-timber forest products
94: 41.8–72.3% protected
88: 22.7–41.8% protected
82: 11.3–22.7% protected
51:
36:
29:
5364:
5318:
5173:
5010:
4953:
4922:
4842:
4709:
4589:
4576:
4089:Newfoundland and Labrador
3932:
3858:Protected Areas Programme
3134:10.1016/J.JNC.2015.10.004
1707:"Decolonize Conservation"
1696:(IUCN: Switzerland, 2008)
1133:Coastal Reserve (Ukraine)
1077:
615:Conference of the Parties
492:Yellowstone National Park
179:biodiversity conservation
76: 3.9–11.3% protected
5206:Central African Republic
4854:Conservation designation
4772:Environmental protection
4757:Conspicuous conservation
4747:Conservation photography
4722:Conservation development
4717:Conservation agriculture
1713:. Survival International
1144:Conservation designation
957:Protected areas of India
951:
938:Special Protection Areas
904:
781:Asian small clawed otter
573:Johannesburg Declaration
561:World Charter for Nature
332:greenhouse gas emissions
162:'s COP15 Summit and the
4945:Human–wildlife conflict
4829:Site-based conservation
4752:Conservation psychology
4570:Conservation of species
3927:by country or territory
3233:Biological Conservation
2877:10.1126/science.aau5525
2812:Biological Conservation
2652:"About Protected Areas"
2130:10.1073/pnas.1620503114
1922:www.biodiversitya-z.org
1521:Mora C, Sale P (2011).
1074:and the Pacific Ocean.
985:private protected areas
663:Jaldapara National Park
5002:Species reintroduction
4661:Latent extinction risk
4029:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3514:10.1126/sciadv.abj1569
2626:"Wildlife Trafficking"
1784:Cite journal requires
1403:. UNEP-WCMC and IUCN.
1283:– registered by UNESCO
1250:Private protected area
1225:National heritage site
1060:private protected area
895:Indigenous Australians
890:National Heritage List
874:
863:
849:
744:Bhutan as a role model
666:
654:
504:indigenous communities
499:
416:
411:Strict nature reserve
304:Key Biodiversity Areas
252:
229:
211:
133:marine protected areas
110:
102:
5374:List of organisations
5028:Hawaiian honeycreeper
4968:Ecosystem restoration
4940:Habitat fragmentation
4935:Fortress conservation
4894:Marine protected area
4864:Conservation easement
4859:Conservation district
4824:Roadside conservation
4742:Conservation movement
4686:Species translocation
4626:Conservation genetics
4616:Conservation behavior
4094:Northwest Territories
2909:Global Change Biology
2478:IISD (14 March 2022).
1220:Marine Protected Area
1180:Fortress conservation
1123:Biodiversity hotspots
869:
855:
832:
660:
648:
552:Stockholm Declaration
541:Industrial Revolution
520:Tenger Tetgegch Khaan
490:Black Opal Spring in
489:
444:Strict nature reserve
410:
250:
227:
203:
187:fortress conservation
146:In recent years, the
108:
64:
5336:Planetary boundaries
5326:Conservation officer
4930:Conservation refugee
4879:Habitat conservation
4869:Conservation reserve
4834:Wetland conservation
4732:Conservation grazing
4727:Conservation finance
4691:Conservation welfare
4656:In-situ conservation
4651:Extinction threshold
4646:Ex-situ conservation
4469:United Arab Emirates
4114:Prince Edward Island
3198:Ecological Economics
3153:Conservation Letters
2763:Conservation Letters
2454:https://www.cbd.int/
2171:"Ecosystem Services"
1495:on 27 September 2017
1431:Conservation Biology
1339:Lele, Sharachchandra
1149:Conservation refugee
1082:On 21 May 2019, The
1046:, designated in 2009
1040:, designated in 2007
1034:, designated in 2005
965:Wildlife sanctuaries
754:biological corridors
727:loss of biodiversity
393:carbon sequestration
284:Important Bird Areas
209:and cultural values.
4676:Nature conservation
4666:Marine conservation
4636:Conservation status
3840:Campaign For Nature
3835:ProtectedPlanet.net
3683:"Account Suspended"
3506:2021SciA....7.1569B
3297:2019BiCon..28.3277D
3245:2017BCons.207...72D
3210:2016EcoEc.129...94S
3165:2019ConL...12E2647S
3126:2016JNatC..29...33P
3029:2016AgEE..225..184A
2979:2016DivDi..22...83R
2921:2016GCBio..22..656S
2868:2019Sci...364..881G
2824:2018BCons.219...20R
2775:2011ConL....4....9M
2703:10.1038/nature22902
2695:2017Natur.546...91P
2542:2016ACMFE..26S...3H
2267:4 June 2013 at the
2121:2017PNAS..114.1601X
2049:2021EcoPe..17..411B
2002:2023Natur.622..101J
1739:. 10 September 2015
1636:Campaign for Nature
1542:2011MEPS..434..251M
1443:2010ConBi..24..362.
1363:2010COES....2...94L
1281:World Heritage Site
1266:Urban heritage park
1090:World Wildlife Fund
1001:Mediterranean basin
911:megadiverse country
783:, the tiger, dhole
768:, mountain weasel (
472:Protected Landscape
256:ocean acidification
4973:Island restoration
4904:Open space reserve
4696:Threatened species
3972:Northern Territory
3174:10.1111/conl.12647
1918:"Biodiversity A-Z"
1868:Scott., Mills, L.
1318:Environment portal
989:conservation areas
969:biosphere reserves
942:Habitats Directive
875:
864:
850:
667:
655:
528:territorial states
500:
496:Bogd Khan Mountain
427:has developed six
417:
384:ecosystem services
288:Endemic Bird Areas
253:
230:
207:ecosystem services
183:endangered species
118:conservation areas
111:
103:
5397:
5396:
5356:Soil conservation
4909:Wildlife corridor
4792:Forest protection
4787:Forest management
4536:
4535:
3997:Western Australia
3469:. 28 October 2021
3291:(12): 3277–3297.
2987:10.1111/ddi.12375
2929:10.1111/gcb.13089
2862:(6443): 881–886.
1996:(7981): 101–106.
1881:978-1-118-40669-4
1826:978-2-8317-1608-4
1692:Dudley, N. (ed.)
1551:10.3354/meps09214
1190:Historic district
1007:Four Ramsar sites
798:and Tibetan fox (
584:natural resources
571:in 1992, and the
432:management aims.
316:Crisis Ecoregions
18:Conservation Area
16:(Redirected from
5422:
5387:
5386:
5271:Papua New Guinea
5163:Cryopreservation
5128:Gray nurse shark
4782:Flagship species
4606:Captive breeding
4563:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4539:
4387:Ulyanovsk Oblast
4347:Papua New Guinea
4216:Himachal Pradesh
4074:British Columbia
3918:
3911:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3819:
3817:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3705:The Moscow Times
3697:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3574:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3500:(46): eabj1569.
3494:Science Advances
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3276:
3257:
3256:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2964:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2879:
2847:
2836:
2835:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2737:farmlandgrab.org
2729:
2723:
2722:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:on 16 April 2013
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2550:10.1002/aqc.2681
2525:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2389:on 1 August 2012
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:on 19 March 2012
2349:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2132:
2115:(7): 1601–1606.
2096:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1818:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1491:. Archived from
1485:
1479:
1478:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1335:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1257:(European Union)
1205:Last of the Wild
981:communal forests
833:Kuivajärvi, the
801:Vulpes ferrilata
775:, small-toothed
762:Chinese pangolin
735:invasive species
462:Natural monument
413:Belianske Tatras
397:nutrient cycling
302:Sites (AZE) and
124:(e.g. firewood,
99:
93:
87:
81:
75:
69:
21:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5410:Protected areas
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5360:
5314:
5169:
5087:Indian elephant
5006:
4949:
4918:
4914:30 by 30 target
4845:
4838:
4814:Riparian buffer
4705:
4592:
4585:
4572:
4567:
4537:
4532:
4429:Solomon Islands
3982:South Australia
3967:New South Wales
3928:
3925:Protected areas
3922:
3826:
3784:
3782:Further reading
3779:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3739:on 13 July 2009
3736:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3551:
3547:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3367:on 23 July 2008
3355:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3277:
3260:
3229:
3225:
3194:
3190:
3145:
3141:
3109:
3105:
3058:
3054:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2905:
2901:
2848:
2839:
2804:
2800:
2755:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2689:(7656): 91–99.
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2632:. 13 April 2015
2630:www.justice.gov
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2526:
2522:
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2508:
2499:
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2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2269:Wayback Machine
2260:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2097:
2090:
2029:
2025:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1942:
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1911:
1895:
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1336:
1332:
1327:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1215:Listed building
1175:Forest Preserve
1118:
1099:
1080:
1053:
997:
954:
946:Birds Directive
927:
907:
886:
880:
843:Tavastia Proper
827:
796:clouded leopard
771:Mustela altaica
766:Indian pangolin
746:
723:
670:of guidelines.
643:
607:
565:Rio Declaration
484:
460:Category III –
450:Wilderness Area
405:
380:
367:
275:
264:biological pump
260:osmosregulation
222:
216:
195:
114:Protected areas
101:
97:
95:
91:
89:
85:
83:
79:
77:
73:
71:
67:
57:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5428:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5381:
5379:List of people
5376:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5291:United Kingdom
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
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5170:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Painted turtle
5135:
5130:
5125:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5062:
5057:
5055:American bison
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
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4997:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
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4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
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4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
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4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4474:United Kingdom
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:European Union
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Czech Republic
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3824:External links
3822:
3821:
3820:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3758:Hananel, Sam.
3750:
3717:
3692:
3674:
3652:
3620:
3602:
3565:(9): 762–766.
3545:
3480:
3467:China Dialogue
3454:
3429:
3403:
3378:
3348:
3326:
3258:
3223:
3188:
3139:
3103:
3052:
3007:
2950:
2915:(2): 656–665.
2899:
2837:
2798:
2742:
2724:
2673:
2643:
2617:
2591:
2577:
2563:
2520:
2506:
2492:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2435:
2426:
2400:
2370:
2344:
2329:
2316:
2297:
2283:
2272:
2254:
2251:. 8 June 2016.
2240:
2215:
2187:
2162:
2088:
2043:(1): 411–431.
2023:
1975:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1909:
1880:
1853:
1825:
1795:
1786:|journal=
1750:
1724:
1698:
1685:
1659:
1656:. 21 May 2021.
1641:
1623:
1592:
1564:
1506:
1480:
1437:(2): 362–363.
1421:
1384:
1345:(1 May 2010).
1343:Bawa, Kamaljit
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1307:
1304:Ecology portal
1291:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Nature reserve
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Exclusion zone
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1098:
1095:
1079:
1076:
1072:Lake Nicaragua
1068:Paso del Istmo
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
996:
993:
961:National parks
953:
950:
926:
925:European Union
923:
906:
903:
882:Main article:
879:
876:
826:
823:
819:Asian elephant
745:
742:
731:climate change
722:
719:
642:
639:
627:
626:
606:
603:
580:global heating
483:
480:
479:
478:
475:
468:
465:
458:
454:Category II –
452:
448:Category Ib –
446:
442:Category Ia –
404:
401:
379:
376:
366:
363:
354:
353:
346:
336:
328:Carbon stocks:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
244:
241:
234:climate change
220:Climate Change
218:Main article:
215:
212:
194:
191:
152:European Union
96:
90:
84:
78:
72:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5427:
5416:
5413:
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5408:
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5405:
5390:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:IUCN Red List
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:De-extinction
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:United States
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
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5274:
5272:
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5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4983:afforestation
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:Reforestation
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:United States
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:New Brunswick
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3662:
3656:
3640:
3635:
3634:public domain
3624:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2358:
2354:
2353:"IUCN – Home"
2348:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2323:Phillips, A.
2320:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2249:"IUCN – Home"
2244:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2203:www.fs.fed.us
2200:
2194:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1778:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:(1): 94–100.
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:National park
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1097:United States
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:known as the
1065:
1061:
1057:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
922:
920:
916:
912:
902:
900:
896:
891:
885:
873:
868:
862:
858:
854:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:golden langur
808:
807:Bubalus arnee
804:
802:
797:
793:
789:
788:
782:
778:
777:ferret badger
774:
772:
767:
763:
757:
755:
751:
741:
738:
736:
732:
728:
721:Effectiveness
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
686:
681:
677:
671:
664:
659:
652:
647:
638:
636:
632:
624:
623:
622:
620:
616:
612:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
563:in 1982, the
562:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
537:
532:
529:
523:
521:
518:
514:
508:
505:
497:
493:
488:
476:
473:
470:Category V –
469:
466:
463:
459:
457:
456:National park
453:
451:
447:
445:
441:
440:
439:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
414:
409:
400:
398:
394:
389:
385:
375:
372:
362:
359:
350:
347:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
326:
325:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
267:
265:
261:
257:
249:
245:
242:
239:
238:
237:
235:
226:
221:
210:
208:
202:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
100: No data
63:
59:
55:
54:Cricket pitch
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5104:Bengal Tiger
5060:Arabian oryx
5051:Land mammal
5038:Golden eagle
4874:Gap analysis
4843:
4601:Biodiversity
4591:Conservation
4454:Turkmenistan
4434:South Africa
4409:Sierra Leone
4399:Saudi Arabia
4124:Saskatchewan
4049:Burkina Faso
3924:
3797:
3793:
3767:. Retrieved
3763:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3729:
3720:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3623:
3615:ec.europa.eu
3614:
3605:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3471:. Retrieved
3466:
3457:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3417:the Guardian
3416:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:
3381:
3371:22 September
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3329:
3288:
3284:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3069:
3066:PLOS Biology
3065:
3055:
3020:
3016:
3010:
2973:(1): 83–96.
2970:
2966:
2953:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2859:
2855:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2766:
2762:
2736:
2727:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:the original
2655:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2594:
2580:
2566:
2536:(S1): 3–11.
2533:
2529:
2523:
2509:
2495:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2438:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2382:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2347:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2300:
2286:
2275:
2257:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2228:ScienceDaily
2227:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2112:
2108:
2101:Liu, Jianguo
2040:
2036:
2026:
1993:
1989:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1870:
1812:
1777:cite journal
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1533:
1529:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1483:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1354:
1350:
1333:
1107:
1100:
1085:Moscow Times
1083:
1081:
1054:
1022:
998:
955:
928:
919:biodiversity
908:
887:
799:
787:Cuon alpinus
784:
769:
758:
747:
739:
724:
715:
711:
705:
701:
698:
697:
693:
689:
672:
668:
628:
608:
592:
577:
569:Earth Summit
545:
533:
524:
509:
501:
435:
434:
423:(WCPA), the
419:Through its
418:
388:biodiversity
381:
368:
355:
348:
343:forest cover
339:Rainforests:
338:
327:
321:
279:biodiversity
276:
231:
204:
196:
176:
174:initiative.
145:
141:
130:
117:
113:
112:
58:
5276:South Sudan
5261:New Zealand
4955:Restoration
4357:Philippines
4315:New Zealand
4231:West Bengal
4099:Nova Scotia
3942:Afghanistan
3815:10023/28716
3800:: 559–588.
3769:24 December
3072:(4): e105.
3046:1885/109128
3023:: 184–191.
2769:(1): 9–20.
2419:11 December
1678:19 December
1616:20 December
1536:: 251–266.
1245:Park ranger
1235:Nature park
1185:Fossil park
1128:Buffer zone
936:(SACs) and
930:Natura 2000
835:Natura 2000
415:in Slovakia
5404:Categories
5211:Costa Rica
5174:By country
5094:Slow loris
5070:Polar bear
4923:Key issues
4710:Approaches
4496:California
4300:Mozambique
4278:Madagascar
4263:Kyrgyzstan
4258:Kyrgyzstan
4243:Kazakhstan
4226:Tamil Nadu
4009:Bangladesh
4004:Azerbaijan
3977:Queensland
3667:13 January
3645:13 January
3422:1 February
3204:: 94–103.
2656:archive.is
2383:archive.is
2363:6 February
1890:1347768873
1414:7 February
1325:References
1170:Ecotourism
651:Swiss Alps
641:Challenges
637:, Canada.
517:Qing China
464:or Feature
371:vertebrate
349:Mountains:
312:Global 200
308:ecoregions
286:(IBA) and
193:Definition
5251:Mauritius
5231:Indonesia
5216:Hong Kong
5186:Australia
5158:Seed bank
5148:Sea otter
5018:Arthropod
4990:Rewilding
4844:Protected
4439:Sri Lanka
4414:Singapore
4320:Nicaragua
4238:Indonesia
4136:Caribbean
3957:Australia
3947:Argentina
3597:196613762
3581:0169-5347
3522:2375-2548
3396:16 August
3321:199370519
3313:1572-9710
3239:: 72–79.
3183:145952617
3120:: 33–44.
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