1913:
1789:
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1961:
1925:
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603:
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Economy. The strategy has been adopted by the cacao producers and their clients, and seeks to improve the characterization of cacao diversity, the sustainability and diversity of the cacao collections, the usefulness of the collections, and to ease access to better information about the conserved material. Some natural areas of cacao diversity are protected by various forms of conservation, for example national parks. However, a recent study of genetic diversity and predicted climates suggests that many of those protected areas will no longer be suitable for cacao by 2050. It also identifies an area around
1898:
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1988:
1937:
1949:
929:
73:
1973:
1360:
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965:
1001:
1019:
983:
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828:
55:
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In 2016, cocoa beans were cultivated on roughly 10,200,000 hectares (25,000,000 acres) worldwide. Cocoa beans are grown by large agroindustrial plantations and small producers, the bulk of production coming from millions of farmers with small plots. A tree begins to bear when it is four or five years
1448:
pairs (2n=2x=20). In
September 2010, a team of scientists announced a draft sequence of the cacao genome (Matina1-6 genotype). In a second, unrelated project, the International Cocoa Genome Sequencing Consortium-ICGS, coordinated by CIRAD, first published in December 2010 (online, paper publication
793:
was originally domesticated, probably for the pulp that surrounds the beans, which is eaten as a snack and fermented into a mildly alcoholic beverage. Using the DNA sequences and comparing them with data derived from climate models and the known conditions suitable for cacao, one study refined the
1578:
archaeological site provides evidence of even earlier cacao beverages, to 1900 BC. The initial domestication was probably related to the making of a fermented alcoholic beverage. In 2018, researchers who analysed the genome of cultivated cacao trees concluded that the domesticated cacao trees all
868:
The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the
Forastero group, the main and most ubiquitous variety being the Amenolado variety, while the Arriba variety (such as the Nacional variety) are less commonly found in Forastero produce. Forastero trees are significantly hardier and more
1816:
and others noted the vast quantities of this beverage the Aztec emperor consumed, and how it was carefully whipped by his attendants beforehand. Examples of cacao beans, along with other agricultural products, were brought back to Spain at that time, but it seems the beverage made from cacao was
1114:
plantations around the world. Many of those phytopathogens, which include many of the pests named below, were analyzed using mass spectrometry and allow for guiding on the correct approaches to get rid of the specific phytopathogens. This method was found to be quick, reproducible, and accurate
1094:
that cannot be stored in a conventional genebank. In an effort to improve the diversity available to breeders, and ensure the future of the field genebanks, experts have drawn up A Global
Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources, as the Foundation for a Sustainable Cocoa
3071:
20 different institutions from six countries (France, USA, CĂŽte d'Ivoire, Brazil, Venezuela and
Trinidad et Tobago). Financing comes from several public and private sources from France, USA and Venezuela, among which the chocolate brands Valrhona (France) and Hershey's (USA). See :
2911:
Dos Santos, FĂĄbio Neves; Tata, Alessandra; Belaz, KĂĄtia
Roberta Anacleto; MagalhĂŁes, Dilze Maria ArgĂŽlo; Luz, Edna Dora Martins Newman; Eberlin, Marcos Nogueira (1 March 2017). "Major phytopathogens and strains from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) are differentiated by MALDI-MS lipid and/or
1733:) of cacao, in addition to other goods. Each load represented exactly 8,000 beans. The buying power of quality beans was such that 80â100 beans could buy a new cloth mantle. The use of cacao beans as currency is also known to have spawned counterfeiters during the Aztec empire.
773:. More recent studies of patterns of DNA diversity, however, suggest that this is not the case. One study sampled 1241 trees and classified them into 10 distinct genetic clusters. This study also identified areas, for example around
1651:
text on one of the Rio Azul vessels. Cacao is also believed to have been ground by the Aztecs and mixed with tobacco for smoking purposes. Cocoa was being domesticated by the Mayo
Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC.
3772:
3749:
2781:
Zzaman, Wahidu; Bhat, Rajeev; Yang, Tajul Aris; Mat Easa, Azhar (2 March 2017). "Influences of superheated steam roasting on changes in sugar, amino acid and flavor active components of cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao)".
2197:
557:, called a cacao pod, is ovoid, 15â30 cm (6â12 in) long and 8â10 cm (3â4 in) wide, ripening yellow to orange, and weighs about 500 g (1 lb) when ripe. The pod contains 20 to 60
1085:
The pests and diseases to which cacao is subject, along with climate change, mean that new varieties will be needed to respond to these challenges. Breeders rely on the genetic diversity conserved in field
1449:
in
January 2011), the sequence of the cacao genome, of the Criollo cacao (of a landrace from Belize, B97-61/B2). In their publication, they reported a detailed analysis of the genomic and genetic data.
813:
plants in humid forest ecosystems. This is equally true of abandoned cultivated trees, making it difficult to distinguish truly wild trees from those whose parents may originally have been cultivated.
2290:
1491:
plants, and it is proposed as an evolutionary mechanism by which the 21 chromosomes of the dicots' hypothetical hexaploid ancestor underwent major fusions leading to cacao's 10 chromosome pairs.
3437:
3076:
1912:
1639:(600â400 BC) using similar techniques to those used to extract chocolate residues from four classic period (around 400 AD) vessels from a tomb at the Maya archaeological site of
584:. Usually discarded until practices changed in the 21st century, the fermented pulp may be distilled into an alcoholic beverage. Each seed contains a significant amount of fat (40â50%) as
3778:
1103:
that will remain suitable for cacao and that is home to considerable genetic diversity, and recommends that this area be considered for protection. Other projects, such as the
3755:
1124:
3559:
Colombia, relaciĂłn geogrĂĄfica, topogrĂĄfica, agrĂcola, comercial y polĂtica de este paĂs: adaptada para todo lector en general y para el comerciante y colono en particular
847:
of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate: Forastero, Criollo and
Trinitario. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo group, the cocoa bean used by the
3292:
Powis, Terry G.; Hurst, W. Jeffrey; del Carmen RodrĂguez, MarĂa; OrtĂz C., Ponciano; Blake, Michael; Cheetham, David; Coe, Michael D.; Hodgson, John G. (December 2007).
2209:
1171:
1177:
1757:
851:. Only 10% of chocolate is made from Criollo, which is arguably less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. In November 2000, the cacao beans coming from
1707:
depicts priests lancing their ear lobes (autosacrifice) and covering the cacao with blood as a suitable sacrifice to the gods. The cacao beverage was used as a
1685:
with cacao-colored markings, additional animal sacrifices, offerings of cacao, feathers and incense, and an exchange of gifts. In a similar creation story, the
1494:
The genome sequence enables cacao molecular biology and breeding for elite varieties through marker-assisted selection, in particular for genetic resistance to
3092:
Argout, Xavier; Salse, Jerome; Aury, Jean-Marc; Guiltinan, Mark J.; Droc, Gaetan; Gouzy, Jerome; Allegre, Mathilde; Chaparro, Cristian; et al. (2011).
896:
by using superheated steam was found to be better than conventional oven-roasting because it resulted in the same quality of cocoa beans in a shorter time.
836:
old. A mature tree may have 6,000 flowers in a year, yet only about 20 pods. About 1,200 seeds (40 pods) are required to produce 1 kg (2.2 lb) of
4938:
2280:
2889:
1498:, oomycete and viral diseases responsible for huge yield losses each year. In 2017â18, due to concerns about survivability of cacao plants in an era of
1769:
2459:
Clement, Charles R.; de Cristo-AraĂșjo, Michelly; d'Eeckenbrugge, Geo
Coppens; Alves Pereira, Alessandro; Picanço-Rodrigues, Doriane (6 January 2010).
3427:
2955:
Boudjeko, Thaddée; Tchinda, Romaric Armel Mouafo; Zitouni, Mina; Nana, Joëlle Aimée Vera
Tchatchou; Lerat, Sylvain; Beaulieu, Carole (4 March 2017).
4351:
3073:
4687:
3335:
2234:
Forbes, Samantha J.; Northfield, Tobin D. (26 December 2016). "Increased pollinator habitat enhances cacao fruit set and predator conservation".
2368:
Motamayor, Juan C.; Lachenaud, Philippe; da Silva e Mota, Jay Wallace; Loor, Rey; Kuhn, David N.; Brown, J. Steven; Schnell, Raymond J. (2008).
3386:
2859:
4282:
2437:
798:, the border between Brazil and Peru and the southern part of the ColombianâBrazilian border. Climate models indicate that at the peak of the
4726:
1587:
Several mixtures of cacao are described in ancient texts, for ceremonial or medicinal, as well as culinary, purposes. Some mixtures included
1373:
1800:
The first European knowledge about chocolate came in the form of a beverage which was first introduced to the Spanish at their meeting with
3210:
1739:
4319:
1897:
2507:
Thomas, Evert; van Zonneveld, Maarten; Loo, Judy; Hodgkin, Toby; Galluzzi, Gea; van Etten, Jacob; Fuller, Dorian Q. (24 October 2012).
1539:
The cacao tree, native of the Amazon rainforest, was first domesticated at least 5,300 years ago, in equatorial South America from the
4811:
3477:
Grivetti, Louis E.; Lowe, Diana Salazar; Jimenez, Martha; EscĂĄrcega, Sylvia; Barriga, Patricia; Dillinger, Teresa L. (1 August 2000).
2717:
2312:
Wilson, Philip K. (2015). "Chocolate in Science, Nutrition and Therapy: A Historical Perspective". In Wilson, P.; Hurst, W. (eds.).
1703:: "bitter water"), in a mountain filled with other plant foods. Cacao was offered regularly to a pantheon of Mexica deities and the
1452:
The sequence of the cacao genome identified 28,798 protein-coding genes, compared to the roughly 23,000 protein-coding genes of the
4635:
4294:
3232:
Zarrillo, Sonia; Gaikwad, Nilesh; Lanaud, Claire; Powis, Terry; Viot, Christopher; Lesur, Isabelle; et al. (29 October 2018).
3144:
Jaillon, Olivier; Aury, Jean-Marc; Noel, Benjamin; Policriti, Alberto; Clepet, Christian; Casagrande, Alberto; et al. (2007).
1136:
inhibiting growth of various types of microorganisms (such as different oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria), and preventing rotting by
2739:
Kongor, John Edem; Hinneh, Michael; de Walle, Davy Van; Afoakwa, Emmanuel Ohene; Boeckx, Pascal; Dewettinck, Koen (1 April 2016).
4918:
4700:
4648:
1924:
2596:
785:, where representatives of several genetic clusters originated more than 5000 years ago, leading to development of the variety,
765:. There were originally two hypotheses about its domestication; one said that there were two foci for domestication, one in the
4299:
1845:
3307:
1502:
in which climates become more extreme in the narrow band of latitudes where cacao is grown (20 degrees north and south of the
4718:
4324:
4314:
2323:
2168:
1665:(cacao) was discovered by the gods in a mountain that also contained other delectable foods to be used by them. According to
1104:
4705:
2174:
746:
name. These groups are: Amelonado, Criollo, Nacional, Contamana, Curaray, Cacao guiana, Iquitos, Marañon, Nanay, and PurĂșs.
4933:
4923:
802:
21,000 years ago, when habitat suitable for cacao was at its most reduced, this area was still suitable, and so provided a
3622:
4888:
3828:
1936:
4420:
1511:
1948:
4928:
3661:
3611:
3586:
2574:
1647:
compounds, it seems likely these vessels were used as containers for cacao drinks. In addition, cacao is named in a
4908:
4415:
4309:
4260:
2513:
L. in the Neotropics Reflect Genetic Differentiation in Pleistocene Refugia Followed by Human-Influenced Dispersal"
2343:
794:
view of domestication, linking the area of greatest cacao genetic diversity to a bean-shaped area that encompasses
3383:""Cacao analysis dates the dawn of domesticated chocolate trees to 3,600 years ago", Eurekalert, October 24, 2018"
2131:
2105:
4893:
4731:
4674:
4341:
4178:
3074:
http://www.cirad.fr/actualites/toutes-les-actualites/communiques-de-presse/2010/decryptage-du-genome-du-cacaoyer
639:
4387:
2068:
1960:
1579:
originated from a single domestication event that occurred about 3,600 years ago somewhere in Central America.
1558:
In Mesoamerica, ceramic vessels with residues from the preparation of cacao beverages have been found from the
4829:
2482:
1972:
1635:
in early formative vessels from Puerto Escondido, Honduras (1100â900 BC) and in middle formative vessels from
3238:
2881:
1624:
803:
3046:
3016:
2630:
4627:
4614:
4071:
2652:
Lanaud, Claire; Vignes, HélÚne; Utge, José; Valette, Gilles; Rhoné, Bénédicte; et al. (7 March 2024).
1987:
4549:
4544:
4346:
2654:"A revisited history of cacao domestication in pre-Columbian times revealed by archaeogenomic approaches"
1788:
1483:, which constitute up to 8% of cacao pods dry weight. The cacao genome appears close to the hypothetical
4653:
439:
are alternate, entire, unlobed, 10â50 cm (4â20 in) long and 5â10 cm (2â4 in) broad.
4824:
4288:
2160:
1776:
1726:
1607:
evidence for use of cacao, while relatively sparse, has come from the recovery of whole cacao beans at
17:
3479:"Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate"
2740:
627:
72:
4903:
4741:
4713:
4515:
4392:
4329:
4304:
2571:"Cocoa beans, area harvested in 2016, Crops/World regions/Cocoa beans/Area harvested from pick lists"
1817:
introduced to the Spanish court in 1544 by Kekchi Maya nobles brought from the New World to Spain by
1570:, Mexico dates cacao's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC. On the Pacific coast of
1548:
1312:
1250:
1242:
3382:
2855:
4173:
2957:"Streptomyces cameroonensis sp. nov., a Geldanamycin Producer That Promotes Theobroma cacao Growth"
2433:
3701:
2741:"Factors influencing quality variation in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean flavour profile â A review"
1852:
shows a wild cacao tree in mid-seventeenth century Dutch Brazil. The Nahuatl-derived Spanish word
4622:
4575:
3821:
2236:
2205:
1559:
1273:
1207:
577:
4816:
3711:
Motamayor, J. C.; Risterucci, A. M.; Lopez, P. A.; Ortiz, C. F.; Moreno, A.; Lanaud, C. (2002).
3206:
4692:
4609:
4477:
4356:
2834:"Cocoa bean production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
1540:
1479:
involved in cocoa flavor and quality traits, among which a relatively high proportion code for
1298:
1199:
1151:
1138:
658:
32:
28:
1711:
only by men, as it was believed to be an intoxicating food unsuitable for women and children.
4790:
4093:
3146:"The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla"
1460:, a low proportion compared to other plant species. Many genes were identified as coding for
1457:
1234:
786:
676:
672:
602:
189:
4767:
742:
criteria: 10 groups have been named according to their geographic origin or the traditional
4583:
4456:
4407:
4397:
4153:
4015:
4005:
3247:
3159:
2791:
2600:
2524:
2387:
1266:
735:
3234:"The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon"
2313:
1673:
gave cacao to the Maya after humans were created from maize by divine grandmother goddess
431:. Native to the tropics of the Americas, the largest producer of cocoa beans in 2018 was
8:
4785:
4372:
4219:
4118:
3935:
3671:
Bergmann, John (1969). "The Distribution of Cacao Cultivation in Pre-Columbian America".
3298:
2713:
2573:. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2017.
1704:
1682:
1219:
873:
799:
4803:
3251:
3163:
3093:
2795:
2690:
2653:
2528:
2391:
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4234:
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4025:
4000:
3980:
3814:
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3330:
3271:
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2956:
2937:
2658:
2547:
2508:
2410:
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2261:
2038:
1825:
1813:
1725:
civilizations. At one point, the Aztec empire received a yearly tribute of 980 loads (
1523:
1507:
881:
213:
67:
2836:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
2458:
4883:
4762:
4557:
4334:
4250:
4204:
4148:
4133:
4123:
4083:
4078:
3995:
3736:
3657:
3629:
3607:
3601:
3582:
3576:
3500:
3364:
3263:
3187:
3118:
2994:
2976:
2929:
2815:
2807:
2760:
2695:
2677:
2552:
2415:
2319:
2253:
2164:
2005:
1656:
1293:
1091:
848:
3275:
3233:
2370:"Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (
4855:
4562:
4255:
4138:
3990:
3857:
3726:
3680:
3490:
3354:
3344:
3293:
3255:
3177:
3167:
3150:
3130:
3110:
2984:
2968:
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2921:
2799:
2752:
2685:
2667:
2542:
2532:
2472:
2405:
2395:
2265:
2245:
862:
837:
725:
668:
654:
416:
4526:
2756:
2436:. National Association of Exporters and Industrialists of Cacao of Ecuador. 2015.
1156:
Various plant pests and diseases can cause serious problems for cacao production.
4749:
4402:
4377:
4143:
4113:
4045:
4040:
3558:
3101:
3080:
2537:
2400:
2154:
1818:
1643:. As cacao is the only known commodity from Mesoamerica containing both of these
766:
686:
110:
1380:
4913:
4798:
4183:
4128:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4035:
4020:
4010:
3920:
3633:
3597:
2672:
1903:
1849:
1829:
1670:
1666:
1604:
1552:
1499:
1488:
1421:
1212:
1192:
1052:
721:
622:
489:
485:
457:
97:
4061:
3259:
2925:
4872:
4777:
4267:
4209:
4168:
4066:
4030:
3925:
3495:
3478:
2980:
2811:
2764:
2681:
1861:
1828:. Within a century, chocolate had spread to France, England and elsewhere in
1719:
1636:
1627:. In addition, analysis of residues from ceramic vessels has found traces of
770:
205:
3349:
3067:
The International Cocoa Genome Sequencing Consortium federates efforts from
1677:. The Maya celebrated an annual festival in April to honor their cacao god,
4842:
4500:
4272:
4188:
3970:
3945:
3867:
3862:
3740:
3731:
3712:
3504:
3432:
3368:
3267:
3191:
3122:
2998:
2933:
2819:
2699:
2556:
2419:
2257:
1869:
1809:
1801:
1694:
1453:
1288:
762:
585:
424:
420:
4754:
2972:
4661:
4536:
4509:
4277:
4229:
3940:
3910:
3182:
2833:
2570:
1873:
1864:
published his taxonomic binomial system and coined the genus and species
1749:
1722:
1628:
1472:
1465:
1398:
1359:
1182:
1066:
934:
592:
525:
520:
508:
432:
3713:"Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas"
3172:
3145:
2339:
2156:
Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution
869:
disease-resistant than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans.
4640:
3955:
3950:
3930:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3847:
3692:
3331:"Chemical and archaeological evidence for the earliest cacao beverages"
2281:"Cacao Cocktails: A New Tequila-Like Spirit Distilled from Cacao Fruit"
2127:
2097:
1833:
1648:
1480:
1476:
1445:
1411:
1336:
1328:
1187:
822:
810:
461:
412:
3291:
2803:
1840:, while Spain subsequently developed their cacao plantations in their
4666:
4596:
3837:
2622:
2477:
2367:
2249:
1841:
1837:
1612:
1484:
1461:
1441:
1319:
1074:
970:
728:
716:
617:
565:
512:
428:
408:
401:
166:
156:
4471:
877:
4837:
4494:
4214:
3965:
3960:
3915:
3895:
3114:
2460:
2378:
2012:
1793:
1715:
1678:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1608:
1592:
1567:
1332:
1282:
1087:
1006:
844:
743:
596:
573:
540:
146:
123:
4679:
4601:
888:
through a process of steps that involve harvesting, fermenting of
4570:
4224:
4163:
3774:
Global Approaches to Cocoa Germplasm Utilization and Conservation
3012:
1674:
1615:
and from the preservation of wood fragments of the cacao tree at
1596:
1571:
1544:
1503:
1468:
1166:
1096:
1048:
1024:
988:
827:
795:
782:
774:
739:
696:
568:, while the pulp is used in some countries to prepare refreshing
3038:
4588:
2285:
1882:
1877:
1857:
1708:
1686:
1620:
1616:
1575:
1562:(1900â900 BC) period. For example, one such vessel found at an
1515:
1495:
1433:
1388:
1228:
1160:
1107:, aim to combat cacao diseases and preserve genetic diversity.
758:
493:
453:
136:
1848:(Bloom 1998, Coe 1996). A painting by Dutch Golden Age artist
734:
In 2008, researchers proposed a new classification based upon
537:
midges produced more fruit than using artificial pollinators.
54:
4158:
3751:
Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Cacao Germplasm
3710:
3039:"Welcome to the Cacao Genome Project â Cacao Genome Database"
2506:
1832:. Demand for this beverage led the French to establish cacao
1821:
1805:
1690:
1588:
1563:
1307:
1115:
showing promising results in the future to prevent damage to
1070:
1062:
952:
917:
852:
712:
644:
632:
581:
569:
554:
530:
84:
3806:
3476:
2910:
1763:
Sculpture of a man carrying a cacao pod. Aztec, 1440-1521 AD
1132:
by helping plant growth by accelerating seed germination of
2738:
1792:
Immigrant workers from India relaxing on a cacao estate in
1714:
Cacao beans constituted both a ritual beverage and a major
1100:
778:
558:
516:
436:
404:
3231:
2954:
1110:
Phytopathogens (parasitic organisms) cause much damage to
843:
Historically, chocolate makers have recognized three main
2318:. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 18.
1519:
1324:
1061:
In 2022, world production of cocoa beans was 5.9 million
690:
504:
3428:"Origin of chocolate shifts 1,400 miles and 1,500 years"
3416:
Hammond and Miksicek (1981); Turner and Miksicek (1984).
3143:
3091:
892:
pulp, drying, harvesting, and then extraction. Roasting
2651:
1698:
3800:
2780:
2315:
Chocolate and Health: Chemistry, Nutrition and Therapy
855:
were awarded an appellation of origin under the title
662:
3754:. Cacaonet â Bioversity International. Archived from
3654:
Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao
2342:. Etymology Online Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018.
680:
2461:"Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops"
2363:
2361:
561:, usually called "beans", embedded in a white pulp.
503:
While many of the world's flowers are pollinated by
3562:. Tomo II. Londres: Banco de la RepĂșblica, pp. 284.
2714:"Branding Matters: The Success of Chuao Cocoa Bean"
3529:
3458:(Bogin 1997, Coe 1996, Montejo 1999, Tedlock 1985)
1856:entered scientific nomenclature in 1753 after the
1660:
1069:with 38% of the total. Other major producers were
3673:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
3207:"Chocolate is on track to go extinct in 40 years"
2597:"A strategy to safeguard the future of chocolate"
2358:
749:
4870:
3747:
3703:The Food of the Gods: A Popular Account of Cocoa
3623:"The Mayan Languages â A Comparative Vocabulary"
2502:
2500:
2233:
1872:beverages made with cacao are still consumed in
1555:culture before being introduced in Mesoamerica.
591:The fruit's active constituent is the stimulant
400:) is a small (6â12 m (20â39 ft) tall)
3803:â includes cacao daily market prices and charts
3748:End, M. J.; Daymond, A. J.; Hadley, P. (2010).
3336:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2152:
523:), cacao flowers are pollinated by tiny flies,
2784:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
3822:
2497:
2153:Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (4 February 2010).
1543:(SALF) site in what is present-day southeast
1456:. About 20% of the cacao genome consists of
856:
657:of the name given to the plant in indigenous
3656:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
2195:
1918:Leaves, fruits and seed. A. Bernecker, 1864.
4939:Crops originating from indigenous Americans
3287:
3285:
2563:
1090:to create new varieties, because cacao has
3829:
3815:
3770:
2599:. Bioversity International. Archived from
1358:
789:. This result suggests that this is where
53:
3730:
3494:
3358:
3348:
3328:
3181:
3171:
2988:
2776:
2774:
2689:
2671:
2546:
2536:
2476:
2409:
2399:
1566:archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of
1529:
456:are produced in clusters directly on the
3670:
3620:
3282:
1787:
826:
757:is widely distributed from southeastern
711:) is one of 26 species belonging to the
601:
539:
3801:International Cocoa Organization (ICCO)
3204:
2826:
2509:"Present Spatial Diversity Patterns of
492:, used to represent the structure of a
14:
4871:
4300:European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive
3771:Eskes, A. B.; Efron, Y., eds. (2006).
3651:
3595:
3329:Henderson, J. S.; et al. (2007).
3310:from the original on 15 September 2018
3085:
2914:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2771:
2311:
769:area of Mexico and another in lowland
464:. The flowers are small, 1â2 cm (
4476:
4475:
4315:International Cocoa Quarantine Centre
3810:
3581:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3425:
2485:from the original on 5 September 2019
2440:from the original on 21 February 2018
2146:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1105:International Cocoa Quarantine Centre
649:), meaning 'food'. The specific name
564:The seeds are the main ingredient of
460:and older branches; this is known as
4742:ea8d6092-997c-424c-ad4a-8ab4a456ec65
4283:CĂŽte d'IvoireâGhana Cocoa Initiative
3777:. CFC â ICCO â IPGRI. Archived from
3706:. London: R. B. Johnson. p. ii.
3699:
3535:
3440:from the original on 30 October 2018
3389:from the original on 24 October 2018
3213:from the original on 31 January 2018
3198:
3019:from the original on 9 February 2013
2577:from the original on 30 October 2018
2229:
2227:
2134:from the original on 20 January 2021
2120:
2108:from the original on 4 November 2012
872:Major cocoa bean processors include
4352:Production in SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3574:
3294:"Oldest chocolate in the New World"
3225:
2892:from the original on 8 October 2018
2346:from the original on 19 August 2018
2061:
1942:Macrophotography of flower (closed)
367:Theobroma sativa var. melanosperma
38:Species of tree grown for its seeds
24:
3685:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00659.x
3568:
3205:Brodwin, Erin (31 December 2017).
2293:from the original on 28 April 2015
2177:from the original on 28 April 2021
2078:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022
2024:
1512:University of California, Berkeley
831:Toasted cacao beans, ready for use
699:meaning "bean of the cocoa-tree".
637:), meaning 'god' or 'divine', and
496:using numbers, is ⶠK5 C5 A(5°+5)
359:Theobroma sativa var. leucosperma
263:Theobroma cacao subsp. leiocarpum
25:
4950:
3794:
3426:Davis, Nicola (29 October 2018).
3049:from the original on 20 July 2018
2720:from the original on 3 March 2017
2224:
1954:Macrophotography of flower (open)
1783:
4830:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320783-2
4450:
4437:
4436:
4310:International Cocoa Organization
4261:Child labour in cocoa production
3538:, p. ii (frontispiece)
2862:from the original on 14 May 2015
2633:from the original on 2 July 2017
2278:
1986:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1896:
1768:
1756:
1738:
1534:
1364:Map showing genetic clusters of
1017:
999:
981:
963:
945:
927:
271:Theobroma cacao var. leiocarpum
71:
4451:
3606:. London: Thames & Hudson.
3550:
3541:
3520:
3511:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3375:
3322:
3137:
3094:"The genome of Theobroma cacao"
3061:
3031:
3005:
2948:
2904:
2874:
2848:
2732:
2706:
2645:
2615:
2589:
2452:
2434:"History of cocoa (translated)"
2426:
2332:
1582:
1128:was found to be beneficial for
1080:
720:classified under the subfamily
610:
533:. Using the natural pollinator
4919:Crops originating from Ecuador
3239:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2305:
2272:
2198:"Insect pollination of cacao (
2189:
2090:
2049:. World flora Consortium. 2022
816:
750:Distribution and domestication
484: in) diameter, with pink
442:
279:Theobroma cacao subsp. sativa
255:Theobroma cacao f. leiocarpum
13:
1:
4325:Philippine chocolate industry
3836:
3652:McNeil, Cameron, ed. (2006).
3603:The True History of Chocolate
2757:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.012
2130:. Drugs.com. 6 January 2020.
2043:L. Sp. Pl. : 782 (1753)"
2018:
1906:showing partial inflorescence
1681:, an event that included the
1440:is diploid, its size is 430 M
905:Cocoa bean production â 2022
899:
884:. Chocolate can be made from
625:for "food of the gods"; from
2882:"Global Strategy â cacaonet"
2538:10.1371/journal.pone.0047676
2401:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311
663:
633:
287:Theobroma cacao var. typica
7:
4934:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4924:Crops originating from Peru
2912:peptide/protein profiles".
2745:Food Research International
1998:
1978:Cacao seed in the fruit or
1506:), the commercial company,
1125:Streptomyces camerooniansis
1119:by various phytopathogens.
702:
435:, at 2.2 million tons. Its
10:
4955:
4889:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
4289:The Dark Side of Chocolate
3621:Dienhart, John M. (1997).
2673:10.1038/s41598-024-53010-6
2161:Cambridge University Press
2076:Plants of the World Online
1930:Young trees, CĂŽte d'Ivoire
1889:
1775:A cacao tree in the Aztec
1526:of cacao in hot climates.
1169:worldwide (but especially
1149:
820:
638:
626:
447:
354:(Aubl.) Lign. & Le Bey
26:
4484:
4431:
4365:
4342:Production in Ivory Coast
4243:
4197:
4054:
3979:
3883:
3846:
3556:Alexander Walker (1822).
3467:(Coe 1996, Townsend 1992)
3260:10.1038/s41559-018-0697-x
2961:Microbes and Environments
2926:10.1007/s00216-016-0133-5
2196:HernĂĄndez B., J. (1965).
1549:Zamora-Chinchipe Province
1420:
1409:
1397:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1347:
1313:Cacao swollen shoot virus
1277:(vascular streak dieback)
1251:Ceratocystis cacaofunesta
1243:Moniliophthora perniciosa
1045:
912:
909:
809:Cacao trees grow well as
219:
212:
195:
188:
68:Scientific classification
66:
62:Cacao fruits on the tree
61:
52:
45:
4929:Plants described in 1753
4320:Manufacturers (vertical)
3578:America's First Cuisines
3483:The Journal of Nutrition
1145:
595:, a compound similar to
548:
335:Theobroma saltzmanniana
4909:Components of chocolate
4179:Chocolate-covered foods
3575:Coe, Sophie D. (1994).
3350:10.1073/pnas.0708815104
3079:16 January 2011 at the
3013:"Cocoa Crop Protection"
2237:Ecological Applications
2206:University of Wisconsin
1748:(cacao) written in the
1730:
1699:
1661:
1274:Oncobasidium theobromae
1208:Conopomorpha cramerella
1172:Sahlbergella singularis
691:
681:
645:
378:(Aubl.) Lign. & Bey
4894:Agriculture in Ecuador
4357:World Cocoa Foundation
3732:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800156
3700:Head, Brandon (1903).
3496:10.1093/jn/130.8.2057S
1797:
1530:History of cultivation
1444:, and it comprises 10
1299:Phytophthora megakarya
1211:(cocoa pod borer â in
1200:Bathycoelia thalassina
1178:Distantiella theobroma
1152:List of cacao diseases
1139:Phytophthora megakarya
857:
832:
659:Mesoamerican languages
607:
545:
303:Theobroma integerrima
4347:Production in Nigeria
4305:HarkinâEngel Protocol
4094:Chocolate chip cookie
2973:10.1264/jsme2.ME16095
1876:. These include the
1791:
1777:Codex Fejérvåry-Mayer
1458:transposable elements
1235:Moniliophthora roreri
1223:- C. & S. America
1122:A specific bacterium
865:: 'cacao of Chuao').
830:
605:
543:
327:Theobroma pentagonum
4295:Environmental impact
4154:Cioccolato di Modica
3209:. Business Insider.
2102:Encyclopedia of Life
1541:Santa Ana-La Florida
1267:Verticillium dahliae
621:is derived from the
319:Theobroma leiocarpum
266:(Bernoulli) Cuatrec.
27:For other uses, see
4412:Military chocolate
4373:Chocolate addiction
4330:Production in Ghana
4119:Chocolate ice cream
3936:Tetramethylpyrazine
3517:J. Bergmann (1969).
3343:(48): 18937â18940.
3252:2018NatEE...2.1879Z
3173:10.1038/nature06148
3164:2007Natur.449..463J
2856:"Cacao Collections"
2796:2017JSFA...97.4429Z
2627:All about Chocolate
2529:2012PLoSO...747676T
2392:2008PLoSO...3.3311M
1846:Philippine colonies
1354:
1353:Genomic information
1220:Carmenta theobromae
906:
787:Nacional cocoa bean
415:, are used to make
295:Theobroma caribaea
4383:Chocolate fountain
4109:Chocolate crackles
3547:(Coe and Coe 1996)
2659:Scientific Reports
2202:L.) in Costa Rica"
2047:World Flora Online
1880:beverage known as
1798:
1697:discovered cacao (
1683:sacrifice of a dog
1601:Vanilla planifolia
1508:Mars, Incorporated
1422:Year of completion
1352:
1092:recalcitrant seeds
904:
833:
738:, geographic, and
608:
546:
343:Theobroma sapidum
4866:
4865:
4763:Open Tree of Life
4478:Taxon identifiers
4469:
4468:
4393:Chocolate museums
4388:Legal definitions
4335:Ghana Cocoa Board
4251:Organic chocolate
4205:Aerated chocolate
4149:Chocolate truffle
4134:Chocolate pudding
4124:Chocolate liqueur
4084:Chocolate brownie
4079:Chocolate biscuit
3630:Odense University
3246:(12): 1879â1888.
3158:(7161): 463â467.
3043:Cacaogenomedb.org
2804:10.1002/jsfa.8302
2790:(13): 4429â4437.
2325:978-1-84973-912-2
2212:on 4 October 2013
2170:978-0-521-49346-8
2098:"Theobroma cacao"
2071:Mentha canadensis
2006:Ceratonia siliqua
1727:Classical Nahuatl
1625:Pulltrouser Swamp
1430:
1429:
1167:mirids or capsids
1059:
1058:
1055:
921:
615:The generic name
385:
384:
379:
375:Theobroma sativum
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
311:Theobroma kalagua
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
258:(Bernoulli) Ducke
251:
243:
235:
227:
16:(Redirected from
4946:
4904:Cocoa production
4859:
4858:
4846:
4845:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4794:
4793:
4781:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4757:
4745:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4721:
4709:
4708:
4696:
4695:
4683:
4682:
4670:
4669:
4657:
4656:
4644:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4473:
4472:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4256:Fair trade cocoa
4139:Chocolate spread
3983:
3858:Chocolate liquor
3850:
3840:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3744:
3734:
3707:
3696:
3667:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3632:. Archived from
3627:
3617:
3596:Coe, Sophie D.;
3592:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3489:(8): 2057Sâ72S.
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3175:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2920:(7): 1765â1777.
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2886:sites.google.com
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2675:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:on 14 April 2013
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2478:10.3390/d2010072
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2250:10.1002/eap.1491
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2208:. Archived from
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2035:
2009:, the carob tree
1990:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1900:
1772:
1760:
1742:
1702:
1664:
1619:sites including
1487:ancestor of all
1405:
1383:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1246:(witches' broom)
1238:(frosty pod rot)
1046:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1005:
1003:
1002:
987:
985:
984:
969:
967:
966:
951:
949:
948:
933:
931:
930:
915:
907:
903:
860:
694:
684:
666:
648:
642:
636:
630:
499:
483:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
417:chocolate liquor
377:
369:
361:
353:
351:Theobroma sativa
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
274:(Bernoulli) Cif.
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
225:
201:
76:
75:
57:
43:
42:
21:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4841:
4836:
4828:
4823:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4797:
4791:Theobroma cacao
4789:
4784:
4778:Theobroma_cacao
4776:
4774:
4766:
4761:
4753:
4750:Observation.org
4748:
4740:
4738:
4730:
4725:
4717:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4691:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4639:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4533:
4525:
4523:
4516:Theobroma cacao
4514:
4513:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4486:Theobroma cacao
4480:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4443:
4427:
4403:Cocoa smuggling
4378:Chocolate bloom
4361:
4239:
4193:
4144:Chocolate syrup
4114:Chocolate gravy
4104:Chocolate coins
4050:
3981:
3975:
3879:
3874:Theobroma cacao
3848:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3797:
3784:
3782:
3761:
3759:
3664:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3625:
3614:
3598:Coe, Michael D.
3589:
3571:
3569:Further reading
3566:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3290:
3283:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3203:
3199:
3142:
3138:
3102:Nature Genetics
3096:
3090:
3086:
3081:Wayback Machine
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2953:
2949:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2779:
2772:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2511:Theobroma cacao
2505:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2372:Theobroma cacao
2366:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2279:Bell, Katie K.
2277:
2273:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2200:Theobroma cacao
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2163:. p. 224.
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2041:Theobroma cacao
2037:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1964:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1931:
1928:
1919:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1866:Theobroma cacao
1786:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1585:
1560:Early Formative
1537:
1532:
1475:and many other
1403:
1379:
1368:
1366:Theobroma cacao
1350:
1154:
1148:
1117:Theobroma cacao
1112:Theobroma cacao
1083:
1018:
1016:
1000:
998:
982:
980:
964:
962:
946:
944:
928:
926:
914:
902:
845:cultivar groups
825:
819:
767:Lacandon Jungle
752:
709:Theobroma cacao
705:
687:Sayula Popoluca
613:
551:
497:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
465:
450:
445:
389:Theobroma cacao
247:Cacao theobroma
208:
203:
199:Theobroma cacao
197:
184:
70:
47:Theobroma cacao
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:wfo-0000458440
4847:
4834:
4821:
4808:
4795:
4782:
4772:
4759:
4746:
4736:
4723:
4710:
4697:
4684:
4671:
4658:
4645:
4632:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4506:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4448:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4184:Mint chocolate
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Chocolate milk
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Chocolate chip
4096:
4091:
4089:Chocolate cake
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Phenethylamine
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3795:External links
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:on 10 May 2013
3768:
3758:on 10 May 2013
3745:
3725:(5): 380â386.
3708:
3697:
3668:
3662:
3649:
3639:on 5 July 2007
3618:
3612:
3593:
3587:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3549:
3540:
3528:
3526:S. Coe (1994).
3519:
3510:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3418:
3409:
3407:Kidder (1947).
3400:
3374:
3321:
3281:
3224:
3197:
3136:
3115:10.1038/ng.736
3109:(2): 101â108.
3084:
3060:
3030:
3004:
2947:
2903:
2873:
2847:
2825:
2770:
2731:
2705:
2644:
2614:
2588:
2562:
2523:(10): e47676.
2496:
2451:
2425:
2357:
2331:
2324:
2304:
2271:
2244:(3): 887â899.
2223:
2188:
2169:
2145:
2119:
2089:
2060:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1904:Floral diagram
1902:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1868:. Traditional
1850:Albert Eckhout
1830:Western Europe
1785:
1784:Modern history
1782:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1737:
1671:Plumed Serpent
1667:Maya mythology
1605:Archaeological
1603:), and honey.
1584:
1581:
1553:Mayo-Chinchipe
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1500:global warming
1489:dicotyledonous
1428:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:in West Africa
1280:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1263:
1256:mal de machete
1247:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:Southeast Asia
1204:
1196:
1193:Southeast Asia
1147:
1144:
1082:
1079:
1057:
1056:
1053:United Nations
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1012:
1009:
995:
994:
991:
977:
976:
973:
959:
958:
955:
941:
940:
937:
923:
922:
911:
901:
898:
858:Cacao de Chuao
818:
815:
751:
748:
724:of the mallow
722:Byttnerioideae
704:
701:
612:
609:
550:
547:
490:floral formula
449:
446:
444:
441:
407:in the family
383:
382:
381:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
217:
216:
210:
209:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4951:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4421:United States
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Big Chocolate
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Dutch process
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Broma process
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Hot chocolate
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:Chocolate bar
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Raw chocolate
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Phenylalanine
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3663:0-8130-2953-8
3659:
3655:
3650:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3613:0-500-01693-3
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3588:0-292-71155-7
3584:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3183:11577/2430527
3179:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2471:(1): 72â106.
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:(10): e3311.
2385:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2159:. Cambridge:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:Prince Philip
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:pre-Columbian
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:believed the
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Colha, Belize
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:Domestication
1527:
1525:
1522:for improved
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:) especially
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:- West Africa
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
997:
996:
992:
990:
979:
978:
974:
972:
961:
960:
956:
954:
943:
942:
938:
936:
925:
924:
919:
908:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
864:
859:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
829:
824:
814:
812:
807:
806:for species.
805:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:South America
768:
764:
760:
756:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:morphological
732:
730:
727:
723:
719:
718:
714:
710:
700:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
665:
660:
656:
655:Hispanization
652:
647:
641:
635:
629:
624:
620:
619:
604:
600:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
544:Cacao flowers
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
495:
491:
487:
463:
459:
455:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:. Its seeds,
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
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376:
373:
368:
365:
360:
357:
352:
349:
344:
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240:
237:
232:
229:
224:
221:
220:
218:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
181:T. cacao
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
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125:
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116:
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103:
102:
99:
98:Tracheophytes
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
48:
44:
41:
34:
30:
19:
4485:
4455:
4441:
4398:Chocolatiers
4366:Other topics
4287:
4273:Chocolaterie
3971:Valeric acid
3946:Theophylline
3873:
3872:
3868:Cocoa solids
3863:Cocoa butter
3783:. Retrieved
3779:the original
3773:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:the original
3750:
3722:
3716:
3702:
3679:(1): 85â96.
3676:
3672:
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3634:the original
3602:
3577:
3557:
3552:
3543:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3433:The Guardian
3431:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3377:
3340:
3334:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3303:
3297:
3243:
3237:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3200:
3155:
3149:
3139:
3106:
3100:
3087:
3068:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3007:
2967:(1): 24â31.
2964:
2960:
2950:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2858:. CacaoNet.
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2828:
2787:
2783:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2708:
2663:
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:the original
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2565:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2487:. Retrieved
2468:
2464:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2428:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2348:. Retrieved
2334:
2314:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2284:
2274:
2241:
2235:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2199:
2191:
2181:16 September
2179:. Retrieved
2155:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2075:
2070:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2046:
2040:
2004:
1993:Fruit, dried
1979:
1881:
1870:pre-Hispanic
1865:
1853:
1810:Tenochtitlan
1799:
1745:
1723:Mesoamerican
1713:
1705:Madrid Codex
1695:Quetzalcoatl
1654:
1649:hieroglyphic
1600:
1586:
1583:Ancient uses
1574:, Mexico, a
1557:
1538:
1493:
1454:human genome
1451:
1437:
1431:
1365:
1340:
1297:
1289:Phytophthora
1287:
1272:
1265:
1260:Ceratocystis
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1218:
1206:
1198:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1084:
1081:Conservation
1060:
1039:
1034:
893:
889:
885:
871:
867:
842:
834:
808:
800:last ice age
790:
763:Amazon basin
754:
753:
733:
715:
708:
706:
677:Classic Maya
650:
616:
614:
611:Nomenclature
590:
586:cocoa butter
563:
552:
534:
524:
502:
451:
425:cocoa butter
421:cocoa solids
397:
393:
388:
387:
386:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
282:(Aubl.) LeĂłn
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
239:Cacao sativa
238:
231:Cacao minus
230:
222:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
130:
117:
104:
91:
46:
40:
4804:kew-2519807
4662:iNaturalist
4510:Wikispecies
4416:Switzerland
4278:Chocolatier
4230:Sugar crust
4062:CaffĂš mocha
3941:Theobromine
3911:Flavan-3-ol
3643:14 February
3314:15 February
2666:(1): 2972.
2623:"Varieties"
2489:5 September
2444:20 February
2216:27 November
2138:3 September
2082:14 December
2053:14 December
1874:Mesoamerica
1860:naturalist
1834:plantations
1808:capital of
1750:Maya script
1629:theobromine
1481:polyphenols
1477:metabolites
1473:theobromine
1412:chromosomes
1399:Genome size
1337:woodpeckers
1183:West Africa
1067:Ivory Coast
935:Ivory Coast
838:cocoa paste
817:Cultivation
593:theobromine
535:Forcipomyia
526:Forcipomyia
521:Lepidoptera
513:butterflies
509:Hymenoptera
443:Description
433:Ivory Coast
413:cocoa beans
111:Angiosperms
4873:Categories
4799:Plant List
4006:Couverture
3956:Tryptophan
3951:Tryptamine
3931:Salsolinol
3906:Enkephalin
3901:Endorphins
3891:Anandamide
3884:Components
3849:Cocoa bean
3785:6 November
3762:6 November
3444:31 October
3393:24 October
3217:31 January
3023:9 November
2866:9 November
2607:9 November
2581:28 January
2112:9 November
2019:References
1842:Venezuelan
1731:xiquipilli
1718:system in
1518:to adjust
1514:are using
1462:flavonoids
1446:chromosome
1410:Number of
1329:vertebrate
1327:and other
1188:Helopeltis
1150:See also:
1073:(19%) and
957:1,108,663
939:2,230,000
913:Production
900:Production
823:Cocoa bean
821:See also:
811:understory
777:in modern
462:cauliflory
398:cocoa tree
394:cacao tree
223:Cacao mina
18:Cocoa tree
4899:Chocolate
4879:Theobroma
4628:200013872
4615:200013872
4235:Tempering
4198:Processes
4174:beverages
3839:Chocolate
3536:Head 1903
3299:Antiquity
2981:1347-4405
2812:1097-0010
2765:0963-9969
2751:: 44â52.
2682:2045-2322
2465:Diversity
2350:19 August
1838:Caribbean
1819:Dominican
1812:in 1519.
1802:Moctezuma
1700:cacahuatl
1613:Guatemala
1551:) by the
1524:hardiness
1485:hexaploid
1404:345.99 Mb
1376:genome ID
1333:squirrels
1320:Mistletoe
1294:black pod
1283:Oomycetes
1134:T. cacao,
1088:genebanks
1075:Indonesia
1065:, led by
1040:5,874,582
971:Indonesia
874:Hershey's
729:Malvaceae
717:Theobroma
692:cacahuatl
618:Theobroma
574:smoothies
566:chocolate
429:chocolate
409:Malvaceae
402:evergreen
338:Bernoulli
330:Bernoulli
322:Bernoulli
175:Species:
168:Theobroma
157:Malvaceae
81:Kingdom:
4884:Caffeine
4843:30400642
4838:Tropicos
4775:PalDat:
4693:10994701
4680:320783-2
4534:BioLib:
4495:Wikidata
4444:Category
4244:Industry
4215:Conching
4055:Products
4026:Modeling
4016:Gianduja
4001:Compound
3966:Tyrosine
3961:Tyramine
3916:Lecithin
3896:Caffeine
3741:12399997
3718:Heredity
3600:(1996).
3505:10917925
3438:Archived
3387:Archived
3369:18024588
3308:Archived
3276:53099825
3268:30374172
3211:Archived
3192:17721507
3123:21186351
3077:Archived
3047:Archived
3017:Archived
2999:28260703
2934:28028594
2890:Archived
2860:Archived
2820:28251656
2718:Archived
2700:38453955
2691:10920634
2631:Archived
2575:Archived
2557:23112832
2517:PLOS ONE
2483:Archived
2438:Archived
2420:18827930
2379:PLoS ONE
2344:Archived
2297:17 March
2291:Archived
2258:28019052
2175:Archived
2132:Archived
2106:Archived
2013:Kola nut
1999:See also
1862:Linnaeus
1824:to meet
1794:Trinidad
1716:currency
1679:Ek Chuah
1645:alkaloid
1641:Rio Azul
1633:caffeine
1609:Uaxactun
1568:Veracruz
1510:and the
1469:terpenes
1466:aromatic
1438:T. cacao
1416:10 pairs
1191:spp. in
1130:T. cacao
1047:Source:
1029:280,000
1011:300,000
1007:Cameroon
993:337,149
975:667,296
910:Country
894:T. cacao
890:T. cacao
886:T. cacao
804:refugium
791:T. cacao
755:T. cacao
744:cultivar
703:Taxonomy
661:such as
597:caffeine
370:A. Chev.
362:A. Chev.
314:De Wild.
214:Synonyms
153:Family:
147:Malvales
124:Eudicots
4714:MoBotPF
4641:3152205
4571:Ecocrop
4458:Outline
4408:History
4225:Enrober
4164:Ganache
3996:Belgian
3693:2569524
3360:2141886
3306:(314).
3248:Bibcode
3160:Bibcode
3131:4685532
3053:19 July
2990:5371071
2942:3764608
2896:19 July
2792:Bibcode
2548:3480400
2525:Bibcode
2411:2551746
2388:Bibcode
2340:"Cacao"
2266:6858627
2128:"Cocoa"
1966:Flowers
1890:Gallery
1878:Oaxacan
1858:Swedish
1836:in the
1804:in the
1796:, 1903
1675:Xmucane
1597:vanilla
1572:Chiapas
1545:Ecuador
1504:equator
1393:diploid
1331:pests (
1308:Viruses
1161:Insects
1097:Iquitos
1077:(11%).
1051:of the
1049:FAOSTAT
1025:Nigeria
989:Ecuador
863:Spanish
796:Ecuador
783:Ecuador
775:Iquitos
761:to the
740:genomic
707:Cacao (
697:Nahuatl
673:Kʌicheʌ
669:Tzeltal
653:is the
529:biting
479:⁄
469:⁄
454:flowers
448:Flowers
346:Pittier
250:Tussac
234:Gaertn.
226:Gaertn.
163:Genus:
143:Order:
85:Plantae
4812:PLANTS
4768:388185
4755:336536
4739:NZOR:
4719:287263
4706:505487
4654:101885
4589:484592
4550:223718
4527:120328
4524:APDB:
4501:Q42385
4072:brands
3991:Baking
3739:
3691:
3660:
3610:
3585:
3503:
3367:
3357:
3274:
3266:
3190:
3151:Nature
3129:
3121:
2997:
2987:
2979:
2940:
2932:
2840:29 May
2818:
2810:
2763:
2724:3 June
2698:
2688:
2680:
2637:3 June
2555:
2545:
2418:
2408:
2322:
2286:Forbes
2264:
2256:
2167:
1883:tejate
1822:friars
1814:Cortés
1709:ritual
1693:) god
1687:Mexica
1669:, the
1621:Cuello
1617:Belize
1576:Mokaya
1516:CRISPR
1496:fungal
1434:genome
1389:Ploidy
1348:Genome
1292:spp. (
1258:) or (
1165:Cocoa
1063:tonnes
1022:
1004:
986:
968:
950:
932:
918:tonnes
878:Nestlé
861:(from
759:Mexico
726:family
689:; and
580:, and
531:midges
494:flower
488:. The
437:leaves
306:Stokes
137:Rosids
4914:Crops
4688:IRMNG
4667:64340
4602:THOCA
4563:56BND
4537:62026
4159:Fudge
4046:White
4041:Swiss
3982:Types
3689:JSTOR
3637:(PDF)
3626:(PDF)
3272:S2CID
3127:S2CID
3097:(PDF)
3069:circa
2938:S2CID
2262:S2CID
1980:pocha
1854:cacao
1806:Aztec
1746:kakaw
1691:Aztec
1662:kakaw
1593:chili
1589:maize
1564:Olmec
1262:wilt)
1229:Fungi
1146:Pests
1071:Ghana
1035:World
953:Ghana
853:Chuao
713:genus
682:kagaw
664:kakaw
651:cacao
646:broma
640:ÎČÏáż¶ÎŒÎ±
634:theos
623:Greek
606:Fruit
582:cream
578:jelly
570:juice
559:seeds
555:fruit
549:Fruit
517:moths
511:) or
500:(5).
486:calyx
458:trunk
298:Sweet
242:Aubl.
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
33:Cocoa
29:Cacao
4825:POWO
4817:THCA
4786:PfaF
4732:3641
4727:NCBI
4701:ITIS
4675:IPNI
4649:GRIN
4636:GBIF
4597:EPPO
4576:2074
4545:BOLD
4189:Mole
4036:Ruby
4021:Milk
4011:Dark
3787:2012
3764:2012
3737:PMID
3658:ISBN
3645:2007
3608:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3501:PMID
3446:2018
3395:2018
3365:PMID
3316:2011
3264:PMID
3219:2018
3188:PMID
3119:PMID
3055:2018
3025:2012
2995:PMID
2977:ISSN
2930:PMID
2898:2018
2868:2012
2842:2024
2816:PMID
2808:ISSN
2761:ISSN
2726:2017
2696:PMID
2678:ISSN
2639:2017
2609:2012
2583:2018
2553:PMID
2491:2019
2446:2018
2416:PMID
2374:L.)"
2352:2018
2320:ISBN
2299:2015
2254:PMID
2218:2012
2183:2017
2165:ISBN
2140:2020
2114:2012
2084:2022
2055:2022
1844:and
1657:Maya
1655:The
1631:and
1623:and
1432:The
1426:2010
1374:NCBI
1341:etc.
1325:Rats
1185:and
1175:and
1101:Peru
882:Mars
880:and
849:Maya
781:and
779:Peru
675:and
628:ΞΔÏÏ
553:The
505:bees
452:The
427:and
405:tree
290:Cif.
31:and
4851:WFO
4623:FoC
4610:FNA
4584:EoL
4558:CoL
3727:doi
3681:doi
3491:doi
3487:130
3355:PMC
3345:doi
3341:104
3256:doi
3178:hdl
3168:doi
3156:449
3111:doi
2985:PMC
2969:doi
2922:doi
2918:409
2800:doi
2753:doi
2686:PMC
2668:doi
2543:PMC
2533:doi
2473:doi
2406:PMC
2396:doi
2246:doi
2073:L."
1520:DNA
1436:of
1381:572
1181:in
1099:in
695:in
685:in
667:in
396:or
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