20:
384:. That is, they agree to adopt common, predefined ontologies...to express general categories, even if they do not completely agree on the modeling behind the ontological representations. Where ontological commitment is lacking, it is difficult to converse clearly about a domain and to benefit from knowledge representations developed by others... Ontological commitment is thus an integral aspect of ontological engineering.”
65:
As a higher level abstraction, a conceptualization facilitates the discussion and comparison of its various ontologies, facilitating knowledge sharing and reuse. Each ontology based upon the same overarching conceptualization maps the conceptualization into specific elements and their relationships.
76:
However, in more artificial situations, such as information systems, the idea of a 'conceptualization' and the 'ontological commitment' of various ontologies that realize the 'conceptualization' is possible. The formation of a conceptualization and its ontologies involves these steps:
50:", its objects and interrelations described within the language it uses, while a conceptualization is always the same, more general, its concepts existing "independently of the language used to describe it". The relation between these terms is shown in the figure to the right.
35:
is an abstract simplified view of some selected part of the world, containing the objects, concepts, and other entities that are presumed of interest for some particular purpose and the relationships between them. An explicit specification of a conceptualization is an
73:' problem, that is, how can persons used to one ontology talk with others using a different ontology? This problem is easily grasped, but a general resolution is not at hand. It can be a 'bottom-up' or a 'top-down' approach, or something in between.
339:
of a theory consists of the objects the theory makes use of. A dependence of a theory upon an object is indicated if the theory fails when the object is omitted. However, the ontology of a theory is not necessarily unique. A theory is
660:
462:
188:
112:
Another example is mathematics, where a very general formulation (the analog of a conceptualization) is illustrated with 'applications' that are more specialized examples. For instance, aspects of a
492:
In information science, one approach to finding a conceptualization (or avoiding it and using an automated comparison) is called 'ontology alignment' or 'ontology matching'. See for example,
109:. The pseudocode makes it easier to understand the instructions and compare implementations, but the formal languages make possible the compilation of the ideas as computer instructions.
23:
Chart showing the relation between a conceptualization in information science, its various ontologies (each with its own specialized language), and their shared ontological commitment.
57:
use the term ‘conceptualization’, but instead refer to the conceptualization itself, or to the ontological commitment of all its realizations, as an overarching ontology.
469:
185:
124:
that introduce interpretations of the 'elements' of the conceptualization and additional relationships between them but preserve the connections required in the
664:
69:
The question then arises as to how to describe the 'conceptualization' in terms that can encompass multiple ontologies. This issue has been called the '
656:
380:“Researchers...come from different areas of study and have different perspectives on modeling, but significantly they pledged to adopt the same
46:
in describing ontological comparisons is taken to refer to that subset of elements of an ontology shared with all the others. "An ontology is
638:
522:
695:
101:(a strictly structured form of ordinary language) leading to implementation in several different formal computer languages like
137:
599:
416:
620:
564:
505:
317:
288:
690:
97:
An example of moving conception into a language leading to a variety of ontologies is the expression of a process in
705:
685:
147:
37:
352:
to a class of objects if that class is populated (not necessarily by the same objects) in all its ontologies.
680:
102:
87:
relationships between the concepts: this step maps conceptual relationships onto the ontology structure
238:
40:, and it may occur that a conceptualization can be realized by several distinct ontologies. An
305:
233:
42:
548:
273:
700:
224:
196:
54:
546:
400:
181:
592:
Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications, databases and information systems IV
162:
152:
8:
28:
251:
216:
142:
93:
formal description of ontology commitments, for example, to make them computer readable
520:
195:. These sources are among the references to this article. The figure is imported from
616:
595:
560:
501:
412:
313:
284:
157:
121:
255:
243:
585:"On Ontology, ontologies, conceptualizations, modeling languages and (meta)models"
610:
549:"Chapter 7: Design methodology for integrated systems - Part I (Ontology design)"
495:
192:
584:
405:
Formal
Ontology in Information Systems (Proceedings of FOIS '98, Trento, Italy)
125:
113:
70:
674:
547:
Maja Hadzic; Pornpit
Wongthongtham; Elizabeth Chang; Tharam Dillon (2009).
247:
117:
84:
ontology concepts: every definition involves the definitions of other terms
438:"Modeling utility ontologies in agentcities with a collaborative approach"
366:"Modeling utility ontologies in agentcities with a collaborative approach"
19:
652:
437:
365:
90:
groups of concepts: this step may lead to the creation of sub-ontologies
212:
98:
521:
Nicola
Guarino; Massimiliano Carrara; Pierdaniele Giaretta (1994).
336:
312:(Paperback 2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 631.
106:
590:. In Olegas Vaselicas; Johan Edler; Albertas Caplinskas (eds.).
281:
Blackwell Guide to the
Philosophy of Computing and Information
435:
363:
661:
Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
493:
217:"A translation approach to portable ontology specifications"
463:"Ontology mapping: a way out of the medical tower of babel"
608:
16:
Abstract simplified view of selected part(s) of the world
324:
A shortened version of that definition is as follows:
348:
the ontologies of that theory. A theory also can be
331:
of a theory are those things which occur in all the
672:
303:
460:
180:This figure has similarities with Figure 1 in
60:
651:This article incorporates material from the
636:
430:
428:
344:to an object only if that object occurs in
609:Katherine Munn; Barry Smith, eds. (2008).
456:
454:
582:
394:
392:
357:
237:
514:
486:
436:Luigi Ceccaroni; Myriam Ribiere (2002).
425:
401:"Formal Ontology in Information Systems"
364:Luigi Ceccaroni; Myriam Ribiere (2002).
335:of that theory. To explain further, the
207:
205:
18:
657:Conceptualization (information science)
494:Jérôme. Euzenat; Pavel Shvaiko (2007).
451:
398:
267:
265:
673:
540:
389:
310:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
211:
138:Knowledge representation and reasoning
81:specification of the conceptualization
523:"Formalizing ontological commitments"
271:
202:
639:"Specification of conceptualization"
262:
297:
13:
576:
553:Ontology-Based Multi-Agent Systems
14:
717:
630:
612:Applied ontology: an introduction
445:Proceedings of the Workshop AAMAS
373:Proceedings of the Workshop AAMAS
174:
659:", which is licensed under the
643:Ontologies and the semantic web
283:. Blackwell. pp. 155–166.
696:Ontology (information science)
184:and to slide 7 in the talk by
148:Ontology (information science)
1:
168:
279:. In Luciano Floridi (ed.).
7:
637:Obitko, Marek (2006–2007).
403:. In Nicola Guarino (ed.).
131:
116:can be illustrated using a
10:
722:
61:Purpose and implementation
555:. Springer. pp. 111
691:Knowledge representation
407:. IOS Press. pp. 3
399:Guarino, Nicola (1998).
308:. In Robert Audi (ed.).
306:"Ontological commitment"
304:Roger F. Gibson (1999).
706:Technical communication
350:ontologically committed
342:ontologically committed
329:ontological commitments
382:ontological commitment
274:"Chapter 11: Ontology"
248:10.1006/knac.1993.1008
43:ontological commitment
24:
686:Knowledge engineering
583:Guizzardi, G (2007).
377:A quotation follows:
272:Smith, Barry (2003).
225:Knowledge Acquisition
55:knowledge engineering
22:
461:Frank van Harmelen.
163:Semantic translation
153:Semantic integration
681:Information science
53:Not all workers in
29:information science
663:but not under the
191:2009-05-30 at the
143:Ontology alignment
48:language-dependent
25:
601:978-1-58603-715-4
497:Ontology Matching
434:For example, see
418:978-90-5199-399-8
213:Gruber, Thomas R.
158:Semantic matching
122:topological space
33:conceptualization
713:
646:
626:
615:. Ontos Verlag.
605:
589:
571:
570:
544:
538:
537:
527:
518:
512:
511:
490:
484:
483:
481:
480:
474:
468:. Archived from
467:
458:
449:
448:
442:
432:
423:
422:
396:
387:
376:
370:
361:
355:
323:
301:
295:
294:
278:
269:
260:
259:
241:
221:
209:
200:
178:
721:
720:
716:
715:
714:
712:
711:
710:
671:
670:
633:
623:
602:
587:
579:
577:Further reading
574:
567:
545:
541:
525:
519:
515:
508:
491:
487:
478:
476:
472:
465:
459:
452:
440:
433:
426:
419:
397:
390:
368:
362:
358:
320:
302:
298:
291:
276:
270:
263:
239:10.1.1.101.7493
219:
210:
203:
193:Wayback Machine
179:
175:
171:
134:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
719:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
648:
647:
632:
631:External links
629:
628:
627:
622:978-3938793985
621:
606:
600:
578:
575:
573:
572:
566:978-3642019036
565:
539:
513:
507:978-3540496120
506:
485:
450:
424:
417:
388:
386:
385:
356:
354:
353:
319:978-0521637220
318:
296:
290:978-0631229186
289:
261:
232:(2): 199–220.
201:
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
133:
130:
126:function space
114:function space
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
71:Tower of Babel
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
718:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
669:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
644:
640:
635:
634:
624:
618:
614:
613:
607:
603:
597:
594:. IOS Press.
593:
586:
581:
580:
568:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
535:
531:
524:
517:
509:
503:
499:
498:
489:
475:on 2009-05-30
471:
464:
457:
455:
446:
439:
431:
429:
420:
414:
410:
406:
402:
395:
393:
383:
379:
378:
374:
367:
360:
351:
347:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
321:
315:
311:
307:
300:
292:
286:
282:
275:
268:
266:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
235:
231:
227:
226:
218:
215:(June 1993).
214:
208:
206:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
177:
173:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
78:
74:
72:
67:
58:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:
39:
34:
30:
21:
701:Semantic Web
650:
649:
642:
611:
591:
556:
552:
542:
533:
529:
516:
500:. Springer.
496:
488:
477:. Retrieved
470:the original
444:
408:
404:
381:
372:
359:
349:
345:
341:
332:
328:
309:
299:
280:
229:
223:
186:van Harmelen
176:
118:vector space
111:
96:
75:
68:
64:
52:
47:
41:
32:
26:
653:Citizendium
197:Citizendium
675:Categories
536:: 560–567.
479:2013-08-02
333:ontologies
169:References
99:pseudocode
655:article "
234:CiteSeerX
337:ontology
256:15709015
189:Archived
132:See also
38:ontology
182:Guarino
107:Fortran
619:
598:
563:
504:
415:
316:
287:
254:
236:
588:(PDF)
526:(PDF)
473:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
441:(PDF)
369:(PDF)
277:(PDF)
252:S2CID
220:(PDF)
120:or a
665:GFDL
617:ISBN
596:ISBN
561:ISBN
530:AAAI
502:ISBN
413:ISBN
327:The
314:ISBN
285:ISBN
103:Lisp
346:all
244:doi
128:.
105:or
27:In
677::
641:.
559:.
557:ff
551:.
534:94
532:.
528:.
453:^
443:.
427:^
411:.
409:ff
391:^
371:.
264:^
250:.
242:.
228:.
222:.
204:^
31:a
667:.
645:.
625:.
604:.
569:.
510:.
482:.
447:.
421:.
375:.
322:.
293:.
258:.
246::
230:5
199:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
