European colonization of the Americas

6169:, p. 430: "That said, and ever since the initial Eastern seaboard settler wars against the Tsenacommacahs and Pequots in the 1620s and early 1630s, systematic genocidal massacre was a core component of native destruction throughout three centuries of largely 'Anglo' expansion across continental North America. The culmination of this process from the mid-1860s to mid-1880s ... native Araucanian resistance by the Argentinian and Chilean military in the Southern Cone pampas, primarily in the agribusiness interest. In Australia, too, 'Anglo' attrition or outright liquidation of Aborigines from the time of 'first contact' in 1788 reached its zenith in Queensland in these same decades, as a dedicated Native Mounted Police strove to cleanse the territory of indigenous tribes in favour of further millions of cattle stock. Undoubtedly, in all these instances, Western racism and contempt for natives as 'savages' played a critical role in psycho-cultural justifications for genocide" 864: 3133: 1966: 2582:

arrival of European colonists, enslavement of Indigenous peoples "became commodified, expanded in unexpected ways, and came to resemble the kinds of human trafficking that are recognizable to us today". While the disease was the main killer of indigenous peoples, the practice of slavery and forced labor was also a significant contributor to the indigenous death toll. With the arrival of Europeans other than the Spanish, enslavement of native populations increased since there were no prohibitions against slavery until decades later. It is estimated that from Columbus's arrival to the end of the 19th century between 2.5 and 5 million Native Americans were forced into slavery. Indigenous men, women, and children were often forced into labor in sparsely populated frontier settings, in the household, or in the toxic gold and silver mines. This practice was known as the

2539: 6193:, pp. 27, 38: "More than any other work, Wolfe’s seminal 2006 essay, 'Settler colonialism and the elimination of the Native' established the 'centrality of dispossession' to our understandings of Indigenous genocide in the context of settler colonialism. His definition of 'settler colonialism' spoke directly to Genocide Studies scholars"; "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states" 2917: 2570: 1618:. Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home. Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they came of age. They were given food, clothing, and housing and taught farming or household skills. American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer's passage to America if they served them for several years. By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work, they could then start on their own in America. Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years. 933: 319: 1172: 9550: 8756: 164: 7592: 3330: 3763: 1810: 2207: 2892: 1511: 2371: 2247: 6205:, p. 622: "These mass killings represent turning points in the history of the Spanish Atlantic conquest and share important characteristics. Each targeted Amerindian communities. Each was entirely or partially planned and executed by European actors, namely Spanish military entrepreneurs under the leadership of Friar Nicolás de Ovando, Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado respectively. Each event can be described as a 'genocidal massacre' targeting a specific community because of its membership of a larger group" 1441: 2703: 4142:(VHS) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires (English, Spanish, French) and the Native people living in North America. The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives. Artefacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artefacts, maps, documents, and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic. The exhibition opened in 1311: 2903: 1671: 2239: 1099: 842: 49: 7658: 7531: 853: 2451:. Some contemporary scholars also attribute significant indigenous population losses in the Caribbean to the widespread practice of slavery and deadly forced labor in gold and silver mines. Historian Andrés Reséndez, supports this claim and argues that indigenous populations were smaller previous estimations and "a nexus of slavery, overwork and famine killed more Indians in the Caribbean than smallpox, influenza and malaria." 2559: 2734:. The mestizo and mulatto population are specific to Iberian-influenced current-day Latin America because the conquistadors had (often forced) sexual relations with the indigenous and African women. The social interaction of these three groups of people inspired the creation of a caste system based on skin tone. The hierarchy centered around those with the lightest skin tone and ordered from highest to lowest was the 7543: 1012: 277: 706: 2087:

the same places as old temples, often using the same stones. "Native peoples exhibited a range of responses, from outright hostility to active embrace of the new religion." In central and southern Mexico where there was an existing Indigenous tradition of creating written texts, the friars taught Indigenous scribes to write their own languages in

6181:, p. 339: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers." 1380:. With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food, their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760. Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760, but social, religious, legal, cultural, and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions. 2424:

of the Americas. The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made

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were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in the Americas, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their inability to control and properly ensure compliance with traditional

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Eventually, most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of Western European governments, leading to changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In the 19th century, over 50 million people left Western Europe for the Americas. The post-1492 era is known as the period of

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Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher-end estimates with caution. Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima, while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment

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was prohibited between Christians and could only be imposed upon non-Christian prisoners of war and/or men already sold as slaves, the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the early 16th century, when Spanish conquerors and settlers sought to mobilize Indigenous labor. Later, two

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has noted, "this categorical prohibition did not stop generations of determined conquistadors and colonists from taking Native slaves on a planetary scale, ... The fact that this other slavery had to be carried out clandestinely made it even more insidious. It is a tale of good intentions gone badly

650:

Violent conflicts arose during the beginning of this period as indigenous peoples fought to preserve their territorial integrity from increasing European colonizers and from hostile indigenous neighbors who were equipped with Eurasian technology. Conflict between the various European empires and the

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Throughout the South American hemisphere, there were three large regional sources of populations: Native Americans, arriving Europeans, and forcibly transported Africans. The mixture of these cultures impacted the ethnic makeup that predominates in the hemisphere's largely independent states today.

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on-site, since once cane was cut, the sugar content rapidly declined. Plantation owners were linked to creditors and a network of merchants to sell processed sugar in Europe. The whole system was predicated on a huge, enslaved population. The Portuguese controlled the African slave trade, since the

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Indigenous population loss following European contact directly led to Spanish explorations beyond the Caribbean islands they initially claimed and settled in the 1490s, since they required a labor force to both produce food and to mine gold. Slavery was not unknown in Indigenous societies. With the

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in the late 1690s. The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power. However, it was doomed by poor planning, short provisions, weak leadership, lack of demand for trade goods, and devastating disease. The failure of the

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Unlike the Iberians, the British men came with families with whom they planned to permanently live in what is now North America. They kept the natives on the margins of colonial society. Because the British colonizers' wives were present, the British men rarely had sexual relations with the native

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in 1523. The friars aimed at converting Indigenous leaders, with the hope and expectation that their communities would follow suit. In densely populated regions, friars mobilized Indigenous communities to build churches, making the religious change visible; these churches and chapels were often in

1539:

Mainly due to discrimination, there was often a separation between English colonial communities and indigenous communities. The Europeans viewed the natives as savages who were not worthy of participating in what they considered civilized society. The native people of North America did not die out

2688:

African slaves were a highly valuable commodity, enriching those involved in the trade. Africans were transported to slave ships to the Americas and were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them. Europeans traded for slaves with the local native

1853:

dividing Eurasia from North America, Russia had experience with northern indigenous peoples and accumulated wealth from the hunting of fur-bearing animals. Siberia had already attracted a core group of scientists, who sought to map and catalogue the flora, fauna, and other aspects of the natural

1110:

During the early period of exploration, conquest, and settlement, c. 1492–1550, the overseas possessions claimed by Spain were only loosely controlled by the crown. With the conquests of the Aztecs and the Incas, the New World now commanded the crown's attention. Both Mexico and Peru had dense,

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to islands in the Caribbean, Brazil, the Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and British Empires is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans. The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be

1709:

became the administrator of the colony (1637–43), building a capital city and royal palace, fully expecting the Dutch to retain control of this rich area. As the Dutch had in Europe, it tolerated the presence of Jews and other religious groups in the colony. After Maurits departed in 1643, the

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laws overseas, so they granted to Native Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery. However, as historian

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argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production. Densely settled populations, for example, were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor. In these regions, landowning elites were economically

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population was as low as 10 million; by the end of the 20th century most scholars gravitated to a middle estimate of around 50 million, with some historians arguing for an estimate of 100 million or more. A recent estimate is that there were about 60.5 million people living in the Americas

1111:

hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be incorporated and ruled. Even more importantly, both Mexico and Peru had large deposits of silver, which became the economic motor of the Spanish empire and transformed the world economy. In Peru, the singular, hugely rich

1404:

British colonization began in North America almost a century after Spain. The relatively late arrival meant that the British could use the other European colonization powers as models for their endeavors. Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the

996:

was especially devastating, for it could be passed through touch, allowing native tribes to be wiped out, and the conditions that colonization imposed on Indigenous populations, such as forced labor and removal from homelands and traditional medicines. Some scholars have argued

1857:

A major Russian expedition for exploration was mounted in 1742, contemporaneous with other eighteenth-century European state-sponsored ventures. It was not clear at the time whether Eurasia and North America were completely separate continents. The first voyages were made by

1045:

to be read to indigenous populations in Spanish, often far from the field of battle, stating that the indigenous were now subjects of the Spanish Crown and would be punished if they resisted. When the news of this situation and the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the

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By the early to mid-16th century, even the Iberian men began to carry their wives and families to the Americas. Some women even carried out the voyage alone. Later, more studies of the role of women and female migration from Europe to the Americas have been made.

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was the answer. It had been cultivated on the Iberian Atlantic islands. It was a highly desirable, expensive foodstuff. The problem of a labor force was solved by the importation of African slaves, initiating the creation of sugar plantations worked by

987:

boundary cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present-day Brazil. The countries declared their rights to the land despite the fact that Indigenous populations had settled from pole to pole in the hemisphere and it was their homeland.

2458:, the Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, and the Cambridge World History of Genocide, colonial policies in some cases included the deliberate genocide of indigenous peoples in North America. According to the Cambridge World History of Genocide, 2144:

definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls, thus prohibiting their enslavement, without putting an end to the debate. Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless.

929:". These claims, along with the slaves he brought back, convinced the monarchy to fund a second voyage. Word of Columbus's exploits spread quickly, sparking the Western European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the Americas. 9681: 9651: 9514: 2660:

were found in numbers in cities, working as artisans. Most newly transported African slaves were not Christians, but their conversion was a priority. For the Catholic Church, black slavery was not incompatible with Christianity. The

5548:

Veltre, Douglas W., and Allen P. McCartney. "Russian exploitation of Aleuts and fur seals: The archaeology of eighteenth-and early-nineteenth-century settlements in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska." Historical Archaeology 36.3 (2002):

2091:. There is a significant body of texts in Indigenous languages created by and for Indigenous peoples in their own communities for their own purposes. In frontier areas where there were no settled Indigenous populations, friars and 2393:, from which many diseases originally stemmed. In contrast to the indigenous people, the Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies. The large-scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced Eurasian germs to the 789:, Canada, were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 (carbon dating estimate 990–1050). L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. It was named a 9676: 2622:

In the Caribbean, deposits of gold were quickly exhausted and the precipitous drop in the indigenous population meant a severe labor shortage. Spaniards sought a high-value, low-bulk export product to make their fortunes.

9591: 9656: 6604: 2099:, bringing together dispersed Indigenous populations in communities supervised by the friars in order to more easily preach the gospel and ensure their adherence to the faith. These missions were established throughout 1777:' worth of trade goods. Minuit conducted the transaction with the Canarse chief Seyseys, who accepted valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was actually mostly controlled by another indigenous group, the 766:

and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence. The Norsemen established a colony in Greenland in the late tenth century, and lasted until the mid 15th-century, with court and parliament assemblies

1269:

of what is now Brazil. They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations. The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20% of all treasure found (the

9434: 9504: 991:

After European contact, the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80% (from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650), due in part to Old World diseases carried to the New World.

2436:

of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans. Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century; in a number of cases, growth has returned.

9606: 2054:, evangelization of the dense Indigenous populations was undertaken in what was called the "spiritual conquest". Several mendicant orders were involved in the early campaign to convert the Indigenous peoples. 9524: 9369: 9646: 1544:

due in part to their exclusion from British society. The indigenous people continued to be stripped of their native lands and were pushed further out west. The English eventually went on to control much of

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Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed. In their paper on institutions and long-run growth, economists

2913:

There were at least a dozen European countries involved in the colonization of the Americas. The following list indicates those countries and the Western Hemisphere territories they worked to control.

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in settlement of a debt the king owed his father. Its government was established by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers, but others were welcomed.

9661: 2597:, who was usually a conquistador or other prominent Spanish male. Under the grant, they were theoretically bound to both protect the natives and convert them to Christianity. In exchange for their 2428:

Such diseases yielded human mortality of unquestionably enormous gravity and scale – and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision. Estimates of the

2867:, for example, were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems. By the 19th century, their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized. In 9718: 9706: 9641: 9611: 2665:

created hugely profitable agricultural enterprises and held a significant black slave labor force. European whites often justified the practice through the belts of latitude theory, supported by

2613:

of the Indies (1542). However, the encomenderos refused to comply with the new measures and the indigenous people continued to be exploited. Eventually, the encomienda system was replaced by the

1785:. There were Jewish settlers from 1654 onward, and they remained following the English capture of New Amsterdam in 1664. The naval capture was despite both nations being at peace with the other. 1202:) in 1502–1503 which disproved the belief that the Americas were the easternmost part of Asia and confirmed that Columbus had reached a set of continents previously unheard of to any Europeans. 9666: 4560: 5691:

Morner, M. "Preconditions and Methods of Evangelization in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Jesuit Missions of the River Plate Region." Swedish Missiological Themes 91.2 (2003): 275–296.

9636: 9509: 9444: 9379: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9419: 9601: 9616: 9539: 9484: 9454: 9374: 4369: 9571: 9519: 9494: 9469: 9429: 9414: 9384: 4149:

The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in

686:, experienced little to no colonization at all until the 1800s. European contact and colonization had disastrous effects on the indigenous peoples of the Americas and their societies. 9770: 9586: 9581: 9534: 9474: 9449: 9439: 9394: 1459:

and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects, which often faced persecution by governmental authorities. In England, many people came to question the organization of the

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and made possible by securing indigenous alliances with the Aztecs' enemies, mobilizing thousands of warriors against the Aztecs for their own political reasons. The Aztec capital,

9576: 9464: 9409: 7978: 4972: 9499: 9424: 1334:), a number of Caribbean islands (which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease), and small coastal parts of South America. Explorers included 6594: 6077: 1849:, who sought protection from nomadic peoples, and those peoples paid tribute in fur to the czar. Thus, prior to the eighteenth-century Russian expansion that pushed beyond the 952:

from the Muslims, completed in 1492. In the New World, military conquest to incorporate indigenous peoples into Christendom was considered the "spiritual conquest". In 1493,

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Suárez Romero. LA SITUACIÓN JURÍDICA DEL INDIO DURANTE LA CONQUISTA ESPAÑOLA EN AMÉRICA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE MÉXICO TOMO LXVIII, Núm.270 (Enero-Abril 2018)

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to Spaniards, a practice established in Spain for conquered Muslims. Although not technically slavery, it was coerced labor for the benefit of the Spanish grantees, called

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The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, dogs and various domesticated

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and sought their political independence from Spain. They were a seafaring nation and built a global empire in regions where the Portuguese had originally explored. In the

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from the Americas accounted for one-fifth of the combined total budget of Portugal and Spain. In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered ports in the Americas.

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It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward.

5568: 2184:, since it had a chilling effect on evangelization. In creating a protected group of Christians, Indigenous men no longer could aspire to be ordained Christian priests. 7535: 5955: 8740: 8557: 948:, often summed up in the phrase "gold, glory, and God". The Spanish justified their claims to the New World based on the ideals of the Christian Reconquista of the 8730: 6683: 2793: 2429: 2261:

were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World, as settlers in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Portugal and Spain, and later, France in

998: 6633:

James Mahoney, "Path-Dependent Explanations of Regime Change: Central America in Comparative Perspective." Studies in Comparative International Development, 2001.

6128: 2645:, particularly where sugar was cultivated, in Portuguese Brazil, the English, French, and Dutch Caribbean islands. On the mainland of North America, the English 9785: 4260: 2694:

continually replenished. At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the United States, or 5% of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa.

66: 5614:

Cline, Sarah. "The Spiritual Conquest Re-Examined: Baptism and Church Marriage in Early Colonial Mexico". Hispanic American Historical Review 73:3(1993)453-80

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Grinëv, Andrei Val'terovich. Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799. University of Nebraska Press, 2018.

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Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $ 24 Swindle: The Native Americans who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn't mind – the land wasn't theirs anyway."

8993: 8988: 8770: 8388: 7647: 6624:

Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth", Handbook of Economic Growth 1: 385–472. 2005.

5877: 5823: 2685:" across the Mediterranean reflected an ideal balance of strength and prudence. Such ideas about latitude and character justified a natural human hierarchy. 2365: 2164:. Conquered Indigenous groups expected to take on the gods of their new overlords, adding them to the existing pantheon. They likely were unaware that their 425: 2883:

of the middle class. Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts.

2254:

in Mauritsstad (Recife) is the oldest synagogue in the Americas. An estimated number of 700 Jews lived in Dutch Brazil, about 4.7% of the total population.

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Note that throughout this period, certain countries in Europe became united and also disunited (e.g.: Denmark/Norway, England/Scotland, Spain/Netherlands).

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looking for a new life in the overseas colonies. During the 17th century, indentured servants constituted three-quarters of all European immigrants to the

1357:

stretched to over 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1710, which was the second largest colonial empire in the world, after the

983:

with other kingdoms of Spain) and Portugal in 1494. The treaty divided the entire non-European world into two spheres of exploration and colonization. The

589: 2483:

Slavery and forced/indentured labor, especially, though not exclusively, in Latin America, in conditions often rivalling those of Nazi concentration camps

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Don, Patricia Lopes. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico." Hispanic American Historical Review 88.4 (2008): 573–606.

4200: 3686: 9755: 8552: 2511: 1326:(1756 to 1763). Possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain. (White border lines mark later Canadian Provinces and US States for reference) 421: 5715:

Wadsworth, James E. Agents of orthodoxy: honor, status, and the Inquisition in colonial Pernambuco, Brazil. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.

644: 7580: 5798: 1907: 1507:

also flocked to Pennsylvania. The lure of cheap land, religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive.

3132: 113: 8690: 7514: 7446: 7409: 7372: 7254: 2673:. In this perspective, belts of latitude wrapped around the Earth and corresponded with specific human traits. The peoples from the "cold zone" in 1476: 5397: 85: 7964: 7837: 4185: 369:

circa 1000 AD. However, due to its long duration and importance, the later colonization by the European powers involving the continents of

9810: 9740: 7873: 5099: 4335: 1922: 809:. Leif Erikson's brother is said to have had the first contact with the native population of North America which would come to be known as the 9256: 8569: 7547: 5664:

Poole, Stafford. "Church law on the ordination of Indians and castas in New Spain." Hispanic American Historical Review 61.4 (1981): 637–650.

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leading to an extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous

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with the natives was important. About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers. The great majority became subsistence farmers along the

92: 17: 5137:

Seed, Patricia. Ceremonies of possession in Europe's conquest of the New World, 1492–1640. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The lack of

863: 7883: 7878: 7786: 7682: 4658:"Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America" 2525: 2538: 1965: 1878:

men into seasonal labor. Never very profitable, Russia sold its North American holdings to the United States in 1867, called at the time "

1610:

From the beginning of Virginia's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s, the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were

9300: 9145: 8683: 5590:

The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: An essay on the Apostolate and the Evangelizing Methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain, 1523–1572

5238: 5198: 3621: 2529: 6042: 4970: 4853: 1467:

movement, which sought to purify the existing Church of England of its residual Catholic rites. The first of these people, known as the

9005: 9000: 8518: 8503: 8175: 6657: 5857: 5530:

Postnikov, Alexey, and Marvin Falk. Exploring and Mapping Alaska: The Russian America Era, 1741–1867. University of Alaska Press, 2015.

4301: 4220: 4089: 1866:, with settlement beginning after 1743. By the 1790s the first permanent settlements were established. Explorations continued down the 529:

The rapid rate at which some European nations grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century because it had been

219: 99: 5772: 2265:. No other religion was tolerated and there was a concerted effort to convert indigenous peoples and black slaves to Catholicism. The 436:

states. Some settler colonies remain relatively rural and sparsely populated with Indigenous people as of the 21st century, including

9765: 9760: 9307: 9058: 4210: 254: 6515: 6067: 9780: 9359: 9341: 8033: 5922: 3572: 1934: 1678: 511: 214: 81: 8229: 8063: 7712: 6367: 5682:

Cohen, Thomas M. The fire of tongues: António Vieira and the missionary church in Brazil and Portugal. Stanford Univ. Press, 1999

3676: 2218: 1611: 1152: 229: 5502: 9695: 8127: 7987: 4265: 3651: 3609: 2191:

were active in attempting to convert the Indigenous peoples to Christianity. They had considerable success on the frontiers in

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entailed the complete and irrevocable renunciation of their ancestral religious beliefs and practices. In 1539, Mexican bishop

9066: 5560: 5025: 2420:(1618) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact, killing between 10 million and 100 million people, up to 95% of the 9131: 8073: 8008: 7573: 7490: 7463: 7430: 7393: 7356: 7325: 7302: 7275: 7230: 7207: 7176: 7150: 7123: 7096: 7065: 7034: 6955: 6908: 6874: 6792: 6758: 6413: 6340: 5837: 5756: 5429: 5291: 5182: 5122: 5075: 4955: 4912: 4885: 4847: 4820: 4793: 4741: 4423: 4363: 4190: 3816: 3356: 3188: 2997: 2777: 2589:

and granted free native labor to the Spaniards. Based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the

2361: 2039: 1794: 507: 305: 259: 239: 234: 189: 5945: 3999: 1977:(Aztec) dictionary, conceived for friars to communicate with the indigenous peoples in central Mexico in their own language. 564:

lands in the world's eastern half, and Spain over those in the western half. Spanish claims essentially included all of the

9266: 9261: 8607: 7998: 7801: 7717: 7702: 4012: 3851: 3757: 2930: 2459: 2138:

like all other human beings, while the latter argued to the contrary to justify their enslavement. In 1537, the papal bull

2063: 2051: 1389: 1060: 822: 651:

indigenous peoples was a leading dynamic in the Americas into the 1800s, although some parts of the continent gained their

636: 596: 244: 184: 30: 2898:, Dominican Republic. Founded in 1496, the city is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the New World. 2796:, of which 90 per cent, mostly in Central and South America, perished from wave after wave of disease, along with war and 2292:

English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to these colonies included

9775: 9286: 9141: 8965: 8217: 8038: 8028: 8018: 8013: 7707: 6299: 4135: 4108: 4043: 3182: 3024: 2517: 1982: 1295: 1158: 1119:. In Mexico, silver was found outside the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so free laborers migrated to the mines in 1088: 828: 700: 600: 358: 224: 209: 204: 194: 179: 174: 6679: 2656:

Although black slavery is most associated with agricultural production, in Spanish America enslaved and free blacks and

1087:, 100,000 in combat, while 500–1,000 of the Spaniards engaged in the conquest died. The other great conquest was of the 9126: 8955: 8706: 7850: 7845: 7806: 7796: 7672: 7267: 6529: 6111: 6036: 4603: 4225: 3875: 3073: 2017: 1655: 1558: 1365: 897:, the traditional route for trade between Europe and Asia, forced European traders to look for alternative routes. The 806: 616: 429: 199: 2493:

Deliberate starvation and famine, exacerbated by destruction and occupation of the native land base and food resources

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Biological warfare, using pathogens (especially smallpox and plague) to which the indigenous peoples had no resistance

2001:

was systematically perpetrated by the European Christian colonists and settlers from the 15th–16th centuries onwards.

921:), which they had inhabited since the ninth century. In his reports, Columbus exaggerated the quantity of gold in the 9805: 9795: 9790: 8983: 8635: 8460: 8355: 8003: 5885: 4932: 4681: 4619: 4569: 4539: 4488: 4067: 2394: 2285:

in Colombia to maintain religious orthodoxy and practice. The Portuguese did not establish a permanent office of the

595:

By the 1530s, other Western European powers realized they too could benefit from voyages to the Americas, leading to

132: 1265:

During this time, the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive

813:. After capturing and killing eight of the natives, they were attacked at their beached ships, which they defended. 9800: 9076: 8455: 7791: 7566: 4673: 4075: 3885: 3590: 3475: 3263: 2825:

without regard for democratic norms. French and British colonial leaders, conversely, were incentivized to develop

2689:

African tribes who captured them elsewhere in exchange for rum, guns, gunpowder, and other manufactures. The total

2096: 1910:

made the only Italian attempt to create colonies in America. For this purpose, the Grand Duke organized in 1608 an

1413:, and other large Native American populations in the 16th century, their first attempt at colonization occurred in 608: 249: 106: 6477: 4927:

Keneva Kunz (Translator) The Saga of the Greenlanders, in The Saga of Icelanders (New York: Penguin Books, 2001).

1330:

France founded colonies in the Americas: in eastern North America (which had not been colonized by Spain north of

9404: 9209: 9154: 9116: 9096: 8776: 7642: 3169: 1706: 546: 6839:

Hinderaker, Eric; Horn, Rebecca. "Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas",

6443: 4761: 2909:, Venezuela. Founded in 1510, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European city in the continental Americas. 2632:. Plantations required a significant workforce to be purchased, housed, and fed; capital investment in building 2443:, the colonization of the Americas by Europeans killed so much of the indigenous population that it resulted in 568:; however, the Treaty of Tordesillas granted the eastern tip of South America to Portugal, where it established 9271: 9199: 9189: 9174: 9101: 8942: 8660: 8257: 8170: 7827: 7729: 6595:"Why the Anthropocene began with European colonisation, mass slavery and the 'great dying' of the 16th century" 3962: 3914: 2444: 1705:

in 1630, where the Portuguese had built sugar cane plantations worked by black slave labor from Africa. Prince

1002: 652: 530: 264: 70: 4255: 493: 9204: 9179: 9159: 9106: 8490: 6852: 5256: 3708: 3615: 2813: 2466: 2305: 2088: 1846: 6517:

American colonies; Volume 1 of The Penguin history of the United States, History of the United States Series

6394:, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". 3172:(1636–1954) (Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Sint Eustatius and Saba; 1636–present) 9334: 9184: 9164: 9121: 9111: 9071: 8655: 7692: 7027: 6741:. Vol. 2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One. 4531: 3596: 3547: 3253: 2127: 2079: 1500: 326: 5790: 2750:

today, there is only a small mestizo population in present-day North America (excluding Central America).

2160:, burning the temple of a conquered group was standard practice, shown in Indigenous manuscripts, such as 9229: 9169: 8918: 8862: 8735: 8623: 8546: 8224: 8165: 7868: 6939: 5946:"European colonizers killed so many Native Americans that it changed the global climate, researchers say" 4599: 4139: 2966: 2455: 2357: 1867: 1227: 1042: 7314:

The European Invasion of North America: Colonial Conflict Along the Hudson-Champlain Corridor, 1609-1760

5067:

Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to bleeding Kansas

3957: 3163: 1005: 437: 9194: 8345: 8307: 8241: 8120: 7910: 7905: 7622: 7348: 6892: 6841: 6742: 6599: 6391: 5212: 4415: 3993: 3908: 3157: 2650: 2251: 2165: 2111: 2104: 1761:

starting in 1624. The Dutch sought to protect their investments and purchased Manhattan from a band of

1714:

took over the colony until it was lost to the Portuguese in 1654. The Dutch retained some territory in

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in 1494, Portugal and Spain agreed to divide the Earth in two, with Portugal having dominion over non-

9750: 9745: 8783: 8495: 8272: 8185: 7419:

American Colonies: The Settling of North America (The Penguin History of the United States, Volume 1)

6935:

Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making

6028: 3903: 3793: 3541: 3212: 2809: 2440: 1576: 1207: 298: 5224: 2554:, and indigenous barbarity, including human cannibalism, in an attempt to justify their enslavement. 2547: 2120: 1425:

granted a charter with the purpose of discovering the riches at their first permanent settlement in

36:"Colonization of the Americas" redirects here. For the initial prehistoric migration from Asia, see 9815: 8857: 8480: 8465: 8262: 8105: 7901: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7612: 7199: 3947: 3767: 3487: 3421: 2916: 2718: 2706: 2266: 2177: 2153: 1998: 1986: 1711: 1643: 1496: 1484: 1373: 1136: 1076: 749: 389: 37: 4250: 3166:(1634–1954) (Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Bonaire; 1634–present) 2598: 1942: 510:

in the mid-18th century, seeking pelts for the fur trade. Many of the social structures—including

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Spreading of disease via the 'reduction' of Indians to densely crowded and unhygienic settlements

2309: 2223: 1568: 449: 59: 1278: 1215: 8475: 8432: 8427: 8360: 8267: 8212: 8046: 7617: 5204: 5006:

Bonch-Bruevich, Xenia. "Ideologies of the Spanish Reconquest and Isidore's Political Thought."

4810: 3799: 3728: 3663: 3311: 3121: 2876: 2834: 2772:, a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including 2286: 2180:. Following that, the Catholic Church removed Indigenous converts from the jurisdiction of the 1897: 1715: 1354: 1335: 1305: 945: 937: 679: 675: 461: 6784: 5242: 4902: 4783: 4657: 4591: 3937: 3705:(Land of Codfish) – Terra Nova (Newfoundland) (1501–?) Claimed region (sporadically settled). 1243: 1186:

claimed lands in North America (Canada) and colonized much of eastern South America naming it

1059:

A major event in early Spanish colonization, which had so far yielded paltry returns, was the

893:, the source of spices, silks, porcelains, and other rich trade goods. Ottoman control of the 9281: 8960: 8867: 8331: 8113: 7755: 7553: 7222: 7017: 6022: 5853: 5466:, National Association for Interpretation, Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section 5419: 5172: 4945: 4875: 4837: 4519: 4464: 4403: 4240: 3969: 3698: 3416: 3297: 2972: 2851:

proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in

2638: 1990: 1960: 1871: 1562: 1319: 1231: 1128: 972: 932: 786: 782: 557: 366: 346: 6653: 5703:

The Economic activities of the Jews in Amsterdam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

4835: 4285: 4146:

on March 17, 2007, and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31, 2009.

1870:, and Russia established a settlement in the early nineteenth century at what is now called 9239: 9234: 8950: 8745: 8592: 8508: 8485: 8180: 8051: 7770: 7765: 7687: 6974: 6565: 6233:

The Other Slavery : The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America / Andrés Reséndez.

6018: 5990: 5776: 5673:

McShea, Bronwen. Apostles of Empire: the Jesuits and New France. U of Nebraska Press, 2019.

4355: 4297: 4293: 4158: 3222: 3137: 3091: 2773: 2569: 2507: 2227: 2157: 2043: 1592: 1520: 1480: 1456: 1171: 1084: 1052: 1019:, in what is now Bolivia. It was the source of vast amounts of silver that transformed the 902: 845: 743: 526:

in the 21st century are the descendants of those that were established during this period.

334: 330: 291: 6846: 4990:

American Pentimento  : The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches / Patricia Seed.

2169: 1262:, in Newfoundland, Greenland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia (from 1498 to 1502, and in 1520). 465: 357:

countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century.

8: 9558: 8650: 8393: 8375: 7956: 7930: 7385: 6554:"Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492" 6387: 6133: 5979:"Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492" 5737:

Faber, Eli. A Time for Planting: The First Migration, 1654–1820. Vol. 1. JHU Press, 1995.

4205: 4150: 4119: 4096: 3987: 3450: 3436: 3396: 3329: 3011: 2980: 2838: 2282: 2270: 2200: 1956: 1911: 1891: 1626: 1615: 1604: 1426: 1418: 1343: 1323: 1183: 1175: 1140: 918: 790: 762:

explorers were the first known Europeans to set foot in North America. Norse journeys to

738: 660: 433: 9319: 7483:

North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law

6569: 6332: 5994: 5912: 4812:

Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas

4408:

North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law

4024: 3578: 3553: 3505: 2681:

were intelligent but "weaker and less spirited". According to the theory, those of the "

2653:, to cultivate other tropical or semi-tropical crops such as tobacco, rice, and cotton. 1770: 9244: 9037: 8645: 7724: 7508: 7440: 7403: 7366: 7248: 6266: 5307: 5093: 4687: 4633: 4143: 3890: 3871: 3644: 3380: 3367: 3361: 3325: 3279: 3085: 3038: 3031: 2891: 2769: 2690: 2678: 2601:, the natives paid tributes in the form of gold, agricultural products, and labor. The 2574: 2421: 2210: 2173: 1994: 1822: 1690: 1639: 1596: 1588: 1377: 1369: 1331: 1162: 1132: 1064: 856: 624: 585: 523: 413: 405: 7554:"The Political Force of Images", Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820. 6359: 6129:"Here are the indigenous people Christopher Columbus and his men could not annihilate" 5642:

n°322, July–August 2007, pp. 14–21 (interview with Christian Duverger, teacher at the

1239: 944:

Spanish explorers, conquerors, and settlers sought material wealth, prestige, and the

9091: 8975: 8755: 8725: 8675: 8528: 8442: 8340: 8189: 7925: 7760: 7750: 7591: 7496: 7486: 7469: 7459: 7426: 7389: 7352: 7331: 7321: 7298: 7281: 7271: 7236: 7226: 7203: 7182: 7172: 7146: 7129: 7119: 7102: 7092: 7071: 7061: 7030: 6951: 6904: 6870: 6788: 6754: 6525: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6336: 6270: 6138: 6107: 6072: 6032: 5881: 5833: 5752: 5499: 5425: 5287: 5178: 5118: 5081: 5071: 4951: 4928: 4908: 4881: 4843: 4816: 4789: 4737: 4719: 4695: 4677: 4637: 4625: 4615: 4611: 4565: 4535: 4484: 4429: 4419: 4359: 4055: 3927: 3832: 3559: 3115: 2954: 2682: 2646: 2602: 2521: 2486:

Mass population removals to barren 'reservations,' sometimes involving death marches

2131: 2013: 1948: 1879: 1635: 1630: 1600: 1532: 1514: 1460: 1255: 1251: 1219: 1187: 1166: 1092: 953: 949: 898: 797:

in 1978. It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of

778: 477: 393: 385: 163: 6578: 6553: 6003: 5978: 2490:, and generally leading to widespread mortality and population collapse upon arrival 2370: 2206: 1510: 603:

colonializations in the northeast tip of the Americas, including in the present-day

9249: 8923: 8313: 8303: 8056: 7915: 7013: 6943: 6929: 6896: 6862: 6780: 6746: 6573: 6258: 5998: 5592:. translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966. 4785:

Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings

4607: 4527: 4515: 4351: 4245: 4170: 3657: 3499: 3289: 2960: 2880: 2662: 2562: 2376: 2366:

Genocide of indigenous peoples § Indigenous peoples of the Americas (pre-1948)

2246: 2188: 2092: 2075: 2035: 2005: 1970: 1938: 1863: 1746:

in 1637, some of which remain in Dutch hands and retain Dutch cultural traditions.

1698: 1444: 1437:

financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of the land.

1191: 976: 867: 769: 664: 342: 7558: 7000:

The Great Ages of Discovery: How Western Civilization Learned About a Wider World.

5829: 3874:, under Spanish rule in whole from 1492 to 1697; under the partial rule under the 2746:

women. While the mestizo and mulatto population make up the majority of people in

1914:

to the north of Brazil, under the command of the English captain Robert Thornton.

1463:

by the end of the 16th century. One of the primary manifestations of this was the

8928: 8597: 8579: 8513: 8403: 8370: 8365: 8068: 7945: 7920: 7116:

The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America

6933: 6856: 6325: 5889: 5819: 5506: 5357:

Frenchmen into peasants: modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada

4976: 4062: 3975: 3952: 3942: 3779: 3682: 3636: 3628: 3333: 3053: 3045: 2948: 2856: 2830: 2674: 2641:, they controlled the African coasts. Black slavery dominated the labor force in 2543: 2542:

Depiction of Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean by

2341: 2258: 2196: 2116: 2100: 2071: 2059: 1821:

Russia came to colonization late compared to Spain or Portugal, or even England.

1800: 1723: 1607:. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits. 1554: 1546: 1526: 1395: 1339: 1235: 1234:

in 1534, which was later replaced by other systems. Others tried to colonize the

1223: 832: 774: 640: 569: 473: 7295:

Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of Colonialism in Early America

1282:), in addition to collecting all the taxes they could. By the late 16th century 1028: 545:

prompted Western European monarchs to search for alternatives, resulting in the

8898: 8888: 8819: 8602: 8538: 8523: 8447: 8437: 8417: 8144: 8140: 8023: 7940: 7216: 6768: 6708: 5286:. Translated by Roberts, Phil. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia: Peninsular Press. 4460: 4175: 3373: 3341: 3283: 3273: 3079: 2920:

Mayflower, the ship that carried a colony of English Puritans to North America.

2805: 2739: 2629: 2615: 2606: 2448: 2289:

in Brazil, but did send visitations of inquisitors in the seventeenth century.

2083: 2009: 1826: 1804: 1750: 1739: 1686: 1634:

Darien scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the

1440: 1434: 1422: 1414: 1399: 1358: 1301: 980: 910: 883: 836: 668: 620: 538: 409: 397: 381: 281: 6291: 5603:

The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico

5521:

Black, Lydia. Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867. University of Alaska Press, 2004.

5284:

Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604–05), Co-Founder of Quebec (1608)

5085: 4691: 3762: 3517: 1917:

Thornton, on his return from the preparatory trip in 1609 (he had been to the

1809: 9734: 8893: 8834: 8720: 8629: 7745: 7422: 6993:

The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450–1650.

6947: 6925: 6772: 6726: 6521: 6142: 5726:

Under the cope of heaven: Religion, society, and politics in Colonial America

5638: 5050: 4733: 4729: 4476: 4100: 4080: 4050: 3981: 3932: 3828: 3771: 3744: 3535: 3511: 3319: 3269: 3247: 3232: 2895: 2788: 2762: 2747: 2730:

while the term to describe someone of mixed European and African ancestry is

2348:

when the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions cracked down on their presence.

2345: 2161: 2140: 2030: 1850: 1814: 1778: 1774: 1758: 1694: 1674: 1661: 1622: 1572: 1541: 1472: 1315: 1103: 1020: 726: 656: 604: 581: 519: 497: 457: 417: 374: 370: 7161:

The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History.

2702: 1701:, it sought colonies. In the Americas, the Dutch conquered the northeast of 469: 441: 9086: 8824: 8814: 8809: 8587: 8422: 8380: 8323: 8199: 8136: 7012:

Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015).

6552:

Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019).

6320: 6099: 5977:

Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019).

5065: 4836:

Linda S. Cordell; Kent Lightfoot; Francis McManamon; George Milner (2008).

4665: 4195: 4180: 3141: 3109: 3003: 2875:, conversely, liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand 2848: 2781: 2735: 2551: 2382: 2313: 2047: 2025: 2021: 1921:), found Ferdinand I dead and all projects were cancelled by his successor 1918: 1859: 1782: 1727: 1702: 1665: 1488: 1430: 1406: 1266: 1068: 1037: 802: 718: 561: 445: 401: 6900: 6866: 6750: 6262: 4808: 2902: 2726:

The term to describe someone of mixed European and indigenous ancestry is

2238: 2152:

arrived in Mexico in 1524, they burned the sacred places dedicated to the

1670: 627:

along with the Swedish and Dutch established colonization of parts of the

8350: 8335: 8295: 8096:

Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia

7935: 6884: 6734: 6730: 6404:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

6327:

The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa

6247:"The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America" 6068:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history" 5330:

Havard, Vidal, Histoire de L’Amérique française, Flammarion, 2003, p. 67.

4662:

The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America

4230: 4215: 4154: 3881: 3822: 3716: 3584: 3481: 3400: 3227: 2864: 2842: 2822: 2590: 2274: 2181: 2149: 2124: 2055: 1901: 1677:

on lower Manhattan island, was captured by the English in 1665, becoming

1646:

and giving Scotland commercial access to English, now British, colonies.

1504: 1452: 1410: 1310: 1272: 1203: 1072: 964: 922: 906: 577: 573: 542: 534: 485: 7143:

Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America

2787:

Most scholars writing at the end of the 19th century estimated that the

1135:

to assert its power against the early conquerors. The crown created the

1098: 810: 8829: 8799: 8408: 8083: 7264:

The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest

7196:

The New Map of Empire: How Britain Imagined America before Independence

6979:

The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600.

6891:. Vol. 1: Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds. 6470: 6024:

The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America

4561:

The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America

4524:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492

4030: 4018: 3863: 3734: 3529: 3523: 3493: 3392: 3217: 3200: 2872: 2826: 2624: 2583: 2413: 2333: 2297: 2262: 2192: 2038:, and mandated in exchange that the Indigenous peoples be converted to 1762: 1726:

that Spain had originally claimed but had largely abandoned, including

1584: 1347: 1120: 1115:

was worked by traditional forced indigenous labor drafts, known as the

1112: 1032: 957: 683: 663:. The United States for example practiced a settler colonial policy of 612: 533:

and it was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the

489: 481: 5260: 5158:

The Other Slavery The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America

4757: 1735: 905:

led an expedition to find a route to East Asia, but instead landed in

9563: 8078: 7382:

Colonial North America and the Atlantic World: A History in Documents

6919:

Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil

4411: 4115: 3921: 3789: 3060: 2860: 2666: 2657: 2409: 2351: 2321: 1952: 1754: 1550: 1124: 984: 926: 914: 894: 875: 841: 763: 722: 710: 632: 628: 550: 453: 362: 8135: 7058:

After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America

6806: 2906: 1749:

On the east coast of North America, the Dutch planted the colony of

1190:. On behalf of both the Portuguese and Spanish crowns, cartographer 1016: 48: 9549: 9351: 9081: 7657: 7317: 6986:

The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616.

4904:

Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age

3722: 3702: 3692: 3463: 3387: 3293: 3127: 2868: 2818: 2817:

incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru

2610: 2401: 2317: 2301: 2293: 2016:

colonial empires were the most active in attempting to convert the

1766: 1719: 1492: 1346:(1567–1635), who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as 1116: 1047: 993: 890: 756: 734: 730: 565: 350: 7500: 7473: 7335: 7240: 7133: 6392:

W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research

4699: 4629: 4433: 2558: 2134:, with the former arguing that Native Americans were endowed with 2050:

friars accompanied him, along with twelve other priests. With the

1194:

explored the South American east coast and published his new book

1041:. Spain had a legal tradition and devised a proclamation known as 8640: 7530: 4526:. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Vol. 186. 3894: 3738: 3469: 3441: 3097: 2731: 2727: 2710: 2670: 2642: 2633: 2417: 2329: 2067: 1974: 1830: 1731: 1580: 1464: 852: 798: 759: 714: 7285: 7186: 7106: 7075: 6682:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. 6104:

The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions

5448:. Ed. Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk. Detroit: Gale, 1999. N. pag. 5257:"The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. Population Development" 5048:"La catastrophe démographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in 2496:

Forced education of indigenous children in White-run schools ...

1769:

who occupied the bottom quarter of Manhattan, known then as the

1364:

In the French colonial regions, the focus of the economy was on

1322:, which was part of the greater worldwide conflict known as the 7542: 6503:

Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade

4947:

Cross-Cultural Encounters in Modern World History, 1453–Present

4725: 4669: 4472: 4343: 3803: 3783: 3455: 3409: 3351: 3237: 3206: 3195: 3103: 3007: 2985: 2852: 2405: 1283: 1080: 1011: 968: 794: 515: 503: 354: 6969:

The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New

6680:"Jamestown, Québec, Santa Fe: Three North American Beginnings" 4469:

American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World

3878:(1697–1821), then again as the Dominican Republic (1861–1865). 2593:, the Spanish Crown granted a number of native laborers to an 631:. By the 1700s, Denmark–Norway revived its former colonies in 365:

and creating a short-term settlement near the northern tip of

5643: 5174:

The Essential History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present

3867: 3427: 3345: 3257: 2337: 1875: 1838: 1834: 1743: 1587:

and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of

1143:

to tighten crown control over these rich prizes of conquest.

960:

that confirmed Spanish claims to the newly discovered lands.

6725: 6190: 5239:""The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell" 4236:

List of North American cities founded in chronological order

2886: 2677:

were "of lesser prudence", while those of the "hot zone" in

2619:

system which was not abolished until the late 18th century.

1475:

in November 1620. Continuous waves of repression led to the

705: 5368: 5366: 3899: 3292:(23.3% of the current U.S. territory) (1801–1804) (sold by 2390: 2325: 2278: 2172:

oversaw the trial and execution of the Indigenous nobleman

2135: 7986: 7480: 7379: 6160: 2936: 2784:

hemispheres following Columbus's voyages to the Americas.

2763:

Impact of colonial land ownership on long-term development

2374:

Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century

1214:, for the two continents. In April 1500, Portuguese noble 659:

continued to fight against Native Americans and practiced

29:"Conquest of America" redirects here. For other uses, see 9771:

Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas

9349: 6834:

A Big History of North America, from Montezuma to Monroe.

5950: 5917: 5749:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

2034:

bull in May 1493 that confirmed the lands claimed by the

1842: 7416: 7342: 7217:

Hinton, A.L. and Woolford, A. and Benvenuto, J. (2014).

5490:

Brocklehurst, "The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster".

5363: 4992:

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Print.

4839:

Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia

4592:"Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions" 3857: 956:, the first Spaniard to become Pope, issued a series of 7007:

The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783

6551: 5976: 5014:, www.jstor.org/stable/41167390. Accessed 12 Nov. 2020. 4809:

S.A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tyron (1996).

4596:

Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History

8705: 4261:

Timeline of the European colonization of North America

5878:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

5825:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

5444:"Native Americans, Treatment of (Spain vs England)." 5308:"Western colonialism - European expansion since 1763" 4266:

Timeline of imperialism#Colonization of North America

3893:(1509–1655); conquered by Britain in 1655, currently 3719:(1519?–1520s?) Claimed region (sporadically settled). 2573:

African slaves 17th-century in a tobacco plantation,

2550:'s indictment of early Spanish cruelty, known as the 1781:. Dutch fur traders set up a network upstream on the 6651: 5376:. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Print. 5026:"Smallpox, The Deadliest Killer of Native Americans" 4829: 4585: 4583: 4581: 3695:(1499/1500–?) Claimed region (sporadically settled). 2924: 2534:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

2199:, most famously with Antonio de Vieira, S.J; and in 7588: 6545: 5636:"Espagnols-Indiens: le choc des civilisations", in 5561:"An Italian Colony In America: A Forgotten Attempt" 5417: 4937: 4802: 4660:. In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.). 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4201:

European colonization of the Southern United States

4161:(1609). The site is accessible in three languages. 3687:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

2991: 361:areas of Europe and the North Atlantic, colonizing 73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6883: 6801:Bolton, Herbert E. "The Epic of Greater America", 6401: 6324: 6202: 2512:Enslavement of indigenous peoples in North America 2352:Disease, genocides, and indigenous population loss 2105:southwestern portions of current-day United States 882:Systematic European colonization began in 1492. A 805:around the same period or, more broadly, with the 639:began to explore and claim the Pacific Coast from 588:, founded in 1496 by Columbus, is credited as the 432:in the Americas, and the establishment of several 7085:Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America 6887:; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., eds. (2023). 6441: 6432:2nd ed. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2012. Print. 4578: 1477:migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England 592:European-established settlement in the Americas. 420:, leading to the displacement, disestablishment, 9732: 6395: 4900: 4873: 4781: 4384: 4340:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 6924: 6836:Columbia: University of Missouri Press. (2022). 6331:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 6235:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016. Print. 6166: 5913:"America colonisation 'cooled Earth's climate'" 4979:, "Gold, God, and glory". accessed 6 July 2021. 4943: 4894: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4402:Whitt, Laurelyn; Clarke, Alan W., eds. (2019). 4186:Chronology of the colonization of North America 3399:) (Controversial Franco-Dutch in favour of the 2742:, mestizos, indigenous, mulatto, then African. 1833:explorers along rivers sought valuable furs of 1553:, and parts of South America. They also gained 1230:in 1532 and the establishment of the system of 1226:began three decades later with the founding of 1102:Spanish historical and territorial presence in 1001:was the result of the first large-scale act of 6468: 5558: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4126: 975:was ratified by the Pope, the two kingdoms of 9786:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 9335: 8691: 8121: 7972: 7574: 7311: 7219:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America 7193: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 3866:(1493–1697); the island currently comprising 3014:) (1654–1689); Courland is now part of Latvia 2203:, almost an autonomous state within a state. 1599:was a primary aspect of the economies of the 1540:nearly as rapidly nor as greatly as those in 889:sailed west to find a new trade route to the 323:American Discovery Viewed by Native Americans 299: 9672:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 7683:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories 7513:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7408:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7371:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7261: 7253:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7169:Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776 7002:Tucson: University of Arizona Press. (2021). 6767: 6672: 6593:Maslin, Mark; Lewis, Simon (June 25, 2020). 6178: 5421:The First Frontier: Life in Colonial America 4590:Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). 4589: 4497: 4440: 4404:"Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Nations" 2937:§ Scottish colonization of the Americas 2526:Indian slave trade in the American Southeast 2469:, genocidal methods included the following: 7456:Colonial America: A Very Short Introduction 7024:European-Native American Warfare, 1675–1815 6942:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. 6827:The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas 6592: 5751:. Cambridge University Press. p. 163. 5746: 5605:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1989. 5424:. University Press of America. p. 80. 4944:Davidann, Jon; Gilbert, Marc Jason (2019). 4706: 4644: 4401: 3731:(1680–1705/1714–1762/1763–1777 (1811–1817)) 2530:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean 2107:through Mexico and to Argentina and Chile. 1583:later became a cash crop, with the work of 9342: 9328: 8698: 8684: 8128: 8114: 7979: 7965: 7581: 7567: 7453: 7166: 7140: 7113: 7082: 7055: 6652:Dale Mackenzie Brown (February 28, 2000). 5446:Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History 5098:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4316: 4221:History of the west coast of North America 3858:§ Basque colonization of the Americas 2943:List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts 2753: 2605:tried to terminate the system through the 1817:), the capital of Russian America, in 1837 1479:between 1629 and 1642, where they founded 1242:in South America. These explorers include 689: 380:During this time, the European empires of 306: 292: 9756:Colonization history of the United States 7292: 7005:Sarson, Steven, and Jack P. Greene, eds. 6917:Lockhart, James, and Stuart B. Schwartz. 6577: 6061: 6059: 6002: 5630: 5354: 4867: 4775: 4211:Former colonies and territories in Canada 3770:'s capital at New Archangel (present-day 3403:) (25.8% of the current territory) (1814) 2887:List of European colonies in the Americas 2233: 1693:of Spain. Many Dutch people converted to 416:the Americas, its natural resources, and 133:Learn how and when to remove this message 6820:The Atlantic World: A History, 1400–1888 6017: 5464:Indentured Servitude in Colonial America 5155: 5117:. Oxford University Press. p. 297. 5112: 5042: 5023: 4788:. Oxford University Press. p. 321. 4557: 4520:"Overview of Decline: 1492 to 1890–1900" 4514: 4459: 3761: 3573:Hospitaller colonization of the Americas 3328: 3131: 2915: 2901: 2890: 2855:-rich Central America fostered enduring 2701: 2697: 2568: 2565:between Europe, Africa, and the Americas 2557: 2537: 2430:pre-Columbian population of the Americas 2369: 2245: 2237: 2205: 1964: 1935:Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery 1874:. Russian fur traders forced indigenous 1808: 1669: 1509: 1439: 1309: 1170: 1097: 1010: 931: 862: 851: 840: 704: 317: 6889:The Cambridge World History of Genocide 6785:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001 6777:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies 6739:The Cambridge World History of Genocide 6656:. Archaeological Institute of America. 5170: 5160:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 7. 5024:Frontier, Notes From The (2020-05-03). 4655: 3677:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 3424:(1628–1690, 1698–1702, 1706, 1782–1783) 2546:, illustrating Spanish Dominican friar 2219:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God 1722:. The Dutch also seized islands in the 1455:of the 16th century broke the unity of 1153:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 682:, the North Western Territory, and the 82:"European colonization of the Americas" 14: 9733: 7988:European colonization of North America 7018:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141 6861:(4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. 6858:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 6713:Atlantic History: Concept and Contours 6513: 6483:from the original on 20 September 2022 6450:from the original on 20 September 2022 6098: 6065: 6056: 5559:Paolo·Culture·, Michele (2020-07-24). 5461: 5339: 5281: 5115:Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 4 5063: 4717: 4336:"Genocide and American Indian History" 4333: 4304:from the original on 30 September 2020 4283: 3610:Norwegian colonization of the Americas 2637:division of spheres with Spain in the 1131:in 1524, based in Seville, and issued 1027:For example, the labor and tribute of 9811:History of the United States by topic 9741:European colonization of the Americas 9323: 8679: 8109: 7960: 7562: 7536:European colonization of the Americas 6851: 6660:from the original on January 20, 2014 6390:, David Richardson, and David Eltis, 6319: 6292:"encomienda | Definition & Facts" 6244: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6214: 5925:from the original on January 31, 2019 5384: 5382: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4907:. ReykjavíkurAkademían. p. 216. 4553: 4551: 4191:Colonial history of the United States 3817:Scottish colonization of the Americas 3276:(occupation by Huguenots) (1562–1565) 3189:List of French forts in North America 2998:Courland colonization of the Americas 2362:Native American disease and epidemics 1943:Forced conversion § Christianity 1795:Russian colonization of North America 1685:The Netherlands had been part of the 1621:Economic advantage also prompted the 8608:Postcolonial international relations 6126: 5958:from the original on August 13, 2019 5943: 5910: 5818: 5479:Darien: the Scottish Dream of Empire 4356:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3 4013:Swedish colonization of the Americas 3852:Spanish colonization of the Americas 3758:Russian colonization of the Americas 3160:until 1975 as a constituent country) 2931:British colonization of the Americas 2460:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2154:Indigenous peoples' native religions 2064:Indigenous languages of the Americas 2052:Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire 1999:Indigenous peoples' native religions 1390:British colonization of the Americas 1182:Over this same time frame as Spain, 1061:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 859:and other circumnavigation explorers 823:Spanish colonization of the Americas 71:adding citations to reliable sources 42: 31:Conquest of America (disambiguation) 8549:— Predecessors of sovereign states 7481:Whitt, L. and Clarke, A.W. (2019). 7380:Rushforth, B. and Mapp, P. (2016). 5911:Amos, Jonathan (February 2, 2019). 5791:"Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge" 5627:. Pearson Education Inc. 2003, 117. 5625:The Early History of Greater Mexico 5438: 4880:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 27. 4815:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1048. 4372:from the original on 10 August 2021 4136:National Museum of American History 3566: 3183:French colonization of the Americas 3025:Danish colonization of the Americas 2649:imported black slaves, starting in 2518:Slavery in colonial Spanish America 2462:also included genocidal massacres. 2344:. Jews fled to the Dutch colony of 1983:first wave of European colonization 1928: 1296:French colonization of the Americas 1159:First wave of European colonization 829:First wave of European colonization 701:Norse colonization of North America 576:to Spain, where It established the 24: 8974: 8707:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 7268:University of North Carolina Press 7163:New Haven: Yale University Press. 7048: 6238: 6220: 6120: 6080:from the original on June 23, 2019 5379: 4995: 4604:University of North Carolina Press 4548: 4286:"Benton painting Native Americans" 4226:Influx of disease in the Caribbean 4037: 3876:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 3074:Dutch colonization of the Americas 2859:institutions. Coffee economies in 2018:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1753:on the lower end of the island of 1656:Dutch colonization of the Americas 1421:, although unsuccessful. In 1606, 1079:". More than an estimated 240,000 874:, engraving by the Flemish artist 807:Norse colonization of the Americas 549:and his accidental arrival at the 25: 9827: 7523: 7417:Taylor, A. and Foner, E. (2002). 7343:Restall, M. and Lane, K. (2018). 6686:from the original on 15 June 2012 6654:"The Fate of Greenland's Vikings" 6442:Tereixa Constenla (29 May 2012). 6408:. New York: Basic Civitas Books. 5944:Kent, Lauren (February 1, 2019). 5700: 3484:(1650–1723, 1756–1778, 1784–1803) 3458:(1666–1667, 1781–1793, 1802–1803) 3156:(1667–1954) (Remained within the 2925:British and (before 1707) English 2879:, and they ultimately raised the 2599:forced conversion to Christianity 2395:indigenous people of the Americas 2269:established three offices of the 2242:Catholic cathedral in Mexico City 2008:and the following centuries, the 781:. The remains of a settlement at 260:Colonization of the United States 9766:Former colonies in South America 9761:Former colonies in North America 9548: 9515:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8754: 8570:Sovereign states formation dates 7656: 7590: 7541: 7529: 7041:A Companion to Colonial America. 6805:38, no. 3 (April 1933): 448–474 6203:Kiernan, Lemos & Taylor 2023 5462:Barker, Deanna (10 March 2004), 5342:The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760 4758:"Colonial City of Santo Domingo" 4674:University of Pennsylvania Press 4612:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9 4334:Ostler, Jeffrey (2 March 2015). 4284:Cardin, Dinah (14 August 2015). 4241:Mennonites#Environmental impacts 4076:German interest in the Caribbean 3886:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 3476:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3264:Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 2992:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 2709:painting depicting Spaniard and 2404:(1518, 1521, 1525, 1558, 1589), 1483:. Later in the century, the new 1433:companies such as the chartered 1429:in 1607. They were sponsored by 508:colonizing the Pacific Northwest 359:The Norse explored and colonized 275: 162: 47: 9781:History of European colonialism 7345:Latin America in Colonial Times 6845:, (2010) 67#3 pp. 395–432 6701: 6645: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6607:from the original on 2020-09-10 6586: 6579:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004 6507: 6495: 6462: 6435: 6422: 6381: 6370:from the original on 2007-08-28 6352: 6313: 6302:from the original on 2020-10-22 6284: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6149:from the original on 2020-11-16 6092: 6045:from the original on 2023-03-16 6011: 6004:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004 5970: 5937: 5904: 5895: 5871: 5860:from the original on 2010-01-16 5846: 5812: 5801:from the original on 2021-12-09 5783: 5765: 5740: 5731: 5718: 5709: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5617: 5608: 5595: 5582: 5571:from the original on 2022-01-13 5552: 5542: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5493: 5484: 5471: 5455: 5411: 5400:from the original on 2020-12-03 5348: 5333: 5324: 5300: 5275: 5249: 5231: 5191: 5164: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5106: 5057: 5017: 4982: 4964: 4921: 4856:from the original on 2023-04-25 4764:from the original on 2023-03-08 4750: 3203:(1534–1763), and nearby lands: 3170:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies 2794:immediately before depopulation 2078:. One of the first schools for 1845:. Cossacks enlisted the aid of 1707:Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen 655:by then, countries such as the 547:voyages of Christopher Columbus 58:needs additional citations for 8661:Decolonization of public space 7485:. Cambridge University Press. 7009:(8 vol, 2010); primary sources 6722:(2 vols. 1952), older textbook 6360:"Quick guide: The slave trade" 6106:. Windmill Books. p. 70. 6066:Treuer, David (May 13, 2016). 5390:"Motivations for Colonization" 5054:n°322, July–August 2007, p. 17 4277: 4000:Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 3963:Captaincy General of Guatemala 3915:Captaincy General of Venezuela 3685:(1500–1815) became a Kingdom, 3637:Dano-Norwegian North Greenland 3629:Dano-Norwegian South Greenland 3054:Dano-Norwegian South Greenland 3046:Dano-Norwegian North Greenland 2845:production over forced labor. 1868:Pacific coast of North America 1625:, an ill-fated venture by the 1591:and the neighboring colony of 1238:of present-day Canada and the 999:that this demographic collapse 531:preoccupied with internal wars 13: 1: 9350:European colonization of the 8476:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) 5512:, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Dec. 1959). 5374:The Spanish Empire in America 4564:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3670: 3616:List of possessions of Norway 2439:According to scientists from 2187:Throughout the Americas, the 1314:Map of territorial claims in 590:oldest continuously inhabited 18:Colonization of North America 8656:Christianity and colonialism 7548:Colonization of the Americas 7297:. Harvard University Press. 7171:. Harvard University Press. 7145:. Harvard University Press. 7028:University of Oklahoma Press 6444:"The women who made America" 6430:Migration in World History . 6251:The Journal of Civil War Era 6245:Waite, Kevin (Sep 1, 2017). 5418:John Chester Miller (1966). 5010:, vol. 17, 2008, pp. 27–45. 4656:Pointer, Richard W. (2011). 4532:University of Oklahoma Press 4251:Settler colonialism#Americas 3603: 3548:Collectivity of Saint Martin 2080:Indigenous peoples in Mexico 1689:, due to the inheritance of 1127:. The crown established the 572:in the early 1500s, and the 7: 8624:Decolonization of knowledge 8547:Wars of national liberation 7869:Archaeology of the Americas 7458:. Oxford University Press. 7118:. Oxford University Press. 7060:. Oxford University Press. 7022:Starkey, Armstrong (1998). 6940:The Cambridge World History 6818:Egerton, Douglas R. et al. 6779:. Oxford University Press. 6398:"Transatlantic Slave Trade" 6167:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015 5773:"American Indian Epidemics" 5394:National Geographic Society 5113:Forsythe, David P. (2009). 4600:Chapel Hill, North Carolina 4256:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 4164: 4140:Virginia Historical Society 4127:Exhibitions and collections 3810: 2456:the Cambridge World History 2358:Disease in colonial America 1813:New Archangel (present-day 1222:to Portugal; the effective 1210:version of his first name, 1146: 1063:(1519–1521). It was led by 909:. Columbus encountered the 694: 10: 9832: 9776:History of Central America 7349:Cambridge University Press 6893:Cambridge University Press 6842:William and Mary Quarterly 6803:American Historical Review 6743:Cambridge University Press 6558:Quaternary Science Reviews 5983:Quaternary Science Reviews 5854:"The Story Of... Smallpox" 5355:Choquette, Leslie (1997). 5282:Grenon, Jean-Yves (2000). 4877:North American Exploration 4842:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 82–. 4664:. Early American Studies. 4418:. pp. 44–70, 71–100. 4416:Cambridge University Press 4107: 4088: 4010: 4006: 3994:Captaincy General of Chile 3909:Viceroyalty of New Granada 3902:(1607–1898); first as the 3884:(1493–1898); first as the 3855: 3849: 3845: 3814: 3755: 3751: 3709:Portugal Cove-St. Philip's 3674: 3645:Dano-Norwegian West Indies 3613: 3607: 3570: 3186: 3180: 3158:Kingdom of the Netherlands 3071: 3067: 3032:Dano-Norwegian West Indies 3022: 2995: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2515: 2505: 2501: 2355: 2252:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue 2178:apostasy from Christianity 2166:conversion to Christianity 1946: 1932: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1798: 1792: 1659: 1653: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1299: 1293: 1156: 1150: 936:The Discovery of America ( 826: 820: 709:Various sailing routes to 698: 522:—which predominate in the 35: 28: 9690: 9657:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 9557: 9546: 9358: 9295: 9222: 9140: 9057: 9048: 9018: 8941: 8911: 8881: 8850: 8843: 8792: 8763: 8752: 8713: 8616: 8578: 8537: 8402: 8322: 8294: 8285: 8250: 8198: 8158: 8151: 8092: 7994: 7897: 7861: 7820: 7779: 7738: 7665: 7654: 7603: 7159:Blackhawk, Ned. (2023). 6471:"1492: The Role of Women" 6396:Stephen Behrendt (1999). 6029:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 5156:Resendez, Andres (2016). 4950:. Routledge. p. 39. 4901:Axel Kristinsson (2010). 4874:John Logan Allen (2007). 4782:T. Douglas Price (2015). 4558:Resendez, Andres (2016). 4465:"Pestilence and Genocide" 4042: 3904:Captaincy General of Cuba 3794:Sonoma County, California 3556:(1648–1784, 1878–present) 3544:(1604–1713, 1763–present) 3542:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3176: 3018: 2780:between the American and 2441:University College London 2230:, was published in 1663. 1788: 1542:Central and South America 1289: 1075:, the chief city of the " 1029:inhabitants of Hispaniola 674:Other regions, including 9806:History of the Caribbean 9796:History of South America 9791:History of North America 9677:Turks and Caicos Islands 7879:North American timelines 7200:Harvard University Press 6948:10.1017/CBO9781139196079 6280:– via go.gale.com. 6179:Bloxham & Moses 2010 5450:World History in Context 5171:Russell, Philip (2015). 5064:Ostler, Jeffrey (2019). 4271: 3958:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 3922:Viceroyalty of New Spain 3768:Russian-American Company 3703:Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus 3488:Turks and Caicos Islands 3422:Saint Christopher Island 3164:Curaçao and Dependencies 2103:which extended from the 1987:religious discrimination 1712:Dutch West India Company 1649: 1644:Kingdom of Great Britain 1527:Middle Atlantic colonies 1485:Province of Pennsylvania 1137:viceroyalty of New Spain 816: 777:and a bishop located at 750:Saga of the Greenlanders 653:independence from Europe 607:. Within a century, the 556:With the signing of the 353:, involving a number of 38:Peopling of the Americas 9801:History of the Americas 8565:Independence referendum 7874:North America by period 7713:Portuguese colonization 7597:History of the Americas 7089:Oxford University Press 6984:Morison, Samuel Eliot. 6965:Merriman, Roger Bigelow 6813:The Americas in History 6720:History of the Americas 6469:Paola Antolini (1992). 6296:Encyclopedia Britannica 5901:Thornton, pp. xvii, 36. 5312:Encyclopedia Britannica 4481:Oxford University Press 4348:Oxford University Press 4133:Smithsonian Institution 3502:(1504, 1701, 1764–1767) 2835:democratic institutions 2754:Colonization and gender 2385:suffering from smallpox 2128:Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda 1248:João Fernandes Lavrador 1015:The silver mountain of 925:, which he called the " 690:Western European powers 450:North-Western Territory 9592:British Virgin Islands 7828:Pre-Columbian cultures 7534:Quotations related to 7312:Laramie, M.G. (2012). 7194:Edelson, S.M. (2017). 6815:(1953), older textbook 6718:Bannon, John Francis. 3978:(1565–1763, 1783-1819) 3839:Stuarts Town, Carolina 3800:Russian Fort Elizabeth 3775: 3699:Land of the Corte-Real 3478:(1719–1763, 1779–1783) 3472:(1650–1762, 1779–1783) 3466:(1625–1763, 1778–1783) 3337: 3312:Louisiana (New France) 3149: 3140:, the governor of the 2921: 2910: 2899: 2877:commercial agriculture 2821:system or Argentinian 2722: 2578: 2566: 2555: 2548:Bartolomé de Las Casas 2499: 2386: 2287:Portuguese Inquisition 2255: 2243: 2234:Religion and migration 2213: 2121:Bartolomé de Las Casas 1978: 1898:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1818: 1682: 1642:, creating the united 1597:Plantation agriculture 1536: 1448: 1355:French colonial empire 1336:Giovanni da Verrazzano 1327: 1306:French colonial empire 1224:colonization of Brazil 1218:claimed the region of 1179: 1107: 1024: 946:spread of Christianity 941: 938:Johann Moritz Rugendas 879: 870:wakes up "America" in 860: 849: 753: 462:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 338: 255:Colonization of Canada 9505:Saint Kitts and Nevis 9028:European colonization 7884:Mesoamerica by period 7698:European colonization 7678:Indigenous population 7262:Jennings, F. (2010). 7223:Duke University Press 7039:Vickers, Daniel, ed. 6975:Morison, Samuel Eliot 6901:10.1017/9781108655989 6867:10.4324/9781003185291 6832:Fernlund, Kevin Jon. 6751:10.1017/9781108765480 6514:Taylor, Alan (2002). 6263:10.1353/cwe.2017.0066 6191:Blackhawk et al. 2023 5779:on February 14, 2015. 5340:Eccles, W.J. (1969). 5008:Mediterranean Studies 4718:Taylor, Alan (2001). 3970:Louisiana (New Spain) 3765: 3729:Colonia do Sacramento 3614:Further information: 3417:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3332: 3298:Louisiana (New Spain) 3187:Further information: 3135: 2973:British North America 2941:Further information: 2919: 2905: 2894: 2705: 2698:Colonization and race 2639:Treaty of Tordesillas 2572: 2561: 2541: 2516:Further information: 2471: 2422:indigenous population 2373: 2320:, German and Swedish 2249: 2241: 2209: 2040:Catholic Christianity 1968: 1961:Religious persecution 1947:Further information: 1908:Ferdinand I de Medici 1896:Further information: 1872:Fort Ross, California 1812: 1799:Further information: 1673: 1660:Further information: 1563:French and Indian War 1547:Eastern North America 1513: 1443: 1394:Further information: 1320:French and Indian War 1313: 1300:Further information: 1260:João Álvares Fagundes 1188:Santa Cruz and Brazil 1174: 1157:Further information: 1129:Council of the Indies 1113:silver mine of Potosí 1101: 1085:siege of Tenochtitlan 1014: 973:Treaty of Tordesillas 935: 866: 855: 844: 827:Further information: 708: 684:northern Great Plains 584:, in the current-day 558:Treaty of Tordesillas 325:, a 1922 painting by 321: 154:European colonization 8746:Solutrean hypothesis 8593:Internal colonialism 8052:Fridtjof Nansen Land 7889:Mesoamerica timeline 7802:Indigenous languages 7718:British colonization 7703:Spanish colonization 7688:Christopher Columbus 7643:Andean South America 7550:at Wikimedia Commons 7386:Taylor & Francis 6733:; Madley, Benjamin; 5747:Baten, Jörg (2016). 5724:Patricia U. Bonomi, 5701:Bloom, Hebert Ivan. 5623:Altman, Ida, et al. 5452:. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. 5372:Haring, Clarence H. 4676:. pp. 168–194. 4606:. pp. 125–146. 4298:Peabody Essex Museum 4294:Salem, Massachusetts 4070:(Brandenburg colony) 3223:Saint Lawrence River 3138:Aarnoud van Heemstra 3092:Dutch Virgin Islands 2839:natural environments 2800:playing their part. 2778:communicable disease 2508:Atlantic slave trade 2380:(compiled 1540–1585) 2316:, French Protestant 2158:Pre-Columbian Mexico 1847:indigenous Siberians 1521:New England colonies 1318:by 1750, before the 1279:Casa de Contratación 1216:Pedro Álvares Cabral 903:Christopher Columbus 846:Christopher Columbus 744:Saga of Erik the Red 543:trade routes to Asia 516:political boundaries 476:, and the northwest 377:is more well-known. 335:Salem, Massachusetts 331:Peabody Essex Museum 329:, now housed in the 67:improve this article 9682:U.S. Virgin Islands 9525:Trinidad and Tobago 9370:Antigua and Barbuda 9127:Trinidad and Tobago 8651:Uncontacted peoples 8502:Mostly contiguous: 8376:settler colonialism 8341:Chartered companies 8047:Erik the Red's Land 7931:Classical Antiquity 7708:French colonization 7454:Taylor, A. (2013). 7167:Butler, J. (2001). 7141:Berlin, I. (2009). 7114:Axtell, J. (1981). 7083:Axtell, J. (1992). 7056:Axtell, J. (1988). 6570:2019QSRv..207...13K 6388:Stephen D. Behrendt 6134:The Washington Post 6127:Brockell, Gillian. 5995:2019QSRv..207...13K 5263:on February 4, 2009 4534:. pp. 42–158. 4483:. pp. 57–146. 4206:European emigration 4097:Thornton expedition 3988:Viceroyalty of Peru 3938:Nuevo Reino de León 3664:Erik the Red's Land 3451:Trinidad and Tobago 3437:Antigua and Barbuda 3336:in New France, 1689 3012:Trinidad and Tobago 2981:British West Indies 2474:Genocidal massacres 2432:vary tremendously. 2283:Cartagena de Indias 2271:Spanish Inquisition 2226:of the gospel into 2222:, a translation by 1981:Beginning with the 1957:Forced assimilation 1892:Thornton expedition 1627:Kingdom of Scotland 1616:Chesapeake Colonies 1612:indentured servants 1605:British West Indies 1457:Western Christendom 1427:Jamestown, Virginia 1344:Samuel de Champlain 1244:João Vaz Corte-Real 1176:Discovery of Brazil 1141:viceroyalty of Peru 791:World Heritage Site 741:, including in the 737:) travelled by the 661:settler colonialism 148:Part of a series on 9435:Dominican Republic 9287:In popular culture 9038:Columbian exchange 9033:Population history 8764:Mythology/Religion 8646:Indigenous peoples 8389:Non-self-governing 7833:Indigenous peoples 7725:Columbian Exchange 7673:Indigenous peoples 7293:Kruer, M. (2022). 6715:(Harvard UP, 2005) 6428:Manning, Patrick. 6366:. March 15, 2007. 6231:Reséndez, Andrés. 5828:. Knopf. pp. 5601:Burkhart, Louise. 5505:2018-11-28 at the 5245:on March 17, 2008. 4975:2021-07-09 at the 4461:Stannard, David E. 4144:Richmond, Virginia 3891:Colony of Santiago 3872:Dominican Republic 3776: 3381:Dominican Republic 3368:Equinoctial France 3362:France Antarctique 3338: 3326:French West Indies 3150: 3039:Danish West Indies 2922: 2911: 2900: 2770:Columbian exchange 2723: 2713:spouse with their 2609:(1512–13) and the 2579: 2567: 2556: 2387: 2256: 2244: 2214: 2211:Eliot Indian Bible 2046:'s second voyage, 2022:Christian religion 1979: 1819: 1683: 1640:Kingdom of England 1537: 1449: 1378:St. Lawrence River 1370:French West Indies 1328: 1180: 1163:Portuguese America 1133:laws of the Indies 1108: 1091:(1531–35), led by 1025: 942: 880: 861: 857:Ferdinand Magellan 850: 783:L'Anse aux Meadows 773:) taking place at 754: 586:Dominican Republic 524:Western Hemisphere 430:Indigenous peoples 339: 327:Thomas Hart Benton 282:History portal 9728: 9727: 9317: 9316: 9218: 9217: 9014: 9013: 8937: 8936: 8907: 8906: 8726:Pre-Columbian era 8673: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8454:Overseas, minor: 8416:Overseas, major: 8281: 8280: 8218:European colonies 8103: 8102: 7954: 7953: 7926:Pre-Columbian era 7751:Pre-Columbian era 7546:Media related to 7492:978-1-108-42550-6 7465:978-0-199-76623-9 7432:978-1-101-07581-4 7395:978-1-315-51032-3 7358:978-1-108-41640-5 7327:978-0-313-39737-0 7304:978-0-674-26956-9 7277:978-0-807-87144-7 7232:978-0-822-35779-7 7209:978-0-674-97899-7 7178:978-0-674-00667-6 7152:978-0-674-02082-5 7125:978-0-195-02904-8 7098:978-0-195-08033-9 7067:978-0-198-02206-0 7035:978-0-8061-3075-0 6998:Pyne, Stephen J. 6957:978-1-108-40775-5 6930:Pomeranz, Kenneth 6910:978-1-108-65598-9 6876:978-1-000-95870-6 6811:Davis, Harold E. 6794:978-0-19-923211-6 6760:978-1-108-76548-0 6415:978-0-465-00071-5 6342:978-0-374-11396-4 6073:Los Angeles Times 5839:978-1-4000-3205-1 5758:978-1-107-50718-0 5510:American Heritage 5431:978-0-8191-4977-0 5293:978-0-9682-0162-6 5213:cite encyclopedia 5184:978-1-135-01721-7 5124:978-0-19-533402-9 5077:978-0-300-24526-4 4957:978-0-429-75924-6 4914:978-9979-9922-1-9 4887:978-0-8032-1015-8 4849:978-0-313-02189-3 4822:978-3-11-013417-9 4795:978-0-19-023198-9 4743:978-0-14-200210-0 4721:American Colonies 4516:Thornton, Russell 4425:978-1-108-42550-6 4365:978-0-19-932917-5 4084: 4071: 4059: 4056:Holy Roman Empire 3928:Nueva Extremadura 3833:Isthmus of Panama 3693:Terra do Labrador 3585:Saint Christopher 3560:Clipperton Island 3444:(briefly in 1666) 2955:Thirteen Colonies 2814:James A. Robinson 2679:sub-Sahara Africa 2647:southern colonies 2522:Slavery in Brazil 2310:English Catholics 2197:Portuguese Brazil 2174:Carlos of Texcoco 2170:Juan de Zumárraga 2132:Valladolid debate 1949:Cultural genocide 1825:was added to the 1636:Act of Union 1707 1631:Isthmus of Panama 1601:Southern Colonies 1533:Southern colonies 1517:of North America: 1515:Thirteen Colonies 1501:Swiss Protestants 1481:multiple colonies 1461:Church of England 1366:sugar plantations 1342:(1491–1557), and 1276:collected by the 1256:Miguel Corte-Real 1246:in Newfoundland; 1167:Portuguese Empire 1093:Francisco Pizarro 1006:in the modern era 954:Pope Alexander VI 950:Iberian Peninsula 872:Americae Retectio 801:, established by 541:'s domination of 466:Yucatán Peninsula 414:explore and claim 316: 315: 143: 142: 135: 117: 16:(Redirected from 9823: 9751:Christianization 9746:Age of Discovery 9647:Saint Barthélemy 9607:Falkland Islands 9552: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9321: 9320: 9055: 9054: 8972: 8971: 8848: 8847: 8790: 8789: 8758: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8677: 8676: 8617:Related concepts 8558:in South America 8466:Austro-Hungarian 8404:Colonial empires 8314:Age of Discovery 8304:Maritime history 8292: 8291: 8156: 8155: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8107: 8106: 8057:Sverdrup Islands 7981: 7974: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7916:Three-age system 7660: 7595: 7594: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7545: 7533: 7518: 7512: 7504: 7477: 7450: 7444: 7436: 7413: 7407: 7399: 7376: 7370: 7362: 7339: 7308: 7289: 7258: 7252: 7244: 7213: 7190: 7156: 7137: 7110: 7079: 6961: 6914: 6880: 6798: 6764: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6600:The Conversation 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6439: 6433: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6407: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6330: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6019:Reséndez, Andrés 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5820:Mann, Charles C. 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5775:. 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In Canada the 1324:Seven Years' War 1192:Amerigo Vespucci 1083:died during the 1043:The Requerimento 1031:were granted in 963:After the final 868:Amerigo Vespucci 665:Manifest Destiny 434:settler colonial 345:, a large scale 343:Age of Discovery 308: 301: 294: 280: 279: 278: 166: 145: 144: 138: 131: 127: 124: 118: 116: 75: 51: 43: 21: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9816:Western culture 9731: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9702:Central America 9686: 9561: 9553: 9544: 9361: 9354: 9348: 9318: 9313: 9291: 9214: 9136: 9050: 9044: 9020: 9010: 8970: 8933: 8903: 8877: 8839: 8788: 8777:List of deities 8759: 8750: 8709: 8704: 8674: 8665: 8612: 8598:Nation-building 8580:Postcolonialism 8574: 8533: 8406: 8398: 8371:detribalization 8346:Interventionism 8318: 8287: 8277: 8246: 8194: 8147: 8134: 8104: 8099: 8088: 7990: 7985: 7955: 7950: 7921:Ancient history 7893: 7857: 7816: 7775: 7734: 7661: 7652: 7623:Central America 7599: 7589: 7587: 7526: 7521: 7506: 7505: 7493: 7466: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7328: 7305: 7278: 7246: 7245: 7233: 7210: 7179: 7153: 7126: 7099: 7068: 7051: 7049:Further reading 7046: 6958: 6932:, eds. (2015). 6911: 6877: 6795: 6775:, eds. (2010). 6769:Bloxham, Donald 6761: 6737:, eds. (2023). 6709:Bailyn, Bernard 6704: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6608: 6591: 6587: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6440: 6436: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6386: 6382: 6373: 6371: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6303: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6243: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6152: 6150: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6046: 6039: 6016: 6012: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5890:Charles C. Mann 5876: 5872: 5863: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5600: 5596: 5588:Ricard, Robert. 5587: 5583: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5507:Wayback Machine 5498: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5472: 5460: 5456: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5353: 5349: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5220: 5219: 5210: 5209: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5111: 5107: 5091: 5090: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5022: 5018: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4977:Wayback Machine 4969: 4965: 4958: 4942: 4938: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4850: 4834: 4830: 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1931: 1904: 1894: 1888: 1807: 1801:Russian America 1797: 1791: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1577:supply missions 1530: 1524: 1518: 1402: 1396:British America 1392: 1386: 1340:Jacques Cartier 1308: 1298: 1292: 1169: 1155: 1149: 1053:Andrés Reséndez 839: 833:Spanish America 825: 819: 739:Icelandic Sagas 703: 697: 692: 520:linguae francae 474:Central America 444:, the northern 337:, United States 312: 276: 274: 269: 156:of the Americas 155: 139: 128: 122: 119: 76: 74: 64: 52: 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9829: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9662:Sint Eustatius 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9597:Cayman Islands 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9555: 9554: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 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8807: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8731:Classification 8728: 8723: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8703: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8680: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8603:Neocolonialism 8600: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8543: 8541: 8539:Decolonization 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8411: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8300: 8298: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8254: 8252: 8251:Decolonization 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8230:Southeast Asia 8222: 8221: 8220: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8145:neocolonialism 8141:decolonization 8133: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8110: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7984: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7941:Modern history 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7730:Decolonization 7727: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7586: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7539: 7525: 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R. 6922: 6915: 6909: 6881: 6875: 6849: 6837: 6830: 6825:Eltis, David. 6823: 6816: 6809: 6799: 6793: 6773:Moses, A. Dirk 6765: 6759: 6727:Blackhawk, Ned 6723: 6716: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6671: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6585: 6544: 6531:978-0142002100 6530: 6524:. p. 40. 6506: 6494: 6461: 6434: 6421: 6414: 6380: 6351: 6341: 6312: 6283: 6257:(3): 473–477. 6237: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6119: 6113:978-1786090034 6112: 6091: 6055: 6038:978-0547640983 6037: 6031:. p. 17. 6010: 5969: 5936: 5903: 5894: 5892:, Knopf, 2005. 5870: 5845: 5838: 5811: 5782: 5764: 5757: 5739: 5730: 5717: 5708: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5629: 5616: 5607: 5594: 5581: 5551: 5541: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5492: 5483: 5477:John Prebble, 5470: 5454: 5437: 5430: 5410: 5396:. 2020-05-19. 5378: 5362: 5347: 5332: 5323: 5299: 5292: 5274: 5248: 5230: 5207:on 2009-10-28. 5190: 5183: 5163: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5123: 5105: 5076: 5056: 5041: 5016: 4994: 4981: 4963: 4956: 4936: 4920: 4913: 4893: 4886: 4866: 4848: 4828: 4821: 4801: 4794: 4774: 4749: 4742: 4705: 4692:j.ctt3fhn13.10 4682: 4643: 4620: 4577: 4570: 4547: 4540: 4496: 4489: 4439: 4424: 4383: 4364: 4315: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4176:Atlantic world 4173: 4166: 4163: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4073: 4065: 4060: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4011:Main article: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3850:Main article: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3826: 3815:Main article: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3787: 3756:Main article: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3696: 3690: 3675:Main article: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3633: 3625: 3608:Main article: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3571:Main article: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3562:(1858–present) 3557: 3551: 3550:(1624–present) 3545: 3539: 3538:(1604–present) 3533: 3532:(1635–present) 3527: 3526:(1635–present) 3521: 3520:(1635–present) 3515: 3514:(1635–present) 3509: 3508:(1648–present) 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3413: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3384: 3377: 3374:French Florida 3371: 3365: 3359: 3357:Virgin Islands 3354: 3349: 3342:Saint-Domingue 3339: 3323: 3322:(1763–present) 3317: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3287: 3284:Fort Ouiatenon 3277: 3274:French Florida 3267: 3261: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3181:Main article: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3151: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3080:New Netherland 3072:Main article: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3023:Main article: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3015: 2996:Main article: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2929:Main article: 2926: 2923: 2888: 2885: 2857:path dependent 2806:Daron Acemoglu 2776:), ideas, and 2764: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2719:Miguel Cabrera 2699: 2696: 2683:temperate zone 2643:tropical zones 2630:chattel slaves 2607:Laws of Burgos 2503: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2449:global cooling 2445:climate change 2353: 2350: 2306:nonconformists 2235: 2232: 2156:. However, in 2095:often created 2084:Pedro de Gante 1930: 1927: 1890:Main article: 1887: 1884: 1880:Seward's Folly 1827:Russian Empire 1805:Russian Empire 1793:Main article: 1790: 1787: 1779:Weckquaesgeeks 1751:New Netherland 1740:Sint Eustatius 1687:Spanish Empire 1654:Main article: 1651: 1648: 1629:to settle the 1400:British Empire 1388:Main article: 1385: 1382: 1359:Spanish Empire 1302:French America 1294:Main article: 1291: 1288: 1236:eastern coasts 1151:Main article: 1148: 1145: 981:personal union 913:on the island 911:Lucayan people 837:Spanish Empire 821:Main article: 818: 815: 699:Main article: 696: 693: 691: 688: 669:Trail of Tears 625:Denmark–Norway 621:New Netherland 580:. The city of 539:Ottoman Empire 314: 313: 311: 310: 303: 296: 288: 285: 284: 271: 270: 268: 267: 265:Decolonization 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 171: 168: 167: 159: 158: 150: 149: 141: 140: 55: 53: 46: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9828: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9721: 9720: 9719:South America 9716: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9697: 9696:North America 9693: 9692: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9612:French Guiana 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9560: 9556: 9551: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9530:United States 9528: 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9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9059:North America 9056: 9053: 9049:Modern groups 9047: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9017: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912:South America 8910: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8835:Turtle Island 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793:North America 8791: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8721:Paleo-Indians 8719: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8696: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8630:Terra nullius 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8529:South African 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8284: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 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7741: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7638:South America 7636: 7634: 7633:Latin America 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7613:North America 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7572: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7516: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7434: 7428: 7424: 7423:Penguin Books 7420: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7117: 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6321:Segal, Ronald 6316: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6217:, p. 138 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6100:Hickel, Jason 6095: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5886:1-4000-4006-X 5883: 5879: 5874: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5734: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5620: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5545: 5536: 5527: 5518: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5414: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5358: 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Routledge. 5176: 5175: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070:. New Haven. 5069: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4933:0-670-88990-3 4930: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4870: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4734:Penguin Books 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4683:9780812223149 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4621:9780807833896 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4571:9780544602670 4567: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4552: 4543: 4541:0-8061-2074-6 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4490:0-19-508557-4 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 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3901: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3829:Darien Scheme 3827: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3786:) (1799–1867) 3785: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3772:Sitka, Alaska 3769: 3764: 3759: 3746: 3745:French Guiana 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3725:(c.1536–1620) 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3652:Cooper Island 3650: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3611: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536:French Guiana 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3512:Marie-Galante 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3395:(District of 3394: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3320:French Guiana 3318: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3296:) (also see: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270:Fort Caroline 3268: 3265: 3262: 3260:) (1685–1689) 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3248:United States 3245: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3233:Lake Winnipeg 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3104:New Walcheren 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961:Rupert's Land 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2896:Santo Domingo 2893: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849:James Mahoney 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810:Simon Johnson 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2789:pre-Columbian 2785: 2783: 2782:Afro-Eurasian 2779: 2775: 2771: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2748:Latin America 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2616:repartimiento 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Spanish Crown 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2465:According to 2463: 2461: 2457: 2454:According to 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400:Epidemics of 2398: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2346:New Amsterdam 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324:, as well as 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314:Presbyterians 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2240: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2162:Codex Mendoza 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2141:Sublimis Deus 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Latin letters 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2031:Inter caetera 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1851:Bering Strait 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1815:Sitka, Alaska 1811: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:New Amsterdam 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Protestantism 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1675:New Amsterdam 1672: 1667: 1663: 1662:Dutch America 1657: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:Darien scheme 1619: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:food security 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1534: 1528: 1525:Bright Red = 1522: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487:was given to 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:Plymouth Rock 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1445:Penn's Treaty 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:North America 1312: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:Cartographers 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1105: 1104:North America 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:Hernán Cortés 1062: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1021:world economy 1018: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1000: 995: 989: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 939: 934: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 885: 877: 873: 869: 865: 858: 854: 847: 843: 838: 834: 830: 824: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771: 765: 761: 758: 752: 751: 746: 745: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Baffin Island 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 702: 687: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:United States 654: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:United States 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 582:Santo Domingo 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 499: 498:South America 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:central Andes 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:North America 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:human capital 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 375:South America 372: 371:North America 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 309: 304: 302: 297: 295: 290: 289: 287: 286: 283: 273: 272: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 170: 169: 165: 161: 160: 157: 152: 151: 147: 146: 137: 134: 126: 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: – 83: 79: 78:Find sources: 72: 68: 62: 61: 56:This article 54: 50: 45: 44: 39: 32: 27: 19: 9717: 9694: 9667:Sint Maarten 9652:Saint Martin 9559:Dependencies 9306: 9299: 9027: 9021:colonization 8825:The red road 8815:Medicine man 8810:Great Spirit 8628: 8588:Independence 8324:Colonization 8207: 8200:Colonization 8190:World oceans 8137:Colonization 7697: 7538:at Wikiquote 7482: 7455: 7418: 7381: 7344: 7313: 7294: 7263: 7218: 7195: 7168: 7160: 7142: 7115: 7084: 7057: 7040: 7023: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6991:Parry, J.H. 6985: 6978: 6968: 6934: 6918: 6888: 6885:Kiernan, Ben 6857: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6802: 6776: 6738: 6735:Taylor, Rebe 6731:Kiernan, Ben 6719: 6712: 6702:Bibliography 6688:. 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Retrieved 5393: 5373: 5356: 5350: 5341: 5335: 5326: 5315:. Retrieved 5311: 5302: 5283: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5261:the original 5251: 5243:the original 5233: 5205:the original 5199: 5193: 5173: 5166: 5157: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5114: 5108: 5066: 5059: 5049: 5044: 5033:. Retrieved 5029: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4989: 4984: 4966: 4946: 4939: 4923: 4903: 4896: 4876: 4869: 4858:. Retrieved 4838: 4831: 4811: 4804: 4784: 4777: 4766:. Retrieved 4752: 4720: 4666:Philadelphia 4661: 4595: 4559: 4523: 4468: 4407: 4374:. Retrieved 4339: 4306:. Retrieved 4289: 4279: 4196:Conquistador 4181:Bandeirantes 4157:(1608), and 4148: 4130: 3924:(1535–1821) 3911:(1717–1819) 3643: 3635: 3632:(1728?–1814) 3627: 3597:Saint Martin 3496:(1666, 1712) 3449:Present-day 3435:Present-day 3415:Present-day 3408:Present-day 3386:Present-day 3379:Present-day 3334:Fort Lachine 3246:Present-day 3213:Newfoundland 3194:Present-day 3110:Dutch Brazil 3057:(1728?–1814) 3052: 3044: 3030: 3004:New Courland 2951:(1607–1783) 2912: 2847: 2802: 2786: 2766: 2757: 2744: 2736:Peninsulares 2724: 2717:daughter by 2714: 2687: 2655: 2621: 2614: 2594: 2584: 2580: 2552:Black legend 2487: 2464: 2453: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2399: 2388: 2375: 2291: 2257: 2217: 2215: 2186: 2147: 2139: 2109: 2029: 2026:Alexander VI 2003: 1980: 1916: 1905: 1860:Vitus Bering 1856: 1820: 1783:Hudson River 1748: 1728:Sint Maarten 1716:Dutch Guiana 1684: 1666:Dutch Empire 1620: 1609: 1567: 1538: 1531:Red-brown = 1489:William Penn 1471:, landed on 1450: 1431:common stock 1423:King James I 1419:Newfoundland 1403: 1363: 1352: 1329: 1277: 1271: 1267:colonization 1264: 1211: 1206:still use a 1199: 1196:Mundus Novus 1195: 1181: 1109: 1069:Tenochtitlan 1058: 1038:encomenderos 1036: 1026: 990: 985:longitudinal 962: 943: 881: 878:(circa 1615) 871: 803:Leif Erikson 787:Newfoundland 768: 755: 748: 742: 719:Newfoundland 673: 649: 619:established 611:established 594: 555: 528: 502: 446:Great Plains 379: 367:Newfoundland 347:colonization 340: 322: 153: 129: 123:October 2022 120: 110: 103: 96: 89: 77: 65:Please help 60:verification 57: 26: 9637:Puerto Rico 9564:territories 9510:Saint Lucia 9445:El Salvador 9230:Ethnobotany 9087:El Salvador 8989:Visual arts 8858:Cosmovision 8844:Mesoamerica 8805:Fifth World 8771:Mythologies 8736:Archaeology 8714:Pre-history 8486:New Zealand 8351:Colonialism 8336:Imperialism 8296:Exploration 8159:Exploration 8034:Hospitaller 7936:Middle Ages 7693:Exploration 7618:Mesoamerica 6853:Jones, Adam 6664:January 20, 6446:. El Pais. 5962:February 2, 5929:February 1, 5856:. Pbs.org. 5221:|work= 4308:21 February 4290:www.pem.org 4231:Imperialism 4216:Guaicaipuro 4155:Quebec City 4033:(1813–1814) 4027:(1784–1878) 4021:(1638–1655) 4002:(1776–1814) 3996:(1544–1818) 3990:(1542–1824) 3984:(1716–1802) 3972:(1769–1801) 3882:Puerto Rico 3841:(1684–1686) 3835:(1698–1700) 3825:(1622–1632) 3823:Nova Scotia 3747:(1809–1817) 3717:Nova Scotia 3711:(1501–1696) 3666:(1931–1933) 3660:(1898–1930) 3654:(1844–1905) 3648:(1754–1814) 3640:(1721–1814) 3599:(1651–1665) 3593:(1651–1665) 3591:Saint Croix 3587:(1651–1665) 3581:(1651–1665) 3518:la Désirade 3482:Saint Lucia 3430:(1782–1784) 3412:(1782–1784) 3401:Netherlands 3383:(1795–1809) 3376:(1562–1565) 3370:(1612–1615) 3364:(1555–1567) 3314:(1672–1764) 3266:(1650–1733) 3228:Great Lakes 3209:(1604–1713) 3130:(1745–1815) 3124:(1658–1664) 3118:(1650–1689) 3112:(1630–1654) 3106:(1628–1677) 3100:(1627–1815) 3094:(1625–1680) 3088:(1616–1815) 3082:(1614–1667) 3063:(1814–1953) 3049:(1721–1814) 3041:(1814–1917) 3035:(1754–1814) 2975:(1783–1907) 2969:(1793–1871) 2963:(1670–1870) 2957:(1607–1783) 2865:El Salvador 2843:smallholder 2823:latifundias 2691:slave trade 2634:sugar mills 2595:encomendero 2591:Reconquista 2416:(1614) and 2312:, Scottish 2275:Mexico City 2182:Inquisition 2150:Franciscans 2130:, held the 2125:philosopher 2056:Franciscans 2048:Benedictine 2028:issued the 2004:During the 1997:toward the 1991:persecution 1969:Franciscan 1902:The Guianas 1603:and in the 1519:Dark Red = 1505:Anabaptists 1453:Reformation 1273:quinto real 1240:River Plate 1232:captaincies 1228:São Vicente 1089:Inca Empire 1073:Mexico City 965:Reconquista 958:Papal Bulls 923:East Indies 907:The Bahamas 578:Philippines 574:East Indies 535:Black Death 486:the Guianas 424:, and even 422:enslavement 402:Netherlands 341:During the 215:Hospitaller 9735:Categories 9632:Montserrat 9627:Martinique 9622:Guadeloupe 9420:Costa Rica 9272:Philosophy 9077:Costa Rica 9051:by country 8882:Variations 8873:World tree 8830:Totem pole 8800:Arborglyph 8636:Plantation 8461:Australian 8443:Portuguese 8409:modern era 8356:chronology 8242:Antarctica 8186:Antarctica 8064:Portuguese 8043:Norwegian 7862:Chronology 7842:Conflicts 7838:Population 7666:Settlement 7501:2019008004 7474:2012029104 7336:2011050352 7241:2014020685 7134:lc80025084 6611:2020-08-20 6374:2007-11-23 6306:2020-10-12 6215:Jones 2023 6153:2020-11-12 6049:2020-10-17 5864:2014-02-28 5805:2014-02-28 5639:L'Histoire 5575:2022-01-13 5404:2020-10-13 5317:2021-08-20 5086:1099434736 5051:L'Histoire 5035:2024-01-22 4860:2016-03-26 4768:2023-03-07 4700:2010015803 4630:2009044820 4434:2019008004 4376:13 October 4116:Nova Dania 4031:Guadeloupe 4019:New Sweden 3864:Hispaniola 3856:See also: 3735:Cisplatina 3671:Portuguese 3624:(986–1408) 3530:Martinique 3524:Guadeloupe 3494:Montserrat 3397:Sipaliwini 3393:Tapanahony 3294:Napoleon I 3286:in Indiana 3218:Hudson Bay 3201:New France 3144:colony of 2935:See also: 2873:Costa Rica 2827:capitalist 2625:Cane sugar 2585:encomienda 2467:Adam Jones 2414:diphtheria 2356:See also: 2334:Mennonites 2304:and other 2300:, English 2298:Calvinists 2279:Lima, Peru 2263:New France 2228:Algonquian 2224:John Eliot 2193:New France 2066:, such as 2060:Dominicans 2014:Portuguese 1912:expedition 1771:Manhattoes 1585:John Rolfe 1569:John Smith 1353:The first 1348:New France 1121:Guanajuato 1033:encomienda 919:Cat Island 917:(possibly 887:expedition 775:Brattahlíð 676:California 645:California 613:New Sweden 490:Gran Chaco 470:Darién Gap 468:, and the 438:New Mexico 230:Portuguese 175:First wave 93:newspapers 9707:Caribbean 9617:Greenland 9540:Venezuela 9485:Nicaragua 9455:Guatemala 9375:Argentina 9360:Sovereign 9267:Movements 9262:Languages 9210:Venezuela 9155:Argentina 9117:Nicaragua 9097:Guatemala 9092:Greenland 8784:Religions 8553:in Europe 8491:Norwegian 8394:Dependent 8387:Current: 8332:Antiquity 8152:By region 7911:By region 7906:By period 7807:Epidemics 7797:Geography 7739:Societies 7628:Caribbean 7509:cite book 7441:cite book 7404:cite book 7367:cite book 7249:cite book 6564:: 13–36. 6537:7 October 6364:bbc.co.uk 6271:164320613 6143:0190-8286 5989:: 13–36. 5795:bbc.co.uk 5267:4 October 5223:ignored ( 5094:cite book 4638:183694926 4412:Cambridge 4151:Jamestown 4122:, Canada) 4120:Churchill 3790:Fort Ross 3774:) in 1837 3622:Greenland 3604:Norwegian 3280:Vincennes 3086:Essequibo 3061:Greenland 2861:Guatemala 2829:markets, 2667:Aristotle 2658:mulattoes 2410:influenza 2342:Moravians 2322:Lutherans 2318:Huguenots 2294:Anglicans 2117:Dominican 2042:. During 1953:Ethnocide 1923:Cosimo II 1773:, for 60 1755:Manhattan 1742:in 1636, 1738:in 1634, 1734:in 1634, 1730:in 1618, 1724:Caribbean 1691:Charles V 1638:with the 1551:Caribbean 1374:fur trade 1338:in 1524; 1208:Latinized 1200:New World 1125:Zacatecas 1077:New Spain 1071:, became 1056:astray." 927:New World 915:Guanahani 895:Silk Road 876:Jan Galle 811:skrælings 764:Greenland 723:Helluland 711:Greenland 680:Patagonia 633:Greenland 629:Caribbean 562:Christian 551:New World 512:religions 494:Araucanía 454:Greenland 412:began to 363:Greenland 9572:Anguilla 9520:Suriname 9495:Paraguay 9470:Honduras 9430:Dominica 9415:Colombia 9385:Barbados 9352:Americas 9301:Category 9257:Identity 9240:Iroquois 9235:Cherokee 9200:Suriname 9190:Paraguay 9175:Colombia 9102:Honduras 9082:Dominica 9019:European 8994:Painting 8956:Colombia 8868:Religion 8863:Creation 8741:Genetics 8514:Japanese 8504:American 8456:American 8308:European 8258:Americas 8208:Americas 8166:Americas 8074:Scottish 8009:Curonian 7648:Genetics 7318:ABC-CLIO 7286:74034275 7187:99054646 7107:91045411 7076:87034886 6855:(2023). 6847:in JSTOR 6807:in JSTOR 6684:Archived 6658:Archived 6605:Archived 6478:Archived 6476:. 1992. 6448:Archived 6368:Archived 6323:(1995). 6300:Archived 6147:Archived 6102:(2018). 6084:June 21, 6078:Archived 6043:Archived 6021:(2016). 5956:Archived 5923:Archived 5858:Archived 5822:(2005). 5799:Archived 5569:Archived 5503:Archived 5398:Archived 5030:Frontier 4973:Archived 4854:Archived 4762:Archived 4730:New York 4518:(1987). 4477:New York 4463:(1992). 4370:Archived 4302:Archived 4165:See also 4159:Santa Fe 4153:(1607), 4138:and the 3870:and the 3811:Scottish 3723:Barbados 3464:Dominica 3388:Suriname 3154:Suriname 3146:Suriname 3128:Demerara 3116:Pomeroon 2869:Colombia 2740:Criollos 2611:New Laws 2575:Virginia 2488:en route 2412:(1558), 2408:(1546), 2402:smallpox 2302:Puritans 2296:, Dutch 2201:Paraguay 2123:and the 2119:friars, 2097:missions 2062:learned 2044:Columbus 1995:violence 1973:'s 1565 1775:guilders 1767:Brooklyn 1720:Suriname 1679:New York 1593:Maryland 1589:Virginia 1493:Baptists 1469:Pilgrims 1184:Portugal 1147:Portugal 1139:and the 1048:New Laws 1003:genocide 994:Smallpox 901:mariner 891:Far East 735:Labrador 731:Markland 695:Norsemen 667:and the 566:Americas 426:genocide 386:Portugal 355:European 351:Americas 240:Scottish 190:Curonian 9602:Curaçao 9587:Bonaire 9582:Bermuda 9535:Uruguay 9475:Jamaica 9450:Grenada 9440:Ecuador 9395:Bolivia 9380:Bahamas 9277:Studies 9205:Uruguay 9180:Ecuador 9160:Bolivia 9107:Jamaica 9006:Writers 9001:Artists 8961:Ecuador 8943:Culture 8924:Mapuche 8641:Settler 8524:Russian 8519:Ottoman 8509:Chinese 8496:Swedish 8471:Belgian 8448:Spanish 8438:Italian 8418:British 8407:in the 8366:empires 8361:history 8286:General 8273:Oceania 8237:Oceania 8181:Oceania 8084:Swedish 8079:Spanish 8069:Russian 8004:Belgian 7999:British 7812:Slavery 7792:Culture 7780:Related 7605:History 7043:(2003). 6995:(1982). 6988:(1971). 6981:(1971). 6921:(1983). 6829:(2000). 6690:4 April 6566:Bibcode 6522:Penguin 6276:Jan 15, 5991:Bibcode 5830:106–109 5728:(2003). 4109:Denmark 4090:Italian 4007:Swedish 3895:Jamaica 3846:Spanish 3831:on the 3752:Russian 3739:Uruguay 3470:Grenada 3442:Antigua 3122:Cayenne 3098:Berbice 2798:slavery 2732:mulatto 2728:mestizo 2715:morisca 2711:mulatta 2671:Ptolemy 2663:Jesuits 2577:, 1670. 2502:Slavery 2418:measles 2330:Quakers 2189:Jesuits 2112:slavery 2093:Jesuits 2076:Zapotec 2068:Nahuatl 2024:. 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European colonization of the Americas

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