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with little size difference between the sexes. The patterns vary widely among subspecies. Most are solid-colored as their common names imply: black racers, brown racers, tan racers, blue racers, or green racers. "Runner" is sometimes used instead of "racer" in their common names. All subspecies have a lighter-colored underbelly: white, light tan, or yellow in color. Juveniles are more strikingly patterned, with a middorsal row of dark blotches on a light ground color. The tail is unpatterned. As they grow older, the dorsum darkens and the juvenile pattern gradually disappears.
588:
840:
242:
42:
98:
567:, mating takes place in the spring from April until early June. Around a month later, the female lays three to 30 eggs in a hidden nest site, such as a hollow log, an abandoned rodent burrow, or under a rock. The juveniles hatch in the early fall. A newborn is 8–10 in (20–26 cm) in total length. Maturity is reached around 2 years old. Eastern racers have been known to lay their eggs in communal sites, where a number of snakes, even those from other species, all lay their eggs together.
825:
73:
543:
is found frequently near water, but also in brush, trash piles, roadsides, and swamps, and in suburbia; it is the most common snake in residential neighborhoods in
Florida. It spends most of its time on the ground, but it is a good tree climber and may be found in shrubs and trees where bird nests
415:
Adult eastern racers can typically vary from 50 to 152 cm (20 to 60 in) in total length (including tail) depending on the subspecies, but a record-sized specimen measured 185.4 cm (73.0 in) in total length. A typical adult specimen will weigh around 556 g (1.226 lb),
511:
and are often seen raising their heads above the ground to get a better view of their surroundings, a behavior dubbed "periscoping" by snake enthusiasts. Aptly named, racers are very fast and typically flee from a potential
504:, instead simply subduing struggling prey by pinning it bodily, pressing one or two coils against it to hold it in place instead of actually suffocating it. Most smaller prey items are simply swallowed alive.
857:
1727:
1291:
Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata.
839:
516:. However, once cornered, they put up a vigorous fight, biting hard and often. They are difficult to handle and will writhe, defecate, and release a foul-smelling
808:
763:
778:
1253:. (with 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (
1618:
793:
1670:
1760:
1780:
1592:
1000:
1631:
1237:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part.
1775:
1405:
1335:
1239:
London: Trustees of the
British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (
1045:
1636:
1805:
1456:
1422:. Ithaca and New York: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). (
1800:
1472:
17:
1383:
1375:
1276:
1222:
1055:
1047:
Habitat Use and
Thermal Ecology of Ratsnakes (Elaphe Obsoleta) and Racers ... - Gerardo L. F. Carfagno - Google Books
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290:
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488:, as well as small frogs, small reptiles (including lizards and snakes and their eggs), young rodents, and
277:
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544:
can be raided for eggs and chicks, as well as small adult birds such as finches, canaries, and thrashers.
1790:
1785:
551:-type habitats where their keen eyesight and speed can be readily used, but they are also found in light
717:
698:
424:
658:
1328:
Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
1022:
97:
1795:
1400:. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp.
370:
1662:
910:
373:, are recognized, which as a group are commonly referred to as the eastern racers. The species is
1251:
What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky
Mountains
1232:
664:
493:
307:
273:
1714:
1623:
1506:
1492:
1345:
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1194:
1737:
1709:
976:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
635:
212:
1701:
1558:
1107:
1649:
1579:
1553:
1349:
1264:
1260:
726:
1486:
1330:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp. , 47 plates, 207 Figures.
8:
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62:
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and even semiarid regions. They are usually not far from an area of cover for hiding.
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1434:
Reptiles and
Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide
887:
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228:
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1215:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
704:
529:
1597:
649:
366:
358:
169:
1485:
886:
Hammerson, G.A.; Acevedo, M.; Ariano-Sánchez, D.; Johnson, J. (2013).
1610:
548:
513:
400:
109:
1500:
1169:
472:, and other snakes. Some subspecies are known to climb trees to eat
395:
is found throughout much of the United States, on both sides of the
1523:
1477:
362:
149:
129:
1450:
351:
139:
1584:
1398:
A Field Guide to
Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition
942:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (
552:
521:
481:
469:
465:
449:
445:
404:
119:
399:, but it also ranges north into Canada and south into Mexico,
489:
378:
159:
1257:, pp. 44–47 + Plate 5, figure 15; Plate 6, figure 16).
978:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.
879:
517:
477:
461:
457:
1368:
Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
1302:
Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them
1304:. (A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by
1271:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp.
1217:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp., 657 color plates.
1145:
940:
A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles
1102:
1100:
528:
among dry leaves, racers can sound convincingly like
1354:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1071:
436:The eastern racers are fast-moving, highly active,
1420:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1097:
959:". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
1752:
1229:, pp. 596–599 + Plates 468, 478, 480, 486).
1148:"UMass Amherst: The College of Natural Sciences"
1461:, University of Michigan, Animal Diversity Web.
1023:"Southern Black Racer, Racer (Florida Museum)"
851:, often confused with the northern black racer
1197:, COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report
911:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T63748A3128579.en
365:to North America and Central America. Eleven
967:
965:
1426:, pp. 131–152, Figures 42–47, Map 17).
1342:, pp. 368–370, Figure 176 + Plate 32).
1308:). New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (
1451:"Black Snakes": Identification and Ecology
1269:Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition
240:
71:
40:
1436:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (
1412:, pp. 351–352 + Plate 43 + Map 141).
1356:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (
1195:Eastern and Western Yellow-bellied Racers
1162:
1114:
1079:"Corkscrew's common snakes: Black Racer (
962:
909:
1297:, new species, p. 216). (in Latin).
1043:
863:Close up of adult southern black racer,
586:
547:Most of the eastern racers prefer open,
423:
867:, showing the iridescence of its scales
769:Juvenile eastern yellow-bellied racer,
507:They are curious snakes with excellent
14:
1753:
480:. Juveniles often consume soft-bodied
1505:
1504:
1108:"Coluber constrictor (Eastern Racer)"
990:, pp. 178-179 + Plate 26 + Map 139).
784:Adult eastern yellow-bellied racer,
1761:IUCN Red List least concern species
1453:- University of Florida fact sheet.
1360:, pp. 125–126 + Plates 4, 13).
897:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
387:
24:
1781:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1467:, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.
1370:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp.
1204:
25:
1817:
1444:
1366:; Brodie, Edmund D. Jr. (1982).
1293:Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (
1044:Carfagno, Gerardo L. F. (2007).
1001:"Species profile: Minnesota DNR"
856:
838:
823:
807:
792:
777:
762:
677:Coluber constrictor helvigularis
645:Coluber constrictor flaviventris
575:The northern black racer is the
96:
1188:
1139:
689:Coluber constrictor latrunculus
617:Coluber constrictor constrictor
593:Coluber constrictor constrictor
558:
1037:
1015:
993:
988:Coluber consrictor constrictor
949:
925:
751:– western yellow-bellied racer
713:Coluber constrictor paludicola
654:– eastern yellow-bellied racer
631:Coluber constrictor etheridgei
432:, western yellow-bellied racer
410:
13:
1:
1776:Reptiles of the United States
1418:; Wright, Anna Allen (1957).
1283:, pp. 122–123, 322–323).
872:
582:
1174:LAWriter: Ohio Laws and Rles
1146:School of Computer Science.
1122:"Eastern Racer Animal Facts"
814:Adult northern black racer,
799:Adult northern black racer,
602:Coluber constrictor anthicus
500:, they do not really employ
444:consists primarily of small
354:of nonvenomous snake in the
51:Coluber constrictor anthicus
7:
1806:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1249:; Bridges, William (1939).
1085:. Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary
1081:Coluber constrictor priapus
727:Coluber constrictor priapus
419:
10:
1822:
1801:Reptiles described in 1758
755:
749:(Baird & Girard, 1852)
745:Coluber constrictor mormon
699:Coluber constrictor oaxaca
535:
1513:
1300:Morris, Percy A. (1948).
1213:; King, F. Wayne (1979).
659:Coluber constrictor foxii
570:
255:
248:
239:
218:
211:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
48:
39:
34:
371:nominotypical subspecies
1771:Snakes of North America
1312:, pp. 37–41, 179).
845:Adult black rat snake,
595:, northern black racer
591:Closeup of the head of
1493:Encyclopedia Americana
848:Pantherophis obsoletus
740:– southern black racer
626:– northern black racer
596:
433:
285:Coryphodon constrictor
1710:Paleobiology Database
1170:"5.031 State reptile"
685:– brown-chinned racer
590:
526:Vibrating their tails
427:
268:Bascanion constrictor
1478:The Reptile Database
1440:, pp. 85, 156).
1416:Wright, Albert Hazen
1390:, pp. 190–191).
1243:, pp. 387–388).
1176:. Lawriter LLC. 2008
904:: e.T63748A3128579.
818:, in typical habitat
694:– black-masked racer
342:North American racer
1559:Coluber_constrictor
1545:Coluber constrictor
1515:Coluber constrictor
1473:Coluber constrictor
1458:Coluber constrictor
1438:Coluber constrictor
1432:, Smith HM (1956).
1424:Coluber constrictor
1410:Coluber constrictor
1388:Coluber constrictor
1358:Coluber constrictor
1340:Coluber constrictor
1310:Coluber constrictor
1295:Coluber constrictor
1281:Coluber constrictor
1255:Coluber constrictor
1241:Zamenis constrictor
1227:Coluber constrictor
957:Coluber constrictor
944:Coluber constrictor
890:Coluber constrictor
452:(as large as small
428:Closeup of head of
347:Coluber constrictor
315:Coluber constrictor
302:Zamenis constrictor
259:Coluber constrictor
222:Coluber constrictor
204:C. constrictor
63:Conservation status
18:Coluber constrictor
1791:Reptiles of Canada
1786:Reptiles of Mexico
1487:"Blacksnake"
1263:; Goin, Olive B.;
830:Adult blue racer,
786:C. c. flaviventris
771:C. c. flaviventris
722:– Everglades racer
612:– buttermilk racer
597:
454:cottontail rabbits
434:
1748:
1747:
1697:Open Tree of Life
1507:Taxon identifiers
1406:978-0-395-98272-3
1336:978-0-544-12997-9
1003:. Dnr.state.mn.us
816:C. c. constrictor
801:C. c. constrictor
750:
739:
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716:Auffenberg &
708:
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361:. The species is
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56:buttermilk racer
16:(Redirected from
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1364:Smith, Hobart M.
1350:Davis, D. Dwight
1346:Schmidt, Karl P.
1261:Goin, Coleman J.
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709:– Mexican racer
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1386:(hardcover). (
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865:C. c. priapus
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1226:
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1173:
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1141:
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692:Wilson, 1970
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673:– blue racer
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559:Reproduction
546:
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539:
530:rattlesnakes
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502:constriction
497:
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430:C. c. mormon
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1728:constrictor
1658:NatureServe
1606:iNaturalist
1539:Wikispecies
1394:Stebbins RC
1150:. Umass.edu
932:Stejneger L
917:19 November
832:C. c. foxii
640:– tan racer
520:from their
498:constrictor
411:Description
1766:Colubrinae
1755:Categories
1324:Collins JT
1287:Linnaeus C
1180:22 January
1126:AZ Animals
873:References
681:Auffenberg
583:Subspecies
476:and young
367:subspecies
359:Colubridae
170:Colubridae
156:Suborder:
936:Barbour T
579:of Ohio.
549:grassland
401:Guatemala
375:monotypic
321:Stejneger
308:Boulenger
198:Species:
160:Serpentes
116:Kingdom:
110:Eukaryota
1663:2.103328
1624:10724980
1530:Q1459098
1524:Wikidata
1470:Species
1396:(2003).
1352:(1941).
1326:(2016).
1320:Conant R
1316:Powell R
1289:(1758).
1267:(1978).
1235:(1893).
974:(1975).
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938:(1917).
622:Linnaeus
514:predator
464:, small
448:, other
420:Behavior
350:), is a
250:Synonyms
229:Linnaeus
187:Linnaeus
166:Family:
150:Squamata
140:Reptilia
130:Chordata
126:Phylum:
120:Animalia
106:Domain:
83:IUCN 3.1
1738:1731241
1598:6161776
1585:2922433
1496:. 1920.
1131:27 July
756:Gallery
718:Babbitt
707:, 1863)
671:, 1853)
610:, 1862)
536:Habitat
522:cloacae
482:insects
470:lizards
466:turtles
450:mammals
446:rodents
438:diurnal
382:Coluber
377:in the
363:endemic
352:species
325:Barbour
181:Coluber
176:Genus:
146:Order:
136:Class:
81: (
1735:uBio:
1702:405963
1637:174169
1430:Zim HS
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1154:31 May
1089:31 May
1063:31 May
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1029:31 May
1007:31 May
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738:, 1939
734:&
720:, 1955
683:, 1955
669:Girard
667:&
652:, 1823
638:, 1970
636:Wilson
624:, 1758
571:Symbol
553:forest
509:vision
490:shrews
405:Belize
403:, and
356:family
327:, 1917
323:&
310:, 1893
297:, 1854
295:Bibron
293:&
280:, 1853
278:Girard
276:&
1715:53099
1689:98279
1650:63748
1619:IRMNG
1611:27137
1572:5ZP35
1465:Racer
665:Baird
478:birds
462:toads
458:frogs
379:genus
340:, or
274:Baird
1676:8590
1671:NCBI
1645:IUCN
1632:ITIS
1593:GBIF
1402:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1182:2011
1156:2013
1133:2022
1091:2013
1065:2013
1052:ISBN
1031:2013
1009:2013
980:ISBN
919:2021
902:2013
736:Wood
732:Dunn
608:Cope
518:musk
474:eggs
442:diet
336:The
233:1758
191:1758
1580:EoL
1567:CoL
1554:ADW
1476:at
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