23:
265:. While this was a sporadic attack the Spanish believed the Dutch could attempt to ally the Mapuches and establish a stronghold in southern Chile. The Spanish knew of the Dutch plans to establish themselves at the ruins of Valdivia so they attempted to re-establish Spanish rule there before the Dutch arrived again. The Spanish attempts were thwarted during the 1630s when Mapuches did not allow the Spanish to pass by their territory. With the Spanish blocked from entering Valdivia via land the much waited
922:
805:
740:
459:
62:
78:
115:
152:
99:
30:
136:
46:
616:
244:
in 1584. Nombre de Jesús was abandoned after only five months of existence and its population sought themselves to Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe. There, realizing there was not enough food for all, Andrés de Biedma ordered the people to scatter along the northern coast of the strait and wait for any
227:
to the Strait of
Magellan in order to explore the feasibility of fortifying it and by virtue of that controlling the entrance to the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic. After surveying the strait Sarmiento departed to Spain and obtained there through the king ships and settlers for a definitive
281:
strategy against the incoming invaders. While the Dutch abandoned their new colony after only two months in
October 1643, their invasion caused great alarm among Spanish authorities and triggered the return of the Spanish to Valdivia. The construction of the
387:
was the most important part of the
Patagonian Archipelago recommending to concentrate on the defense of Chiloé. It was the hope of the Spanish that when the supposed British return occurred they would find the Juan Fernández Islands fortified and settled.
447:, the chief military engineer involved in the designs of the defences of Valdivia. Mackenna's thesis that controlling fortified positions was unnecessary to conquer a territory was contradicted both by the experiences of the
438:
A varied list of 18th-century and early 19th-century authors in Chile, Spain and the rest of Europe concurred on the strategic importance of
Valdivia and its harbour. A notable dissident was the Governor of Osorno
336:
wrecked off the coast of
Patagonia. Nevertheless, the British arrival caused great alarm among the Spanish who searched extensively the Patagonian archipelagoes to cleanse it from any possible British presence.
171:
Map with places that were fortified at some point during colonial times. Blue dots mark locations first fortified in the 17th century or before. Green dots marks paces first fortified in the 18th century.
875:
184:
diverted significant resources to fortify the
Chilean coast as a consequence of Dutch and English raids. During the 16th century the Spanish strategy was to complement the fortification work in its
298:
in Peru 1000 men in twenty ships and ordered 2000 men to march by land from
Central Chile in 1644 to resettle Valdivia and fortify it. The land troops never made it to Valdivia, probably due to
692:
628:
934:
245:
vessel that could provide aid. Sarmiento's resupply expedition never did arrive at the straits, this was due to a storm and only a few settlers survived to be rescued by other navigators.
817:
318:
assumed power in Spain during the early 18th century the threat of a French attack dissipated, instead the
British seemed to be the foremost menace to Spains possessions in Chile. The
752:
988:
236:, a sound within the strait. The expedition that sailed from Spain included about 350 settlers and 400 soldiers. Back in the Strait of Magellan Sarmiento founded the cities of
859:
796:
359:
converged in a project to advance the frontiers of the
Spanish Empire in the Southeast Pacific and prevent the establishment of a British base. As result of this plan the
566:
535:
443:
who argued in an 1810 report for diminishing the size of the garrison protecting
Valdivia and distribute resources aimed at it elsewhere. This report was rebuked by
582:
1487:
210:
372:
411:
were also made ready for an eventual English attack. Inspired in the recommendations of former governor Santa María the Spanish founded the "city-fort" of
1482:
981:
1638:
599:
550:
419:
into a direct dependency of the Viceroyalty of Peru. As with other 18th-century forts in Chile the establishment of Ancud caused through the new
229:
158:
196:
and other parts of the west coast of the Americas. The coastal fortifications and defense system was at its peak in the mid-18th century.
22:
306:
became a burden for the Spanish colonial finances, more so considering that the Dutch did not return to establish their planned colony.
269:
met no resistance when it reached the ruins of old Spanish city in August 1643. Before that the Dutch did however engage the Spanish at
1334:
1653:
1643:
1368:
479:
291:
1229:
1330:"El frustrado fuerte de Tenquehuen en el archipiélago de los Chonos, 1750: Dimensión chilota de un conflicto hispano-británico"
395:
the Valdivian Fort System was updated and reinforced from 1764 onwards. Other vulnerable localities of colonial Chile such as
1278:
302:. The massive fleet, that added two ships in Chile, was unprecedented in the region. The building and maintenance of the
1648:
371:. This last fort was manned for one and half year before being abandoned. After the Tenquehuen fort was dismantled the
1619:
1598:
1329:
380:
344:
in northern Chile was first fortified in the 1730s, about fifty years after it was sacked and torched by the pirate
1166:
232:
supported the project and suggested some modifications. The plan included the building one fort on each side of
192:. As attempts at settling and fortifying the Strait of Magellan were abandoned the Spanish began to fortify the
1496:
237:
327:
330:
proved a complete failure even before the expedition reached Spanish ports: the ships had dispersed and HMS
1174:
1076:
266:
475:
322:
between Britain and Spain caused the British to plan an attack against the Spanish possessions in Chile.
167:
1231:
Permanent war on Peru's periphery: Frontier identity and the politics of conflict in 17th century Chile
416:
219:
inaugurated an era of privateering and piracy along the coasts of Chile. Responding to this threat the
193:
326:, a fortified and valuable Spanish exclave, was selected for an attack. The attack to be commanded by
451:
and by Cochrane's decision to attack the Valdivia Fort System itself in 1820. According to historian
427:
224:
1109:
404:
360:
68:
471:
927:
88:
444:
1609:
319:
348:. By 1805 the city defenses, including a series of batteries, were in a state of abandonment.
1590:
1238:
621:
483:
376:
303:
283:
121:
1195:
396:
455:
Mackenna was more concerned about controlling resources than of providing valid arguments.
400:
8:
1428:
1150:
463:
392:
1453:
1068:
364:
189:
1615:
1594:
356:
345:
241:
233:
1387:
1481:
Sahady Villanueva, Antonio; Bravo Sánchez, José; Quilodrán Rubio, Carolina (2010).
1414:
1382:
368:
341:
332:
254:
36:
810:
384:
1282:
745:
685:
375:, being briefed on local affairs, recommended the establishment of a fort in the
352:
315:
287:
220:
1275:
1561:
1146:
499:
487:
452:
448:
278:
181:
177:
1582:
1196:"La rebelión indigena de 1712: Los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda"
1632:
1480:
1369:"Expediciones a las costas de la Patagonia Occidental en el periodo colonial"
1364:
1325:
1004:
990:
950:
936:
921:
891:
877:
868:
833:
819:
768:
754:
708:
694:
644:
630:
495:
440:
274:
262:
216:
408:
52:
804:
676:
185:
739:
1373:
502:
were abandoned by the Spaniards who retreated to the city of Valdivia.
491:
299:
105:
1411:
Crónica de La Serena desde su fundación hasta nuestros días 1549-1870
295:
270:
258:
1048:
1684 is the most likely date of creation of this 17th century fort.
420:
323:
277:. The Spanish in these two localities had been instructed to use a
125:
1483:"Flandes Indiano Chiloense: un patrimonio invencible en el tiempo"
458:
462:
A painting on the landings of Thomas Cochrane previous to the
426:
Fortification engineers building 18th century forts imprinted
412:
142:
84:
615:
1611:
Pillageing the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750
1155:(in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. pp. 110–119.
363:
were settled and the fort of Tenquehuen established in
261:
Baltazar de Cordes to attack the Spanish settlement of
1258:
1256:
211:
Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan
1409:
Concha, Manuel (1871). "Capítulo tercero. Piratas.".
290:
that the Dutch had plans to return to the location,
1253:
474:several coastal fortifications were attacked. The
1630:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1324:
667:1645, 1661, 1671, 1679, 1680, 1764, 1765, 1767
1159:
1107:
77:
61:
1568:. Santiago de Chile: Zig Zag. pp. 88–98.
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1476:
1474:
1359:
1357:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1193:
1061:
423:an expansion of local trade and agriculture.
286:began in 1645. Having heard from a letter to
114:
1227:
1471:
1460:(in Spanish), Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1435:(in Spanish), Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1354:
1309:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
490:overran the forts on the southern side of
1639:History of the Captaincy General of Chile
1587:Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur
1417:: Imprenta de la reforma. pp. 65–73.
1386:
1363:
1302:
1300:
505:
1221:
1145:
457:
379:, but this never happened. For Governor
223:sent in 1579 an expedition commanded by
1454:"Ingeniería Militar durante la Colonia"
1141:
1139:
1137:
1110:"La defensa hispana del Reino de Chile"
1090:
1069:"Ingeniería Militar durante la Colonia"
482:, launched an amphibious attack on the
1631:
1581:
1560:
1421:
1408:
1297:
1270:
1268:
415:in 1768 and separated Chiloé from the
1446:
1187:
1108:Soto Rodríguez, José Antonio (2006).
228:colonization and fortifying project.
1607:
1134:
1288:
1265:
1152:Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes
13:
151:
98:
45:
14:
1665:
29:
1654:Colonial fortifications in Chile
920:
803:
738:
614:
486:in 1820. The land troops led by
150:
134:
113:
97:
76:
60:
44:
28:
21:
16:Colonial Times in Spanish Empire
1644:Coastal fortifications in Chile
1575:
1554:
1402:
1388:10.4067/S0718-22442013000200002
1194:Urbina Burgos, Rodolfo (1990).
1042:
977:
918:
864:
801:
736:
681:
612:
595:
578:
562:
546:
531:
494:. Then the remaining forts, in
433:
309:
248:
204:
381:Antonio Narciso de Santa María
1:
1326:Urbina Carrasco, María Ximena
1228:Clark Berger, Eugene (2006).
1055:
466:on the Valdivian Fort System.
135:
1175:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1077:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
509:
7:
860:Carlos de Beranger y Renaud
797:Carlos de Beranger y Renaud
476:First Chilean Navy Squadron
472:War of Chilean Independence
292:the Spanish viceroy in Peru
10:
1670:
417:Captaincy General of Chile
208:
199:
194:Captaincy General of Chile
1649:Military history of Chile
1262:Bengoa 2003, pp. 450–451.
951:42.5521222°S 73.7510750°W
892:41.8211333°S 73.5190333°W
709:41.7510167°S 73.7077500°W
527:
521:
518:
515:
512:
242:Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe
225:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
1589:(in Spanish). Santiago:
1035:
956:-42.5521222; -73.7510750
897:-41.8211333; -73.5190333
714:-41.7510167; -73.7077500
670:Juan de Buitrón y Mujica
567:Castillo de San Clemente
769:41.829167°S 73.351944°W
672:Constantino Vasconcelos
645:39.866667°S 73.433333°W
536:Castillo de San Antonio
373:Marquis of the Ensenada
1608:Lane, Kris E. (1998).
1495:: 1–27. Archived from
1429:"Lugares estratégicos"
903:Batería Pampa de Lobos
774:-41.829167; -73.351944
650:-39.866667; -73.433333
506:List of fortifications
467:
405:Juan Fernández Islands
391:As consequence of the
361:Juan Fernández Islands
69:Robinson Crusoe Island
1239:Vanderbilt University
834:41.861667°S 73.8275°W
686:Carelmapu Fort System
656:Valdivian Fort System
622:Valdivian Fort System
522:Date of building and
484:Valdivian Fort System
461:
377:Guaitecas Archipelago
304:Valdivian Fort System
284:Valdivian Fort System
1488:Revista de Urbanismo
1365:Urbina C., M. Ximena
1294:Lane 1998, pp. 88–92
1285:at coloniavoyage.com
839:-41.861667; -73.8275
445:Manuel Olaguer Feliú
340:The coastal city of
168:class=notpageimage|
1566:La toma de Valdivia
1551:Guarda 1970, p. 24.
1535:Guarda 1970, p. 23.
1526:Guarda 1970, p. 22.
1517:Guarda 1970, p. 21.
1499:on 20 December 2016
1000: /
946: /
887: /
856:1767 or 1768, 1824
829: /
764: /
720:Fuerte de Carelmapu
704: /
640: /
320:War of Jenkins' Ear
1281:2016-03-03 at the
1276:The Dutch in Chili
928:Castro Fort System
869:Chacao Fort System
794:Miguel de Zorrilla
583:Fuerte San Agustín
468:
397:Chiloé Archipelago
365:Chonos Archipelago
300:Mapuche resistance
190:Strait of Magellan
188:with forts in the
1306:Lane 1998, p. 90.
1033:
1032:
1016:Fuerte Tenquehuen
982:Fuerte Tenquehuen
845:Fuerte San Carlos
811:Ancud Fort System
746:Lacui Fort System
674:José Antonio Birt
430:designs on them.
421:Ancud-Castro road
357:governor of Chile
351:In the 1740s the
346:Bartholomew Sharp
257:joined the Dutch
234:Primera Angostura
1661:
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1203:Tiempo y Espacio
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1117:Tiempo y Espacio
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393:Seven Years' War
369:Taitao Peninsula
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1458:Memoria chilena
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1433:Memoria chilena
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1283:Wayback Machine
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1167:"La encomienda"
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551:Fuerte de Penco
508:
480:Thomas Cochrane
478:, commanded by
436:
353:viceroy of Peru
316:Bourbon dynasty
314:Ever since the
312:
288:Juan Manqueante
251:
238:Nombre de Jesús
221:viceroy of Peru
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186:Caribbean ports
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1491:(in Spanish).
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1413:(in Spanish).
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1377:(in Spanish).
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1205:(in Spanish).
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1173:(in Spanish),
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1075:(in Spanish).
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1005:45.65°S 74.8°W
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488:Jorge Beauchef
453:Gabriel Guarda
449:Peninsular War
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279:scorched earth
267:Dutch invasion
253:In 1600 local
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182:Spanish Empire
178:Colonial times
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89:Old Concepción
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1600:956-8303-02-2
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1010:-45.65; -74.8
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1583:Bengoa, José
1576:Bibliography
1565:
1556:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:the original
1492:
1486:
1462:, retrieved
1457:
1448:
1437:, retrieved
1432:
1423:
1410:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1381:(2): 51–84.
1378:
1372:
1344:. Retrieved
1339:
1333:
1290:
1243:. Retrieved
1241:. p. 13
1230:
1223:
1213:February 22,
1211:. Retrieved
1206:
1202:
1189:
1178:, retrieved
1170:
1161:
1151:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1116:
1080:. Retrieved
1072:
1063:
1044:
962:Fortín Tauco
941:73°45′3.87″W
938:42°33′7.64″S
882:73°31′8.52″W
696:41°45′3.66″S
677:Juan Garland
528:Designer(s)
523:
519:Coordinates
469:
437:
434:19th century
428:neoclassical
425:
390:
350:
339:
331:
328:George Anson
313:
310:18th century
252:
249:17th century
230:Duke of Alba
214:
205:16th century
175:
1464:30 December
1439:30 December
1180:January 30,
1008: /
954: /
895: /
837: /
791:1768, 1779
780:Fuerte Agui
772: /
731:1603, 1720
712: /
648: /
470:During the
273:and sacked
1633:Categories
1503:30 January
1394:27 January
1374:Magallania
1346:28 January
1126:30 January
1056:References
1014: (
960: (
901: (
843: (
824:73°49′39″W
821:41°51′42″S
778: (
759:73°21′07″W
756:41°49′45″S
718: (
654: (
635:73°26′00″W
632:39°52′00″S
492:Corral Bay
409:Valparaíso
401:Concepción
294:sent from
209:See also:
159:Tenquehuén
122:Corral Bay
106:Talcahuano
53:Valparaíso
1591:Catalonia
1237:(Ph.D.).
516:Locality
342:La Serena
296:El Callao
271:Carelmapu
255:Huilliche
37:La Serena
1585:(2003).
1564:(1970).
1367:(2013).
1335:Historia
1328:(2014).
1279:Archived
1245:13 March
1149:(1977).
513:Picture
355:and the
324:Valdivia
215:In 1578
126:Valdivia
1209:: 73–86
995:74°48′W
992:45°39′S
524:updates
259:corsair
200:History
1618:
1597:
1415:Serena
496:Niebla
275:Castro
263:Castro
1235:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
1036:Notes
1027:1750
606:1780
589:1777
573:1596
557:1684
413:Ancud
367:near
333:Wager
143:Ancud
85:Penco
1616:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1505:2016
1466:2015
1441:2015
1396:2016
1348:2016
1247:2014
1215:2014
1182:2014
1128:2016
1084:2014
498:and
407:and
240:and
180:the
1383:doi
1342:(I)
176:In
1635::
1614:.
1593:.
1540:^
1493:23
1485:.
1473:^
1456:,
1431:,
1379:41
1371:.
1356:^
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1338:.
1332:.
1311:^
1299:^
1267:^
1255:^
1201:.
1169:,
1136:^
1121:16
1115:.
1092:^
1071:.
403:,
399:,
383:,
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1385::
1350:.
1249:.
1217:.
1207:1
1130:.
1086:.
1018:)
964:)
905:)
847:)
782:)
722:)
658:)
128:)
124:(
91:)
87:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
