385:. Hydrochloric acid is a gas in solution, which will evaporate. As a result, modern fountain pen iron gall inks are less likely to damage paper than historical inks and are gentler for the inside of a fountain pen, but can still cause problems if left in a pen for a long period. Manufacturers or retailers of modern iron gall inks intended for fountain pens sometimes advise a more thorough than usual cleaning regimen – which requires the ink to be flushed out regularly with water – to avoid clogging or corrosion on delicate pen parts. For more thoroughly cleaning iron gall ink out of a fountain pen, sequential flushes of the pen with water, diluted vinegar or citric acid (to flush out residual iron gall compounds), water, diluted ammonia (if needed to flush out residual colour dye stains), then finally water are often recommended.
314:
33:
91:
180:
326:
306:
188:
632:
on 21 November 1988, after the draft finalized by the Inks and Allied
Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council. IS 220 prescribes the requirements and the methods of sampling and tests for ferrogallo tannate fountain pen inks containing not less than 0.1 percent
236:
While a very effective ink, the formula was less than ideal. Iron gall ink is acidic. Depending on the writing surface being used, iron gall ink can have unsightly "ghost writing" on the obverse face of the writing surface (most commonly parchment or paper). Ultimately it may eat holes through the
263:
currently known to exist, thought to be written in the middle of the fourth century. Due to the ease of making iron gall ink and its quality of permanence and water resistance this ink became the favored one for scribes in the
European corridor as well as around the Mediterranean Sea. Surviving
364:(discontinued in 2012), Chesterfield Archival Vault (discontinued in 2016), Diamine Registrar's Ink, Ecclesiastical Stationery Supplies Registrars Ink, Hero 232, and Organics Studios Aristotle Iron Gall. Other manufacturers offer besides blue-black other colored iron gall inks such as Gutenberg
296:
The permanence and water-resistance of the iron and gall-nut formula made it the standard writing ink in Europe for over 1,400 years, and in
America after European colonisation. Its use and production started to decline only in the 20th century, when other waterproof formulas (better suited for
392:
in these modern iron gall formulas functions as a temporary colourant to make these inks clearly visible whilst writing. The ferro-gallic compounds through a gradual oxidation process cause an observable gradual colour change to grey/black whilst these inks completely dry and makes the writing
287:
had its own official recipe that was to be used in all post office branches for the use of their customers. It was not until the invention of chemically-produced inks and writing fluids in the latter half of the 20th century that iron gall ink fell from common use.
345:. Ferro-gallic deposit accumulation in the feed system can clog the small ink passages in fountain pen feeds. Further, very acidic traditional iron gall inks intended for dip pens can corrode metal pen parts (a phenomenon known as
1214:
IRON GALLATE INKS-LIQUID AND POWDER by Elmer W. Zimmerman, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP807 Part of
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Volume 15, July
408:, modern iron gall inks are still used in fountain pens where permanence is required. In the United Kingdom the use of special blue-black archival quality Registrars' Ink containing ferro-gallic compounds is required in
628:
In India, the IS 220 (1988): Fountain Pen Ink – Ferro-gallo
Tannate (0.1 percent iron content) Third Revision standard, which was reaffirmed in 2010, is in use. This Indian Standard was adopted by the
370:(certificate ink G10 black), KWZ Iron Gall inks, Platinum Classic inks, Rohrer & Klingner "Salix" (blue-black) and "Scabiosa" (purplish-grey) inks, and Stipula Ferrogallico inks for fountain pens.
218:. For that reason, the liquid ink needs to be stored in a well-stoppered bottle, and often becomes unusable after a time. The ferric ions react with the tannic acid or some derived compound (possibly
280:
were made with iron gall ink. Laws were enacted in Great
Britain and France specifying the content of iron gall ink for all royal and legal records to ensure permanence in this time period as well.
297:
writing on paper) became available. Today, iron gall ink is manufactured by a small number of companies and used by fountain pen enthusiasts and artists, but has fewer administrative applications.
1066:
818:
691:
The IS 220 reference ink shall not be used for more than one month after the date of preparation and shall be stored in amber-coloured reagent bottles (see IS 1388 : 1959).
309:
Fountain pen writing samples written with blue-black
Ecclesiastical Stationery Supplies Registrars Ink iron gall–based ink used in the United Kingdom for official documents
199:
tannate complex is formed. Because of its solubility, the ink is able to penetrate the paper surface, making it difficult to erase. When exposed to air, it converts to a
377:
optimised. Historical inks often contained excess acid which was not consumed in the oxidation of the ferro-gallic compounds. Modern formulations also tend to use
462:
In a litre of ink there must be at least 27 g of tannic acid and gallic acid, and at least 4 g of iron content. The maximum iron content is 6 g/L.
1055:
A Guide for
Authorised Persons, HM Passport Office, General Register Office, Issued: 2012, Last Updated: February 2015, Registration stock, 1.18, Page 5
151:
The fermented extract was combined with the iron(II) sulfate. After filtering, the resulting pale-grey solution had a binder added to it (most commonly
1073:
836:
1054:
171:
or other formulas) could not be erased by rubbing or washing. The marks could only be erased by scraping a thin layer off the writing surface.
959:
82:
for the 1400-year period between the 5th and 19th centuries, remained in widespread use well into the 20th century, and is still sold today.
1141:
985:
163:. A well-prepared ink would gradually darken to an intense purplish black. The resulting marks would adhere firmly to the parchment or
1163:
373:
These modern iron gall inks contain a small amount of ferro-gallic compounds and are also more likely to have a formulation which is
1067:"Guidebook for The Clergy, HM Passport Office, General Register Office, Issued: 2011, Last Updated: February 2015, Ink, 1.9, Page 7"
1010:
1580:
397:
of the used paper. In general, the darkening process will progress more quickly and visibly on papers containing relatively high
237:
surface it was on. This is accelerated by high temperature and humidity. However, some manuscripts written with it, such as the
620:
in the ink bottle. Both preservatives are enhanced by lowering the pH-value (acidifying the ink by adding hydrochloric acid).
830:
255:, and are vague at best. Many famous and important manuscripts have been written using ferrous oak gall ink, including the
1021:
947:
1098:
887:
787:
313:
1495:
935:
272:
bear this out as the vast majority are written using iron gall ink, the balance being written using lamp black or
1568:
1241:
356:
Instead, modern surrogate iron gall formulas are offered for fountain pens, such as blue-black bottled inks by
1043:
32:
121:
1044:
Henry 'Inky' Stephens – the inventor of blue-black ink (Stephens Blue-Black
Registrar's Ink) at BBC Radio 4
284:
761:
465:
After 14 days' storage in a glass container the ink must not have stained the glass or show sedimentation.
283:
The popularity of iron gall ink traveled around the world during the colonization period and beyond. The
1198:
851:
133:
636:
Annex M stipulates that the IS 220 reference ink shall be prepared according to the following formula:
629:
17:
1099:"Dienstordnung für Notarinnen und Notare (DONot), Abschnitt Herstellung der notariellen Urkunden § 29"
1199:
Iron Gall Ink – Traveling
Scriptorium – A Teaching Kit by the Yale University Library 21 March 2013
963:
906:
98:. On right, oak extraction. The two are mixed immediately prior to use to produce the ink, centre.
1164:"IS 220 (1988): Fountain Pen Ink – Ferro-gallo Tannate (0.1 percent iron content) Third Revision"
230:
398:
239:
90:
1485:
989:
587:
dye for an immediate black iron gall ink. To avoid the toxic carbolic acid biocide used as a
179:
1127:. 11. Auflage von Georg Ottersbach (Volksdorf/Hamburg). Verlag Julius Springer, Berlin 1933
1500:
1429:
471:
The ink must flow easily from the pen, and may not be sticky even immediately after drying.
417:
1170:
871:
583:
dye could be used to make a violet iron gall ink without revealing the amount and soluble
8:
1490:
907:"Report on the different inks used in Codex Sinaiticus and assessment of their condition"
1234:
243:, have survived hundreds of years without it damaging the paper on which it was used.
207:. This product is not water-soluble, contributing to its permanence as a writing ink.
1590:
931:
826:
421:
413:
378:
277:
468:
Eight-day-old writings, after washing with water and alcohol, must remain very dark.
325:
305:
1452:
1329:
1279:
866:
647:
521:
444:
441:
405:
361:
342:
256:
103:
40:
1102:
715:
575:
563:
409:
394:
252:
852:"Kinetics of accelerated degradation of historic iron gall ink-containing paper"
148:, which yields a darker purple-black ink, due to the formation of iron gallate.
1467:
1397:
1361:
725:
592:
1618:
1612:
1512:
1447:
1381:
1269:
1227:
795:
705:
617:
580:
530:
382:
374:
1032:
1532:
1527:
1402:
1324:
1294:
1213:
588:
338:
273:
888:"Newberry Library's 'Book of Magical Charms' is the 'stuff of nightmares'"
475:
183:
Homemade iron gall ink in use, displaying the delayed darkening of the ink
1553:
1319:
1284:
710:
650:
485:
269:
265:
219:
145:
117:
75:
681:
provisional dye (for inks other than blue black) As advised by supplier.
393:
waterproof. The colour-changing property of the ink also depends on the
1558:
1522:
1505:
1366:
1314:
1309:
1264:
1208:
700:
223:
214:
of the iron ions from ferrous (Fe) to ferric (Fe) state by atmospheric
191:
Ink corrosion: iron gall ink causes paper and parchment to disintegrate
152:
137:
337:
Traditional iron gall inks intended for dip pens are not suitable for
1573:
1537:
1457:
1412:
1334:
1304:
584:
350:
211:
168:
160:
125:
36:
78:
from vegetable sources. It was the standard ink formulation used in
1424:
1417:
1371:
1356:
353:). These phenomena can destroy the functionality of fountain pens.
330:
1022:
LIST OF IRON-GALL-BASED FOUNTAIN PEN INKS, compiled by T. Medeiros
948:
LIST OF IRON-GALL-BASED FOUNTAIN PEN INKS, compiled by T. Medeiros
450:
1597:
1517:
1407:
1351:
1299:
1289:
1274:
720:
556:
425:
227:
204:
196:
141:
110:
95:
27:
Ink made from iron salts and tannic acids from vegetable sources
1585:
1563:
1376:
215:
200:
164:
79:
1203:
526:
3 cm hydrochloric acid (used to prevent sediment forming)
1346:
1341:
346:
260:
187:
156:
1209:
Forty Centuries of Ink by David Carvalho (Project Gutenberg)
357:
317:
Iron gall ink for fountain pens, refill bottle, 0.5 litre,
129:
107:
94:
Homemade ink. On left, a solution of iron (from nails) and
71:
1439:
1250:
404:
Though not in mainstream 21st-century use like dye-based
389:
329:
German marriage certificate issued on 6 December 1952 in
67:
747:
The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental
1219:
333:
signed with iron gall ink by the civil registry servant
850:
Liu, Yun; Cigić, Irena Kralj; Strliča, Matija (2017).
616:
can be used as a safer biocide alternative to prevent
687:
distilled water (to make the total volume one litre).
885:
195:
By mixing tannin with iron sulfate, a water-soluble
591:in the U.S. government "standard ink" formula, 2 g
102:The ink was traditionally prepared by adding some
434:or documentary use permanent inks is required in
1610:
251:The earliest recipes for oak gall ink come from
849:
210:The darkening process of the ink is due to the
428:. In Germany the use of special blue or black
1235:
678:5.0 g dye, ink blue (see IS 8642 : 1977)
623:
476:U.S. government "standard ink" formula (1935)
1169:. Bureau of Indian Standards. Archived from
1011:Platinum Classic Ink - Sepia Black Iron Gall
579:iron gall writing ink article also mentions
452:
435:
429:
365:
1242:
1228:
120:, but any iron ion donor can be used. The
930:. London: Cassell Illustrated, pp.18-19,
870:
1142:"Things to make in your home laboratory"
886:Christopher Borrelli (30 October 2017).
744:
324:
312:
304:
186:
178:
89:
31:
14:
1611:
1139:
785:
759:
85:
1223:
904:
872:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.010
816:
749:. Dover Publications. pp. 551–2.
675:5.0 g concentrated hydrochloric acid
431:urkunden- oder dokumentenechte Tinte
1581:List of types, brands and companies
1140:Wailes, Raymond B. (January 1935).
66:) is a purple-black or brown-black
24:
381:whereas many historical inks used
341:which operate on the principle of
25:
1630:
1192:
986:"Platinum Classic iron gall inks"
859:Polymer Degradation and Stability
745:Diringer, David (1 March 1982).
300:
132:of other trees, hence the name.
1156:
1133:
1117:
1091:
1059:
1048:
1037:
1026:
1015:
1004:
978:
952:
760:Flemay, Marie (21 March 2013).
684:phenol (see IS 538 : 1968)
424:and on clergy rolls and ships'
412:for official documents such as
941:
920:
898:
879:
843:
810:
779:
753:
738:
43:, ingredients of iron gall ink
13:
1:
731:
291:
569:1000 cm distilled water
321:1950s with storage container
285:United States Postal Service
259:, the oldest, most complete
174:
7:
1101:(in German). Archived from
825:. Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
823:The Real World of Chemistry
788:"Iron gall ink – Chemistry"
694:
203:tannate, which is a darker
155:) and was used to write on
124:was usually extracted from
10:
1635:
1125:Vorschriften fĂĽr Drogisten
630:Bureau of Indian Standards
624:Indian Standard 220 (1988)
246:
1546:
1478:
1438:
1390:
1257:
1204:The Iron Gall Ink Website
792:The Iron Gall Ink Website
367:Urkundentinte G10 Schwarz
1249:
1123:Buchheister-Ottersbach:
926:White, Susan D. (2006).
648:ferrous sulfate crystals
399:bleaching agent residues
360:(discontinued in 2012),
276:inks. Many drawings by
140:of the extract releases
1146:Popular Science Monthly
231:organometallic compound
786:Eusman, Elmer (1998).
453:
451:German regulation for
436:
430:
366:
334:
322:
310:
240:Book of Magical Charms
192:
184:
99:
44:
1486:Ballpoint pen artwork
766:Traveling Scriptorium
418:marriage certificates
328:
316:
308:
264:manuscripts from the
190:
182:
93:
35:
1501:Birmingham pen trade
1496:Counterfeit banknote
1079:on 15 September 2015
960:"KWZ Iron Gall inks"
817:Fruen, Lois (2002).
437:notariellen Urkunden
1491:Ballpoint pen knife
566:dye (water-soluble)
116:) to a solution of
86:Preparation and use
928:Draw Like Da Vinci
564:china-blue aniline
481:11.7 g tannic acid
422:death certificates
414:birth certificates
375:stoichiometrically
335:
323:
311:
193:
185:
100:
45:
1606:
1605:
1591:Mechanical pencil
905:Mazzarino, Sara.
839:on 30 April 2016.
832:978-0-7872-9677-3
643:1.5 g gallic acid
640:4.0 g tannic acid
445:legal instruments
406:fountain pen inks
379:hydrochloric acid
278:Leonardo da Vinci
64:iron gall nut ink
16:(Redirected from
1626:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1154:
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1137:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1072:. Archived from
1071:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
988:. Archived from
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
966:on 26 March 2020
962:. Archived from
956:
950:
945:
939:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
902:
896:
895:
883:
877:
876:
874:
856:
847:
841:
840:
835:. Archived from
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
798:on 24 April 2019
794:. Archived from
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
757:
751:
750:
742:
671:
669:
668:
660:
659:
615:
613:
612:
604:
603:
559:) (preservative)
554:
552:
551:
543:
542:
522:iron(II) sulfate
517:
515:
514:
506:
505:
497:
496:
456:
442:Civil law notary
439:
433:
410:register offices
369:
343:capillary action
257:Codex Sinaiticus
122:gallotannic acid
104:iron(II) sulfate
41:iron(II) sulfate
21:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1542:
1474:
1434:
1391:Parts and tools
1386:
1253:
1248:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1176:on 3 March 2016
1173:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1105:on 26 June 2014
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1033:Registrars' Ink
1031:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
992:on 9 March 2019
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
958:
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925:
921:
911:
909:
903:
899:
892:Chicago Tribune
884:
880:
854:
848:
844:
833:
819:"Iron Gall Ink"
815:
811:
801:
799:
784:
780:
770:
768:
762:"Iron Gall Ink"
758:
754:
743:
739:
734:
716:Oak marble gall
697:
667:
664:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
653:
651:
626:
611:
608:
607:
606:
602:
599:
598:
597:
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576:Popular Science
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459:
351:flash corrosion
303:
294:
268:as well as the
253:Pliny the Elder
249:
177:
114:
88:
50:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
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1398:Blotting paper
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593:salicylic acid
571:
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347:redox reaction
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1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1007:
991:
987:
981:
965:
961:
955:
949:
944:
937:
936:9781844034444
933:
929:
923:
908:
901:
893:
889:
882:
873:
868:
864:
860:
853:
846:
838:
834:
828:
824:
820:
813:
797:
793:
789:
782:
767:
763:
756:
748:
741:
737:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:Alizarine ink
704:
702:
699:
698:
692:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
672:
649:
645:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
631:
621:
619:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:methyl violet
578:
577:
568:
565:
561:
558:
532:
531:carbolic acid
528:
525:
523:
519:
487:
483:
480:
479:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
455:
454:Urkundentinte
448:
446:
443:
438:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
391:
386:
384:
383:sulfuric acid
380:
376:
371:
368:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:fountain pens
332:
327:
320:
315:
307:
301:Fountain pens
298:
289:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
244:
242:
241:
234:
232:
229:
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221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
189:
181:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
105:
97:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Iron gall ink
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1533:Pen spinning
1528:Pen painting
1462:
1453:Fountain pen
1280:Demonstrator
1178:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1158:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1124:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1061:
1050:
1039:
1028:
1017:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
990:the original
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:the original
954:
943:
927:
922:
910:. Retrieved
900:
891:
881:
862:
858:
845:
837:the original
822:
812:
800:. Retrieved
796:the original
791:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:
755:
746:
740:
690:
635:
627:
589:preservative
574:
572:
403:
387:
372:
355:
336:
318:
295:
282:
274:carbon black
250:
238:
235:
226:) to form a
209:
194:
150:
134:Fermentation
101:
76:tannic acids
63:
60:oak gall ink
59:
56:standard ink
55:
51:
47:
46:
29:
1554:Calligraphy
1403:Ink blotter
1320:highlighter
1152:(1): 54–55.
1129:(in German)
1109:17 November
996:21 December
970:23 December
865:: 255–262.
726:Stark's ink
711:Pen and ink
486:gallic acid
457:inks (1933)
388:The colour
270:Renaissance
266:Middle Ages
220:gallic acid
146:gallic acid
118:tannic acid
1559:Cartooning
1523:Penmanship
1506:Pen Museum
1362:Rollerball
1083:5 February
732:References
701:Atramentum
395:properties
292:Waning use
224:pyrogallol
153:gum arabic
138:hydrolysis
74:salts and
70:made from
52:common ink
18:Common ink
1574:Lettering
1538:Retipping
1463:Iron gall
1448:Alizarine
1382:Technical
1330:permanent
1315:dry erase
1270:Ballpoint
1180:12 August
633:of iron.
585:nigrosine
533:(phenol,
362:Montblanc
228:polymeric
212:oxidation
175:Chemistry
169:india ink
161:parchment
126:oak galls
37:Oak galls
1613:Category
1425:Penknife
1418:flex nib
1295:Fountain
912:16 March
695:See also
614:(OH)COOH
426:logbooks
331:Landshut
1598:Narayam
1547:Related
1518:Pen gun
1468:Stark's
1408:Inkwell
1352:Rastrum
1285:Digital
802:28 July
721:Ohaguro
557:biocide
247:History
205:pigment
197:ferrous
142:glucose
96:vinegar
1586:Pencil
1569:Inking
1564:Comics
1430:Pounce
1377:Stylus
1367:Ruling
1310:Marker
1265:Active
934:
829:
646:5.5 g
562:3.5 g
484:3.8 g
216:oxygen
201:ferric
165:vellum
80:Europe
1479:Other
1458:India
1347:Quill
1342:Qalam
1325:paint
1305:Light
1275:Brush
1258:Types
1174:(PDF)
1167:(PDF)
1077:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
855:(PDF)
771:2 May
520:15 g
319:circa
261:Bible
157:paper
130:galls
1619:Inks
1440:Inks
1372:Skin
1357:Reed
1251:Pens
1215:1935
1182:2014
1111:2012
1085:2016
998:2018
972:2018
932:ISBN
914:2013
827:ISBN
804:2017
773:2018
652:FeSO
618:mold
573:The
529:1 g
516:COOH
507:(OH)
358:Lamy
144:and
72:iron
39:and
1413:Nib
1300:Gel
1290:Dip
1150:126
867:doi
863:142
661:·7H
447:).
390:dye
222:or
159:or
136:or
128:or
68:ink
62:or
1615::
1335:UV
1148:.
1144:.
890:.
861:.
857:.
821:.
790:.
764:.
555:,
553:OH
420:,
416:,
401:.
233:.
111:SO
108:Fe
58:,
54:,
1243:e
1236:t
1229:v
1184:.
1113:.
1087:.
1000:.
974:.
938:.
916:.
894:.
875:.
869::
806:.
775:.
670:O
666:2
657:4
610:4
605:H
601:6
596:C
549:5
544:H
540:6
535:C
512:3
503:2
498:H
494:6
489:C
440:(
349:/
113:4
106:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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