453:(FHE) is a form of encryption that permits users to perform computations on encrypted data without first decrypting it. Confidential computing, in contrast, transfers encrypted data inside a hardware-enforced, access-controlled TEE in the processor and memory, decrypts the data, and performs the required computations. Data may be re-encrypted before exiting the TEE. Compared to each other, FHE performance can suffer from higher computational overhead than confidential computing and require extensive application-specific coding but is less susceptible to side-channel attacks since data is never decrypted. Several researchers have described use cases where confidential computing TEEs and FHE work together to mitigate shortcomings of the technologies acting individually.
186:
464:(SMPC) is a privacy-preserving technology that allows multiple parties to jointly compute a task using distributed algorithms while keeping each party's data private from the others. Confidential computing can also be used for privacy-preserving multi-party collaboration. Compared to each other, distributed computing with SMPC can be more expensive in terms of computation and network bandwidth, but less susceptible to side-channel attacks since no party ever holds the complete data set.
421:"Confidential Remote Computing" (CRC) paradigm, reverts confidential computing to original design principles of TEEs and advocate for small enclaves, running in available end-users computers. CRC adds practices and templates for multiple stakeholders, such as different data owners, hardware owners and algorithm owners. CRC extends the broad notion of confidential computing by adding practices and methodologies for individual use.
480:
protocols. However, Trusted
Computing targets a different set of threat models and large variety of platforms (e.g., phones, laptops, servers, network equipment); confidential computing addresses attack vectors that target confidentiality and integrity of code and data in use, notably through the use of Trusted Execution Environments and memory encryption.
106:, individual application, or compute functions. Typically, data in use in a computer's compute components and memory exists in a decrypted state and can be vulnerable to examination or tampering by unauthorized software or administrators. According to the CCC, confidential computing protects data in use through a minimum of three properties:
378:
may require that sensitive data remain in a specific country or geographic bloc to provide assurance that the data will only be used in compliance with local law. Using confidential computing, only the workload owner holds the encryption keys required to decrypt data for processing inside a verified
282:
Upstream hardware supply-chain attacks: including attacks on the CPU manufacturing process, CPU supply chain in key injection/generation during manufacture. Attacks on components of a host system that are not directly providing the capabilities of the trusted execution environment are also generally
127:
attestation is an essential part of confidential computing. The attestation process assesses the trustworthiness of a system and helps ensure that confidential data is released to a TEE only after it presents verifiable evidence that it is genuine and operating with an acceptable security posture.
323:
of data and code from the infrastructure provider, unauthorized or malicious software and system administrators, and other cloud tenants, which may be a concern for organizations seeking control over sensitive or regulated data. The additional security capabilities offered by confidential computing
479:
that aim to establish trust in computing systems by using standardized hardware-based mechanisms like the
Trusted Platform Module (TPM). From a technical perspective, Trusted Computing and confidential computing rely on similar security concepts, such as trust architecture and remote attestation
132:
to execute attestation routines in a secure environment". Without attestation, a compromised system could deceive others into trusting it, claim it is running certain software in a TEE, and potentially compromise the confidentiality or integrity of the data being processed or the integrity of the
680:
Application software is required to enable most confidential computing use cases. Providers of confidential computing software applications include Anjuna, CanaryBit, Cosmian, CYSEC, Decentriq, Edgeless
Systems, Enclaive, Fortanix, IBM Hyper Protect Services, Mithril Security, Oblivious, Opaque
340:
Oxford
University researchers proposed the alternative paradigm called "Confidential Remote Computing" (CRC), which supports confidential operations in Trusted Execution Environments across endpoint computers considering multiple stakeholders as mutually distrustful data, algorithm and hardware
332:
Confidential computing can enable multiple parties to engage in joint analysis using confidential or regulated data inside a TEE while preserving privacy and regulatory compliance. In this case, all parties benefit from the shared analysis, but no party's sensitive data or confidential code is
93:
Trusted execution environments (TEEs) "prevent unauthorized access or modification of applications and data while they are in use, thereby increasing the security level of organizations that manage sensitive and regulated data". Trusted execution environments can be instantiated on a computer's
128:
It allows the verifying party to assess the trustworthiness of a confidential computing environment through an "authentic, accurate, and timely report about the software and data state" of that environment. "Hardware-based attestation schemes rely on a trusted hardware component and associated
177:
Virtual machine isolation removes the elements controlled by the computer infrastructure or cloud provider, but allows potential data access by elements inside a virtual machine running on the infrastructure. Application or process isolation permits data access only by authorized software
146:, defines which elements have the potential to access confidential data, whether they are acting benignly or maliciously. Confidential computing implementations enforce the defined trust boundary at a specific level of data isolation. The three main types of confidential computing are:
2260:
Wang, Wenhao; Jiang, Yichen; Shen, Qintao; Huang, Weihao; Chen, Hao; Wang, Shuang; Wang, XiaoFeng; Tang, Haixu; Chen, Kai; Lauter, Kristin; Lin, Dongdai (2019-05-19). "Toward
Scalable Fully Homomorphic Encryption Through Light Trusted Computing Assistance".
424:
None of the major microprocessor or GPU providers offer
Confidential computing hardware in devices for personal computers anymore, which limits use cases only to server-class platforms. Intel SGX was introduced for PCs in 6th Generation Intel Core
349:
Confidential computing assists in data protection and regulatory compliance by limiting which software and people may access regulated data, as well as providing greater assurance of data and code integrity. In addition, TEEs can assist with
76:
Confidential computing is promoted by the
Confidential Computing Consortium (CCC) industry group, whose membership includes major providers of the technology. In academia, Dr Küçük released Confidential Remote Computing (CRC) to
229:
Protocol attacks: including "attacks on protocols associated with attestation as well as workload and data transport". This includes vulnerabilities in the "provisioning or placement of the workload" or data that could cause a
245:". The CCC notes several caveats in this threat vector, including relative difficulty of upgrading cryptographic algorithms in hardware and recommendations that software and firmware be kept up-to-date. A multi-faceted,
757:
Intel deprecated Intel SGX on Intel Core-branded PC processors after 10th Gen and on Xeon E one-socket server processors after the 2300 series. It continues to be offered on Xeon
Scalable and Xeon D-branded server
418:, Germany called it, "imprecise, incomplete and even conflicting." Researchers have made recommendations to make it more detailed and exact to facilitate research and comparisons with other security technologies.
382:
Additional use cases for confidential computing include blockchain applications with enhanced record privacy and code integrity, privacy-preserving advertising technology, confidential databases and more.
141:
Technical approaches to confidential computing may vary in which software, infrastructure and administrator elements are allowed to access confidential data. The "trust boundary," which circumscribes a
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exposed to the other parties or system host. Examples include multiple healthcare organizations contributing data to medical research, or multiple banks collaborating to identify financial fraud or
3210:
379:
TEE. This provides a technological safeguard that reduces the risk of data being exfiltrated and processed in plaintext in other countries or jurisdictions without the workload owner's consent.
307:
Confidential computing can be deployed in the public cloud, on-premise data centers, or distributed "edge" locations, including network nodes, branch offices, industrial systems and others.
441:
Confidential computing is often compared to other security or privacy-enhancing technologies, including fully homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computing and trusted computing.
1091:
61:, and the technology can be deployed in on-premise data centers, edge locations, or the public cloud. It is often compared with other privacy-enhancing computational techniques such as
279:
Sophisticated physical attacks: including physical attacks that "require long-term and/or invasive access to hardware" such as chip scraping techniques and electron microscope probes.
49:(TEE). Confidential data is released to the TEE only once it is assessed to be trustworthy. Different types of confidential computing define the level of data isolation used, whether
1328:
38:
respectively. It is designed to address software, protocol, cryptographic, and basic physical and supply-chain attacks, although some critics have demonstrated architectural and
1881:
689:
Confidential computing is supported by an advocacy and technical collaboration group called the
Confidential Computing Consortium. The CCC was formed in 2019 under the
488:
Confidential computing use cases require a combination of hardware and software, often delivered in conjunction with cloud service providers or server manufacturers.
3064:
2999:
2824:
3110:
741:. The CCC states its efforts are "focused on projects securing data in use and accelerating the adoption of confidential computing through open collaboration."
1906:
2974:
2117:
van Schaik, Stephan; Seto, Alex; Yurek, Thomas; Batori, Adam; AlBassam, Bader; Garman, Christina; Genkin, Daniel; Miller, Andrew; Ronen, Eyal; Yarom, Yuval.
3025:
1254:
Russinovich, Mark; Costa, Manuel; Fournet, Cédric; Chisnall, David; Delignat-Lavaud, Antoine; Clebsch, Sylvan; Vaswani, Kapil; Bhatia, Vikas (2021-03-09).
1205:
Russinovich, Mark; Costa, Manuel; Fournet, Cédric; Chisnall, David; Delignat-Lavaud, Antoine; Clebsch, Sylvan; Vaswani, Kapil; Bhatia, Vikas (2021-05-24).
1382:
958:
2093:
1618:
Law, Andrew; Leung, Chester; Poddar, Rishabh; Popa, Raluca Ada; Shi, Chenyu; Sima, Octavian; Yu, Chaofan; Zhang, Xingmeng; Zheng, Wenting (2020-11-09).
286:
Availability attacks: confidential computing is designed to protect the confidentiality and integrity of protected data and code. It does not address
2523:
1805:
2187:
2667:
3158:
407:, as well as specifically Æpic and SGAxe against Intel SGX, and CIPHERLEAKS against AMD SEV-SNP. Update mechanisms in the hardware, such as
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182:
or modules within a larger application, blocking access by any other system element, including unauthorized code in the larger application.
1806:"IT Security Act (Germany) and EU General Data Protection Regulation: Guideline 'state of the art' - Technical and organisational measures"
3232:
2642:
1329:"Understanding Confidential Computing with Trusted Execution Environments and Trusted Computing Base models | Dell Technologies Info Hub"
3084:
2498:
358:(ENISA) classifies confidential computing as a "State of the Art" technology with respect to protecting data under the European Union's
241:
due to a number of factors, including mathematical breakthroughs, availability of computing power and new computing approaches such as
1499:
1056:
2236:
2949:
2426:
1829:
Schmidt, Kaja; Munilla
Garrido, Gonzalo; Mühle, Alexander; Meinel, Christoph (2022). Katsikas, Sokratis; Furnell, Steven (eds.).
355:
263:
Basic upstream supply-chain attacks: including attacks that would compromise TEEs through changes such as added debugging ports.
2716:
Andersch, Michael; Palmer, Greg; Krashinsky, Ronny; Stam, Nick; Mehta, Vishal; Brito, Gonzalo; Ramaswamy, Sridhar (2022-03-22).
2476:
1777:
1550:"Confidential Computing as an Attempt to Secure Service Provider's Confidential Client Data in a Multi-Tenant Cloud Environment"
2015:
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856:
2900:"Deeptech Cosmian Raises €4.2m to Accelerate the Deployment of Its Privacy-by-default Solutions Using Advanced Cryptography"
885:"The rise of confidential computing: Big tech companies are adopting a new security model to protect data while it's in use"
2850:
2542:
2692:
2617:
2567:
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The degree and mechanism of protection against these threats varies with specific confidential computing implementations.
202:
can be addressed by this technique. Other types of attacks are better addressed by other privacy-enhancing technologies.
1307:
1835:. Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business. Vol. 13582. Springer International Publishing. pp. 50–65.
806:
414:
The definition of confidential computing itself has also been criticized by some academic researchers. Scholars at the
359:
82:
78:
1003:
1427:
2874:
1166:
2022 52nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks - Supplemental Volume (DSN-S)
2166:
Küçük, Kubilay Ahmet; Martin, Andrew (December 2020). "CRC: Fully General Model of Confidential Remote Computing".
780:
1832:
Mitigating Sovereign Data Exchange Challenges: A Mapping to Apply Privacy- and Authenticity-Enhancing Technologies
415:
354:
by providing evidence of steps taken to mitigate risks and demonstrate that these were appropriate. In 2021, the
166:
58:
1756:
Küçük, Kubilay Ahmet; Martin, Andrew (2023-04-16). "CRC: Fully General Model of Confidential Remote Computing".
1256:"Toward Confidential Cloud Computing: Extending hardware-enforced cryptographic protection to data while in use"
648:
Confidential computing technology and services can be accessed via public cloud computing providers, including
461:
66:
23:
2065:
1115:
Mulligan, Dominic P.; Petri, Gustavo; Spinale, Nick; Stockwell, Gareth; Vincent, Hugo J. M. (September 2021).
178:
applications or processes. Function or library isolation is designed to permit data access only by authorized
3211:"Confidential Computing Consortium Establishes Formation with Founding Members and Open Governance Structure"
2747:
295:
46:
246:
62:
2772:
2717:
932:
426:
2282:
Coppolino, Luigi; D'Antonio, Salvatore; Formicola, Valerio; Mazzeo, Giovanni; Romano, Luigi (May 2021).
2040:
982:
Poddar, Rishabh; Ananthanarayanan, Ganesh; Setty, Srinath; Volos, Stavros; Popa, Raluca (August 2020).
30:. Confidential computing can be used in conjunction with storage and network encryption, which protect
1593:
2451:
1453:"SoK: Confidential Quartet - Comparison of Platforms for Virtualization-Based Confidential Computing"
578:
185:
1456:
1357:
3274:
3049:
2066:"{CIPHERLEAKS}: Breaking Constant-time Cryptography on {AMD} {SEV} via the Ciphertext Side Channel"
102:(GPU). In their various implementations, TEEs can provide different levels of isolation including
99:
1554:
2021 44th International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO)
2773:"Google Cloud announces Confidential Computing 'breakthrough' that encrypts customer data in-use"
604:
476:
110:
Data confidentiality: "Unauthorized entities cannot view data while it is in use within the TEE".
95:
1524:
1408:"CoCoTPM: Trusted Platform Modules for Virtual Machines in Confidential Computing Environments"
511:
450:
408:
324:
can help accelerate the transition of more sensitive workloads to the cloud or edge locations.
214:
Software attacks: including attacks on the host’s software and firmware. This may include the
143:
119:
Code integrity: "Unauthorized entities cannot add, remove, or alter code executing in the TEE".
1907:"Why confidential computing will be critical to (not so distant) future data security efforts"
1663:
Dave, Ankur; Leung, Chester; Popa, Raluca Ada; Gonzalez, Joseph E.; Stoica, Ion (2020-04-15).
189:
Note: Specific implementations may eliminate the Virtual Machine Administrator role altogether
116:: "Unauthorized entities cannot add, remove, or alter data while it is in use within the TEE".
702:
2975:"Is confidential computing the future of cybersecurity? Edgeless Systems is counting on it"
2668:"Intel Adds TDX to Confidential Computing Portfolio With Launch of 4th Gen Xeon Processors"
2284:"VISE: Combining Intel SGX and Homomorphic Encryption for Cloud Industrial Control Systems"
1458:
2022 IEEE International Symposium on Secure and Private Execution Environment Design (SEED)
1031:
841:
2022 IEEE International Symposium on Secure and Private Execution Environment Design (SEED)
210:
The following threat vectors are generally considered in scope for confidential computing:
156:
54:
2592:
1407:
837:"SoK: Limitations of Confidential Computing via TEEs for High-Performance Compute Systems"
260:
and plugging attack devices into an existing port, such as a PCI Express slot or USB port.
8:
1932:"Controlled-Channel Attacks: Deterministic Side Channels for Untrusted Operating Systems"
835:
Akram, Ayaz; Akella, Venkatesh; Peisert, Sean; Lowe-Power, Jason (26–27 September 2022).
392:
170:
160:
39:
3026:"Cybersecurity firm Fortanix secures capital to provide confidential computing services"
2332:
1975:
Lee, Dayeol; Jung, Dongha; Fang, Ian T.; Tsai, Chia-Che; Popa, Raluca Ada (2020-08-12).
1830:
198:
As confidential computing is concerned with the protection of data in use, only certain
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2021 International Symposium on Secure and Private Execution Environment Design (SEED)
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472:
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242:
70:
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959:"Confidential computing: hardware-based trusted execution for applications and data"
3111:"Opaque Systems helps enterprises run collaborative analytics on confidential data"
2365:
2295:
1961:
1939:
1846:
1742:
1720:
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1627:
1624:
Proceedings of the 2020 Workshop on Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning in Practice
1557:
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1415:
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1218:
1169:
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896:
844:
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429:) processors in 2015, but deprecated in the 11th Generation Intel Core processors (
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Multiple academic and security research groups have demonstrated architectural and
375:
334:
253:
215:
45:
The technology protects data in use by performing computations in a hardware-based
2618:"Intel launches the Xeon E-2100 and teases Cascade Lake Advanced Performance CPUs"
1173:
411:(TCB) recovery, can mitigate side-channel vulnerabilities as they are discovered.
1785:
Draft anonymisation, pseudonymisation and privacy-enhancing technologies guidance
1664:
1619:
1466:
1128:
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665:
351:
316:
150:
103:
50:
35:
1850:
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2211:
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1712:
1711:
Liu, Fangfei; Yarom, Yuval; Ge, Qian; Heiser, Gernot; Lee, Ruby B. (May 2015).
1549:
1452:
1161:
1116:
901:
884:
836:
113:
1882:"Confidential Computing: A Win-Win For Both Data Providers And Data Consumers"
275:
Threats generally defined as out of scope for confidential computing include:
3268:
2309:
2064:
Li, Mengyuan; Zhang, Yinqian; Wang, Huibo; Li, Kang; Cheng, Yueqiang (2021).
1548:
Novković, Bojan; Božić, Anita; Golub, Marin; Groš, Stjepan (September 2021).
1281:
1232:
910:
698:
694:
649:
531:
81:
from Oxford University under CC0 license, reviewed by pioneers of the field,
2300:
2283:
1676:
1631:
1419:
1272:
1255:
3065:"Mithril Security Democratizes AI Privacy Thanks To Daniel Quoc Dung Huynh"
2041:"Intel CPUs Vulnerable to New 'SGAxe' and 'CrossTalk' Side-Channel Attacks"
1162:"Understanding Trust Assumptions for Attestation in Confidential Computing"
657:
287:
257:
199:
124:
31:
3085:"Irish confidential computing start-up Oblivious has raised €5.35 million"
1057:"What Is Confidential Computing and Why It's Key To Securing Data in Use?"
2924:
2800:"Why IBM believes Confidential Computing is the future of cloud security"
2643:"Intel launches third-gen Intel Xeon Scalable processor for data centers"
653:
615:
2023 on 4th Gen Intel Xeon Scalable processors via select cloud providers
430:
27:
2499:"Confidential Computing: Arm Builds Secure Enclaves for the Data Center"
1500:"Protecting data on public clouds and edges with confidential computing"
1412:
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
2777:
2369:
1943:
1724:
517:
AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization- Secure Nested Paging (AMD SEV-SNP)
436:
404:
396:
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against CPU-based TEEs based on a variety of approaches. These include
219:
179:
2118:
591:
2018 on Intel Xeon E 2100 series server processors (later deprecated)
2281:
1451:
Guanciale, Roberto; Paladi, Nicolae; Vahidi, Arash (September 2022).
726:
714:
661:
320:
238:
3259:
3186:
3050:"Streamline Fintech Data Management With IBM Hyper Protect Services"
1669:
Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Computer Systems
1223:
1206:
2825:"Azure confidential computing, AWS aim to better secure cloud data"
2267:
2172:
2016:"ÆPIC Leak: Architectural Bug in Intel CPUs Exposes Protected Data"
1989:
1841:
1762:
730:
669:
129:
2568:"Intel's SGX deprecation impacts DRM and Ultra HD Blu-ray support"
2237:"Secure computation: Homomorphic encryption or hardware enclaves?"
2188:"New Intel chips won't play Blu-ray disks due to SGX deprecation"
1828:
734:
718:
400:
2950:"Decentriq raises $ 15M to expand its data clean rooms platform"
981:
2427:"AMD launches third-generation Epyc processors for datacenters"
1981:
Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium
1253:
1204:
807:"Constellation: The First Confidential Kubernetes Distribution"
738:
706:
623:
365:
234:
2356:
Parno, Bryan; McCune, Jonathan M.; Perrig, Adrian (May 2010).
2333:"Cryptographic Techniques and the Privacy Problems They Solve"
2524:"IBM Bolsters Z Portfolio With New Data Privacy Capabilities"
1114:
964:. Confidential Computing Consortium. November 2022. p. 2
722:
710:
572:
3233:"Confidential computing: What is it and why do you need it?"
2715:
1977:"An off-chip attack on hardware enclaves via the memory bus"
1308:"Understanding the Confidential Containers Attestation Flow"
985:
Visor: Privacy-Preserving Video Analytics as a Cloud Service
834:
589:
2015 on 6th Gen Intel Core PC processors (later deprecated)
2851:"OVHcloud releases new Advance Bare Metal Servers for SMEs"
2452:"Microsoft adds confidential VMs running on third-gen Epyc"
2147:"Confidential computing and related technologies: a review"
233:
Cryptographic attacks: including "vulnerabilities found in
223:
3000:"Internationale Datentransfers – Sieht so die Lösung aus?"
2693:"Nvidia is bringing zero trust security into data centers"
1594:"Strengthening cloud security with confidential computing"
2212:"Building Hardware to Enable Continuous Data Protections"
1930:
Xu, Yuanzhong; Cui, Weidong; Peinado, Marcus (May 2015).
1665:"Oblivious coopetitive analytics using hardware enclaves"
1620:"Secure Collaborative Training and Inference for XGBoost"
553:
2543:"Intel to begin shipping Skylake CPUs with SGX enabled"
2477:"Arm launches v9 with Realms and Confidential Compute"
1547:
123:
In addition to trusted execution environments, remote
2116:
1713:"Last-Level Cache Side-Channel Attacks are Practical"
1662:
1450:
2145:
Sardar, Muhammad; Fetzer, Christof (November 2021).
684:
437:
Comparison with other privacy-enhancing technologies
1787:. Information Commissioner's Office. September 2022
475:is a concept and set of standards published by the
2259:
1617:
1388:. Confidential Computing Consortium. December 2022
1097:. Confidential Computing Consortium. November 2022
2355:
2099:. Confidential Computing Consortium. October 2020
1004:"Current Trusted Execution Environment landscape"
456:
85:, Prof Chris Mitchell and Prof Ivan Martinovic.
3266:
3187:"What is the Confidential Computing Consortium?"
1710:
1306:Banerjee, Pradipta; Ortiz, Samuel (2022-12-02).
1092:"A technical analysis of confidential computing"
1974:
1383:"Common terminology for confidential computing"
594:2021 on 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable processors
444:
2593:"Intel issues patches for SGX vulnerabilities"
2745:
2063:
1406:Pecholt, Joana; Wessel, Sascha (2022-12-05).
1405:
1305:
1001:
2748:"Compare Top Confidential Computing Vendors"
2358:"Bootstrapping Trust in Commodity Computers"
2330:
2144:
1929:
1414:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 989–998.
1352:
1350:
1348:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
729:, Decentriq, Fortanix, Kindite, Oasis Labs,
643:
523:2021 with 3rd Gen AMD EPYC server processors
366:Data localization, sovereignty and residency
310:
2797:
2362:2010 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
2165:
1936:2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
1755:
1717:2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
1358:"Intel SGX vs TDX: what is the difference?"
681:Systems, Scontain, Secretarium and others.
637:Virtual Machine or Multi-User GPU Instance
249:strategy is recommended as a best practice.
2997:
2875:"2022 Superuser Awards Nominee: CanaryBit"
2741:
2739:
2737:
2038:
1497:
1117:"Confidential Computing—a brave new world"
1025:
1023:
1002:Sturmann, Lily; Simon, Axel (2019-12-02).
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2424:
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2171:
2140:
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1988:
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24:privacy-enhancing computational technique
3062:
2690:
2590:
2521:
2331:Hockenbrocht, Christopher (2020-02-01).
2159:
878:
876:
804:
721:. The founding general members included
675:
598:Application/Process or Library/Function
536:Arm Confidential Computing Architecture
344:
327:
184:
3023:
2947:
2734:
2565:
2496:
2474:
2230:
2228:
2119:"SoK: SGX.Fail: How Stuff Gets Exposed"
2094:"Confidential Computing Deep Dive v1.0"
1983:. SEC'20. USENIX Association: 487–504.
1778:"Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs)"
1444:
1020:
830:
828:
826:
778:
362:and Germany's IT Security Act (ITSiG).
356:European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
136:
3267:
3181:
3179:
3108:
2998:Schonschek, Oliver (2 November 2022).
2665:
2640:
2135:
2013:
1706:
1704:
1522:
1301:
1299:
1159:
1029:
882:
693:. The founding premiere members were
2972:
2718:"NVIDIA Hopper Architecture In-Depth"
2615:
1904:
1879:
1207:"Toward confidential cloud computing"
1054:
933:"Confidential Remote Computing (CRC)"
873:
16:Privacy-enhancing computing technique
3230:
2822:
2540:
2449:
2234:
2225:
1160:Sardar, Muhammad Usama (June 2022).
823:
467:
315:Confidential computing protects the
3176:
2929:TOP 1000 Swiss Startups awards 2022
2746:Preimesberger, Chris (2020-09-15).
1701:
1296:
13:
2770:
1498:van Winkle, William (2019-12-31).
360:General Data Protection Regulation
252:Basic physical attacks: including
42:effective against the technology.
14:
3286:
3260:Confidential Computing Consortium
3253:
3191:Confidential Computing Consortium
2849:Spadafora, Anthony (2021-10-26).
2124:. Georgia Institute of Technology
1525:"What is confidential computing?"
1032:"What Is Confidential Computing?"
991:. 29th USENIX Security Symposium.
685:Confidential Computing Consortium
2641:Condon, Stephanie (2021-04-06).
2522:Moorhead, Patrick (2020-04-14).
2039:Lakshmanan, Ravie (2020-06-10).
1562:10.23919/MIPRO52101.2021.9597198
883:Rashid, Fahmida Y. (June 2020).
94:processing components such as a
3224:
3203:
3151:
3127:
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3077:
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3017:
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2110:
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2007:
1968:
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1399:
1375:
1321:
1247:
1198:
1153:
1108:
1048:
751:
634:2022 on Nvidia H100 family GPUs
564:2020 with IBM z15 and LinuxONE
558:IBM Secure Execution for Linux
545:2021 with Arm v9-A architecture
416:Technical University of Dresden
270:
226:, other software and workloads.
193:
3109:Sharma, Shubham (2022-06-28).
3063:Thompson, David (2022-11-02).
2691:Columbus, Louis (2022-03-31).
2425:Takahashi, Dean (2021-03-15).
2288:IEEE Transactions on Computers
2070:30th USENIX Security Symposium
1030:Rashid, Fahmida (2020-05-27).
995:
975:
951:
925:
805:Schuster, Felix (2022-10-03).
798:
772:
462:Secure multi-party computation
457:Secure multi-party computation
67:secure multi-party computation
1:
2798:O'Brien, Chris (2020-10-16).
2666:Kovacs, Eduard (2023-01-10).
2566:Pezzone, Jimmy (2022-01-15).
2497:Korolov, Maria (2021-05-04).
2014:Kovacs, Eduard (2022-08-09).
1880:Basak, Anirban (2023-02-06).
1174:10.1109/DSN-S54099.2022.00028
1008:Red Hat Emerging Technologies
765:
628:Nvidia Confidential Computing
296:Distributed Denial of Service
88:
47:trusted execution environment
3024:Wiggers, Kyle (2022-09-15).
2948:Wiggers, Kyle (2022-03-22).
2591:Robinson, Dan (2023-02-15).
2475:Hamblen, Matt (2021-03-30).
1905:Shein, Esther (2023-02-01).
1523:Crouse, Megan (2022-11-07).
1467:10.1109/SEED55351.2022.00017
1333:infohub.delltechnologies.com
1129:10.1109/SEED51797.2021.00025
849:10.1109/SEED55351.2022.00018
483:
445:Fully homomorphic encryption
386:
302:
144:trusted computing base (TCB)
63:fully homomorphic encryption
7:
2973:Plumb, Taryn (2022-09-13).
2823:Taft, Darryl (2019-12-19).
2235:Popa, Raluca (2021-10-01).
1851:10.1007/978-3-031-17926-6_4
205:
10:
3291:
2616:Synek, Greg (2018-11-05).
1719:. IEEE. pp. 605–622.
1461:. IEEE. pp. 109–120.
902:10.1109/MSPEC.2020.9099920
843:. IEEE. pp. 121–132.
3231:Gold, Jack (2020-09-28).
3004:cloudcomputing-insider.de
1211:Communications of the ACM
1055:Olzak, Tom (2021-09-20).
644:Cloud computing providers
579:Software Guard Extensions
571:
311:Data privacy and security
169:isolation, also known as
159:isolation, also known as
2771:Li, Abner (2020-07-14).
2541:Funk, Ben (2015-10-05).
781:"States of Digital Data"
744:
100:graphics processing unit
2406:Trusted Computing Group
2301:10.1109/TC.2020.2995638
1677:10.1145/3342195.3387552
1632:10.1145/3411501.3419420
1626:. ACM. pp. 21–26.
1420:10.1145/3564625.3564648
1273:10.1145/3454122.3456125
605:Trust Domain Extensions
477:Trusted Computing Group
96:central processing unit
1671:. ACM. pp. 1–17.
1556:. pp. 1213–1218.
939:. University of Oxford
512:Advanced Micro Devices
451:homomorphic encryption
409:Trusted computing base
370:Regulations regarding
258:bus and cache snooping
190:
26:focused on protecting
20:Confidential computing
2503:Data Center Knowledge
676:Application providers
345:Regulatory compliance
328:Multi-party analytics
188:
2479:. Fierce Electronics
2364:. pp. 414–429.
1938:. pp. 640–656.
1123:. pp. 132–138.
779:Fitzgibbons, Laura.
393:side-channel attacks
137:Technical approaches
40:side-channel attacks
2456:www.theregister.com
2402:"Trusted Computing"
2214:. DARPA. 2020-03-02
3213:. Linux Foundation
3165:. 28 February 2022
2370:10.1109/SP.2010.32
1944:10.1109/SP.2015.45
1725:10.1109/SP.2015.43
1266:(1): 20:49–20:76.
1168:. pp. 49–50.
191:
83:Prof Andrew Martin
22:is a security and
2379:978-1-4244-6894-2
2079:978-1-939133-24-3
2000:978-1-939133-17-5
1953:978-1-4673-6949-7
1860:978-3-031-17925-9
1811:. TeleTrusT. 2021
1734:978-1-4673-6949-7
1686:978-1-4503-6882-7
1641:978-1-4503-8088-1
1598:IBM Research Blog
1571:978-953-233-101-1
1476:978-1-6654-8526-5
1183:978-1-6654-0260-6
1138:978-1-6654-2025-9
858:978-1-6654-8526-5
641:
640:
494:Hardware provider
473:Trusted computing
468:Trusted computing
374:and residency or
372:data localization
292:Denial of Service
254:cold boot attacks
243:quantum computing
71:Trusted Computing
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691:Linux Foundation
618:Virtual Machine
567:Virtual Machine
548:Virtual Machine
526:Virtual Machine
506:Isolation level
491:
490:
376:data sovereignty
335:money laundering
290:attacks such as
247:defense-in-depth
216:operating system
3290:
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3275:Data protection
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2904:Fintech Futures
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2547:The Tech Report
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151:Virtual machine
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104:virtual machine
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51:virtual machine
36:data in transit
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