379:(MRAs) with other countries in order to promote trade of and facilitate market access to goods and services, while making it easier to meet a country's conformance testing requirements. Additionally, these agreements have the advantage of increasing confidence in conformance assessment bodies (e.g., testing labs and certification bodies), and by extension, product quality. An example is the
225:
have certain criteria that a product must meet before compliance is recognized. In countries such as Japan, China, Korea, and some parts of Europe, products cannot be sold unless they are known to meet those requirements specified in the standards. Usually, manufacturers set their own requirements to
229:
Compliance testing for electronic devices include emissions tests, immunity tests, and safety tests. Emissions tests ensure that a product will not emit harmful electromagnetic interference in communication and power lines. Immunity tests ensure that a product is immune to common electrical signals
180:
In all such testing, the subject of test is not just the formal conformance in aspects of completeness of filed proofs, validity of referred certificates, and qualification of operating staff. Rather, it also heavily focuses on operational conditions, physical conditions, and applied test
213:, some countries and business environments (such as telecommunication companies) require that an electronic product meet certain requirements before they can be sold. Standards for telecommunication products written by standards organizations such as
281:
Low frequency signals (usually 10 kHz to 80 MHz) are injected onto the data and power lines of a device. This test is used to simulate the coupling of low frequency signals onto the power and data lines, such as from a local AM radio
238:
from a local radio station or interference from nearby products. Safety tests ensure that a product will not create a safety risk from situations such as a failed or shorted power supply, blocked cooling vent, and powerline
86:. Manufacturers and suppliers of products and services rely on such certification including listing on the certification body's website, to assure quality to the end user and that competing suppliers are on the same level.
70:. Beyond simple conformance, other requirements for efficiency, interoperability, or compliance may apply. Conformance testing may be undertaken by the producer of the product or service being assessed, by a user, or by an
226:
ensure product quality, sometimes with levels much higher than what the governing bodies require. Compliance is realized after a product passes a series of tests without occurring some specified mode of failure.
275:
One or more antennas are used to measure the amplitude of the electromagnetic waves that a device emits. The amplitude must be under a set limit, with the limit depending on the device's classification.
313:) are applied to the areas on the device that are likely to be discharged too, such as the faces, near user accessible buttons, etc. Discharges are also applied to a vertical and horizontal
605:
929:"ISO 18436-4:2008 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines -- Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel -- Part 4: Field lubricant analysis"
148:
Conformance testing is applied in various industries where a product or service must meet specific quality and/or regulatory standards. This includes areas such as:
601:
360:
ISO 18436-4:2008 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines—Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel—Part 4: Field lubricant analysis
563:
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350:(ISO) and covered in the divisions of ICS 03.120.20 for management and ICS 23.040.01 for technical. Other standalone ISO standards include:
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856:
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environments. By extension conformance testing leads to a vast set of documents and files that allow for reiterating all performed tests.
972:
397:
997:
905:"ISO/TR 13881:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries -- Classification and conformity assessment of products, processes and services"
1295:
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830:
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which is an agreement for the mutual recognition of accredited certification between IAF Accreditation Body (AB) Member signatories.
222:
531:
355:
ISO/TR 13881:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries—Classification and conformity assessment of products, processes and services
320:
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to simulate an ESD event on a nearby surface. Voltages are usually from 2 kV to 15 kV, but commonly go as high as 25 kV or more.
412:
325:
Bursts of high voltage pulses are applied to the powerlines to simulate events such as repeating voltage spikes from a motor.
214:
953:"ISO/IEC 18009:1999 Information technology -- Programming languages -- Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor"
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independent organization, which can sometimes be the author of the standard being used. When testing is accompanied by
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ISO/IEC 18009:1999 Information technology—Programming languages—Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor
831:"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety - Generic Criteria for Network Telecommunications Equipment"
779:
197:, for instance, are extensively tested to determine whether they meet the recognized standard for that language.
63:
1288:
470:
Test
Quality for Construction, Materials and Structures: Proceedings of the International RILEM/ILAC Symposium
38:
or other activities that determine whether a process, product, or service complies with the requirements of a
1078:
1570:
1509:
376:
231:
1616:
1020:"ISO/IEC Guide 68:2002 Arrangements for the recognition and acceptance of conformity assessment results"
676:
Collaboration
Between Human and Artificial Societies: Coordination and Agent-Based Distributed Computing
530:
M1 Ad-Hoc Group on Issues for
Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards (16 March 2005).
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publishes conformance standards for telecommunication equipment to pass the following tests:
193:, conformance testing verifies that a product performs according to its specified standards.
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998:"Mutual Recognition Agreements for Conformity Assessment of Telecommunications Equipment"
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Similar to radiated emissions, except the signals are measured at the power lines with a
89:
Aside from the various types of testing, related conformance testing activities include:
538:
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754:"How does BOMcheck manage compliance with RoHS restrictions in China, Korea and Japan?"
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806:"ECMA Technical Report TR/74: A Guide to the Application of the EMC Directive to ITE"
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Several international standards relating to conformance testing are published by the
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437:"Interoperability Testing Based on a Fault Model for a System of Communicating FSMs"
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Testing of
Communicating Systems: 15th IFIP International Conference, TestCom 2003
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2nd party assessment (assessment by a purchaser or user of a product or service)
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532:"Report on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards"
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537:. InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards. Archived from
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732:(2nd ed.). The Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 726.
857:"03.120.20: Product and company certification. Conformity assessment"
306:
302:
620:"Conformance Testing and Certification Model for W3C Specifications"
1273:
247:
194:
103:
47:
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1000:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 6 September 2017
705:
A Century of
Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology
466:"Chapter 2: The Need for Mutual Recognition of Test Laboratories"
380:
139:
3rd party assessment (undertaken by an independent organisation)
234:(EMI) that will be found in its operating environment, such as
331:
The line voltage is slowly dropped down then brought back up.
443:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 226–242.
434:
250:'s telecommunications research and development subsidiary
881:"23.040.01: Pipeline components and pipelines in general"
678:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 62–73.
1022:. International Organization for Standards. January 2002
606:
Conformity
Assessment and Accreditation Policy in the UK
506:. Valence Electrical Training Services. pp. 13–52.
200:
16:
Type of testing for standards, contracts and regulations
672:"Towards Rigorous Compiler Implementation Verification"
602:
Department for
Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
371:
Conformity assessment and mutual recognition agreements
1042:"Technical Information on Technical barriers to trade"
504:
The Relay
Testing Handbook: Relay Testing Fundamentals
62:. The test procedures may involve other criteria from
669:
82:as being certified in compliance with the referred
301:Electrostatic discharges with various properties (
823:
645:. In Dean, D.A.; Evans, E.R.; Hall, I.H. (eds.).
608:, published February 2017, accessed 8 August 2020
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129:identifies three forms of testing or assessment:
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562:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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435:Trenkaev, V.; Kim, M.; Seol, S. (2003).
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975:. European Commission. 22 February 2018
643:"Chapter 4: Specifications and Quality"
500:"Chapter 2: Relay Testing Fundamentals"
337:A surge is applied to the line voltage.
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78:, the products or services may then be
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133:1st party assessment (self assessment)
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413:Testing, inspection and certification
201:Electronic and electrical engineering
164:electronic and electrical engineering
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730:High Voltage Engineering and Testing
618:Dardailler, D., ed. (January 2002).
439:. In Hogrefe, D.; Wiles, A. (eds.).
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647:Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology
13:
14:
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265:is used to subject the device to
1546:Graphical user interface testing
786:. European Union. 30 August 1993
581:"What is conformity assessment?"
973:"Mutual Recognition Agreements"
707:. CRC Press. pp. 258–259.
670:Goerigk, W.; Simon, F. (1999).
649:. CRC Press. pp. 73–105.
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342:Standardization and agreements
1:
472:. CRC Press. pp. 12–18.
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377:mutual recognition agreements
1571:Software reliability testing
1510:Software performance testing
232:electromagnetic interference
176:building construction (fire)
144:Typical areas of application
121:Forms of conformance testing
7:
780:"EUR-Lex - 31993L0068 - EN"
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10:
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1413:Testing types, techniques,
1048:. World Trade Organization
468:. In Fickelson, M. (ed.).
167:medical procedure proofing
54:. Testing is often either
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833:. Ericsson. December 2017
674:. In Padget, J.A. (ed.).
236:electromagnetic radiation
152:biocompatibility proofing
1556:Orthogonal array testing
1505:Smoke testing (software)
1475:Dynamic program analysis
1124:Food safety organization
728:Ryan, H.M., ed. (2001).
334:Powerline surge immunity
170:pharmaceutical packaging
155:data and communications
703:. In Lide, D.R. (ed.).
701:"FORTRAN Test Programs"
403:Standards organizations
296:Electrostatic discharge
1160:Nondestructive testing
1155:Discrimination testing
1109:Standards organization
328:Powerline dip immunity
252:Telcordia Technologies
211:electrical engineering
207:electronic engineering
1435:Compatibility testing
1114:Consumer organization
1102:Testing organizations
498:Werstiuk, C. (2007).
267:electromagnetic waves
24:conformity assessment
1480:Installation testing
1470:Differential testing
641:Evans, E.R. (2005).
375:Many countries sign
185:Software engineering
173:software engineering
161:document engineering
157:protocol engineering
64:mathematical testing
26:, and also known as
1465:Development testing
1460:Destructive testing
1450:Conformance testing
1394:Integration testing
1339:Model-based testing
1329:Exploratory testing
1150:Destructive testing
1140:Conformance testing
699:Cugini, J. (2001).
544:on 13 December 2006
464:Ware, J.E. (1990).
285:Conducted emissions
20:Conformance testing
1617:Evaluation methods
1520:Symbolic execution
1495:Regression testing
1455:Continuous testing
1445:Concurrent testing
1389:Acceptance testing
1312:The "box" approach
1119:Trade organization
278:Conducted immunity
272:Radiated emissions
84:technical standard
44:technical standard
28:compliance testing
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1530:Usability testing
1356:White-box testing
1324:All-pairs testing
1319:Black-box testing
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1270:
1185:Usability testing
811:. ECMA. June 1999
258:Radiated immunity
1624:
1602:Software testing
1500:Security testing
1485:Negative testing
1440:Concolic testing
1366:Mutation testing
1351:Grey-box testing
1344:Scenario testing
1305:Software testing
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1257:Just-About-Right
1226:Software testing
1201:Cannabis testing
1170:Sensory analysis
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