24:
408:
23:
573:
classes that implement most of the GBKR notions and reasoning mechanisms. COGUI is a graphical user interface dedicated to the construction of a GBKR knowledge base (it integrates COGITANT and, among numerous functionalities, it contains a translator from GBKR to
565:
From a computational viewpoint, the graph homomorphism notion was recognized in the 1990s as a central notion, and complexity results and efficient algorithms have been obtained in several domains.
453:
In CGIF, brackets enclose the information inside the concept nodes, and parentheses enclose the information inside the relation nodes. The letters x and y, which are called
532:
Key features of GBKR, the graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model developed by Chein and
Mugnier and the Montpellier group, can be summarized as follows:
536:
All kinds of knowledge (ontology, rules, constraints and facts) are labeled graphs, which provide an intuitive and easily understandable means to represent knowledge.
768:
Velardi, Paola; Pazienza, Maria Teresa; De' Giovanetti, Mario (March 1988). "Conceptual graphs for the analysis and generation of sentences".
543:; this allows, in particular, to link basic reasoning problems to other fundamental problems in computer science (e.g., problems concerning
457:, show how the concept and relation nodes are connected. In CLIF, those letters are mapped to variables, as in the following statement:
270:
78:
396:
758:
691:
512:, which were one of the origins of conceptual graphs as proposed by Sowa. In this approach, developed in particular by Dau (
834:
326:
48:
824:
706:
552:
597:
169:
83:
260:
392:
285:
422:
A linear notation, called the
Conceptual Graph Interchange Format (CGIF), has been standardized in the
587:
43:
562:
and the inference mechanisms are sound and complete with respect to deduction in first-order logic.
348:
364:
68:
383:
Since 1984, the model has been developed along three main directions: a graphical interface for
509:
319:
255:
592:
179:
53:
718:
492:
Reasoning can be done by translating graphs into logical formulas, then applying a logical
194:
189:
8:
548:
88:
703:
The Logic System of
Concept Graphs with Negation and Its Relationship to Predicate Logic
747:
540:
199:
63:
829:
754:
687:
569:
COGITANT and COGUI are tools that implement the GBKR model. COGITANT is a library of
559:
544:
505:
473:
in CGIF map to existentially quantified variables in CLIF, and the question marks on
416:
384:
372:
356:
312:
234:
675:
Graph-based
Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs
777:
733:
679:
609:
539:
Reasoning mechanisms are based on graph notions, basically the classical notion of
493:
368:
265:
250:
209:
93:
360:
159:
129:
98:
461:(exists ((x Sitting) (y Mat)) (and (Cat Elsie) (agent x Elsie) (location x y)))
300:
229:
683:
818:
154:
144:
124:
527:
521:
427:
423:
352:
290:
114:
73:
524:, and reasoning operations are performed by operations on these diagrams.
295:
204:
134:
58:
781:
737:
575:
174:
149:
119:
809:
800:
714:
224:
214:
164:
481:
map to bound variables in CLIF. A universal quantifier, represented
445:. In CGIF, this CG would be represented by the following statement:
280:
219:
184:
363:. The first book on CGs applied them to a wide range of topics in
767:
749:
Conceptual
Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine
517:
388:
673:
558:
The formalism is logically founded, i.e., it has a semantics in
603:
465:
As this example shows, the asterisks on the coreference labels
795:
570:
407:
402:
804:
275:
528:
Graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model
419:(predicate calculus) is represented by a labeled graph.
649:
746:
639:
637:
499:
816:
634:
622:
504:Another research branch continues the work on
719:"Conceptual Graphs for a Data Base Interface"
437:for a conceptual graph. Each box is called a
320:
672:Chein, Michel; Mugnier, Marie-Laure (2009).
671:
655:
810:Conceptual Graphs on John F. Sowa's Website
776:(2). IBM Corp. Riverton, NJ, USA: 251–267.
327:
313:
271:List of concept- and mind-mapping software
403:Graphical interface for first-order logic
406:
801:Annual international conferences (ICCS)
770:IBM Journal of Research and Development
726:IBM Journal of Research and Development
433:The diagram above is an example of the
351:. In the first published paper on CGs,
817:
397:knowledge representation and reasoning
16:Formalism for knowledge representation
744:
713:
643:
628:
516:), conceptual graphs are conceptual
378:
700:
520:rather than graphs in the sense of
513:
13:
14:
846:
789:
707:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
449:(agent ?x Elsie) (location ?x ?y)
411:Elsie the cat is sitting on a mat
553:constraint satisfaction problems
22:
753:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
665:
500:Diagrammatic calculus of logics
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
460:
448:
415:In this approach, a formula in
598:Resource Description Framework
485:in CGIF, would be represented
84:Ontology (information science)
1:
615:
441:, and each oval is called a
7:
835:Application-specific graphs
796:Conceptual Graphs Home Page
709:. Vol. 2892. Springer.
581:
355:used them to represent the
286:Problem structuring methods
10:
851:
391:calculus of logics, and a
684:10.1007/978-1-84800-286-9
588:Alphabet of human thought
261:Entity–relationship model
44:Business decision mapping
825:Knowledge representation
656:Chein & Mugnier 2009
349:knowledge representation
365:artificial intelligence
69:Knowledge visualization
745:Sowa, John F. (1984).
606:(Graph Query Language)
510:Charles Sanders Peirce
412:
256:Diagrammatic reasoning
79:Morphological analysis
593:Chunking (psychology)
410:
347:) is a formalism for
281:Ontology (philosophy)
180:Layered graph drawing
54:Graphic communication
549:relational databases
195:Organizational chart
190:Object-role modeling
107:Node–link approaches
782:10.1147/rd.322.0251
738:10.1147/rd.204.0336
545:conjunctive queries
89:Schema (psychology)
31:Information mapping
541:graph homomorphism
506:existential graphs
455:coreference labels
413:
357:conceptual schemas
200:Pathfinder network
64:Information design
49:Data visualization
760:978-0-201-14472-7
693:978-1-84800-285-2
578:and conversely).
560:first-order logic
417:first-order logic
385:first-order logic
379:Research branches
373:cognitive science
337:
336:
36:Topics and fields
842:
785:
764:
752:
741:
723:
710:
701:Dau, F. (2003).
697:
659:
653:
647:
641:
632:
626:
610:Semantic network
494:inference engine
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
450:
369:computer science
361:database systems
341:conceptual graph
329:
322:
315:
266:Geovisualization
251:Design rationale
210:Semantic network
140:Conceptual graph
94:Visual analytics
26:
19:
18:
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
841:
840:
839:
815:
814:
792:
761:
721:
694:
668:
663:
662:
654:
650:
642:
635:
627:
623:
618:
584:
530:
502:
405:
381:
333:
160:Hyperbolic tree
130:Concept lattice
99:Visual language
17:
12:
11:
5:
848:
838:
837:
832:
827:
813:
812:
807:
798:
791:
790:External links
788:
787:
786:
765:
759:
742:
732:(4): 336–357.
711:
698:
692:
667:
664:
661:
660:
648:
633:
620:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
607:
601:
595:
590:
583:
580:
567:
566:
563:
556:
537:
529:
526:
501:
498:
404:
401:
380:
377:
335:
334:
332:
331:
324:
317:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
301:Wicked problem
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
245:
244:
240:
239:
238:
237:
232:
230:Tree structure
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
109:
108:
104:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
847:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
820:
811:
808:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
762:
756:
751:
750:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
717:(July 1976).
716:
715:Sowa, John F.
712:
708:
704:
699:
695:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
670:
669:
657:
652:
645:
640:
638:
630:
625:
621:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
579:
577:
572:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
497:
495:
490:
463:
458:
456:
451:
446:
444:
443:relation node
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
409:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
246:
242:
241:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
155:Graph drawing
153:
151:
148:
146:
145:Decision tree
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
125:Cognitive map
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
106:
105:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
41:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
773:
769:
748:
729:
725:
702:
678:. Springer.
674:
666:Bibliography
651:
624:
568:
531:
522:graph theory
503:
491:
464:
459:
454:
452:
447:
442:
439:concept node
438:
435:display form
434:
432:
428:common logic
424:ISO standard
421:
414:
389:diagrammatic
382:
353:John F. Sowa
344:
340:
338:
291:Semantic Web
139:
115:Argument map
74:Mental model
59:Infographics
296:Treemapping
205:Radial tree
135:Concept map
819:Categories
616:References
487:forall (z)
175:Issue tree
150:Dendrogram
120:Cladistics
644:Sowa 1984
629:Sowa 1976
489:in CLIF.
225:Topic map
215:Sociogram
170:Issue map
165:Hypertext
830:Diagrams
582:See also
518:diagrams
514:Dau 2003
483:@every*z
359:used in
243:See also
220:Timeline
185:Mind map
399:model.
395:-based
757:
690:
604:SPARQL
371:, and
235:ZigZag
722:(PDF)
600:(RDF)
576:RDF/S
551:, or
393:graph
805:DBLP
755:ISBN
688:ISBN
477:and
469:and
426:for
387:, a
276:Olog
803:at
778:doi
734:doi
680:doi
571:C++
547:in
508:of
821::
774:32
772:.
730:20
728:.
724:.
705:.
686:.
636:^
555:).
496:.
479:?y
475:?x
471:*y
467:*x
430:.
375:.
367:,
345:CG
339:A
784:.
780::
763:.
740:.
736::
696:.
682::
658:.
646:.
631:.
343:(
328:e
321:t
314:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
