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1083:(i.e. the main causal arguments) for their vote on a thesis or an argument is not recorded if these reasons are missing in the claims beneath it or if these have not been rated by the same users. This system of transparent voting represents Kialo's algorithm of collective determination of argument weights and theses' veracities, which has a plurality component in that users of the site can also switch between the perspectives of specific users and several groups of users (e.g. supporters and opponents of a thesis) which for example enables identifying which arguments were considered as most impactful for these particular users. In the context of historical-political education, researcher Oliver Held identified at least five key components of historical judgment that can be implemented easily in Kialo: perspectivity, levels of relevance, interdependence, multi-causality and assessments.
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945:. Whereas Beardsley had said "At first, write out the statements...after a little practice, refer to the statements by number alone" Scriven advocated clarifying the meaning of the statements, listing them and then using a tree diagram with numbers to display the structure. Missing premises (unstated assumptions) were to be included and indicated with an alphabetical letter instead of a number to mark them off from the explicit statements. Scriven introduced counterarguments in his diagrams, which Toulmin had defined as rebuttal. This also enabled the diagramming of "balance of consideration" arguments.
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much the way our papers and books have to present them—they are pretty limiting in the symbol structuring they enable us to use. ... To help us get better comprehension of the structure of an argument, we can also call forth a schematic or graphical display. Once the antecedent-consequent links have been established, the computer can automatically construct such a display for us.
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487:, where the premise can support the conclusion on its own: Although independent premises may jointly make the conclusion more convincing, this is to be distinguished from situations where a premise gives no support unless it is joined to another premise. Where several premises or groups of premises lead to a final conclusion the argument might be described as
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represents an inference. The whole network of points and lines represents a kind of overview of the reasoning in the given argument..." With the introduction of software for producing argument maps, it has become common for argument maps to consist of boxes containing the actual propositions rather than numbers referencing those propositions.
31:
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Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, many other software applications were developed for argument visualization. By 2013, more than 60 such software systems existed. In a 2010 survey of computer-supported argumentation, Oliver
Scheuer and colleagues noted that one of the differences between these software
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You usually think of an argument as a serial sequence of steps of reason, beginning with known facts, assumptions, etc., and progressing toward a conclusion. Well, we do have to think through these steps serially, and we usually do list the steps serially when we write them out because that is pretty
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Beardsley said that the conclusion in this example is statement ②. Statement ④ needs to be rewritten as a declarative sentence, e.g. "Academic monstrosities produced by the official Nazi painters." Statement ① points out that the conclusion isn't accepted by everyone, but statement ① is omitted from
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is the most widely adopted argumentation-based deliberation system with an argument-map interface. On Kialo, users can usually vote on the debate question to express their overall conclusion about the subject, with the average and a bar chart of these votes being included at the top of every debate.
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and colleagues, an argument map has two basic components: "One component is a set of circled numbers arrayed as points. Each number represents a proposition (premise or conclusion) in the argument being diagrammed. The other component is a set of lines or arrows joining the points. Each line (arrow)
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to describe arguments where the premises necessarily worked together to support the conclusion. However, the actual distinction between dependent and independent premises had been made prior to this. The introduction of the linked structure made it possible for argument maps to represent missing or
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he had little initial impact and the
Beardsley approach to diagramming arguments along with its later developments became the standard approach in this field. Toulmin introduced something that was missing from Beardsley's approach. In Beardsley, "arrows link reasons and conclusions (but) no support
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The Legal
Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF) was developed in the European ESTRELLA project and designed with the goal of becoming a standard for representing and interchanging policy, legislation and cases, including their justificatory arguments, in the legal domain. LKIF builds on and uses the
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beyond what is optimal for learning the course content. Creating maps requires extensive coaching and feedback from an experienced argument mapper. Depending on the learning objectives, the time spent coaching students to create good maps may be better spent learning the course content instead of
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with each of the reasons leading to the conclusion. There is no consensus as to whether the conclusion should be at the top of the tree with the reasons leading up to it or whether it should be at the bottom with the reasons leading down to it. Another variation diagrams an argument from left to
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textbooks are replete with philosophical examples, but it is unclear whether the approach in such textbooks transfers to non-philosophy students. There appears to be little statistical effect after such classes. Argument mapping, however, has a measurable effect according to many studies. For
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A partial argument tree with claims and impact votes for arguments illustrates one form of collective determination of argument weights that is based on equal-weight user voting. There is research into how to efficiently calculate the winning arguments or arguments' weights and the overall
408:. The purpose of mapping is to uncover the logical structure of arguments, identify unstated assumptions, evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion, and aid understanding of debates. Argument maps are often designed to support deliberation of issues, ideas and arguments in
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gave probably the first form of an argument map, introducing it with the suggestion that "many students probably will find it a very clear and convenient mode of exhibiting the logical analysis of the course of argument, to draw it out in the form of a Tree, or
Logical Division".
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and colleagues developed a series of software applications that permitted an argument map's premises to be fully stated and edited in the diagram, rather than in a legend. Van Gelder's first program, Reason!Able, was superseded by two subsequent programs, bCisive and
Rationale.
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There is empirical evidence that the skills developed in argument-mapping-based critical thinking courses substantially transfer to critical thinking done without argument maps. Alvarez's meta-analysis found that such critical thinking courses produced gains of around 0.70
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The
Argument Interchange Format, AIF, is an international effort to develop a representational mechanism for exchanging argument resources between research groups, tools, and domains using a semantically rich language. AIF-RDF is the extended ontology represented in the
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is given to the implication itself between them. There is no theory, in other words, of inference distinguished from logical deduction, the passage is always deemed not controversial and not subject to support and evaluation". Toulmin introduced the concept of
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proposed a form of argument diagram in 1950. His method of marking up an argument and representing its components with linked numbers became a standard and is still widely used. He also introduced terminology that is still current describing
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Moreover, users can rate the impact individual arguments at the top level had on their conclusion. In branches beneath the top level, users can likewise rank the impact any individual argument has on the claim above it. The
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the diagram because it doesn't support the conclusion. Beardsley said that the logical relation between statement ③ and statement ④ is unclear, but he proposed to diagram statement ④ as supporting statement ③.
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Barstow, Brendan; Fazio, Lisa; Lippman, Jordan; Falakmasir, Mohammad; Schunn, Christian D.; Ashley, Kevin D. (December 2017). "The impacts of domain-general vs. domain-specific diagramming tools on writing".
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Carroll, John M.; Sun, Na; Beck, Jordan (2019). "Creating dialectics to learn: infrastructures, practices, and challenges". In Díaz, Paloma; Ioannou, Andri; Bhagat, Kaushal Kumar; Spector, J. Michael (eds.).
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513:, where a claim is supported by another claim that is used in turn to support some further claim, i.e. the final conclusion or another intermediate conclusion: In the following diagram, statement
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learning to diagram. When the goal is to prompt students to consider other perspectives and counterarguments, the goal may be more easily accomplished with other methods such as discussion,
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Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on
Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)
3469:[Digital judgment formation with Kialo: how historical judgment formation in distance and face-to-face teaching can be supported digitally with Kialo (PRIMA model)].
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De Liddo, Anna; Strube, Rosa (June 2021). "Understanding failures and potentials of argumentation tools for public deliberation". In Cech, Florian; Farnham, Shelly (eds.).
401:. There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally equivalent and represent an argument's individual claims and the relationships between them.
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1107:. It has also been proposed that argument mapping has a great potential to improve how we understand and execute democracy, in reference to the ongoing evolution of
469:, where at least one of the joined premises requires another premise before it can give support to the conclusion: An argument with this structure has been called a
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3466:"Urteilsbildung digital mit Kialo – Wie die historische Urteilsbildung im Distanz- und Präsenzunterricht mit Kialo digital unterstützt werden kann (PRIMA-Modell)"
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Kunsch, David W.; Schnarr, Karin; van Tyle, Russell (November 2014). "The use of argument mapping to enhance critical thinking skills in business education".
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Bolton, Eric; Calderwood, Alex; Christensen, Niles; Kafrouni, Jerome; Drori, Iddo (1 December 2020). "High quality real-time structured debate generation".
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such as a vee diagram. To maximize the strengths of argument mapping and minimize its limitations in the classroom requires considering at what point in a
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C&T '21: Proceedings of the 10th
International Conference On Communities & Technologies: Wicked Problems in the Age of Tech: June 21–25, 2021
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However, the technique did not become widely used, possibly because for complex arguments, it involved much writing and rewriting of the premises.
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systems is whether collaboration is supported. In their survey, single-user argumentation systems included
Convince Me, iLogos, LARGO, Athena,
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blog post said that "Kialo's simplicity does pose some weaknesses and limitations, and in general current systems cannot reliably automate
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1141:, about twice as much as standard critical-thinking courses. The tests used in the reviewed studies were standard critical-thinking tests.
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produced maps of legal arguments using numbered premises in the early 20th century, based in part on the ideas of 19th century philosopher
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Hoffmann, Michael H. G. (March 2018). "Stimulating reflection and self-correcting reasoning through argument mapping: three approaches".
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argument. If there is a single chain of claims containing at least one intermediate conclusion, the argument is sometimes described as a
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Davies, W. Martin (November 2010). "Concept mapping, mind mapping and argument mapping: what are the differences and do they matter?".
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for complex argumentation. It is intended for exchanging arguments and argument reconstructions in a universally accessible and highly
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CMC 2008: Third
International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia and Helsinki, Finland, 22–25 September 2008: proceedings
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Argument maps are useful not only for representing and analyzing existing writings, but also for thinking through issues as part of a
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Each of these structures can be represented by the equivalent "box and line" approach to argument maps. In the following diagram, the
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1853:; For an account of Engelbart's place in the history of computer-supported argument visualization, see, e.g., Simon Buckingham Shum,
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Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning: 14th International Conference, LPNMR 2017, Espoo, Finland, July 3–6, 2017: proceedings
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Durmus, Esin; Ladhak, Faisal; Cardie, Claire (2019). "The role of pragmatic and discourse context in determining argument impact".
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2701:"The effectiveness of a single intervention of computer-aided argument mapping in a marketing and a financial accounting subject"
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A number of different kinds of argument maps have been proposed but the most common, which Chris Reed and Glenn Rowe called the
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3583:"Understanding ill-structured engineering ethics problems through a collaborative learning and argument visualization approach"
3487:"The maturing concept of e-democracy: from e-voting and online consultations to democratic value out of jumbled online chatter"
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2978:"Complexity demands adaptation: two proposals for facilitating better debate in international relations and conflict research"
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A schematic argument map showing a contention (or conclusion), supporting arguments and objections, and an inference objection
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When used with students in school, argument maps have limitations. They can "end up looking overly complex" and can increase
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The principles of judicial proof: as given by logic, psychology, and general experience, and illustrated in judicial trials
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way. The Argdown syntax is accompanied by tools that facilitate coding and transform Argdown documents into argument maps.
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Provide missing, implied conclusions and implied premises. (This is optional depending on the purpose of the argument map.)
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is widely used in educational critical teaching. Whilst Toulmin eventually had a significant impact on the development of
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Halasz, Frank G. (July 1988). "Reflections on NoteCards: seven issues for the next generation of hypermedia systems".
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example, instruction in argument mapping has been shown to improve the critical thinking skills of business students.
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Argument maps have been applied in many areas, but foremost in educational, academic and business settings, including
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Scriven's argument diagram. The explicit premise 1 is conjoined with additional unstated premises a and b to imply 2.
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Elements of logic: comprising the substance of the article in the Encyclopædia metropolitana: with additions, &c
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It has traditionally been hard to separate teaching critical thinking from the philosophical tradition of teaching
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which "can be considered as representing the reasons behind the inference, the backing that authorizes the link".
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4626:; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014).
3304:(2015). "Using argument mapping to improve critical thinking skills". In Davies, Martin; Barnett, Ronald (eds.).
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Böttcher, Florian; Meisert, Anke (February 2011). "Argumentation in science education: a model-based framework".
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with an example path through it: all Con-argument boxes and some Pros were emptied to illustrate an example path.
4376:. Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications. Vol. 266. Amsterdam: IOS Press. pp. 483–484.
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Metcalfe, Mike; Sastrowardoyo, Saras (November 2013). "Complex project conceptualisation and argument mapping".
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1802:"Infrastructure for navigating interdisciplinary debates: critical decisions for representing argumentation"
741:. The use of such argument analysis for thinking through issues has been called "reflective argumentation".
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3405:"No computer program required: even pencil-and-paper argument mapping improves critical-thinking skills"
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Fundamentals of argumentation theory: a handbook of historical backgrounds and contemporary developments
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Schema (RDFS) semantic language. Though AIF is still something of a moving target, it is settling down.
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2425:"Managing conflict in online debate communities: foregrounding moderators' beliefs and values on Kialo"
1406:"Computer supported argument visualisation: modelling in consultative democracy around wicked problems"
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Hoffmann, Michael H. G. (November 2016). "Reflective argumentation: a cognitive function of arguing".
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Learning in a digital world: perspective on interactive technologies for formal and informal education
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359:. An argument map typically includes all the key components of the argument, traditionally called the
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3673:"Cmap linking phrase constraint for the structural narrowing of constructivist second language tasks"
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Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca (November 2000). "State-of-the-art: the structure of argumentation".
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1889:, pp. 14–15, on the place of both in the history of computer-supported argument visualization
2564:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4884. Berlin; New York: Springer. pp. 21–41.
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The heretic's guide to best practices: the reality of managing complex problems in organisations
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Carrington, Michal; Chen, Richard; Davies, Martin; Kaur, Jagjit; Neville, Benjamin (June 2011).
2122:"Cognitive and pedagogical benefits of argument mapping: LAMP guides the way to better thinking"
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This is related to the distinction between "knowledge telling" and "knowledge transforming" in
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Thinking and reasoning in human decision making: the method of argument and heuristic analysis
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Set out the statements in a diagram in which arrows show the relationships between statements.
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Free online resources for teachers and students interested in argument mapping in philosophy.
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Nussbaum, E. Michael (2012). "Argumentation and student-centered learning environments". In
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There is disagreement on the terminology to be used when describing argument maps, but the
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1224:(OWL) for representing concepts and includes a reusable basic ontology of legal concepts.
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More recently, philosophy professor Maralee Harrell recommended the following procedure:
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A written text can be transformed into an argument map by following a sequence of steps.
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3967:. Lecture notes in computer science. Vol. 10377. Cham: Springer. pp. 250–262.
3817:"What students' arguments can tell us: using argumentation schemes in science education"
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Visualizing argumentation: software tools for collaborative and educational sense-making
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4345:. Information technology & law series. Vol. 6. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
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of arguments in the same way that statistical packages can automate analysis of data".
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the potential benefits of argument mapping would outweigh its potential disadvantages.
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4765:"Using argument diagramming to teach critical thinking in a first-year writing course"
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developed diagrammatic approaches to informal reasoning over a period of fifty years.
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Virtual arguments: on the design of argument assistants for lawyers and other arguers
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Argument maps can also represent counterarguments. In the following diagram, the two
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4576:"Argumentation step-by-step: learning critical thinking through deliberate practice"
4143:"Learning to teach argumentation: research and development in the science classroom"
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3918:. Advanced information and knowledge processing (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
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2560:. In Casanovas, Pompeu; Sartor, Giovanni; Casellas, Núria; Rubino, Rossella (eds.).
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and method, and most critical thinking textbooks have been written by philosophers.
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756:) based on the structure of an argument map can be represented as a decision tree.
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argument where a single premise might be used to support two separate conclusions.
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4370:"Argdown and the stacked masonry layout: two user interfaces for non-expert users"
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is an intermediate conclusion in that it is a conclusion in relation to statement
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Identify which statements are premises, sub-conclusions, and the main conclusion.
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A box and line diagram of Beardsley's example, produced using Harrell's procedure
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2836:"Chapter 7: Visualising reasoning, and Chapter 8: Argumentation-based rationale"
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Put the statements into boxes and draw a line between any boxes that are linked.
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Dialectics and the macrostructure of arguments: a theory of argument structure
3037:(Ph.D. thesis). School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway.
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1047:, and Carneades; small group argumentation systems included Digalo, QuestMap,
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Douglas Engelbart, "Augmenting human intellect: a conceptual framework" (1962)
876:, identified several elements to an argument which have been generalized. The
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Kirschner, Paul Arthur; Buckingham Shum, Simon J; Carr, Chad S, eds. (2003).
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Okada, Alexandra; Buckingham Shum, Simon J; Sherborne, Tony, eds. (2014) .
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2487:. Law and philosophy library. Vol. 92. Dordrecht; New York: Springer.
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2896:"Computer-aided argument mapping as a tool for teaching critical thinking"
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Scheuer, Oliver; Loll, Frank; Pinkwart, Niels; McLaren, Bruce M. (2010).
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2743:. Smart computing and intelligence. Singapore: Springer. pp. 37–58.
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1051:, Belvedere, and AcademicTalk; community argumentation systems included
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Rewrite them as independent statements, eliminating non-essential words.
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Argument maps are commonly used in the context of teaching and applying
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4372:. In Parsons, Simon; Oren, Nir; Reed, Chris; Cerutti, Federico (eds.).
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as those that were not supported by any others in the argument and the
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Beardsley's approach was refined by Stephen N. Thomas, whose 1973 book
781:, published in 1826 and issued in many subsequent editions, Archbishop
652:
Beardsley gave the first example of a text being analysed in this way:
498:
382:
182:
157:
127:
4989:
4764:
3816:
2895:
2664:. Logic, argumentation & reasoning. Vol. 10. Cham; New York:
2662:
The argumentative turn in policy analysis: reasoning about uncertainty
1068:
903:"hidden" premises. In addition, Thomas suggested showing reasons both
811:
748:, does not tell how to make a decision, but the process of choosing a
5192:
5096:
5051:
4954:
3886:
2562:
Computable models of the law: languages, dialogues, games, ontologies
1882:
1026:; the latter generated an on-screen graphical hypertextual map of an
1019:
1012:
552:
is shown at the top, and the boxes linked to it represent supporting
521:
but is a premise in relation to the final conclusion, i.e. statement
476:
232:
222:
172:
4065:"Computer-supported argumentation: a review of the state of the art"
3710:
The art of reasoning: an introduction to logic and critical thinking
2777:
Argument diagramming and planning cognition in argumentative writing
2526:
Bex, Floris J.; Modgil, Sanjay; Prakken, Henry; Reed, Chris (2013).
5101:
5003:
4999:
4959:
4949:
4916:
4875:
4031:
3963:
Pührer, Jörg (2017). "ArgueApply: a mobile app for argumentation".
3003:
2607:
2600:
1960:"christianvoigt/argdown: a simple syntax for complex argumentation"
1817:
1307: – a logical system with argument map-like notation
1233:
420:
394:
356:
288:
227:
192:
4072:
International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning
3449:
2775:
2393:
Thinking straight: principles of reasoning for readers and writers
2258:
5182:
5177:
4976:
1132:
Evidence that argument mapping improves critical thinking ability
941:
further developed the Beardsley-Thomas approach in his 1976 book
861:
634:
Supply, in parentheses, any logical indicators that are left out.
367:
4806:
Schneider, Jodi; Groza, Tudor; Passant, Alexandre (April 2013).
4032:"Argument diagramming in logic, law and artificial intelligence"
2485:
Arguments, stories and criminal evidence: a formal hybrid theory
1114:
1018:
that supported argument visualization were developed, including
792:
724:
Indicate support from premise(s) to (sub)conclusion with arrows.
5167:
5137:
1964:
915:
being represented by dotted arrows. Thomas introduced the term
19:
4769:
The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education
3306:
The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education
2528:"On logical specifications of the Argument Interchange Format"
2451:
2423:
Beck, Jordan; Neupane, Bikalpa; Carroll, John M. (July 2019).
1909:
930:
927:
as that which was not used to support any further conclusion.
846:
606:
5202:
5187:
5152:
5116:
5086:
4547:
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
4543:
3911:
3815:
Macagno, Fabrizio; Konstantinidou, Aikaterini (August 2013).
2798:
2458:
Critical thinking: reasoning and communicating with Rationale
2299:
2125:
2055:
1874:
1430:
1409:
1120:
1075:
1023:
965:
3915:
Knowledge cartography: software tools and mapping techniques
3734:
3581:
Hoffmann, Michael H. G.; Borenstein, Jason (February 2013).
2051:
1957:. Argdown is currently developed as an open source project:
1886:
1858:
1805:
544:
Statement 4 is an intermediate conclusion or sub-conclusion.
4603:
4374:
Computational models of argument: proceedings of COMMA 2014
3741:. Computer supported cooperative work. New York: Springer.
2799:"gIBIS: a hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion"
2215:
765:
The philosophical origins and tradition of argument mapping
283:
4141:
Simon, Shirley; Erduran, Sibel; Osborne, Jonathan (2006).
4062:
3678:. In Cañas, Alberto J.; Reiska, Priit; Åhlberg, Mauri K.;
3645:
Visual language: global communication for the 21st century
2982:
The Forum (blog) of the Georgetown Security Studies Review
1935:
948:
In 1998 a series of large-scale argument maps released by
769:
5121:
2797:
Conklin, E. Jeffrey; Begeman, Michael L. (October 1988).
2556:
Boer, Alexander; Winkels, Radboud; Vitali, Fabio (2008).
1100:
480:
Statements 1 and 2 are dependent premises or co-premises.
2698:
2660:. In Hansson, Sven Ove; Hirsch Hadorn, Gertrude (eds.).
2558:"MetaLex XML and the Legal Knowledge Interchange Format"
2144:
1855:"The roots of computer supported argument visualization"
1608:
See section 4.2, "Argument maps as reasoning tools", in
1030:, a model of argumentation developed by Werner Kunz and
956:
Development of computer-supported argument visualization
525:. An argument with this structure is sometimes called a
4808:"A review of argumentation for the social semantic web"
4710:"Using argument diagramming software in the classroom"
4574:
Cahill, Ann J.; Bloch-Schulman, Stephen (March 2012).
3712:(4th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1954:
820:
reduction of informal argumentation, English speaking
4805:
3855:
3814:
3785:
3063:; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Blair, J. Anthony;
3031:
The evaluation of argument mapping as a learning tool
2842:. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, Inc. pp. 153–211.
2148:
1684:
1401:
1373:
1208:
427:
which have different constraints on nodes and links.
16:
Visual representation of the structure of an argument
4573:
2525:
2227:
952:
stimulated widespread interest in argument mapping.
808:
who used lines to indicate relations between terms.
4140:
1669:
812:
Anglophone argument diagramming in the 20th century
773:
From Whately's Elements of Logic p467, 1852 edition
4263:
3580:
3464:
3128:Augmenting human intellect: a conceptual framework
3080:
2988:
2422:
2029:
2018:
1828:
1730:
1728:
1589:
1397:
872:, in his groundbreaking and influential 1958 book
355:is a visual representation of the structure of an
4025:
2555:
2330:Does philosophy improve critical thinking skills?
2238:
2083:
1769:
1707:
1695:
1529:
1470:
709:Identify all the claims being made by the author.
5276:
4198:
3883:Theoretical foundations of learning environments
1734:
628:Separate statements by brackets and number them.
2615:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
1725:
1680:
4661:Facione, Peter A.; Facione, Noreen C. (2007).
4660:
4515:"Likes as argument strength for online debate"
3992:"A pluralist approach to argument diagramming"
3495:Journal of Information Technology and Politics
2928:
2796:
2737:
2007:
1996:
1870:
1189:
4852:
4767:. In Davies, Martin; Barnett, Ronald (eds.).
4762:
2326:
2159:
2113:
1115:Difficulties with the philosophical tradition
415:An argument map is not to be confused with a
328:
4522:argstrength2021.argumentationcompetition.org
2833:
2773:
2456:; Patterson, Fiona; Teppema, Sytske (2009).
2168:
2045:
1931:
1929:
1576:
1544:
1542:
1441:
1439:
1393:
1158:, and a simple argument framework or simple
977:conclusions in digital argument map systems.
502:Statements 2, 3, 4 are independent premises.
4763:Harrell, Maralee; Wetzel, Danielle (2015).
3858:International Journal of Project Management
2901:International Journal of Learning and Media
2705:Higher Education Research & Development
2126:Okada, Buckingham Shum & Sherborne 2014
2056:Okada, Buckingham Shum & Sherborne 2014
1431:Okada, Buckingham Shum & Sherborne 2014
1410:Okada, Buckingham Shum & Sherborne 2014
994:intelligence-augmenting computer interfaces
611:
607:Representing an argument as an argument map
5257:
4859:
4845:
4687:
4665:. Milbrae, CA: California Academic Press.
4150:International Journal of Science Education
3300:
3267:
3067:; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Plantin, Christian;
2052:Kirschner, Buckingham Shum & Carr 2003
1945:
1943:
1898:
1887:Kirschner, Buckingham Shum & Carr 2003
1859:Kirschner, Buckingham Shum & Carr 2003
1806:Kirschner, Buckingham Shum & Carr 2003
1665:
1663:
1381:
728:
645:A diagram of the example from Beardsley's
631:Put circles around the logical indicators.
335:
321:
279:List of concept- and mind-mapping software
4826:
4730:
4313:"Argument maps improve critical thinking"
4270:(Updated ed.). Cambridge; New York:
4083:
4010:
3385:
3360:
3291:
3121:
3002:
2995:Association for Computational Linguistics
2816:
2606:
2442:
2386:
2359:
2336:(M.A. thesis). Department of Philosophy,
1926:
1850:
1757:
1548:
1539:
1525:
1436:
1063:structured argumentation systems include
560:. The green arrow indicates that the two
4232:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
3989:
3876:
3551:
3522:
3239:. Berlin; New York: Foris Publications.
2652:
2460:. Amsterdam: Pearson Education Benelux.
2183:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1486:
1445:
971:
959:
929:
860:
845:
791:
768:
696:
640:
597:
570:
539:
497:
475:
18:
4707:
4484:
4456:
4340:
4258:
4230:Practical reasoning in natural language
4108:
3648:. Bainbridge Island, WA: MacroVU, Inc.
3484:
3447:
3402:
3342:
3232:
3158:
2975:
2834:Culmsee, Paul; Awati, Kailash (2013) .
2804:ACM Transactions on Information Systems
2195:
2117:
2098:
2079:
1940:
1746:
1660:
1654:
1643:
1632:
1620:
1559:
1533:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1482:
1361:
1344:
988:, in a famous 1962 technical report on
896:Practical Reasoning In Natural Language
5277:
4601:
4406:
4310:
4227:
3962:
3704:
3670:
3621:
3369:
3185:
2976:Durland, Harrison (30 November 2022).
2893:
2864:
2396:(4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
2133:
2109:
2087:
1985:
1920:
1878:
1793:
1719:
1458:
1426:
1422:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1275:Collaborative decision-making software
4840:
4512:
4466:(5th ed.). London: B. Fellowes.
4367:
3192:(2nd ed.). Cambridge; New York:
3027:
2327:Álvarez Ortiz, Claudia María (2007).
2129:
1950:
1839:
624:recommended the following procedure:
4513:Young, Anthony P. (September 2021).
3638:
3462:
2774:Chryssafidou, Evangelia (May 2014).
2212:full AIF-RDF ontology specifications
2040:
1797:
2935:Association for Computing Machinery
2655:"Analysing Practical Argumentation"
2482:
2381:A shorter version was published as
2149:Kunsch, Schnarr & van Tyle 2014
2067:
1374:Kunsch, Schnarr & van Tyle 2014
1074:As of 2020, the commercial website
459:contains the following structures:
13:
4536:
4030:; Macagno, Fabrizio (March 2007).
3403:Harrell, Maralee (December 2008).
2653:Brun, Georg; Betz, Gregor (2016).
1215:Legal Knowledge Interchange Format
1209:Legal Knowledge Interchange Format
602:A sample argument using objections
14:
5321:
3990:Reed, Chris; Rowe, Glenn (2007).
3788:Journal of Education for Business
3163:(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.
3028:Dwyer, Christopher Peter (2011).
2894:Davies, W. Martin (Summer 2012).
2120:; Yanna Rider and Neil Thomason,
1685:Macagno & Konstantinidou 2013
1670:Simon, Erduran & Osborne 2006
1402:Metcalfe & Sastrowardoyo 2013
1095:. Argument maps are also used in
796:Wigmore evidence chart, from 1905
5256:
5220:
5219:
5021:
4628:Handbook of argumentation theory
4602:Cullen, Simon (30 August 2017).
4311:Twardy, Charles R. (June 2004).
4036:The Knowledge Engineering Review
3448:Harrell, Maralee (August 2010).
2780:(Ph.D. thesis). Birmingham, UK:
2536:Journal of Logic and Computation
2030:Beck, Neupane & Carroll 2019
2019:Durmus, Ladhak & Cardie 2019
1829:Durmus, Ladhak & Cardie 2019
964:The argument map tree schema of
30:
4922:Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling
3630:. No. 2194. Archived from
2272:
2243:
2239:Boer, Winkels & Vitali 2008
2232:
2221:
2200:
2189:
2153:
2138:
2103:
2092:
2084:Reed, Walton & Macagno 2007
2072:
2060:
2034:
2023:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1979:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1864:
1844:
1833:
1822:
1811:
1787:
1775:
1770:Reed, Walton & Macagno 2007
1763:
1751:
1740:
1713:
1708:Reed, Walton & Macagno 2007
1701:
1696:Reed, Walton & Macagno 2007
1689:
1674:
1648:
1637:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1582:
1565:
1553:
1530:Reed, Walton & Macagno 2007
1519:
1503:
1471:Reed, Walton & Macagno 2007
1086:
800:Legal philosopher and theorist
491:. This is distinguished from a
430:
4708:Harrell, Maralee (June 2005).
3870:10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.01.004
3587:Science and Engineering Ethics
3485:Hilbert, Martin (April 2009).
2385:; the most recent edition is:
2208:AIF original draft description
1590:Hoffmann & Borenstein 2013
1491:
1476:
1464:
1451:
1415:
1398:Hoffmann & Borenstein 2013
1386:
1350:
1338:
1203:Resource Description Framework
1144:
1028:issue-based information system
911:a conclusion with the reasons
381:. Argument maps can also show
92:Ontology (information science)
1:
4382:10.3233/978-1-61499-436-7-483
3273:"The rationale for Rationale"
2319:
1011:In the middle to late 1980s,
865:A generalised Toulmin diagram
556:, which comprise one or more
4984:
4901:
4228:Thomas, Stephen N. (1997) .
3973:10.1007/978-3-319-61660-5_23
3800:10.1080/08832323.2014.925416
3622:Holmes, Bob (10 July 1999).
3450:"Creating argument diagrams"
2717:10.1080/07294360.2011.559197
2008:Carroll, Sun & Beck 2019
1184:
1064:
1034:in the 1970s. In the 1990s,
816:Dealing with the failure of
7:
5310:Problem structuring methods
4693:"What is argument mapping?"
3189:The logic of real arguments
3159:Facione, Peter A. (2016) .
3133:Stanford Research Institute
3089:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
2749:10.1007/978-981-13-8265-9_3
2674:10.1007/978-3-319-30549-3_3
2570:10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_2
1681:Böttcher & Meisert 2011
1316:Rhetorical structure theory
1247:
1238:lightweight markup language
1196:Argument Interchange Format
1190:Argument Interchange Format
735:problem-structuring process
294:Problem structuring methods
10:
5326:
4741:10.5840/teachphil200528222
4418:Cambridge University Press
4334:10.5840/teachphil200427213
4272:Cambridge University Press
3885:(2nd ed.). New York:
3426:10.5840/teachphil200831437
3233:Freeman, James B. (1991).
3194:Cambridge University Press
2251:"Estrella project website"
1997:De Liddo & Strube 2021
1871:Conklin & Begeman 1988
1227:
1212:
1193:
982:Human–computer interaction
759:
744:An argument map, unlike a
678:. What is more important,
5215:
5130:
5039:
5030:
5019:
4975:
4892:
4883:
4636:10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5
4595:10.5840/teachphil20123514
4559:10.1007/s40593-016-0130-z
4368:Voigt, Christian (2014).
4170:10.1080/09500690500336957
4118:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4094:10.1007/s11412-009-9080-x
4048:10.1017/S0269888907001051
3999:Law, Probability and Risk
3924:10.1007/978-1-4471-6470-8
3881:; Land, Susan M. (eds.).
3833:10.1007/s10503-012-9284-5
3747:10.1007/978-1-4471-0037-9
3599:10.1007/s11948-013-9430-y
3566:10.1007/s11245-016-9408-x
3537:10.1007/s10503-015-9388-9
3508:10.1080/19331680802715242
3463:Held, Oliver (May 2022).
3373:Communications of the ACM
3280:Law, Probability and Risk
2879:10.1007/s10734-010-9387-6
2638:10.1007/s11191-010-9304-5
2493:10.1007/978-94-007-0140-3
1953:. The Argdown website is
990:intelligence augmentation
269:Entity–relationship model
52:Business decision mapping
5250:Knowledge representation
5235:Concept mapping software
4781:10.1057/9781137378057_14
4494:. Boston: Little Brown.
4426:10.1017/CBO9781139600187
4413:Methods of argumentation
4280:10.1017/CBO9780511840005
3686:. Vol. 1. Tallinn:
3473:(in German) (207): 54–57
3345:"Wigmore's chart method"
3318:10.1057/9781137378057_12
3202:10.1017/CBO9780511818455
2782:University of Birmingham
2278:Argdown tools include a
1394:Culmsee & Awati 2013
1332:
854:, redrawn from his 1959
852:Toulmin argument diagram
612:Diagramming written text
507:Intermediate conclusions
5305:Philosophical analogies
4416:. Cambridge; New York:
4213:10.1023/A:1007800305762
3671:Hunter, Lawrie (2008).
2943:10.1145/3461564.3461584
2630:2011Sc&Ed..20..103B
2618:Science & Education
2483:Bex, Floris J. (2011).
2338:University of Melbourne
1782:van Eemeren et al. 1996
1260:Argumentation framework
1105:artificial intelligence
729:Diagramming as thinking
77:Knowledge visualization
4630:. New York: Springer.
4341:Verheij, Bart (2005).
3362:10.22329/il.v20i3.2278
3343:Goodwin, Jean (2000).
3186:Fisher, Alec (2004) .
2997:. pp. 5667–5677.
2145:Carrington et al. 2011
1722:(first published 1973)
1657:(first published 1958)
1623:(first published 1826)
1300:Logic of argumentation
1009:
978:
969:
935:
866:
858:
797:
774:
754:reflective equilibrium
702:
649:
603:
576:
575:A box and line diagram
545:
503:
481:
264:Diagrammatic reasoning
87:Morphological analysis
24:
5240:Mind mapping software
4624:van Eemeren, Frans H.
3895:10.4324/9780203813799
3634:on 28 September 2008.
3123:Engelbart, Douglas C.
3097:10.4324/9780203811306
3057:van Eemeren, Frans H.
2549:10.1093/logcom/exs033
2444:10.5210/fm.v24i7.9585
1735:Snoeck Henkemans 2000
1579:, pp. 38–39, 413
1222:Web Ontology Language
1016:software applications
998:
975:
963:
933:
864:
849:
795:
772:
700:
644:
601:
574:
543:
501:
479:
423:, two other kinds of
289:Ontology (philosophy)
188:Layered graph drawing
62:Graphic communication
22:
4927:View Your Mind (VYM)
4828:10.3233/SW-2012-0073
4775:. pp. 213–232.
4691:(17 February 2009).
4266:The uses of argument
3889:. pp. 114–141.
3690:. pp. 146–151.
3680:Novak, Joseph Donald
3312:. pp. 183–192.
3013:10.18653/v1/D19-1568
2914:10.1162/IJLM_a_00106
2388:Beardsley, Monroe C.
2361:Beardsley, Monroe C.
2128:, pp. 113–134;
1610:Brun & Betz 2016
1575:: see, for example,
1487:Reed & Rowe 2007
1446:Reed & Rowe 2007
1285:Flow (policy debate)
1265:Argumentation scheme
1164:learning progression
1061:Free and open source
898:introduced the term
874:The Uses of Argument
822:argumentation theory
485:Independent premises
203:Organizational chart
198:Object-role modeling
115:Node–link approaches
5062:ConceptDraw MINDMAP
5057:ConceptDraw DIAGRAM
4718:Teaching Philosophy
4604:"Philosophy mapped"
4583:Teaching Philosophy
4486:Wigmore, John Henry
4321:Teaching Philosophy
4260:Toulmin, Stephen E.
4162:2006IJSEd..28..235S
3413:Teaching Philosophy
3396:10.1145/48511.48514
3073:Willard, Charles A.
2818:10.1145/58566.59297
2255:estrellaproject.org
2186:, pp. 125, 133
1936:Scheuer et al. 2010
1573:composition studies
1512:, pp. 91–110;
1433:, pp. vii–x, 4
1364:, pp. 88–112;
1311:Practical arguments
1295:Logic and dialectic
1255:Argument technology
97:Schema (psychology)
39:Information mapping
4773:Palgrave Macmillan
4695:. timvangelder.com
4408:Walton, Douglas N.
4012:10.1093/lpr/mgm030
3879:Jonassen, David H.
3688:Tallinn University
3310:Palgrave Macmillan
3293:10.1093/lpr/mgm032
3131:. Menlo Park, CA:
3069:Walton, Douglas N.
2937:. pp. 75–88.
2668:. pp. 39–77.
2291:Visual Studio Code
2160:Álvarez Ortiz 2007
2114:Álvarez Ortiz 2007
1818:Bolton et al. 2020
1808:, pp. 165–184
1800:; Robert E. Horn,
1528:, pp. 18–19;
1485:, pp. 49–90;
1412:, pp. 361–380
979:
970:
936:
867:
859:
802:John Henry Wigmore
798:
775:
703:
650:
604:
595:of the objection:
577:
546:
504:
482:
463:Dependent premises
208:Pathfinder network
72:Information design
57:Data visualization
25:
5272:
5271:
5211:
5210:
5017:
5016:
3471:Geschichte Lernen
3065:Johnson, Ralph H.
3061:Grootendorst, Rob
2383:Thinking Straight
2300:"Getting started"
2295:command-line tool
2162:, pp. 69–70
1577:Chryssafidou 2014
1305:Natural deduction
1160:graphic organizer
986:Douglas Engelbart
779:Elements of Logic
449:Douglas N. Walton
425:node–link diagram
406:critical thinking
345:
344:
44:Topics and fields
5317:
5285:Argument mapping
5260:
5259:
5230:Argument mapping
5223:
5222:
5037:
5036:
5025:
4912:LibreOffice Draw
4890:
4889:
4868:Argument mapping
4861:
4854:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4812:
4802:
4759:
4757:
4751:. Archived from
4734:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4684:
4657:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4598:
4580:
4570:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4458:Whately, Richard
4453:
4451:
4450:
4403:
4364:
4337:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4269:
4255:
4224:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4180:. Archived from
4156:(2–3): 235–260.
4147:
4137:
4110:Scriven, Michael
4105:
4087:
4069:
4059:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
3996:
3986:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3908:
3873:
3864:(8): 1129–1138.
3852:
3811:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3731:
3701:
3677:
3667:
3635:
3618:
3577:
3548:
3519:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3459:
3444:
3442:
3436:. Archived from
3409:
3399:
3389:
3366:
3364:
3339:
3297:
3295:
3277:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3182:
3161:THINK critically
3155:
3153:
3152:
3143:. Archived from
3118:
3086:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3036:
3024:
3006:
2985:
2972:
2925:
2890:
2867:Higher Education
2861:
2830:
2820:
2793:
2770:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2695:
2659:
2649:
2612:
2610:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2552:
2532:
2522:
2479:
2452:Berg, Timo ter;
2448:
2446:
2419:
2380:
2356:
2354:
2348:. Archived from
2335:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2257:. Archived from
2247:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1947:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1910:Berg et al. 2009
1907:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1868:
1862:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:, pp. 10–11
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1536:, pp. 19–21
1532:, pp. 3–8;
1523:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1461:, pp. 18–20
1455:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1390:
1384:
1354:
1348:
1347:, pp. 49–90
1342:
1321:Semantic tableau
1290:Informal fallacy
1280:Dialogue mapping
1270:Bayesian network
1171:security studies
1097:forensic science
1093:design rationale
1007:
925:final conclusion
917:argument diagram
856:Uses of Argument
828:Monroe Beardsley
688:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
618:Monroe Beardsley
457:standard diagram
439:, consists of a
437:standard diagram
391:counterarguments
353:argument diagram
337:
330:
323:
274:Geovisualization
259:Design rationale
218:Semantic network
148:Conceptual graph
102:Visual analytics
34:
27:
26:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5245:Visual thinking
5207:
5163:Microsoft Visio
5148:Google Drawings
5126:
5067:Microsoft Visio
5026:
5013:
4971:
4879:
4872:concept mapping
4865:
4835:
4810:
4791:
4755:
4732:10.1.1.526.7982
4712:
4698:
4696:
4689:van Gelder, Tim
4673:
4646:
4612:
4610:
4578:
4539:
4537:Further reading
4534:
4526:
4524:
4517:
4504:
4502:
4476:
4474:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4392:
4353:
4315:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4244:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4145:
4126:
4085:10.1.1.322.2522
4067:
4028:Walton, Douglas
4017:
4015:
3994:
3983:
3954:
3952:
3934:
3905:
3777:
3775:
3757:
3720:
3698:
3675:
3656:
3640:Horn, Robert E.
3489:
3476:
3474:
3440:
3407:
3387:10.1.1.124.2308
3328:
3302:van Gelder, Tim
3275:
3269:van Gelder, Tim
3259:
3257:
3247:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3171:
3150:
3148:
3107:
3047:
3045:
3034:
2953:
2850:
2759:
2729:
2727:
2684:
2666:Springer-Verlag
2657:
2592:
2590:
2580:
2530:
2503:
2468:
2454:van Gelder, Tim
2408:
2365:Practical logic
2352:
2333:
2322:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2228:Bex et al. 2013
2226:
2222:
2210:(2006) and the
2205:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2169:
2158:
2154:
2143:
2139:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1899:van Gelder 2007
1897:
1893:
1869:
1865:
1861:, pp. 3–24
1849:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1391:
1387:
1382:van Gelder 2015
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1250:
1230:
1217:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1147:
1134:
1117:
1089:
1057:Collaboratorium
1008:
1005:
958:
939:Michael Scriven
878:Toulmin diagram
870:Stephen Toulmin
814:
783:Richard Whately
767:
762:
739:writing process
731:
686:
683:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
657:
647:Practical Logic
622:Practical Logic
614:
609:
511:sub-conclusions
433:
410:wicked problems
341:
168:Hyperbolic tree
138:Concept lattice
107:Visual language
17:
12:
11:
5:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4834:
4833:
4821:(2): 159–218.
4803:
4789:
4760:
4758:on 2006-09-07.
4725:(2): 163–177.
4705:
4685:
4672:978-1891557583
4671:
4658:
4644:
4620:
4599:
4571:
4553:(4): 671–693.
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4510:
4482:
4454:
4435:978-1107677333
4434:
4404:
4390:
4365:
4351:
4338:
4308:
4289:978-0521534833
4288:
4256:
4243:978-0136782698
4242:
4225:
4207:(4): 447–473.
4196:
4138:
4125:978-0070558823
4124:
4106:
4060:
4023:
4005:(1–4): 59–85.
3987:
3982:978-3319616599
3981:
3960:
3932:
3909:
3903:
3874:
3853:
3827:(3): 225–243.
3812:
3794:(8): 403–410.
3783:
3756:978-1852336646
3755:
3732:
3719:978-0393930788
3718:
3702:
3696:
3668:
3655:978-1892637093
3654:
3636:
3624:"Beyond words"
3619:
3593:(1): 261–276.
3578:
3560:(1): 185–199.
3549:
3531:(4): 365–397.
3520:
3482:
3460:
3445:
3443:on 2013-12-29.
3420:(4): 351–374.
3400:
3380:(7): 836–852.
3367:
3355:(3): 223–243.
3349:Informal Logic
3340:
3326:
3298:
3286:(1–4): 23–42.
3265:
3246:978-3110133905
3245:
3230:
3211:978-0521654814
3210:
3183:
3170:978-0133909661
3169:
3156:
3119:
3106:978-0805818611
3105:
3087:. Mahwah, NJ:
3053:
3025:
2986:
2973:
2951:
2926:
2908:(3–4): 79–84.
2891:
2873:(3): 279–301.
2862:
2848:
2831:
2811:(4): 303–331.
2794:
2771:
2757:
2735:
2711:(3): 387–403.
2696:
2682:
2650:
2624:(2): 103–140.
2613:
2598:
2578:
2553:
2543:(5): 951–989.
2523:
2501:
2480:
2467:978-9043018012
2466:
2449:
2420:
2407:978-0139182358
2406:
2357:
2355:on 2012-07-08.
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2271:
2242:
2231:
2220:
2199:
2188:
2167:
2152:
2137:
2102:
2091:
2071:
2059:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1939:
1925:
1913:
1902:
1891:
1863:
1851:Engelbart 1962
1843:
1832:
1821:
1810:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1758:Beardsley 1950
1750:
1739:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1673:
1659:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1581:
1564:
1552:
1549:Beardsley 1950
1538:
1526:Beardsley 1950
1518:
1502:
1490:
1475:
1463:
1450:
1435:
1414:
1385:
1380:, p. 10;
1372:, p. 73;
1349:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:human-readable
1229:
1226:
1213:Main article:
1210:
1207:
1194:Main article:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1151:cognitive load
1146:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1125:Informal logic
1116:
1113:
1088:
1085:
1036:Tim van Gelder
1003:
957:
954:
950:Robert E. Horn
882:informal logic
813:
810:
806:Henry Sidgwick
766:
763:
761:
758:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
691:
690:
639:
638:
635:
632:
629:
613:
610:
608:
605:
533:argument or a
441:tree structure
432:
429:
371:, also called
343:
342:
340:
339:
332:
325:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
309:Wicked problem
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
253:
252:
248:
247:
246:
245:
240:
238:Tree structure
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
117:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5322:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5265:
5264:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:3D Topicscape
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4790:9781137378033
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4645:9789048194728
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4391:9781614994367
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4352:9789067041904
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:(2): 95–116.
4327:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4234:Prentice-Hall
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4201:Argumentation
4197:
4187:on 2015-09-19
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4078:(1): 43–102.
4077:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4026:Reed, Chris;
4024:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3933:9781447164692
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3904:9780415894210
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:Argumentation
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:Kelley, David
3703:
3699:
3697:9789985585849
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:New Scientist
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:Argumentation
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:(2): 87–110.
3501:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3327:9781137378033
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3147:on 2011-05-04
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2993:. Hong Kong:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2952:9781450390569
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2849:9781462058549
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:9789811382642
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:9783319305479
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2579:9783540855682
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2524:
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2516:
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2502:9789400701397
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2398:Prentice-Hall
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:Prentice-Hall
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2261:on 2016-02-12
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2184:Nussbaum 2012
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:For example:
2075:
2069:
2066:For example:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1784:, p. 175
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1737:, p. 453
1736:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1598:Hoffmann 2018
1595:
1594:Hoffmann 2016
1591:
1588:For example:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
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1484:
1479:
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1460:
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1454:
1447:
1442:
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1424:
1421:For example:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:; Ricky Ohl,
1403:
1399:
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1392:For example:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
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1367:
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1356:For example:
1353:
1346:
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1337:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
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1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:Argdown is a
1225:
1223:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1126:
1122:
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1102:
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1050:
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1033:
1029:
1025:
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1017:
1014:
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997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
974:
967:
962:
953:
951:
946:
944:
940:
932:
928:
926:
922:
921:basic reasons
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
890:
889:
883:
879:
875:
871:
863:
857:
853:
848:
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
825:
823:
819:
809:
807:
803:
794:
790:
787:
784:
780:
771:
757:
755:
752:position (or
751:
747:
746:decision tree
742:
740:
736:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
695:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:
625:
623:
620:'s 1950 book
619:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
458:
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450:
447:According to
445:
442:
438:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
358:
354:
350:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
318:
316:
315:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
250:
249:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:Graph drawing
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Decision tree
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:Cognitive map
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
113:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
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90:
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29:
28:
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5261:
5224:
5040:Desktop apps
5009:Diagrams.net
4931:
4894:Desktop apps
4876:mind mapping
4867:
4818:
4815:Semantic Web
4814:
4771:. New York:
4768:
4753:the original
4722:
4716:
4697:. Retrieved
4662:
4627:
4611:. Retrieved
4608:philmaps.com
4607:
4589:(1): 41–62.
4586:
4582:
4550:
4546:
4525:. Retrieved
4521:
4503:. Retrieved
4490:
4475:. Retrieved
4462:
4447:. Retrieved
4412:
4373:
4342:
4325:
4319:
4301:. Retrieved
4265:
4229:
4204:
4200:
4189:. Retrieved
4182:the original
4153:
4149:
4114:
4075:
4071:
4039:
4035:
4016:. Retrieved
4002:
3998:
3964:
3953:. Retrieved
3914:
3882:
3861:
3857:
3824:
3820:
3791:
3787:
3776:. Retrieved
3737:
3709:
3683:
3644:
3632:the original
3627:
3590:
3586:
3557:
3553:
3528:
3524:
3499:
3493:
3475:. Retrieved
3470:
3455:academia.edu
3453:
3438:the original
3417:
3411:
3377:
3371:
3352:
3348:
3308:. New York:
3305:
3283:
3279:
3258:. Retrieved
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3188:
3160:
3149:. Retrieved
3145:the original
3127:
3082:
3046:. Retrieved
3030:
2990:
2981:
2933:. New York:
2930:
2905:
2899:
2870:
2866:
2839:
2808:
2802:
2776:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2708:
2704:
2661:
2621:
2617:
2591:. Retrieved
2561:
2540:
2534:
2484:
2457:
2434:
2430:First Monday
2428:
2392:
2382:
2367:. New York:
2364:
2350:the original
2329:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:
2274:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2254:
2245:
2234:
2223:
2202:
2196:Durland 2022
2191:
2163:
2155:
2140:
2118:Harrell 2008
2105:
2099:Hilbert 2009
2094:
2080:Verheij 2005
2074:
2062:
2047:
2036:
2025:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1963:
1923:, p. 11
1916:
1905:
1894:
1866:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1813:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1760:, p. 21
1753:
1747:Scriven 1976
1742:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1676:
1655:Toulmin 2003
1650:
1644:Goodwin 2000
1639:
1633:Wigmore 1913
1628:
1621:Whately 1834
1616:
1604:
1584:
1567:
1562:, p. 28
1560:Harrell 2010
1555:
1534:Harrell 2010
1521:
1516:, p. 20
1514:Harrell 2010
1510:Freeman 1991
1505:
1500:, p. 19
1498:Harrell 2010
1493:
1483:Freeman 1991
1478:
1466:
1453:
1448:, p. 64
1417:
1388:
1362:Facione 2016
1352:
1345:Freeman 1991
1340:
1231:
1218:
1199:
1168:
1148:
1135:
1118:
1090:
1087:Applications
1073:
1041:
1032:Horst Rittel
1010:
999:
980:
947:
942:
937:
924:
920:
919:and defined
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
893:
887:
873:
868:
855:
840:
836:
832:
826:
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799:
788:
778:
776:
743:
732:
704:
692:
651:
646:
621:
615:
592:
591:support the
588:
587:, while the
584:
580:
578:
565:
564:support the
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
492:
488:
484:
483:
470:
466:
462:
461:
456:
454:
446:
436:
434:
431:Key features
414:
403:
376:
372:
366:
360:
352:
349:argument map
348:
346:
299:Semantic Web
123:Argument map
122:
82:Mental model
67:Infographics
5173:MindMeister
5143:Debategraph
5112:Visual Mind
5082:OmniGraffle
5072:MindManager
5032:Proprietary
4613:1 September
3077:Woods, John
2304:argdown.org
2285:editor, an
2280:web browser
2134:Davies 2012
2110:Twardy 2004
2088:Walton 2013
1986:Pührer 2017
1955:argdown.org
1921:Walton 2013
1879:Halasz 1988
1794:Holmes 1999
1720:Thomas 1997
1710:, p. 9
1698:, p. 8
1473:, p. 2
1459:Walton 2013
1427:Hunter 2008
1423:Davies 2010
1378:Walton 2013
1370:Kelley 2014
1366:Fisher 2004
1358:Davies 2012
1145:Limitations
1109:e-democracy
1053:Debategraph
843:arguments.
583:weaken the
467:co-premises
417:concept map
383:co-premises
304:Treemapping
213:Radial tree
143:Concept map
5279:Categories
5225:Categories
5198:SpicyNodes
5158:Lucidchart
5077:MindMapper
4945:Compendium
4699:12 January
4527:2023-06-10
4505:2016-02-24
4477:2016-02-24
4449:2016-02-24
4303:2016-02-24
4191:2015-01-12
4018:2016-02-24
3955:2016-02-24
3778:2016-02-24
3477:2023-07-20
3260:2016-02-24
3225:2016-02-24
3151:2018-04-09
3048:2016-02-24
3004:2004.03034
2961:1261323348
2730:2016-02-24
2608:2012.00209
2593:2016-02-24
2320:References
2309:2019-10-30
2265:2016-02-24
2130:Dwyer 2011
1972:2019-10-30
1951:Voigt 2014
1840:Young 2021
1326:Wikidebate
1236:-inspired
1049:Compendium
833:convergent
585:contention
581:objections
566:contention
550:contention
537:argument.
489:convergent
473:argument.
387:objections
373:contention
362:conclusion
183:Issue tree
158:Dendrogram
128:Cladistics
5290:Arguments
5193:SmartDraw
5107:Tinderbox
5097:SmartDraw
5092:Semantica
5052:CmapTools
4955:Freeplane
4940:Araucaria
4799:894935460
4727:CiteSeerX
4681:182039452
4654:871004444
4460:(1834) .
4444:830523850
4400:894508689
4262:(2003) .
4221:140364997
4178:145163500
4115:Reasoning
4080:CiteSeerX
4042:(1): 87.
3942:890438015
3887:Routledge
3841:189942834
3728:849801096
3708:(2014) .
3574:123754143
3545:146779158
3382:CiteSeerX
3336:894935460
3179:893099404
3043:812818648
3021:202768765
2969:235494842
2858:767703320
2790:890146780
2767:195785108
2725:144862766
2692:950884495
2646:119954511
2588:244765580
2511:663950184
2476:301884530
2346:271475715
2287:extension
2041:Held 2022
1883:NoteCards
1798:Horn 1998
1185:Standards
1179:synthesis
1081:rationale
1045:Araucaria
1020:NoteCards
1013:hypertext
943:Reasoning
837:divergent
493:divergent
395:rebuttals
233:Topic map
223:Sociogram
178:Issue map
173:Hypertext
5295:Diagrams
5131:Web apps
5102:TheBrain
5004:Overleaf
5000:PGF/TikZ
4977:Web apps
4960:PlantUML
4950:FreeMind
4917:PGF/TikZ
4878:software
4488:(1913).
4410:(2013).
4361:59617214
4298:57253830
4252:34745923
4112:(1976).
4056:26294789
3950:28008938
3808:38666976
3773:46267938
3765:50676911
3682:(eds.).
3664:41138655
3642:(1998).
3615:14247458
3607:23420467
3516:15790311
3271:(2007).
3255:24429943
3220:54400059
3125:(1962).
3115:33970847
3079:(1996).
2922:62373559
2887:44953977
2519:26791185
2390:(1975).
2363:(1950).
2293:, and a
2206:See the
2068:Bex 2011
1248:See also
1234:Markdown
1175:analysis
1004:—
984:pioneer
750:coherent
558:premises
421:mind map
368:premises
365:and the
357:argument
251:See also
228:Timeline
193:Mind map
5183:Mindomo
5178:MindMup
4990:Argüman
4985:Argdown
4902:Argdown
4749:5573216
4567:5567454
4500:1938596
4472:1739330
4158:Bibcode
4134:2800373
4102:4473082
3849:2185945
3434:7340407
3141:8671016
2827:2609461
2626:Bibcode
2416:1168973
2377:4318971
2283:sandbox
2218:format.
1228:Argdown
1169:A 2022
1156:rubrics
1069:Argüman
1065:Argdown
913:against
909:against
888:warrant
777:In the
760:History
684:because
656:Though
593:premise
589:reasons
562:reasons
554:reasons
527:complex
444:right.
378:reasons
5168:Mind42
5138:Coggle
4935:-based
4874:, and
4797:
4787:
4747:
4729:
4679:
4669:
4652:
4642:
4565:
4498:
4470:
4442:
4432:
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4388:
4359:
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4296:
4286:
4250:
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4219:
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4100:
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4054:
3979:
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3940:
3930:
3901:
3847:
3839:
3806:
3771:
3763:
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