906:
122:
811:
1694:
1048:
25:
735:
635:, which is a certificate or token which can be exchanged for the underlying commodity, but only by a formal process. A key feature of commodity money is that the value is directly perceived by its users, who recognize the utility or beauty of the tokens as goods in themselves. Since payment by commodity generally provides a useful good, commodity money is similar to
721:. In commodity money, the coin retains its value if it is melted and physically altered, while in a fiat money it does not. Usually, in a fiat money the value drops if the coin is converted to metal, but in a few cases the value of metals in fiat moneys have been allowed to rise to values larger than the face value of the coin. In India, for example, fiat
651:
People left their surplus clothing, toilet requisites and food there until they were sold at a fixed price in cigarettes. Only sales in cigarettes were accepted – there was no barter Of food, the shop carried small stocks for convenience; the capital was provided by a loan from the bulk store of Red
869:
within the United States was banned after 1933, with the explicit purpose of preventing the "hoarding" of private gold during an economic depression period in which maximal circulation of money was desired by government policy. This was a fairly typical transition from commodity to representative to
1035:
from other non-U.S. countries are specifically exempted in U.S. law from being legal tender for the payment of debts in the United States, so that a seller who refuses to accept them cannot be sued by the payer who offers them to settle a debt. However, nothing prevents such arrangements from being
1026:
and base-metal coins is set by government fiat, and it is only this value which must be legally accepted as payment for debt, in the jurisdiction of the government which declares the coin to be legal tender. The value of the precious metal in the coin may give it another value, but this varies over
671:
In another example, in US prisons after smoking was banned circa 2003, commodity money has switched in many places to containers of mackerel fish fillets, which have a fairly standard cost and are easy to store. These may be exchanged for many services in prisons where currency is prohibited.
725:
disappeared from the market after 2007 when their content of stainless steel became larger than the fiat or face value of the coins. In the US, the metal in pennies (97.5% zinc since 1982, 95% copper in 1982 and before) and nickels (75% copper, 25% nickel) has a value close to, and sometimes
1125:
833:
Other animal furs were convertible into beaver pelts at a standard rate as well, so this created a viable currency in an economy where precious metals were not valued. However, for convenience, Hudson's Bay post managers exchanged
960:, shell jewellery in the form of strung beads also dates back to this period, and had the basic attributes needed of commodity money. To organize production and to distribute goods and services among their populations, before
754:
Commodities often come into being in situations where other forms of money are not available or not trusted, and these are social norms. Various commodities were used in pre-Revolutionary
America including
652:
Cross cigarettes and repaid by a small commission taken on the first transactions. Thus the cigarette attained its fullest currency status, and the market was almost completely unified.
1027:
time. The value of the metal is subject to bilateral agreement, just as is the case with pure metals or commodities which had not been monetized by any government. As an example,
710:, which serves as a guarantee of their weight and purity. In issuing this coinage at a face value higher than its costs, the government gains a profit known as
893:. They have continued to be used as currency in war-torn locations experiencing inadequate supply of common goods and monetary collapse, such as during the
1177:"Mackerel Economics in Prison Leads to Appreciation for Oily Fillets: Packs of Fish Catch On as Currency, Former Inmates Say; Officials Carp"
778:
and other fur trading companies controlled most of the country, fur traders quickly realized that gold and silver were of no interest to the
1514:– examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges (archived).
1539:
1511:
1006:, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to codified amounts of commodity money being used in
1306:
1882:
889:
were used as a form of commodity money in some parts of Europe, including
Germany, France and Belgium, in the immediate aftermath of
905:
1221:
1274:
1246:
89:
1135:
168:, which has no intrinsic value but represents something of value such as gold or silver, for which it can be exchanged, and
61:
1398:
965:
1377:
68:
108:
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842:
42:
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functioned as a theoretical backing for
Federal Reserve. Between 1933 and 1970 (when the U.S. officially left the
1532:
75:
46:
1833:
1738:
57:
1939:
1151:
930:
644:
1525:
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1499:
161:
1922:
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790:(representing a single beaver pelt) as the standard currency, and created a price list for goods:
815:
779:
775:
35:
2029:
1981:
1910:
1870:
835:
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existed, people relied on tradition, top-down command, or community cooperation. Relations of
870:
fiat money, with people trading in other goods being forced to trade in gold, then to receive
1964:
1071:
496:
82:
952:-like methods using commodity money may date back to at least 100,000 years ago. Trading in
611:) etc.). Sometimes several types of commodity money were used together, with fixed relative
160:
of which it is made. Commodity money consists of objects having value or use in themselves (
2014:
1843:
1663:
942:
854:
632:
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432:
165:
172:, which derives its value from having been established as money by government regulation.
8:
1991:
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388:
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2019:
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1481:
1364:
1307:""Самая крепкая валюта - это сигареты". Как выживает Херсон при российской оккупации"
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639:, but is distinguishable from it in having a single recognized unit of exchange.
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276:
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2008:
1634:
1452:"Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em: Cigarette Black Markets in U.S. Prisons and Jails"
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200:
1765:
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1251:
1096:
1032:
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922:
882:
currency backed by government authority and social perceptions of value.
871:
858:
826:
787:
747:
711:
695:
685:
656:
Radford documented the way that this 'cigarette currency' was subject to
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718:
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126:
991:
and their city-state neighbors later developed the earliest system of
1905:
1517:
1403:
1086:
1028:
992:
988:
953:
913:(commodity money) from Kostkowice, Poland, 9th to mid-10th century AD
782:. They wanted goods such as metal knives and axes. Rather than use a
681:
665:
661:
596:
564:
552:
452:
436:
408:
360:
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224:
157:
1416:
1130:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall. p. 246.
24:
1775:
1733:
1728:
1595:
957:
886:
862:
743:
717:
The role of a mint and of coin differs between commodity money and
556:
544:
528:
440:
352:
320:
284:
240:
1343:
Dow, Sheila C. (2005). "Axioms and
Babylonian thought: a reply".
768:
588:
540:
536:
500:
416:
392:
380:
356:
308:
232:
228:
192:
164:) as well as their value in buying goods. This is in contrast to
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1838:
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949:
918:
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707:
636:
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472:
420:
384:
344:
288:
260:
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188:
184:
921:
have been used historically in relations of trade and barter (
1710:
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1023:
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328:
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216:
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149:
1817:
1770:
1601:
1578:
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using a metric of various commodities, that was fixed in a
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699:
580:
524:
520:
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412:
364:
340:
336:
268:
256:
180:
134:
130:
987:, which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the
968:, and/or redistribution, substituted for market exchange.
1652:
643:(1945) described the establishment of commodity money in
600:
512:
484:
1502:, about commodity money in the early American colonies.
1319:
1036:
made if both parties agree on a value for the coins.
1689:
1196:"Coins run out as smugglers turn rupees into razors"
1043:
125:
Japanese commodity money before the 8th century AD:
933:due to transport and storage concerns and eventual
841:Long after gold coins became rare in commerce, the
702:money by placing a mark on metal tokens, typically
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1275:"Cigarettes a Thriving Industry in Bleak Sarajevo"
2006:
941:as a durable, easily warehoused store of value (
897:in 1993 or in Russian-occupied Kherson in 2022.
861:(889 mg) of gold. However, actual trade in
838:, which were stamped pieces of copper or brass.
983:based originally on the commodity money of the
937:. Gold or other metals are sometimes used in a
175:Examples of commodities that have been used as
925:circa 3000 BC), they can be inconvenient as a
1533:
726:exceeding, the fiat face value of the coin.
631:Commodity money is to be distinguished from
1322:"The Code of Hammurabi : Introduction"
1010:, such as buying property and paying legal
1540:
1526:
1475:
1399:"The Economic Organisation of a PoW Camp"
1002:Several centuries after the invention of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1449:
1222:"The Fur Trade and Hudson's Bay Company"
904:
857:was technically worth exactly 1/35 of a
809:
733:
120:
1396:
1272:
1193:
1164:
2007:
1547:
1336:
1247:"Troublesome in Europe: Black Markets"
1017:
16:Currency from items of intrinsic value
1906:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
1521:
746:, the traditional commodity money in
694:In metallic currencies, a government
137:powder. This is the earliest form of
1313:
794:5 pounds of sugar cost 1 beaver pelt
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1345:Journal of Post Keynesian Economics
1342:
13:
1512:Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges
1443:
1255:. Regina, Saskatchewan. 1946-01-05
1194:Oconnor, Ashling (June 16, 2007).
803:1 pair of shoes cost 1 beaver pelt
786:, the fur traders established the
14:
2041:
1883:Akkadian standards of measurement
1493:
1692:
1046:
800:20 fish hooks cost 1 beaver pelt
23:
1569:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
1371:
1127:Economics: Principles in action
34:needs additional citations for
1357:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453
1320:Charles F. Horne, PhD (1915).
1299:
1266:
1239:
1214:
1187:
1169:
1158:
1114:
585:Methamphetamine (crystal meth)
1:
1886:
1834:List of historical currencies
1739:Central bank digital currency
1500:Commodity Money: Introduction
1273:Sudetic, Chuck (1993-09-05).
1124:; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003).
1102:
829:along with fractional values.
819:
797:2 scissors cost 1 beaver pelt
1940:Standard of deferred payment
1107:
931:standard of deferred payment
900:
7:
1468:10.1177/0032885501081002002
1039:
10:
2048:
1390:
806:1 gun cost 12 beaver pelts
729:
679:
626:
569:lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
1826:
1709:
1687:
1662:
1627:
1555:
1022:Today, the face value of
675:
573:methylphenidate (Ritalin)
1923:Quantity theory of money
1744:Chattel/movable property
1150:: CS1 maint: location (
917:Although grains such as
1450:Lankenau, S.E. (2001).
1181:The Wall Street Journal
845:gold repository of the
615:, in various commodity
1982:Complementary currency
1911:Credit theory of money
1871:Depository institution
1397:Radford, R.A. (1945).
979:developed a trade and
914:
830:
751:
654:
577:amphetamine (Adderall)
142:
1965:Digital gold currency
1072:Digital gold currency
908:
874:that purported to be
813:
774:In Canada, where the
737:
680:Further information:
649:
449:pornographic material
389:Canadian Tire "money"
124:
1844:Coincidence of wants
1664:Representative money
816:Hudson's Bay Company
776:Hudson's Bay Company
763:(corn), iron nails,
633:representative money
166:representative money
43:improve this article
1992:Time-based currency
1018:Legal tender issues
825:, representing one
333:alcoholic beverages
311:, etc.), decorated
1861:Clearinghouse bank
1549:Medium of exchange
1456:The Prison Journal
1279:The New York Times
1183:. October 2, 2008.
1122:O'Sullivan, Arthur
927:medium of exchange
915:
831:
752:
143:
2002:
2001:
1987:Sectoral currency
1933:Market monetarism
1896:Code of Hammurabi
1685:
1684:
1677:Gold certificates
1324:. Yale University
1137:978-0-13-063085-8
895:Siege of Sarajevo
836:made beaver coins
664:, and especially
349:smokeware packing
293:breakfast cereals
177:media of exchange
139:Japanese currency
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Commodity money"
2037:
1970:Virtual currency
1955:Digital currency
1891:
1888:
1851:Bureau de change
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1628:Domestic animals
1625:
1624:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1489:
1479:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1427:. Archived from
1384:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1309:. 11 April 2022.
1303:
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1294:
1293:
1270:
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1234:
1233:
1224:. Archived from
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1155:
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1141:
1118:
1092:Private currency
1082:History of money
1056:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1004:cuneiform script
962:market economies
876:as good as gold,
824:
821:
750:until the 1940s.
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1950:Unit of account
1889:
1822:
1808:Promissory note
1786:Deposit account
1759:Cheque clearing
1713:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1658:
1623:
1591:Precious metals
1558:
1551:
1546:
1496:
1446:
1444:Further reading
1434:
1432:
1417:10.2307/2550133
1411:(48): 189–201.
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1119:
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1110:
1105:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1020:
956:is attested in
903:
885:Cigarettes and
822:
759:(shell beads),
732:
692:
678:
629:
605:magic mushrooms
433:fast-food items
405:chili con carne
321:sweet beverages
249:turkish delight
162:intrinsic value
146:Commodity money
115:
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98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
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1977:Local currency
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1960:Cryptocurrency
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1945:Store of value
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1900:§100; §122–125
1893:
1890: 2150 BC
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1494:External links
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1431:on 2008-07-17
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1351:(3): 385–91.
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1228:on 2015-01-08
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
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1866:Savings bank
1856:Central bank
1793:Legal tender
1700:Money portal
1556:
1508:, a summary.
1459:
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1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1408:
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1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1199:
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1062:Bullion coin
1054:Money portal
1033:silver coins
1021:
1008:contract law
1001:
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939:price system
916:
891:World War II
884:
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863:gold bullion
840:
832:
818:tokens used
814:Examples of
773:
765:beaver pelts
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621:price system
297:granola bars
174:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2015:Commodities
1818:Safekeeping
1672:Bimetallism
1587:(W. Africa)
1506:Commodities
1382:§ 5103
1328:December 8,
1252:Leader-Post
1097:Shell money
989:Babylonians
973:city-states
966:reciprocity
948:The use of
923:Mesopotamia
872:paper money
855:U.S. dollar
827:made beaver
823: 1854
788:made beaver
748:West Africa
712:seigniorage
686:silver coin
645:P.O.W camps
623:economies.
549:hydrocodone
489:bottle caps
425:baked beans
401:corned beef
393:canned food
377:cocoa beans
329:fruit juice
237:chewing gum
221:maple syrup
201:peppercorns
133:grains and
2009:Categories
1928:Monetarism
1916:Chartalism
1813:Redemption
1803:Possession
1766:Clay token
1619:Trade bead
1573:Cocoa bean
1557:Commodity
1435:2009-05-09
1292:2022-03-31
1259:2012-11-28
1232:2015-01-05
1103:References
1067:Debasement
997:legal code
859:troy ounce
719:fiat money
565:stimulants
469:drinkwares
461:dishwasher
453:detergents
441:sandwiches
361:cigarettes
309:spectacles
281:pineapples
170:fiat money
127:arrowheads
69:newspapers
2020:Metallism
1637:(SE Asia)
1567:Axe-money
1404:Economica
1365:153637070
1287:0362-4331
1206:April 30,
1200:The Times
1146:cite book
1108:Citations
1087:Metallism
993:economics
954:red ochre
943:demurrage
909:Axe-like
901:Functions
843:Fort Knox
738:A bronze
682:gold coin
666:deflation
662:inflation
617:valuation
597:mescaline
553:oxycodone
533:batteries
485:fad items
447:, etc.),
409:spaghetti
353:marijuana
301:jewellery
225:chocolate
158:commodity
1776:Currency
1754:Clearing
1734:Banknote
1729:Bailment
1649:(Arabia)
1610:(barley)
1596:Quachtli
1486:18064295
1202:. London
1040:See also
958:Eswatini
935:spoilage
911:grzywnas
887:gasoline
557:morphine
545:thebaine
529:gasoline
285:coconuts
179:include
1827:General
1781:Deposit
1771:Coinage
1643:(Hindu)
1585:Manilla
1477:2117377
1425:2550133
1391:Sources
853:), one
769:tobacco
744:manilla
730:History
641:Radford
627:Aspects
589:cocaine
541:codeine
537:opioids
501:clothes
477:glasses
473:bottles
457:laundry
437:burgers
417:sardine
385:coupons
381:cowries
357:tobacco
345:spirits
305:watches
277:oranges
233:gelatin
229:vanilla
193:diamond
83:scholar
1839:Barter
1798:Notary
1749:Cheque
1614:Shells
1608:Shekel
1581:(rice)
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1077:Hawala
1024:specie
985:Shekel
950:barter
919:barley
767:, and
757:wampum
740:okpoho
723:Rupees
708:silver
688:, and
676:Metals
637:barter
613:values
561:heroin
505:shirts
421:salmon
317:shells
289:cereal
261:cookie
253:pastry
241:donuts
189:copper
185:silver
152:whose
85:
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2025:Money
1720:Token
1711:Money
1647:Camel
1559:money
1421:JSTOR
1361:S2CID
1012:fines
977:Sumer
929:or a
865:as a
761:maize
698:will
517:shoes
509:socks
373:nails
369:candy
313:belts
273:apple
265:fruit
245:fudge
217:honey
213:sugar
154:value
150:money
90:JSTOR
76:books
1878:Mint
1716:Fiat
1602:Salt
1579:Koku
1482:PMID
1330:2015
1283:ISSN
1208:2010
1152:link
1132:ISBN
1031:and
1029:gold
971:The
880:fiat
704:gold
700:coin
696:mint
607:and
581:MDMA
559:and
525:coal
521:fuel
493:pogs
465:soap
413:soup
397:spam
365:silk
341:wine
337:beer
325:soda
269:figs
257:cake
197:salt
181:gold
135:gold
131:rice
62:news
1653:Yak
1641:Cow
1472:PMC
1464:doi
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