42:
986:
first complete molecular phylogeny was published, based on 90 species representing all extant genera. This established cycads as the basal group, followed by
Ginkgoaceae, as sister to the remaining gymnosperms, and supporting the ‘gnepine’ hypothesis. This analysis favours the five clade hypothesis, the remaining clade following divergence of the Pinidae, are referred to as the conifer II clade, or cupressophytes, in distinction from the conifer I clade (Gnetidae, Pinidae). This clade, in turn, has two lineages. The first consisting of Sciadopityaceae and the Araucariales, the second being the Cupressales. In the Christenhusz scheme, the Sciadopityaceae were considered to be within Cupressales. The term Cupressaceae
64:
3314:
3302:
985:
However, the exact phylogeny remained a topic that was 'hotly debated", in particular whether the main lineages were best represented by the four subclasses of
Christenhusz and colleagues or the more traditional five clades (cycads, ginkgos, cupressophytes, Pinaceae and gnetophytes). In 2014 the
2214:
Syllabus der
Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische
2398:
An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic
2555:
Brunsfeld, Steven J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Strenge, Darren D.; Ranker, Tom A. (April 1994). "Phylogenetic
Relationships Among the Genera of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae: Evidence from rbcL Sequences".
2367:
1484:
and the
Gymnosperm Database. In this restricted model Pinales (Pinaceae) comprisea 11 genera and about 225 species, all of the other conifers originally included in this order, being included in other orders such as Cupressales.
542:
A system of two groups was maintained by the most commonly used classification in the twentieth century, the revision of the Engler system by Pilger (1926), who grouped 12 families of the
Gymnospermae subdivision into 2 classes;
2530:"LIV. Character and description of Kingia, a new genus of plants found on the South-west coast of New Holland: with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum; and on the female flower of Cycadeœ and Coniferœ"
1375:
A more comprehensive analysis was undertaken by Ran and colleagues in 2018, as part of a detailed phylogeny of all seed plants. This forms the basis of the
Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
430:, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. In the gymnosperms (or Gymnospermae) Lindley included two orders, the Cycadeae and the Coniferae. In his final work (1853) he described Gymnogens as a class with four orders;
554:
The treatment of
Gymnosperms as two groups, though with varying composition and names, was followed for most of the twentieth century, including the systems of Chamberlain (1935), Benson (1957) and
804:, the number of taxonomic publications increased considerably after 2008, however, these approaches have not been uniform. A taxonomic classification has been complicated by the relationship of
1473:, formerly in Cupressaceae, into a separate family (Sciadopityaceae). Cephalotaxaceae had previously been recognized as a separate family, but was subsequently included in Taxaceae. Similarly
1388:(1926), considered the standard through most of the twentieth century. These families were treated as a single order, in distinction to some earlier systems. His families were;
824:
to conifers (‘gnetifer’ hypothesis) or sister to
Pinaceae (‘gnepine’ hypothesis) in which they are classified within the conifers. The extant conifers most likely form a
3032:
Ran, Jin-Hua; Shen, Ting-Ting; Wu, Hui; Gong, Xun; Wang, Xiao-Quan (December 2018). "Phylogeny and evolutionary history of
Pinaceae updated by transcriptomic analysis".
2237:
Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten
2991:
1384:
Historically conifers, in the order Pinales have been considered to consist of six to seven extant families, based on the classification of class Coniferae by
2677:
2372:Лекции по морфологии и систематики архегониальных растений (Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon. Lectures on the morphology and taxonomy of archegonial plants)
2987:"Phylogenomics resolves the deep phylogeny of seed plants and indicates partial convergent or homoplastic evolution between Gnetales and angiosperms"
193:
3465:
387:, with studies recovering Gnetales as either a sister group to Pinaceae or being more derived than Pinaceae but sister to the rest of the group.
3504:
2175:
Histoire des végétaux fossiles, ou, Recherches botaniques et géologiques sur les végétaux renfermés dans les diverses couches du globe 2 vols
2096:
923:
and colleagues extended the system of Chase and Reveal to provide a revised classification of gymnosperms in 2011, based on the above four
2384:Морфология и систематика архегониальных растений: лекции профессора И.Н. Горожанкина 1894-95 г. Gymnaspermae (Archispermae). Часть III
917:
The term Pinophyta has also been used to include all conifers, extinct and extant, with Pinales representing all the extant conifers.
616:
In a later revision, in collaboration with two other taxonomists (1966), Cronquist merged all the gymnosperms into a single division,
403:(1825) first discerned that there were two groups of seed plants, distinguished by the form of seed development, based on whether the
3439:
2638:
2235:
3478:
3138:
3034:
2440:
2357:
2332:
2307:
2279:
2198:
2136:
2104:
3483:
2529:
1480:
Christenhusz and colleagues (2011) included only one family in Pinales, Pinaceae, a practice subsequently followed by the
868:
2243:
2525:
400:
3509:
2345:
An Atlas of the World's Conifers: An Analysis of their Distribution, Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Status
3625:
3604:
3318:
3250:
2853:
De La Torre, Amanda R.; Piot, Anthony; Liu, Bobin; Wilhite, Benjamin; Weiss, Matthew; Porth, Ilga (January 2020).
41:
3187:
2417:
The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system
3599:
965:
2169:
408:
3491:
3258:
3233:
3212:
1481:
1477:
were included in Podocarpaceae. Yews (Taxaceae) have sometimes been treated as a separate order (Taxales).
833:
511:
146:
638:, De-Zhi and colleagues (2004) once again proposed a division of 12 gymnosperm families into two classes;
3377:
3207:
2760:
17:
3093:
Tomlinson, P. B. (2012). "Rescuing Robert Brown—The Origins of Angio-Ovuly in Seed Cones of Conifers".
2661:
2534:
2299:
894:
of the Spermatophytes. Alternative names and the approximate number of genera and species in each are;
829:
671:
3558:
2502:
2480:
3630:
3519:
3217:
3075:
522:. In his classification, Gymnospermae (alternatively named Archespermae) was a class of the division
451:(1880) included only three orders in the class Gymnospermeae, by including taxads within Coniferae;
63:
3306:
890:(41%), and another 27% are oligotypic (2–5 species). The four subclasses have also been treated as
793:
687:
3274:
2415:
2212:
2173:
2396:
801:
635:
2219:
2156:
3545:
3330:
2855:"Functional and morphological evolution in gymnosperms: A portrait of implicated gene families"
2588:
3658:
3540:
3532:
2756:
474:
3581:
3470:
2810:
2240:(in German). Vol. 21 parts (Abteilungen) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
3413:
2945:
2719:
2596:
2152:
2092:
Brief History of the Gymnosperms: Classification, Biodiversity, Phytogeography and Ecology
8:
2930:
Lu, Ying; Ran, Jin-Hua; Guo, Dong-Mei; Yang, Zu-Yu; Wang, Xiao-Quan (15 September 2014).
515:
3184:"Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster - Vascular Plants: Systematics and Characteristics, 2019"
2949:
927:. In this scheme, the Pinidae comprise three orders, including Pinales, and 6 families;
407:
were exposed, receiving pollen directly, or enclosed, which do not. Shortly afterwards,
3612:
3163:
3120:
3112:
3059:
3015:
2986:
2968:
2932:"Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Gymnosperms Inferred from Single-Copy Nuclear Genes"
2931:
2881:
2854:
2841:
2785:
2736:
2702:
2613:
2575:
879:
789:
448:
296:
268:
58:
3527:
3400:
3368:
3183:
3155:
3133:
3051:
3020:
2973:
2886:
2819:
2652:
2633:
2558:
2451:
2436:
2353:
2328:
2303:
2275:
2231:
2194:
2132:
2100:
1506:
891:
202:
3063:
2740:
2706:
2617:
3653:
3617:
3405:
3203:
3167:
3147:
3124:
3104:
3095:
3043:
3010:
3000:
2963:
2953:
2916:
2876:
2866:
2833:
2806:
2777:
2748:
2728:
2714:
2694:
2647:
2605:
2567:
2543:
2349:
2324:
797:
764:
555:
50:
3382:
729:). The gymnosperms are represented by four of these subclasses, placing them in a
2958:
2768:
2752:
2426:
2382:
2343:
2318:
2293:
2269:
2184:
2126:
2115:
2090:
1519:
1474:
1456:
1167:
970:
828:
group. In 2018, the Gymnosperm Phylogeny Group was established, analogous to the
708:
683:
572:
427:
303:
289:
3496:
3151:
3047:
2985:
Ran, Jin-Hua; Shen, Ting-Ting; Wang, Ming-Ming; Wang, Xiao-Quan (27 June 2018).
2158:
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita
413:
3353:
2629:
2271:
Conifers Around the World: Conifers of the Temperate Zones and Adjacent Regions
2148:
845:
88:
3591:
3108:
2921:
2902:
2698:
2547:
2475:
990:
refers to the inclusion of Taxodiaceae. These relationships are shown in this
3647:
2249:
1560:
1441:
1427:
1392:
1385:
1214:
1199:
955:
951:
860:
856:
739:
523:
486:
466:
316:. The distinguishing characteristic is the reproductive structure known as a
228:
183:
168:
2164:(in Latin). Vol. 3(1) 1880. London: L Reeve & Co. pp. 417–447.
867:. Among the seed plants, the gymnosperms are a sister group to the subclass
3571:
3159:
3071:
3055:
3024:
3005:
2977:
2907:
2898:
2890:
2824:
2669:
2665:
2625:
2497:
2411:
2392:
2289:
2227:
2208:
2190:
1397:
1264:
1186:
974:
944:
920:
825:
821:
805:
748:
730:
600:
423:
419:
329:
317:
310:
210:
2089:
Anderson, John Malcolm; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Christopher J. (2007).
3452:
3362:
1469:
1467:
Subsequent revisions merged the Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae, and placed
1461:
1235:
961:
864:
849:
817:
726:
713:
675:
610:
530:
491:
237:
3392:
3116:
2450:
Gernandt, David S; Willyard, Ann; Syring, John V; Liston, Aaron (2011).
3080:
2845:
2789:
2732:
2634:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
2609:
2579:
1067:
904:
813:
785:
704:
679:
605:
496:
384:
372:
conifers, however, belong to other distinct orders within the division
154:
101:
2871:
2820:"A New Scheme of Classification of Living Gymnosperms at Family Level"
2425:
Plomion, Christophe; Bousquet, Jean; Kole, Chittaranjan, eds. (2011).
3457:
3426:
2685:
2673:
2432:
1401:
1023:
991:
924:
898:
887:
722:
535:
514:
published his treatise on Gymnosperms (1895), for which he bears the
481:
418:
to describe the former group. The distinction was then formalized by
380:
373:
333:
321:
306:
299:
3324:
2837:
2781:
2571:
3566:
3444:
3347:
3313:
2936:
1446:
1415:
1248:
1136:
978:
938:
772:
561:
In the latter, Cronquist divided Gymnospermae into two divisions;
504:
365:
246:
219:
3431:
848:(seed bearing plants). In turn, the seed plants together with the
477:
approach, including extinct taxa, with the following six classes;
2403:
2178:. Vol. i 1828. Paris: G. Dufour et Ed. d'Ocagne. p. 22.
1874:
1872:
1409:
1405:
1106:
933:
875:
357:
341:
313:
131:
121:
111:
2678:"A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms"
2420:(3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans. pp. 221–234.
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
3301:
3190:(DCPS), Institute of Biology – Botany, Freie Universität Berlin
1761:
1759:
1435:
883:
768:
404:
369:
361:
325:
1869:
1830:
1828:
1732:
3553:
3418:
2797:
Davy, J. Burtt (1937). "The classification of Coniferae II".
1594:
1431:
1423:
812:, and within extinct taxa, and particularly the placement of
700:
674:
came a major realignment of the linear classification of the
349:
345:
320:
produced by all Pinales. All of the extant conifers, such as
162:
75:
3241:
1992:
1990:
1756:
1643:
1641:
733:
relationship to angiosperms. Subclasses (number of orders);
2374:(in Russian). Moscow: Русская" типо-литография. p. 88.
1825:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1677:
1450:
1419:
852:
809:
792:
has been considered controversial, and lacks consensus. As
353:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1566:
when used as a class of ferns, synonymous with Equisetidae
3182:
Cole, Theodor C. H.; Bachelier, Julien B (October 2019).
2852:
1987:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1584:
1582:
994:, although no formal taxonomic revision was undertaken.
337:
1908:
1701:
620:, with three subdivisions reflecting the main lineages;
2992:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2717:(October 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants".
2009:
2007:
2005:
1920:
1884:
1840:
1786:
1534:, or seed plant, indicating visible sexual organs, and
1000:
Phylogeny of Gymnosperms, subclasses, orders, families
2036:
2034:
1975:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1621:
1579:
844:
Gymnosperms form a group of four subclasses among the
686:(2009). In this system, the land plants form a class,
2799:
Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research
2088:
2019:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1776:
1774:
422:(1830), dividing what he referred to as the subclass
379:
Multiple molecular studies indicate this order being
3076:"Newly required suprageneric names in Magnoliophyta"
2063:
2061:
2002:
1665:
2031:
1944:
1720:
1689:
3248:
2660:
2147:
1963:
1932:
1896:
1878:
1857:
1798:
1771:
1744:
1738:
1615:
1509:because they are not based on an underlying genus
2058:
863:(embryophytes or land plants), as opposed to the
3645:
2554:
2046:
1765:
1653:
469:(1903) Gymnospermae is listed as a subdivision (
3249:Nagalingum, Nathalie; Burleigh, Gordon (2018).
2984:
2818:De-Zhi, Fu; Yong, Yang; Guang-Hua, Zhu (2004).
2747:
2168:
1834:
1683:
816:. The latter have been variously classified as
2449:
1647:
836:, with the intention of reaching a consensus.
711:, also known as embryophytes or Embryophyceae
3181:
2496:Eckenwalder, James Emory (3 September 2008).
2459:
2424:
2186:Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference
2097:South African National Biodiversity Institute
1996:
3279:Flora of North America. Volume 1, Chapter 13
2817:
2320:A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 Vols.)
2295:World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers
2267:
2259:
2226:
1914:
1714:
259:approximate number of species in parentheses
27:Order of seed plants, also known as conifers
3272:
3134:"Evolution and biogeography of gymnosperms"
3132:Wang, Xiao-Quan; Ran, Jin-Hua (June 2014).
2624:
2586:
2495:
2428:Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Conifers
2366:
2341:
2182:
1926:
1890:
1851:
1792:
1632:
1588:
2473:
2380:
1981:
40:
3092:
3031:
3014:
3004:
2967:
2957:
2920:
2880:
2870:
2713:
2651:
2587:Chamberlain, Charles Joseph (June 1935).
2025:
1819:
1671:
593:, divided gymnosperms into four classes;
2929:
2639:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2013:
3202:
3131:
2903:"The Kew Review: Conifers of the World"
2811:10.1093/oxfordjournals.forestry.a062697
2410:
2391:
2040:
1957:
1726:
1695:
874:There are about 1000 extant gymnosperm
796:transformed from being based solely on
597:Conopsida (conifers, including Pinales)
14:
3646:
3070:
2897:
2316:
2288:
2268:Debreczy, Zsolt; Rácz, István (2011).
2248:
2207:
2124:
2113:
1969:
1938:
1902:
1863:
1807:
1780:
1750:
1559:This term should not be confused with
725:as subclasses, including Magnoliidae (
589:Benson,(1957) who introduced the term
3329:
3328:
3239:
3139:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3035:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2524:
2067:
1659:
913:Pinidae (Pinophyta, conifers 70, 600)
859:(vascular plants), part of the class
3605:a3d0c65a-3cd5-46c3-b83d-8ee3c5e2b42e
3559:4FBA2131-12D7-0484-5984-AB14415A4B88
3520:633c0581-e6f3-456a-8024-3e3d4586c0e1
2796:
2761:"On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta"
2381:Горожанкин, Иван Николаевич (1895).
2218:(in German) (3rd ed.). Berlin:
2052:
1501:Taxon names beginning with the root
871:(angiosperms or flowering plants).
24:
25:
3670:
3294:
2467:
653:subclass Multinervidae (6 orders)
3312:
3300:
3251:"The Gymnosperm Phylogeny Group"
2653:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
2244:Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
780:
62:
3188:Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences
2672:; Gardner, M. F.; Mill, R. R.;
2474:Delevoryas, T (13 April 2015).
2076:
1553:
1541:
3240:Earle, Christopher J. (2020).
2342:—; Filer, Denis (2013).
2183:Eckenwalder, James E. (2009).
2155:(1862–1883). "Gymnospermeae".
1879:Nagalingum & Burleigh 2018
1739:Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883
1525:
1512:
1495:
1379:
13:
1:
3273:Eckenwalder, James E (2007).
2368:Gorozhankin, Ivan Nikolaevich
1573:
901:(Cycadophyta, cycads 10, 300)
3259:Botanical Society of America
3234:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
2959:10.1371/journal.pone.0107679
2387:. "Русская" типо-литография.
2125:Benson, Lyman David (1979).
2114:Benson, Lyman David (1957).
1482:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1251:(including Cephalotaxaceae)
910:Gnetidae (Gnetophyta 3, 100)
878:, distributed over about 12
839:
834:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
670:With the development of the
233:yellow-wood family (170-200)
7:
3275:"Gymnosperm classification"
3175:
3152:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.005
3048:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.011
2518:
886:. Many of these genera are
526:, divided into subclasses;
390:
10:
3675:
2535:The Philosophical Magazine
2300:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2260:Engler & Prantl (1924)
1522:in 1825, published in 1826
907:(Ginkgophyta, ginkgo 1, 1)
830:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
672:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
395:
368:, are included here. Some
3337:
3242:"The Gymnosperm Database"
3218:Missouri Botanical Garden
3109:10.1007/s12229-012-9104-5
2922:10.1007/s12225-018-9738-5
2859:Evolutionary Applications
2699:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3
2548:10.1080/14786442608674070
2211:(1903) . "Gymnospermae".
1997:Cole & Bachelier 2019
1550:indicating enclosed seeds
1262:
1246:
1239:
1212:
1197:
1190:
1180:
1165:
1158:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1021:
1014:
274:
267:
180:
175:
160:
153:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
2453:The Conifers (Pinophyta)
2402:(1st ed.). London:
2395:(1830). "General view".
2131:(2nd) ed.). Heath.
2082:
1915:Debreczy & Rácz 2011
1538:indicating exposed seeds
1488:
794:taxonomic classification
473:) and adopted more of a
242:umbrella-pine family (1)
215:cypress family (130-140)
2503:Encyclopædia Britannica
2481:Encyclopædia Britannica
2222:Verlag. pp. 70–75.
1927:Farjon & Filer 2013
1852:Chase & Reveal 2009
1616:Christenhusz et al 2011
855:subclasses make up the
802:molecular phylogenetics
636:molecular phylogenetics
565:division Coniferophyta
547:Coniferales (Coniferae)
411:(1828) coined the term
3006:10.1098/rspb.2018.1012
2662:Christenhusz, M. J. M.
2414:(1853) . "Gymnogens".
717:. Class Equisetopsida
3541:Paleobiology Database
1766:Brunsfield et al 1994
746:subclass Ginkgooidae
580:division Cycadophyta
224:pine family (220-250)
188:araucaria family (41)
3309:at Wikimedia Commons
2720:The Botanical Review
2676:(18 February 2011).
2597:The Botanical Review
2460:Plomion et al (2011)
2262:vol. 13 Gymnospermae
2220:Gebrüder Borntraeger
2128:Plant Classification
2117:Plant Classification
1835:Cronquist et al 1966
1684:Brongniart 1828–1837
820:to all gymnosperms,
510:During this period,
434:Cycadeaceae (cycads)
309:, comprises all the
2950:2014PLoSO...9j7679L
2256:. pp. 121–403.
2170:Brongniart, Adolphe
1958:Wang & Ran 2014
1648:Gernandt et al 2011
788:(Acrogymnospermae)
737:subclass Cycadidae
721:is divided into 14
516:botanical authority
437:Pinaceae (conifers)
2999:(1881): 20181012.
2757:Zimmermann, Walter
2733:10.1007/BF02940572
2610:10.1007/BF02872502
755:subclass Gnetidae
449:Bentham and Hooker
251:yew family (30-50)
3641:
3640:
3528:Open Tree of Life
3331:Taxon identifiers
3305:Media related to
2901:(26 March 2018).
2872:10.1111/eva.12839
2749:Cronquist, Arthur
2715:Cronquist, Arthur
2589:"The Gymnosperms"
2559:Systematic Botany
2442:978-1-57808-719-8
2359:978-90-04-21181-0
2334:978-90-04-17718-5
2309:978-1-84246-025-2
2281:978-963-219-061-7
2200:978-0-88192-974-4
2138:978-0-669-01489-1
2106:978-1-919976-39-6
1715:De-Zhi et al 2004
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1225:
1224:
1147:
1146:
1079:
1078:
968:
949:
936:
775:
762:subclass Pinidae
758:
751:
742:
656:subclass Taxidae
521:
440:Taxaceae (taxads)
286:
285:
262:
252:
243:
234:
225:
216:
207:
203:Cheirolepidiaceae
198:
189:
149:
16:(Redirected from
3666:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3500:
3499:
3497:NHMSYS0020826129
3487:
3486:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3326:
3325:
3317:Data related to
3316:
3304:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3245:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3171:
3128:
3096:Botanical Review
3089:
3067:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2926:
2924:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2849:
2814:
2793:
2765:
2753:Takhtajan, Armen
2744:
2710:
2682:
2657:
2655:
2621:
2593:
2583:
2551:
2542:(337): 352–361.
2514:
2512:
2510:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2457:
2456:. pp. 1–39.
2446:
2421:
2407:
2388:
2375:
2363:
2338:
2317:— (2010).
2313:
2298:(2nd ed.).
2285:
2257:
2254:Klasse Coniferae
2241:
2234:, eds. (1924) .
2223:
2204:
2179:
2165:
2163:
2142:
2121:
2110:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1891:Eckenwalder 2009
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1793:Chamberlain 1935
1790:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1633:Eckenwalder 2008
1630:
1619:
1613:
1592:
1589:Gorozhankin 1904
1586:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1518:Read before the
1516:
1510:
1499:
1242:
1241:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1161:
1160:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1006:
997:
996:
964:
947:
932:
798:plant morphology
763:
756:
747:
738:
519:
383:with respect to
256:
250:
241:
232:
223:
214:
205:
196:
187:
145:
67:
66:
51:Pinus sylvestris
44:
32:
31:
21:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3495:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3333:
3297:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3263:
3261:
3222:
3220:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3074:(August 1995).
3072:Reveal, James L
2838:10.2307/4111081
2782:10.2307/1217531
2763:
2680:
2630:Reveal, James L
2591:
2572:10.2307/2419600
2528:(31 May 1826).
2521:
2508:
2506:
2486:
2484:
2470:
2443:
2406:. p. xxxv.
2360:
2335:
2310:
2282:
2274:. DendroPress.
2201:
2161:
2139:
2107:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1982:Delevoryas 2015
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1622:
1614:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1520:Linnean Society
1517:
1513:
1505:are considered
1500:
1496:
1491:
1475:Phyllocladaceae
1457:Cephalotaxaceae
1382:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1226:
1168:Sciadopityaceae
1148:
1080:
971:Sciadopityaceae
842:
783:
645:order Cycadales
573:Chlamydospermae
568:class Coniferae
398:
393:
238:Sciadopityaceae
171:
166:
144:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3622:
3618:wfo-9000000404
3609:
3596:
3586:
3576:
3563:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3514:
3501:
3488:
3475:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3410:
3397:
3387:
3374:
3359:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3323:
3322:
3321:at Wikispecies
3310:
3296:
3295:External links
3293:
3291:
3290:
3270:
3246:
3237:
3200:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3129:
3103:(4): 310–334.
3090:
3068:
3029:
2982:
2944:(9): e107679.
2927:
2895:
2865:(1): 210–227.
2850:
2815:
2805:(2): 122–123.
2794:
2776:(4): 129–134.
2745:
2727:(4): 425–482.
2711:
2658:
2646:(2): 122–127.
2622:
2604:(6): 183–209.
2584:
2552:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2493:
2469:
2468:Encyclopaedias
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2441:
2422:
2408:
2389:
2364:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2314:
2308:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2250:Pilger, Robert
2224:
2205:
2199:
2180:
2166:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2111:
2105:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2045:
2030:
2026:Ran et al 2018
2018:
2001:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1868:
1856:
1839:
1824:
1820:Cronquist 1960
1812:
1797:
1785:
1770:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1672:Tomlinson 2012
1664:
1652:
1637:
1620:
1593:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1552:
1540:
1524:
1511:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1413:
1395:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1002:
1001:
983:
982:
959:
942:
915:
914:
911:
908:
902:
846:spermatophytes
841:
838:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:(conifers) (1)
760:
753:
744:
688:Equisetopsida
668:
667:
666:
665:
664:
663:
660:
654:
650:Coniferopsida
648:
647:
646:
634:In the era of
632:
631:
628:
625:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
587:
586:
585:
584:
578:
577:
576:
569:
552:
551:
548:
540:
539:
533:
508:
507:
502:
499:
494:
489:
484:
471:Unterabteilung
463:
462:
459:
456:
445:
444:
441:
438:
435:
397:
394:
392:
389:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:
272:
271:
265:
264:
254:
253:
244:
235:
226:
217:
208:
206:(fossils only)
199:
197:(fossils only)
194:Arctopityaceae
190:
178:
177:
173:
172:
167:
158:
157:
151:
150:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3671:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3204:Stevens, P.F.
3201:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2899:Farjon, Aljos
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:Reveal, J. L.
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:Chase, Mark W
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2526:Brown, Robert
2523:
2522:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:Lindley, John
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:Lindley, John
2390:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:Farjon, Aljos
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2228:Engler, Adolf
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2209:Engler, Adolf
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2172:(1828–1837).
2171:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2014:Lu et al 2014
2010:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1565:
1564:sensu stricto
1562:
1561:Equisetopsida
1556:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Podocarpaceae
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Araucariaceae
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:Podocarpaceae
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:Araucariaceae
1195:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:(Ginkgoales)
1069:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
993:
989:
980:
976:
972:
967:
963:
960:
957:
956:Podocarpaceae
953:
952:Araucariaceae
946:
943:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
926:
922:
918:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:Equisetopsida
858:
857:tracheophytes
854:
851:
847:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:Controversies
774:
770:
766:
761:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
735:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
710:
706:
703:
702:
697:
695:
691:
685:
681:
677:
673:
662:order Pinales
661:
659:order Taxales
658:
657:
655:
652:
651:
649:
644:
643:
641:
640:
639:
637:
629:
626:
623:
622:
621:
619:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
595:
594:
592:
583:class Cycadae
582:
581:
579:
574:
570:
567:
566:
564:
563:
562:
559:
557:
549:
546:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
525:
524:Archegoniatae
518:for Pinales,
517:
513:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
487:Bennettitales
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:Engler system
460:
457:
454:
453:
452:
450:
447:In contrast,
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
415:
410:
406:
402:
388:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
294:
291:
280:Coniferophyta
279:
276:
275:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
248:
245:
239:
236:
230:
229:Podocarpaceae
227:
221:
218:
212:
209:
204:
200:
195:
191:
185:
184:Araucariaceae
182:
181:
179:
174:
170:
165:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3659:Plant orders
3338:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3262:. Retrieved
3257:(Abstract).
3254:
3230:
3221:. Retrieved
3213:AP Web v. 14
3211:
3192:. Retrieved
3143:
3137:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3079:
3039:
3033:
2996:
2990:
2941:
2935:
2912:
2908:Kew Bulletin
2906:
2862:
2858:
2829:
2825:Kew Bulletin
2823:
2802:
2798:
2773:
2767:
2724:
2718:
2693:(1): 55–70.
2690:
2684:
2674:Chase, M. W.
2643:
2637:
2601:
2595:
2563:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2507:. Retrieved
2501:
2485:. Retrieved
2479:
2476:"Gymnosperm"
2452:
2427:
2416:
2397:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2344:
2319:
2294:
2270:
2253:
2236:
2232:Prantl, Karl
2213:
2191:Timber Press
2185:
2174:
2157:
2153:Hooker, J.D.
2127:
2116:
2091:
2077:Bibliography
2048:
2041:Stevens 2020
2021:
1977:
1965:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1859:
1815:
1788:
1746:
1734:
1727:Lindley 1853
1722:
1696:Lindley 1830
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1514:
1507:illegitimate
1502:
1497:
1479:
1468:
1466:
1398:Cupressaceae
1383:
1374:
1267:
1265:Cupressaceae
1263:
1247:
1213:
1198:
1187:Araucariales
1166:
1135:
1105:
1066:
1026:(Cycadales)
1022:
1010:
987:
984:
975:Cupressaceae
945:Araucariales
921:Christenhusz
919:
916:
873:
843:
826:monophyletic
822:sister group
784:
731:sister group
718:
712:
699:
693:
689:
669:
642:Cycadopsida
633:
617:
615:
601:Ephedropsida
590:
588:
560:
553:
541:
509:
470:
464:
446:
424:Dicotyledons
414:Phanérogames
412:
399:
381:paraphyletic
378:
292:
287:
258:
255:
211:Cupressaceae
161:
141:
102:Gymnospermae
95:
82:
49:
29:
3453:iNaturalist
3363:Wikispecies
3255:Botany 2018
3088:(2): 68–76.
3042:: 106–116.
2242:, see also
2149:Bentham, G.
1970:Reveal 1995
1939:Farjon 2018
1903:Farjon 2010
1864:Farjon 2001
1808:Benson 1957
1781:Pilger 1926
1751:Engler 1903
1470:Sciadopitys
1462:Taxodiaceae
1380:Subdivision
1236:Cupressales
1011:Gymnosperms
962:Cupressales
869:Magnoliidae
865:green algae
850:monilophyte
808:to extinct
727:angiosperms
714:nom. illeg.
676:land plants
611:Cycadopsida
538:(Coniferae)
531:Cycadoideae
512:Gorozhankin
492:Cordaitales
416:gymnosperms
330:celery-pine
277:Coniferales
18:Coniferales
3648:Categories
3081:Phytologia
2832:(1): 111.
2670:Farjon, A.
2566:(2): 253.
2068:Earle 2020
1660:Brown 1826
1574:References
1548:Angiosperm
1536:gymnosperm
1532:Phanerogam
1109:(Pinales)
1068:Ginkgoidae
905:Ginkgoidae
814:Gnetophyta
786:Gymnosperm
694:sensu lato
606:Gnetopsida
575:(Gnetales)
497:Ginkgoales
461:Cycadaceae
409:Brongniart
155:Type genus
128:Subclass:
108:Division:
3284:11 August
3208:"Pinales"
3206:(2020) .
3194:24 August
3146:: 24–40.
2686:Phytotaxa
2498:"Conifer"
2433:CRC Press
2292:(2001) .
2162:(3 vols.)
2053:Davy 1937
1402:cypresses
1024:Cycadidae
992:cladogram
925:subclades
899:Cycadidae
892:divisions
888:monotypic
840:Phylogeny
765:Cronquist
723:subclades
624:Cycadicae
618:Pinophyta
556:Cronquist
536:Peucideae
501:Coniferae
482:Cycadales
458:Coniferae
455:Gnetaceae
443:Gnetaceae
426:into two
374:Pinophyta
322:Araucaria
307:Pinopsida
300:Pinophyta
176:Families
122:Pinopsida
112:Pinophyta
72:Kingdom:
3600:VicFlora
3589:VASCAN:
3572:50324779
3567:Tropicos
3390:BioLib:
3354:Q1000370
3348:Wikidata
3231:see also
3176:Websites
3160:24565948
3117:41809857
3064:52110440
3056:30153503
3025:29925623
2978:25222863
2937:PLoS ONE
2891:31892953
2759:(1966).
2741:43144314
2707:86797396
2632:(2009).
2618:39793752
2519:Articles
2487:6 August
2378:see also
2370:(1904).
2252:(1926).
2120:. Heath.
1503:conifer-
1447:Taxaceae
1416:Pinaceae
1249:Taxaceae
1137:Gnetidae
979:Taxaceae
939:Pinaceae
931:Pinales
880:families
790:taxonomy
773:Zimmerm.
630:Gneticae
558:(1960).
550:Gnetales
505:Gnetales
475:splitter
391:Taxonomy
385:Gnetales
314:conifers
297:division
269:Synonyms
247:Taxaceae
220:Pinaceae
35:Pinales
3654:Pinales
3533:4736806
3510:1446380
3369:Pinales
3339:Pinales
3319:Pinales
3307:Pinales
3264:30 July
3223:28 July
3168:4662571
3125:5403322
3016:6030518
2969:4164646
2946:Bibcode
2882:6935586
2846:4111081
2790:1217531
2580:2419600
2509:27 July
2404:Longman
2399:economy
2215:Botanik
1410:redwood
1406:juniper
1107:Pinidae
948:Gorozh.
934:Gorozh.
882:and 83
876:species
627:Pinicae
591:Pinales
520:Gorozh.
465:In the
420:Lindley
396:History
358:redwood
342:juniper
334:cypress
295:in the
293:Pinales
147:Gorozh.
142:Pinales
138:Order:
132:Pinidae
118:Class:
76:Plantae
3631:886455
3582:471121
3579:uBio:
3517:NZOR:
3484:500028
3383:215529
3166:
3158:
3123:
3115:
3062:
3054:
3023:
3013:
2976:
2966:
2889:
2879:
2844:
2788:
2739:
2705:
2616:
2578:
2439:
2356:
2331:
2306:
2278:
2197:
2135:
2103:
1436:spruce
1428:cedars
1386:Pilger
884:genera
806:extant
771:&
769:Takht.
709:Reveal
707:&
684:Reveal
571:class
428:tribes
405:ovules
370:fossil
364:, and
362:spruce
311:extant
3626:WoRMS
3554:Plazi
3546:82140
3471:12236
3466:IRMNG
3458:47375
3432:1CONO
3406:623FD
3164:S2CID
3121:S2CID
3113:JSTOR
3060:S2CID
2915:(1).
2842:JSTOR
2786:JSTOR
2769:Taxon
2764:(PDF)
2737:S2CID
2703:S2CID
2681:(PDF)
2614:S2CID
2592:(PDF)
2576:JSTOR
2458:, in
2350:Brill
2325:Brill
2258:, in
2083:Books
1489:Notes
1432:larch
1424:pines
818:basal
749:Engl.
705:Chase
701:sensu
680:Chase
678:, by
401:Brown
350:larch
346:kauri
326:cedar
304:class
290:order
163:Pinus
96:Clade
83:Clade
3505:NCBI
3479:ITIS
3440:GBIF
3427:EPPO
3419:4064
3393:2307
3378:APNI
3286:2020
3266:2020
3225:2020
3196:2020
3156:PMID
3052:PMID
3021:PMID
2974:PMID
2887:PMID
2511:2020
2489:2020
2437:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2101:ISBN
1451:yews
1420:firs
1268:s.l.
988:s.l.
966:Link
853:fern
832:and
810:taxa
719:s.l.
690:s.l.
682:and
354:pine
318:cone
288:The
3613:WFO
3492:NBN
3445:640
3414:EoL
3401:CoL
3148:doi
3105:doi
3044:doi
3040:129
3011:PMC
3001:doi
2997:285
2964:PMC
2954:doi
2917:doi
2877:PMC
2867:doi
2834:doi
2807:doi
2778:doi
2729:doi
2695:doi
2648:doi
2644:161
2606:doi
2568:doi
2544:doi
800:to
759:(3)
757:Pax
752:(1)
743:(1)
740:Pax
698:or
366:yew
338:fir
3650::
3628::
3615::
3602::
3592:52
3569::
3556::
3543::
3530::
3507::
3494::
3481::
3468::
3455::
3442::
3429::
3416::
3403::
3380::
3365::
3350::
3277:.
3253:.
3216:.
3210:.
3186:.
3162:.
3154:.
3144:75
3142:.
3136:.
3119:.
3111:.
3101:78
3099:.
3086:79
3084:.
3078:.
3058:.
3050:.
3038:.
3019:.
3009:.
2995:.
2989:.
2972:.
2962:.
2952:.
2940:.
2934:.
2913:73
2911:.
2905:.
2885:.
2875:.
2863:13
2861:.
2857:.
2840:.
2830:59
2828:.
2822:.
2803:11
2801:.
2784:.
2774:15
2772:.
2766:.
2755:;
2751:;
2735:.
2725:26
2723:.
2701:.
2691:19
2689:.
2683:.
2668:;
2664:;
2642:.
2636:.
2628:;
2612:.
2600:.
2594:.
2574:.
2564:19
2562:.
2540:67
2538:.
2532:.
2500:.
2478:.
2435:.
2431:.
2376:,
2352:.
2348:.
2327:.
2323:.
2302:.
2230:;
2193:.
2189:.
2151:;
2099:.
2095:.
2060:^
2033:^
2004:^
1989:^
1946:^
1871:^
1842:^
1827:^
1800:^
1773:^
1758:^
1703:^
1640:^
1623:^
1596:^
1581:^
1434:,
1430:,
1426:,
1422:,
1408:,
1404:,
977:,
973:,
954:,
767:,
376:.
360:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
302:,
249:,
240:,
231:,
222:,
213:,
186:,
169:L.
98::
85::
3288:.
3268:.
3244:.
3236:)
3229:(
3227:.
3198:.
3170:.
3150::
3127:.
3107::
3066:.
3046::
3027:.
3003::
2980:.
2956::
2948::
2942:9
2925:.
2919::
2893:.
2869::
2848:.
2836::
2813:.
2809::
2792:.
2780::
2743:.
2731::
2709:.
2697::
2656:.
2650::
2620:.
2608::
2602:1
2582:.
2570::
2550:.
2546::
2513:.
2491:.
2445:.
2362:.
2337:.
2312:.
2284:.
2203:.
2141:.
2109:.
2070:.
2055:.
2043:.
2028:.
2016:.
1999:.
1984:.
1972:.
1960:.
1941:.
1929:.
1917:.
1905:.
1893:.
1881:.
1866:.
1854:.
1837:.
1822:.
1810:.
1795:.
1783:.
1768:.
1753:.
1741:.
1729:.
1717:.
1698:.
1686:.
1674:.
1662:.
1650:.
1635:.
1618:.
1591:.
1453:)
1449:(
1438:)
1418:(
1412:)
1400:(
981:)
969:(
958:)
950:(
941:)
937:(
696:)
692:(
261:)
257:(
201:†
192:†
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_-_Kristiansand,_Norway_2021-08-10.jpg)
