1200:
actually just drive to synagogue (including the
Rabbinical and Lay leadership) while some do not drive at all. Meaning that neither those who drive nor decide to refrain completely from driving have any revelancy to the original committee's decision, which in effect just allowed the doing whatever the individual member of the movement wanted to do based on everything but the committee itself. The explanation by many critics that the committee would rather try to please everyone within its broad tent than make a decision that would be considered more correct but in any way controversial (thus the wanting to approve all sides of all controversies.) Also explained as an overemphasis of modern political and philosophical thought over traditional Jewish thought.
915:
provide service and guidance to
Rabbinical Assembly members, it is also right and proper that authoritative opinions not be categorized by the number of votes they received, and that they not be binding on Rabbinical Assembly members in a coercive sense, but rather only in the sense that we are bound by our covenant to one another to give extraordinary weight to CJLS responsa in reaching our own legal decisions. Should an RA member choose, upon study and consideration, not to follow any CJLS position on a given matter, he or she would thus be unable to claim any authority or backing for that position from the CJLS, a "sanction" which in some circumstances could be substantial, in others not.
906:"The positions authorized by the Committee offer important guidance for Conservative Jews and others. Still, each Conservative rabbi has the authority to make halakhic judgments. Eash rabbi formulates decisions about numerous issues not discussed explicitly by the Committee, relying on other halakhic sources and his or her own judgment. For issues the Committee has addressed, each rabbi may choose among various positions endorsed by the Committee, or may even find a different position best mandated by halakhah."
979:"Yet the right to uproot was never completely prohibited. There was often the need for an escape hatch, and the right of Rabbinic authorities to do so was articulated by the Rashba as follows: It was not a matter of the sages deciding on their own to uproot a matter of the Torah, but it is one of the mitzvot in the Torah to obey the 'judges in your day' and anything they see necessary to permit is permissible from the Torah." (Chidushai Rashba, Nedarim, p. 90b)
1034:
issue. At this time, however, we face a crisis of such proportion that we dare not, in good conscience, stand between the marriage of two Jews whose union as forbidden by virtue of his being a Kohen and she a divorcee. Our steadfast refusal to solemnize their marriage, or even to agree to do this only after seeking to dissuade them, may well lead the couple to be married either in a civil ceremony or in a ceremony without full chuppah and kiddushin. ..."
861:, a religious-ethical system of legal precedents. In this system, one may re-interpret or change the law through a formal argument. These arguments are effectively peer-reviewed. When a rabbi proposes a new interpretation of a law, that interpretation is not normative for the Jewish community until it becomes accepted by other committed and observant members in the community. New legal precedents are based on the standard codes of Jewish law, and the
1112:
22:
1022:. The CJLS accepted a responsa which holds that if a person rides to synagogue on Shabbat with the intention of fulfilling various Shabbat mitzvot, and that if no other driving on Shabbat is done, than that person will not be held as being in violation of halakhah. ("Responsum on the Sabbath" by Rabbis Morris Adler,
1089:. Our communities, synagogues, schools, and camps must strive to be welcoming and accessible, and inclusive. Sign language may be used in matters of personal status and may be used in rituals. A deaf person called to the Torah who does not speak may recite the berakhot in sign language. A deaf person may serve as a
1077:, maintaining the traditional prohibitions on homosexual conduct. The Roth responsum maintained that the Dorff responsum was untenable, claiming that virtually all classical authorities hold that the Biblical prohibition extends to a wider range of homosexual conduct. It also claimed that the concept of
1084:
In 2011, the responsum "The Status of the Heresh and of Sign
Language" was unanimously passed by the CJLS. This responsa declared that, among other things, "The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards rules that the deaf who communicate via sign language and do not speak are no longer to be considered
978:
p. 2 (bottom) p. 3 (top.) Goodman notes that "Later authorities were reluctant to assume such unilateral authority... Later authorities thus imposed severe limitations on the conditions and situations where it would be appropriate and necessary to uproot.." but then states on p. 3 that
973:
The
Conservative position is that the Talmud states that in exceptional cases rabbis have the right to uproot Biblical prohibitions for a variety of reasons; it gives examples of how this was done in practice, e.g. Talmud Bavli, tractate Yevamot 89a-90b, and tractate Nazir 43a. See the discussion by
1199:
As well, there is also a more extreme criticism that that the committee is a failure in being able to balance modernity and traditional practice. Citing for example the "takana" of driving on
Shabbat for the exclusive purpose of going back and forth to synagogue, critics note today few Conservative
982:
Conservative Jewish philosophy does not allow the use of popular will to overturn
Biblical or rabbinic laws. Conservative Judaism requires responsa citing a full range of precedential authorities as part of any halakhic decision. Changes in halakhah must come about through the halakhic process. For
914:
Because it is a body that seeks to coalesce judgment around particular halakhic opinions, and not simply to give voice to individually held positions, it is right and proper that six members of the CJLS be required to define an authoritative position. Because it is a body that is ultimately here to
894:
The CJLS is composed of 25 rabbis (voting members), and five laypeople, who participate in deliberations but who do not have a vote. When any six (or more) members vote in favor of a position, that position becomes an official position of the committee. Any particular issue can generate from one to
204:
In 1948, the committee was expanded to 25 members and renamed the
Committee on Jewish Law and Standards. The new name signaled the Rabbinical Assembly's hopes that Jewish practice should be guided by the highest moral standards along with traditional law. The committee was tasked with "raising the
177:
was the first chair of the committee. The committee was tasked with including representatives from the "Various tendencies" of the
Rabbinical Assembly. Of the ten members of the committee, four were to represent a "more conservative tendency," four were to represent "the liberal tendency," and two
1037:
The CJLS effectively passed a takkanah ruling that women may be counted as witnesses in all areas of Jewish law. The CJLS does not view this as a change in Torah law, but rather as a lifting of a rabbinical prohibition that was rooted in social dynamics. See Myron S. Geller, "Woman is
Eligible to
919:
While responsa are not enforceable on rabbis, there are a few standards of rabbinic practice which are enforced by the RA. Willful violations of these standards have led to resignations or expulsions from membership of the
Rabbinical Assembly (RA). At present, three standards of rabbinic practice
886:
writes "however great the literary value of a code may be, it does not invest it with infallibility, nor does it exempt it from the student or the Rabbi who makes use of it from the duty of examining each paragraph on its own merits, and subjecting it to the same rules of interpretation that were
1033:
marriages. These responsa argue that the high rate of intermarriage and need to keep married Jews in the Jewish community meets traditional rabbinic standards for such actions, and notes "Should the current rate of intermarriage be reversed, a future Law Committee may well decide to review this
1191:
Of the criticism of the committee are its voting methods. Currently, as stated, a position must garner six votes to be held as legitimatized view. In times past, it was one. This has caused many to claim that the committee is very waved by popular opinion and creates inner fractions instead of
881:
Conservative Judaism teaches that one can make use of literary and historical analysis to understand how Jewish law has developed, and to help them understand how such laws should be understood in our own day. It generally view the laws and customs from the various law codes as the basis for
1172:
There exist significant disagreements in the interpretation of Jewish law between all Jewish groups, even different groups within the same denomination (for instance, there are half a dozen large, different Orthodox Jewish rabbinical groups, none of which accepts the rulings of the other as
1057:
In December 2006, a majority vote of the CJLS (13 members for, 12 against) accepted a controversial responsum that allows homosexual Jews to become rabbis and cantors. The responsum was titled "Homosexuality, Human Dignity & Halakhah", and it was written by Rabbis
868:
There is no formal peer-review process for the entire Jewish community in general, since the Jewish community has no one central body that speaks for all of Judaism. However, within certain Jewish communities formal organized bodies exist: Each strand of Orthodox
1054:, declared that Biblical law represents only the beginning of a relationship with the divine and that in the Conservative movement, biblical law can be overridden on grounds of inconsistency with contemporary morality because "Aggadah controls Halacha".
1623:
998:
The CJLS has on a number of occasions accepted teshuvot which include moral and aggadadic reasoning alongside and within a precedent-based halakhic framework. As such they often come to conclusions that differ from their Orthodox peers.
873:
has their own rebbe, who is their ultimate decisor of Jewish law. Within Modern Orthodox Judaism, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the
1070:, which it translated as "human dignity", on grounds that the existence of such sexual restraints represents an affront to human dignity as modern society perceives it. Four members of the CJLS resigned to protest this decision.
186:, Jacob Kohn, Herman Rubenovitz, and Solomon Goldman. The two additional members were Harry S. Davidowitz and Morris Levine. Drob viewed the creation of the committee as "the first step towards the organization of an American
1041:
The CJLS passed a takkanah which allowed Jewish women to count in the prayer minyan. In August 1973 a motion was passed which stated that "Men and women should be counted equally for a minyan.", with nine in favor and four
1081:, which it translated as "respect" or "honor", permits setting aside rabbinic prohibitions in deference to others' honor, but does not permit setting aside prohibitions set up for God's honor in deference to one's own.
1066:, and Avram I. Reisner. The responsum abolished rabbinic laws restricting homosexual conduct other than male-male anal sex, concluding that the CJLS has authority to do this on grounds of the talmudic principle of
1195:
When dealing with rulings on Jewish law between entirely different denominations (Orthodox vs. Conservative, Conservative vs. Reform, etc.) it is thus to be expected that significant disagreements can be found.
890:
In fundamental ways Orthodox Judaism has a significantly different understanding of how halakha is determined; thus Orthodox rabbis generally do not respect the decisions of the CJLS as valid or normative.
929:
2) A complete prohibition against officiating at the remarriage of a Jew whose previous marriage has not been halakhically terminated, whether by a halakhic divorce , hafka'at Kiddushin , or death.
1046:
In other areas the CJLS did not issue takkanot, but found procedures to follow classical halakhah while maintaining what they view as the highest standards of moral behavior. For instance:
1011:
which significantly change Jewish law. The following is a list of such takkanot; note that the reasoning behind these changes is not here explained in depth; for details please see the
1038:
Testify"; Susan Grossman, "Edut Nashim k'Edut Anashim: The Testimony of Women is as the Testimony of Men" and Joseph H. Prouser, "On Women Serving as Witnesses–A Dissent".
939:
3b) A complete prohibition against supervising a conversion to Judaism that does not include circumcision for males, and immersion in a Mikvah for both males and females.
1180:(cited above as one of the two opinions on the issue of homosexuals serving as rabbis) left the CJLS after the ruling on homosexual rabbis. He does not agree with Rabbi
1577:
1133:
470:
464:
398:
39:
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1184:
that the Conservative movement is not halakhic, and in fact publicly reaffirmed his commitment to staying in the Conservative movement and in the movement's
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838:
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308:
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3a) A complete prohibition against taking any action that would intimate that native Jewishness can be confirmed in any way but matrilineal descent.
86:
632:
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494:
452:
58:
787:
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676:
380:
338:
1655:
830:
825:
In 1949, the Rabbinical Assembly commissioned a "Special Committee on Scope of the Law Committee." This special committee was chaired by Rabbi
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693:
626:
620:
314:
281:
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it is a body that seeks to coalesce judgment around particular halakhic opinions, and not simply to give voice to individually held positions,
1556:
638:
65:
1073:
In December, 2006, a majority vote of the CJLS (13 members for) also adopted a responsum titled "Homosexuality Revisited", written by Rabbi
1490:
1188:. However, he felt that the members of the CJLS were no longer following the parameters of the halakhic system, and as such quit the CJLS.
910:
Gordon Tucker has argued that RA members should give "extraordinary weight" to CJLS decisions, while remaining free to disagree with then:
736:
765:
1767:
1694:
775:
362:
302:
72:
1433:
Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927-1970, Volume One: Reports of the Committee
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Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927-1970, Volume One: Reports of the Committee
1403:
Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927-1970, Volume One: Reports of the Committee
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1772:
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54:
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198:
902:(local authority), adopting for their congregation the position he or she considers most compelling. As Aaron Mackler states:
1747:
1732:
1648:
1838:
1798:
1159:
105:
1141:
193:
Drob was succeeded by Julius Greenstone, who chaired the committee from 1932 to 1936 and Louis Epstein (1936–1940).
79:
174:
964:
approaches to halakhah is that Conservative Judaism holds that rabbis in our day and age are empowered to issue
1137:
1050:
The CJLS, in declaring that its rabbis would not accept evidence or entertain questions as to the existence of
178:
more were to be chosen by the eight. The more conservative rabbis on the initial committee were Louis Epstein,
43:
1516:
Homosexuality, Human Dignity & Halakhah: A Combined Responsum for the Committee on Jewish Law and Standard
1467:
1833:
1811:
1641:
875:
190:
which will study the problems arising in our new environment and solve them in the spirit of our Torah."
1387:
1719:
895:
four official positions. When multiple positions are validated, they usually have much common ground.
878:. Within Conservative Judaism, the Rabbinical Assembly has the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards.
205:
standards of piety, understanding, and participating in Jewish life" among Conservative Jews. In 1986
1122:
706:
Secretaries of the committee have included the following people who were not, at the time, rabbis:
865:. The Hebrew term for the responsa is '"She'elot U-Teshuvot"', literally "Questions and Answers".
1126:
32:
1487:
1435:. Jerusalem, Israel: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Halakhah. p. 321.
1420:. Jerusalem, Israel: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Halakhah. p. 316.
1405:. Jerusalem, Israel: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Halakhah. p. 320.
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1019:
822:
was notably still listed as a consultant to the committee while also being listed as deceased.
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1292:
949:
1803:
1782:
1742:
1678:
1664:
1214:
1209:
1012:
518:
150:
924:
1) A complete prohibition on rabbis and cantors to officiate in any way at intermarriages.
153:; it is one of the most active and widely known committees on the Conservative movement's
8:
1704:
1585:
1564:
1523:
1502:
1257:
1219:
1185:
826:
572:
332:
212:
After the reconstitution of the committee in 1948, the following rabbis served as chair:
170:
154:
805:
506:
857:
Conservative rabbis hold that the boundaries of Jewish law are determined through the
1762:
1624:
Formulating Jewish Law for Our Time, The United Synagogue Review, Dr. Elliot N. Dorff
1374:
883:
846:
761:
Ex officio members of the committee who were not rabbis have included the following:
410:
404:
392:
179:
1327:
1737:
1709:
1063:
961:
819:
811:
614:
277:
Other rabbis who have served on the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards include:
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When more than one position is validated, a congregation's rabbi functions as its
1494:
1059:
988:
870:
834:
799:
458:
416:
326:
255:
234:
225:
183:
1029:
The CJLS issued emergency takkanot effectively lifting biblical restrictions on
1078:
1067:
984:
952:, the body of responsa created by Conservative rabbis (primarily by the CJLS.)
842:
771:
Consultants to the Committee on Jewish Law have included the following rabbis:
476:
386:
368:
249:
1360:
1827:
1023:
488:
434:
296:
970:(decrees) modifying Biblical prohibitions, when perceived to be necessary.
602:
500:
270:
1628:
1002:
1599:
JDRC Salutes Conservative Judaism’s Ruling to Include Deaf Jews as Equals
1254:
Conservative Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook
1181:
730:
664:
584:
536:
530:
206:
1461:""A Principled Defense of the Current Structure and Status of the CJLS""
1085:
mentally incapacitated. Jews who are deaf are responsible for observing
720:
Ex officio members of the committee have included the following rabbis:
1757:
1633:
781:
687:
344:
287:
194:
1552:
1177:
1074:
992:
261:
1111:
21:
995:"The Halakhic Process" (Chapter 1, but throughout the entire book)
966:
862:
1537:
Law Committee in Its Gay Ruling Stepped Outside Halachic Framework
1224:
1086:
858:
683:
Secretaries of the committee have included the following rabbis:
146:
991:'s "The Unfolding Tradition" (esp. introduction and chapter 1),
1094:
1090:
1229:
1030:
209:
became the first woman appointed to serve on the committee.
161:. The current chairman of the CJLS is Rabbi Pamela Barmash.
1447:
Life and Death Responsibilities in Jewish Biomedical Ethics
1234:
955:
182:, Julius Greenstone, and Chairman Drob. The liberals were
1514:
Dorff, Elliot N.; Nevins, Daniel S.; Reisner, Avram I. "
1324:"Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of Women's Ordination"
1003:
Takkanot: Significant legislative changes in Jewish law
987:'s essay "The Whys and Hows of Conservative Halakhah,"
976:
Solemnizing the Marriage Between a Kohen and a Divorcee
1629:
How Conservative Judaism Makes decisions in Jewish Law
960:
A key practical difference between Conservative and
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1486:Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob; Friedman, Theodore. "
1825:
1097:whose medium of communication is sign language.
169:The Committee on Jewish Law was created by the
1649:
1578:The Status of the Heresh and of Sign Language
849:. The special committee lasted through 1950.
1361:http://www.jewishpub.org/product.php?id=311
1140:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1768:Nativ College Leadership Program in Israel
1695:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
1656:
1642:
1192:attempting to making a conclusive ruling.
1160:Learn how and when to remove this message
1101:
920:have been issued, containing four rules:
305:(1940, 1948, 1951–1952, 1954, 1958, 1958)
157:. Within the movement it is known as the
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1773:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
1753:Solomon Schechter Day School Association
1663:
1430:
1415:
1400:
956:Difference in methodology from Orthodoxy
673:(1939–1940, 1944, 1949–1951, 1954, 1958)
55:"Committee on Jewish Law and Standards"
1826:
1728:Miller Introduction to Judaism Program
1715:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
1505:. 1950. Accessed on September 5, 2012.
1173:necessarily correct or authoritative.
199:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
1748:Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies
1700:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
1637:
1582:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
1561:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
1520:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
201:, served as chair from 1940 to 1948.
143:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
119:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
1138:adding citations to reliable sources
1105:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
533:(1937, 1940, 1944, 1948–1952, 1954)
395:(1932, 1939–1940, 1952, 1954, 1958)
13:
1733:Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
1458:
149:(Jewish law and tradition) within
14:
1850:
1799:Criticism of Conservative Judaism
1612:
1722:(formerly University of Judaism)
1110:
983:examples of this view see Rabbi
20:
1591:
1570:
1546:
1529:
1508:
1480:
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1439:
1424:
1409:
1020:Driving to synagogue on Shabbat
31:needs additional citations for
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1350:
1341:
1316:
1307:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1247:
887:always applied to Tradition".
1:
1466:. p. 760. Archived from
1431:Golinkin, David, ed. (1997).
1416:Golinkin, David, ed. (1997).
1401:Golinkin, David, ed. (1997).
1240:
948:A separate article exists on
876:Rabbinical Council of America
652:(1937, 1939–1940, 1944, 1948)
551:(1937, 1939–1940, 1944, 1948)
473:(1932, 1937, 1939–1940, 1948)
365:(1932, 1937, 1939–1940, 1944)
341:(1937, 1939–1940, 1944, 1948)
329:(1937, 1949–1952, 1954, 1958)
243:Benjamin Kreitman (1966–1972)
219:Theodore Friedman (1951–1954)
497:(1939-1940, 1944, 1948–1952)
240:Israel Silverman (1965–1966)
222:Arthur Neulander (1954–1959)
145:is the central authority on
7:
1720:American Jewish University
1203:
943:
231:Max Routtenberg (1960–1963)
10:
1855:
852:
267:Kassel Abelson (1992–2007)
246:S. Gerson Levi (1972–1973)
164:
1791:
1687:
1671:
1541:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
131:
123:
1839:Rabbinical organizations
1488:Responsum on the Sabbath
974:Rabbi Arnold Goodman in
557:Amy Levin (2011-present)
431:(1948, 1952, 1954, 1958)
216:Morris Adler (1948–1951)
1557:Homosexuality Revisited
1026:and Theodore Friedman.)
611:(1944, 1948–1952, 1954)
485:(1949–1952, 1954, 1958)
437:(1937, 1944, 1948–1952)
389:(1937, 1939–1940, 1948)
383:(1948, 1951–1952, 1954)
377:(1932, 1944, 1948–1949)
359:(1951–1952, 1954, 1958)
299:(1948–1952, 1954, 1958)
290:(1949–1952, 1954, 1958)
1778:United Synagogue Youth
1758:Ramah Camping Movement
1473:on November 27, 2010.
1102:Criticisms of the CJLS
1093:in sign language in a
917:
908:
882:normative Jewish law.
1619:Current CJLS responsa
1304:, accessed 2010-11-29
950:Conservative responsa
912:
904:
197:, a professor at the
1834:Conservative Judaism
1804:Gladstein Fellowship
1743:Conservative Yeshiva
1679:Conservative halakha
1665:Conservative Judaism
1543:. December 11, 2006.
1215:Conservative Halakha
1210:Conservative Judaism
1134:improve this section
1013:Conservative Halakha
1007:The CJLS has passed
829:and included Rabbis
519:Charles E. H. Kauvar
471:Julius H. Greenstone
465:William P. Greenfeld
151:Conservative Judaism
40:improve this article
1705:Rabbinical Assembly
1586:Rabbinical Assembly
1567:. December 6, 2006.
1565:Rabbinical Assembly
1526:. December 6, 2006.
1524:Rabbinical Assembly
1503:Rabbinical Assembly
1258:Pamela Susan Nadell
1220:Rabbinical Assembly
1186:Rabbinical Assembly
863:responsa literature
827:Israel H. Levinthal
725:Aaron H. Blumenthal
716:Philip Gibbs (2016)
609:Arthur H. Neulander
597:Abraham E. Millgram
573:Israel H. Levinthal
429:Fishel J. Goldfeder
333:Alexander Burnstein
171:Rabbinical Assembly
155:Rabbinical Assembly
135:Rabbinical Assembly
120:
1597:Laird Jr, Grant. "
1493:2012-05-20 at the
806:Mordecai M. Kaplan
755:Debra Newman Kamin
671:Sanders A. Tofield
507:Mordecai M. Kaplan
425:(1952, 1954, 1958)
118:
1821:
1820:
1763:Masorti on Campus
1382:Missing or empty
1358:www.jewishpub.org
1170:
1169:
1162:
884:Solomon Schechter
847:Theodore Friedman
700:Ashira Konigsburg
661:Rubenowitz (1932)
656:Hyman Routtenberg
650:Samuel Rosenblatt
579:Joshua Lindenberg
561:Louis M. Levitsky
549:Israel Lebendiger
543:Benjamin Kreitman
467:(1949–1952, 1954)
455:(1948–1950, 1958)
411:Israel M. Goldman
407:(1948–1950, 1958)
405:Theodore Friedman
401:(1948, 1951–1952)
393:Louis Finkelstein
371:(1949–1952, 1954)
323:(1949–1952, 1954)
180:Louis Finkelstein
139:
138:
116:
115:
108:
90:
1846:
1738:Fuchsberg Center
1723:
1710:Cantors Assembly
1658:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1606:
1605:. June 20, 2011.
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1459:Tucker, Gordon.
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1445:Mackler, Aaron.
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1347:Nadell, p. 10–16
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1336:
1335:
1326:. Archived from
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1314:
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1305:
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1291:. Archived from
1285:
1279:
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1270:
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1261:
1251:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1114:
1106:
1064:Daniel S. Nevins
859:halakhic process
820:Milton Steinberg
812:Milton Steinberg
794:Albert I. Gordon
615:Daniel S. Nevins
483:Herman Hailperin
447:Harold H. Gordon
441:Albert I. Gordon
423:Solomon Goldfarb
375:Louis M. Epstein
321:Aaron Blumenthal
188:beit din hagadol
121:
117:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
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29:This article
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1364:. Retrieved
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1313:Nadell, p. 9
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1289:"RA History"
1283:
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1269:Nadell, p. 5
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667:(1954, 1958)
629:(1954, 1958)
627:David Panitz
621:Simon Noveck
605:(1954, 1958)
603:Judah Nadich
587:(1944, 1948)
521:(1944, 1948)
515:(1944, 1948)
509:(1932, 1944)
501:Max Kadushin
461:(1937, 1948)
443:(1952, 1954)
399:Henry Fisher
347:(1932, 1937)
315:Noah Bickart
282:Morris Adler
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96:January 2011
93:
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1182:David Wolpe
808:(1949-1950)
802:(1949-1950)
796:(1949-1950)
784:(1949-1950)
751:(2016–2018)
745:(2014–2016)
739:(2004–2006)
731:Isaac Klein
665:Ralph Simon
658:(1949–1951)
645:James Rosen
639:Jacob Radin
593:(1939–1940)
585:Hugo Mantel
569:(1949–1951)
537:Eugene Kohn
531:Isaac Klein
527:(1949–1951)
503:(1939–1940)
479:(1995–2022)
419:(1948–1950)
335:(1949-1950)
264:(1984–1992)
258:(1980–1984)
252:(1973–1980)
237:(1963–1965)
228:(1959–1960)
207:Amy Eilberg
1828:Categories
1553:Roth, Joel
1449:2000, p.10
1366:2010-11-29
1334:2015-01-31
1299:2010-11-28
1241:References
782:Boaz Cohen
737:Perry Rank
688:Boaz Cohen
345:Boaz Cohen
288:Jacob Agus
195:Boaz Cohen
66:newspapers
1178:Joel Roth
1121:does not
1075:Joel Roth
1015:article.
993:Joel Roth
766:Marc Gary
617:(present)
317:(present)
262:Joel Roth
124:Formation
1491:Archived
1375:cite web
1204:See also
1052:mamzerim
1042:opposed.
1009:takkanot
967:takkanot
962:Orthodox
944:Responsa
776:Max Arzt
363:Max Drob
303:Max Arzt
175:Max Drob
1812:more...
1225:Halakha
1142:removed
1127:sources
1087:mitzvot
853:Process
165:History
147:halakha
132:Founder
80:scholar
1783:Kadima
1260:, p. 5
1176:Rabbi
1095:minyan
814:(1949)
790:(1954)
778:(1949)
757:(2018)
733:(1958)
727:(1958)
713:(2010)
702:(2013)
696:(1958)
690:(1939)
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641:(1958)
635:(2006)
623:(1950)
599:(1948)
581:(1958)
575:(1944)
563:(1948)
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539:(1932)
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413:(1948)
353:(1948)
311:(1937)
284:(1952)
82:
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1471:(PDF)
1464:(PDF)
1230:Posek
1031:Kohen
87:JSTOR
73:books
1388:help
1235:Vaad
1125:any
1123:cite
845:and
159:CJLS
141:The
127:1927
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