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half survive more than a week or two. Most kingfishers die of cold or lack of food, and a severe winter can kill a high percentage of the birds. Summer floods can destroy nests or make fishing difficult, resulting in starvation of the brood. Only a quarter of the young survive to breed the following year, but this is enough to maintain the population. Likewise, only a quarter of adult birds survive from one breeding season to the next. Very few birds live longer than one breeding season. The oldest bird on record was 21 years.
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1058:. One study found that food provisioning rate increased with brood size, from 1498 g (505 fishes for four nestlings) to 2968 g (894 fishes for eight nestlings). During the fledging period each chick consumed on average 334 g of fish, which resulted in an estimated daily food intake of 37% of the chick's body mass (average over the entire nestling period). The average daily energy intake was 73.5 kJ per chick (i.e., 1837 kJ per 25 days of the fledging period).
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quality of water, so the presence of this bird confirms the standard of the water. Measures to improve water flow can disrupt this habitat, and in particular, the replacement of natural banks by artificial confinement greatly reduces the populations of fish, amphibians and aquatic reptiles, and waterside birds are lost. It can tolerate a certain degree of urbanisation, provided the water remains clean.
821:. In temperate regions, this kingfisher inhabits clear, slow-flowing streams and rivers, and lakes with well-vegetated banks. It frequents scrubs and bushes with overhanging branches close to shallow open water in which it hunts. In winter it is more coastal, often feeding in estuaries or harbours and along rocky seashores. Tropical populations are found by slow-flowing rivers, in
1010:. The bird rises beak-first from the surface and flies back to its perch. At the perch the fish is adjusted until it is held near its tail and beaten against the perch several times. Once dead, the fish is positioned lengthways and swallowed head-first. A few times each day, a small greyish pellet of fish bones and other indigestible remains is regurgitated.
953: oz), of which 5% is shell. Both sexes incubate by day, but only the female incubates at night. An incubating bird sits trance-like, facing the tunnel; it invariably casts a pellet, breaking it up with the bill. The eggs hatch in 19–20 days, one or two eggs in most clutches fail to do so because the parent cannot cover them prior. The
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pigments. These droplets enhance color vision and reduce glare. Aquatic kingfishers have high numbers of red pigments in their oil droplets; the reason red droplets predominate is not understood, but the droplets may help with the glare or the dispersion of light from particulate matter in the water.
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also reported the country practice of killing a kingfisher and hanging it from a thread in the belief that it would swing to predict the direction in which the wind would blow. Persecution by anglers and to provide feathers for fishing flies were common in earlier decades, but are now largely a thing
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This species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi). It has a large population, including an estimated 160,000–320,000 individuals in Europe alone. Global population trends have not been quantified, but populations appear to
884:
Like all kingfishers, the common kingfisher is highly territorial; since it must eat around 60% of its body weight each day, it is essential to have control of a suitable stretch of river. It is solitary for most of the year, roosting alone in heavy cover. If another kingfisher enters its territory,
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has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red. It is about 16 cm
335:
bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish, caught by diving, and has special visual adaptations to enable it to see prey under water. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a
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The early days for fledged juveniles are more hazardous; during its first dives into the water, about four days after leaving the nest, a fledgling may become waterlogged and drown. Many young will not have learned to fish by the time they are driven out of their parents' territory, and only about
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is orange-red with a black tip. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with duller and greener upperparts and paler underparts. Its bill is black, and the legs are also initially black. Feathers are moulted gradually between July and
November with the main flight feathers taking 90–100 days to
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The common kingfisher hunts from a perch 1–2 m (3–7 ft) above the water, on a branch, post or riverbank, bill pointing down as it searches for prey. It bobs its head when food is detected to gauge the distance and plunges steeply down to seize its prey usually no deeper than 25 cm
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Other causes of death are cats, rats, collisions with vehicles and windows, and human disturbance of nesting birds, including riverbank works with heavy machinery. Since kingfishers are high up in the food chain, they are vulnerable to build-up of chemicals, and river pollution by industrial and
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The nest is in a burrow excavated by both birds of the pair in a low vertical riverbank, or sometimes a quarry or other cutting. The straight, gently inclining burrow is normally 60–90 cm (25–35 in) long and ends in an enlarged chamber. The nest cavity is unlined but soon accumulates a
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Common kingfishers are important members of ecosystems and good indicators of freshwater community health. The highest densities of breeding birds are found in habitats with clear water, which permits optimal prey visibility, and trees or shrubs on the banks. These habitats have also the highest
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with the greatest density of light receptors), and a kingfisher can switch from the main central fovea to the auxiliary fovea when it enters water; a retinal streak of high receptor density which connects the two foveae allows the image to swing temporally as the bird drops onto the prey. The
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The common kingfisher is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and North Africa, mainly south of 60°N. It is a common breeding species over much of its vast
Eurasian range, but in North Africa it is mainly a winter visitor, although it is a scarce breeding resident in coastal
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1054:) may also constitute part of the diet of this species. In Central Europe, however, fish represented 99.9% of the diet (data from rivers, streams, and reservoirs from years 1999 to 2013). Common kingfishers have also been observed to catch
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both birds display from perches, and fights may occur, in which a bird will grab the other's beak and try to hold it underwater. Pairs form in the autumn but each bird retains a separate territory, generally at least 1 km (
1023: in). In Central Europe, 97% of the diet was found to be composed of fish ranging in size from 2 to 10 cm with an average of 6.5 cm (body mass range from <0.1 g to >10 g, average 3 g).
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There are seven subspecies differing in the hue of the upperparts and the intensity of the rufous colour of the underparts; size varies across the subspecies by up to 10%. The races resident south of the
497:, this is the only small blue kingfisher. In south and southeast Asia, it can be confused with six other small blue-and-rufous kingfishers, but the rufous ear patches distinguish it from all but juvenile
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young are in the nest for a further 24–25 days, often more. Once large enough, young birds will come to the burrow entrance to be fed. Two broods, sometimes three, may be reared in a season.
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into
Southeast Asia. Kingfishers migrate mainly at night, and some Siberian breeders must travel at least 3,000 km (1,900 mi) between the breeding sites and the wintering areas.
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The flight of the kingfisher is fast, direct and usually low over water. The short, rounded wings whirr rapidly, and a bird flying away shows an electric-blue "flash" down its back.
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after breeding from regions with prolonged freezing conditions in winter. Most birds winter within the southern parts of the breeding range, but smaller numbers cross the
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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1402:
Moyle, R.G.; Fuchs, J.; Pasquet, E.; Marks, B.D. (2007). "Feeding behavior, toe count, and the phylogenetic relationships among alcedinine kingfishers (Alcedininae)".
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in water. The underwater vision is not as a sharp as in air, but the ability to judge the distance of moving prey is more important than the sharpness of the image.
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The courtship is initiated by the male chasing the female while calling continually, and later by ritual feeding, with copulation usually following.
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This species has the typical short-tailed, dumpy-bodied, large-headed, and long-billed kingfisher shape. The adult male of the western
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This species was killed in
Victorian times for stuffing and display in glass cases and use in hat making. English naturalist
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comprises seven small kingfishers that all eat fish as part of their diet. The common kingfisher's closest relative is the
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1764:Čech, M. & Čech, P. (2013). "The role of floods in the lives of fish-eating birds: predator loss or benefit?".
1115:(i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as "
1006:(10 in) below the surface. The wings are opened underwater and the open eyes are protected by the transparent
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agricultural products excludes the birds from many stretches of otherwise suitable rivers that would be habitats.
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be stable so the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the
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are typical prey. About 60% of food items are fish, but this kingfisher also catches aquatic insects such as
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Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the
Western Palearctic
1867:Čech, M. & Čech, P. (2017). "Effect of brood size on food provisioning rate in Common Kingfisher
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110:
1587:"Effect of ditch living thing by process of original structure replacement by RC irrigation ditch"
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Peris, S. J.; Rodriguez, R. (1996). "Some factors related to distribution by breeding
Kingfisher (
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The food is mainly fish up to 12.5 cm (5 in) long, but the average size is 2.3 cm (
501:; details of the head pattern may be necessary to differentiate the two species where both occur.
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799:. The largest southeast Asian subspecies, it has a blue ear-patch and is more purple-tinged than
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of
Belgium create a vertical bank in which common kingfishers have subsequently nested annually
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The common kingfisher typically lays two to ten glossy white eggs, which average 1.9 cm (
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and southern India. Its upperparts are bright blue, not green-blue; it is the same size as
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moult and regrow. Some that moult late may suspend their moult during cold winter weather.
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450: in) long with a wingspan of 25 cm (10 in), and weighs 34–46 g (
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478: oz). The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower
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This species is resident in areas where the climate is mild year-round, but must
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775:, the blue on the hind neck and rump is purple-tinged and the ear-patch is blue.
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1353:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 171.
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of the eye points towards the auxiliary fovea, enabling the bird to maintain
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The common kingfisher has no song. The flight call is a short, sharp whistle
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as more than just occasional items in the diet of the
Eurasian kingfisher
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underwater. Because of the positions of the foveae, the kingfisher has
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with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across
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1316:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 109.
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671:, it has a greener crown, paler underparts and is slightly larger.
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that has white underparts and is found in parts of
Indonesia.
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of a bird's retina contains an oil droplet that may contain
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The Birds of the
British Isles and Their Eggs (two volumes)
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909: mi) and territories are not merged until the spring.
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repeated two or three times. Anxious birds emit a harsh,
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have the bluest upperparts and partly blue ear-patches.
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Lin, Wen-Loung; Tsai, Hsien-Hsiu; Wu, Hsuan-Ju (2007).
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between air and water. The eyes of many birds have two
1989:
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Male passing fish to female in spring courtship ritual
2047:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 711–723.
1498:(concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
711:. It is smaller and brighter than the European races.
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1552:(1962), Shalit Publishers Ltd., Haifa, Israel. p. 12
1492:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
512:and nestlings call for food with a churring noise.
1561:
1458:Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1999).
2089:by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
2015:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en
1286:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en
1061:A challenge for any diving bird is the change in
943: in) in length, and weigh about 4.3 g (
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1938:
1620:. Vol. 1 (Third ed.). Frederick Warne.
627:. Breeds from northwestern Africa and southern
1594:Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation
1462:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 219–221.
1714:
1712:
344:The common kingfisher was first described by
2077:Photos, audio and video of common kingfisher
1799:Davies, Nigel; Allain, Steven J. R. (2023).
1798:
1695:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 300.
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840:into Africa or travel over the mountains of
743:. Resident breeder from Bali to Timor. Like
362:. The modern binomial name derives from the
1911:How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World
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1902:
1524:"Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers"
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807:
683:. Breeds in southern and eastern Asia from
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324:. It is resident in much of its range, but
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1666:"Longevity list of birds ringed in Europe"
328:from areas where rivers freeze in winter.
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2013:
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1645:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
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566:Learn how and when to remove this message
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263: Resident all year round
1844:sp.) in the diet of common kingfisher (
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1220:Common kingfisher female with fish, in
895: mi) long, but up to 3.5 km (
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1939:Schwab, I. R.; Hart N. S. (May 2004).
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1691:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
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1530:. International Ornithologists' Union
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771:. Plumage colours are deeper than in
707:; winters south to Indonesia and the
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2314:c358c90f-ebfe-4a64-a5de-218775fe9cb0
1983:
1839:
548:adding citations to reliable sources
519:
2560:IUCN Red List least concern species
2001:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1495:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1460:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers
1272:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
933: in) in breadth, 2.2 cm (
13:
2025:
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1422:
1357:
647:; it is a winter visitor south to
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1326:Note: What is now the subspecies
1946:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1719:Čech, M. & Čech, P. (2015).
1416:10.1111/J.2007.0908-8857.03921.x
1350:Check-list of Birds of the World
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916:litter of fish remains and cast
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2087:Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.3 MB)
1990:BirdLife International (2016).
1913:. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm.
1860:
1840:Čech, Martin (2017). "Lamprey (
1833:
1792:
1757:
1542:
1522:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
1330:is described on p. 115 as
1261:BirdLife International (2016).
767:and the islands of the western
535:needs additional citations for
1616:Coward, Thomas Alfred (1930).
1337:
1320:
1069:(the fovea is the area of the
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1:
1742:10.1080/00063657.2015.1073679
1382:British Trust for Ornithology
1248:
1139:female with dragonfly larva,
398:, a beautiful young woman of
847:
803:, with which it interbreeds.
489:In North Africa, Europe and
7:
2590:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1528:World Bird List Version 7.2
960:
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10:
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2081:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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791:. Resident breeder in the
258: Breeding range
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1909:Sinclair, Sandra (1985).
1778:10.1007/s10750-013-1625-3
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106:Scientific classification
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2008:: e.T22683027A89575948.
1404:Journal of Avian Biology
1279:: e.T22683027A89575948.
998:Male fishing in Italy's
808:Habitat and distribution
759:. Resident breeder from
268: Non-breeding range
2585:Birds described in 1758
1959:10.1136/bjo.2004.045492
1813:Herpetological Bulletin
336:burrow in a riverbank.
1885:10.5253/arde.v105i1.a3
1637:"Survival and threats"
1002:
991:
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825:creeks and in swamps.
723:. Resident breeder in
516:Geographical variation
499:blue-eared kingfishers
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368:
2439:Paleobiology Database
1238:Chitwan National Park
997:
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872:
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613:and winters south to
375:, 'kingfisher' (from
304:), also known as the
2309:Fauna Europaea (new)
2045:Terns to Woodpeckers
1803:Lissotriton vulgaris
1052:Lissotriton vulgaris
544:improve this article
2083:'s Macaulay Library
1194:Eating a small fish
417:cerulean kingfisher
402:, and favourite of
306:Eurasian kingfisher
286:Linnaeus, 1758
76:Conservation status
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992:
882:
867:
861:Volunteers in the
779:A. a. solomonensis
24:Common kingfisher
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2426:Open Tree of Life
2099:Taxon identifiers
1920:978-0-7099-3336-6
1850:Bulletin Lampetra
1826:10.33256/hb164.43
1702:978-0-7011-6907-7
1505:978-0-19-854099-1
1469:978-0-7136-5206-2
1374:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1345:Peters, James Lee
1189:
1167:A. a. bengalensis
801:A. a. hispidoides
790:
758:
751:A. a. hispidoides
742:
729:A. a. bengalensis
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682:
675:A. a. bengalensis
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1324:
1318:
1317:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1258:
1233:
1217:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1163:
1154:Two birds mating
1151:
1133:
1088:binocular vision
1084:monocular vision
1022:
1021:
1017:
952:
951:
947:
942:
941:
937:
932:
931:
927:
908:
907:
903:
900:
894:
893:
889:
781:
773:A. a. floresiana
753:
737:
735:A. a. floresiana
717:
677:
590:
571:
564:
560:
557:
551:
528:
520:
477:
476:
472:
469:
463:
462:
458:
455:
449:
448:
444:
441:
392:
385:
384:
373:
310:river kingfisher
287:
267:
262:
257:
249:
227:
114:
113:
93:
88:
87:
51:
33:
21:
20:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2413:Observation.org
2411:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2101:
2073:
2055:
2035:, ed. (1985). "
2028:
2026:Further reading
2023:
1988:
1984:
1937:
1928:
1921:
1907:
1900:
1865:
1861:
1838:
1834:
1797:
1793:
1762:
1758:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1614:
1605:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1568:Ekologia Polska
1560:
1556:
1548:Arnold, Paula:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1477:
1470:
1456:
1423:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1169:with a fish in
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1108:
1019:
1015:
1014:
984:
975:William Yarrell
963:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
934:
929:
925:
924:
905:
901:
898:
896:
891:
887:
886:
855:
850:
810:
793:Solomon Islands
745:A. a. taprobana
715:A. a. taprobana
651:, northeastern
572:
561:
555:
552:
541:
529:
518:
474:
470:
467:
465:
460:
456:
453:
451:
446:
442:
439:
437:
425:
355:Systema Naturae
342:
285:
269:
265:
264:
260:
259:
255:
240:
229:
223:
210:
108:
100:
89:
85:
78:
65:
57:
39:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Birds of Japan
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2499:
2497:
2495:Gracula atthis
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2296:Fauna Europaea
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2127:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2072:
2071:External links
2069:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2033:Cramp, Stanley
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1982:
1941:"Halcyon days"
1926:
1919:
1898:
1859:
1832:
1801:"Smooth newts
1791:
1756:
1735:(4): 457–465.
1708:
1701:
1683:
1657:
1623:
1603:
1596:(in Chinese).
1577:
1554:
1541:
1511:
1504:
1475:
1468:
1421:
1410:(3): 317–326.
1394:
1356:
1347:, ed. (1945).
1336:
1319:
1299:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1180:
1178:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1107:
1104:
983:
980:
962:
959:
863:Flemish Region
854:
851:
849:
846:
809:
806:
805:
804:
776:
748:
732:
712:
672:
667:. Compared to
637:Kashmir region
622:
593:. Breeds from
591:Linnaeus, 1758
574:
573:
532:
530:
523:
517:
514:
424:
421:
360:Gracula atthis
341:
338:
290:
289:
283:Gracula atthis
278:
277:
271:
270:
254:
251:
250:
242:
241:
230:
219:
218:
212:
211:
207:A. atthis
204:
202:
198:
197:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
102:
101:
83:
80:
79:
74:
71:
70:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2483:Alcedo-atthis
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:Alcedo_atthis
2147:
2143:
2138:
2137:Alcedo atthis
2132:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2107:Alcedo atthis
2104:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:0-19-857507-6
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:Kingfisher".
2038:
2037:Alcedo atthis
2034:
2030:
2029:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1994:Alcedo atthis
1986:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Alcedo atthis
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:Alcedo atthis
1843:
1836:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:Alcedo atthis
1804:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:Hydrobiologia
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1723:Alcedo atthis
1715:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:(1–2): 31–38.
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Alcedo atthis
1558:
1551:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:Alcedo atthis
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1332:Alcedo ispida
1329:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1265:Alcedo atthis
1257:
1253:
1243:
1239:
1236:In flight at
1232:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1207:Window victim
1202:
1197:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:Uttar Pradesh
1168:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1117:least concern
1114:
1113:IUCN Red List
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:visual acuity
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:water beetles
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1011:
1009:
1001:
996:
988:
979:
978:of the past.
976:
971:
967:
958:
956:
921:
919:
913:
910:
880:
876:
875:Alcedo atthis
871:
864:
859:
845:
843:
839:
838:Mediterranean
835:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
802:
798:
797:San Cristobal
794:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:Pacific Ocean
766:
762:
756:
752:
749:
746:
740:
736:
733:
730:
726:
720:
716:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:and southern
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:and southern
600:
596:
589:
586:
585:
584:
582:
570:
567:
559:
549:
545:
539:
538:
533:This section
531:
527:
522:
521:
513:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
493:north of the
492:
487:
484:
481:
434:
430:
420:
418:
414:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
383:
378:
374:
372:
371:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:Carl Linnaeus
337:
334:
333:sparrow-sized
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:, is a small
311:
307:
303:
302:
301:Alcedo atthis
297:
288:
284:
279:
276:
272:
252:
248:
243:
238:
234:
228:
226:
225:Alcedo atthis
220:
217:
216:Binomial name
213:
209:
208:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:Coraciiformes
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
103:
97:
92:
91:Least Concern
81:
77:
72:
69:
64:
60:
54:
50:
45:
42:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2494:
2106:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1950:
1944:
1910:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1692:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1640:
1617:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1514:
1493:
1459:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1377:
1371:
1370:"Kingfisher
1349:
1339:
1331:
1328:A. a. ispida
1327:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1276:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1224:, Bangladesh
1166:
1137:A. a. ispida
1136:
1109:
1092:
1086:in air, and
1060:
1051:
1029:sticklebacks
1012:
1008:third eyelid
1004:
972:
968:
964:
922:
914:
911:
883:
874:
831:
827:
811:
800:
778:
772:
750:
744:
734:
728:
719:Kleinschmidt
714:
703:and eastern
674:
669:A. a. ispida
668:
625:A. a. atthis
624:
609:and western
588:A. a. ispida
587:
581:Wallace Line
577:
562:
556:January 2021
553:
542:Please help
537:verification
534:
509:
505:
503:
488:
485:
433:A. a. ispida
432:
431:subspecies,
426:
410:
408:
395:
387:
366:
359:
353:
350:10th edition
343:
330:
322:North Africa
309:
305:
300:
299:
295:
293:
282:
281:
224:
222:
206:
205:
193:
68:A. a. ispida
67:
18:
2570:Kingfishers
2335:iNaturalist
2131:Wikispecies
1879:(1): 5–17.
1772:: 203–211.
1600:(1): 31–42.
1520:Gill, Frank
1308:Linnaeus, C
1292:19 November
1074:egg-shaped
709:Philippines
639:, northern
633:Afghanistan
510:shrit-it-it
423:Description
358:in 1758 as
183:Alcedininae
179:Subfamily:
173:Alcedinidae
2554:Categories
2510:Q125298466
2478:Xeno-canto
1953:(5): 613.
1729:Bird Study
1670:Kingfisher
1641:Kingfisher
1378:Bird facts
1249:References
1222:Chattogram
1099:carotenoid
1063:refraction
783:Rothschild
765:New Guinea
409:The genus
314:kingfisher
1676:23 August
1650:23 August
1387:21 August
1095:cone cell
1041:dragonfly
955:altricial
848:Behaviour
725:Sri Lanka
689:Indonesia
495:Himalayas
201:Species:
129:Kingdom:
123:Eukaryota
59:Kecskemét
2504:Wikidata
2379:22683027
2353:11125585
2187:22683027
2182:BirdLife
2171:BioLib:
2116:Wikidata
2063:13791970
1977:15129670
1893:90362897
1856:: 44–47.
1842:Lampetra
1786:16257345
1751:85632259
1672:. EURING
1310:(1758).
1031:, small
1000:Po River
961:Survival
873:Eggs of
853:Breeding
842:Malaysia
823:mangrove
795:east to
761:Sulawesi
705:Mongolia
665:Pakistan
641:Xinjiang
631:east to
619:Portugal
480:mandible
429:European
340:Taxonomy
326:migrates
275:Synonyms
233:Linnaeus
169:Family:
143:Chordata
139:Phylum:
133:Animalia
119:Domain:
96:IUCN 3.1
2532:ZooBank
2524:4408365
2470:1037300
2327:2475532
2249:comkin1
2223:bob8310
2210:comkin1
2159:Avibase
1968:1772125
1141:Hungary
1123:Gallery
1056:lamprey
1025:Minnows
1018:⁄
982:Feeding
948:⁄
938:⁄
928:⁄
918:pellets
904:⁄
890:⁄
834:migrate
819:Tunisia
815:Morocco
787:Hartert
645:Siberia
607:Romania
595:Ireland
473:⁄
459:⁄
445:⁄
394:), and
390:halcyon
352:of his
348:in the
318:Eurasia
189:Genus:
159:Order:
149:Class:
94: (
63:Hungary
41:England
2565:Alcedo
2444:372853
2431:549519
2366:554549
2283:EURING
2262:ALCEAT
2122:Q79915
2061:
2051:
1975:
1965:
1917:
1891:
1819:: 43.
1784:
1749:
1699:
1566:L.)".
1534:17 May
1502:
1466:
1106:Status
1071:retina
1067:foveae
1044:larvae
789:, 1905
757:, 1837
755:Lesson
741:, 1892
739:Sharpe
721:, 1894
681:, 1788
679:Gmelin
649:Israel
643:, and
611:Russia
603:Norway
412:Alcedo
404:Sappho
400:Lesbos
396:Atthis
382:ἀλκυών
370:alcedo
266:
261:
256:
194:Alcedo
56:Female
2465:WoRMS
2405:36245
2348:IRMNG
2301:97082
2270:EUNIS
2244:eBird
2236:667V7
2207:BOW:
2200:52569
2079:from
1889:S2CID
1873:Ardea
1782:S2CID
1747:S2CID
1590:(PDF)
1242:Nepal
1175:India
1093:Each
1037:trout
1033:roach
701:Japan
697:Korea
693:China
685:India
657:Yemen
653:Sudan
629:Italy
599:Spain
377:Greek
364:Latin
331:This
66:Both
2519:GBIF
2457:1408
2400:NCBI
2374:IUCN
2361:ITIS
2340:2599
2322:GBIF
2288:8310
2257:EPPO
2195:BOLD
2174:8804
2059:OCLC
2049:ISBN
2006:2016
1973:PMID
1915:ISBN
1848:)".
1697:ISBN
1678:2008
1652:2008
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