37:
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process, sulfur and other trace metals such as arsenic, lead, magnesium, etc. are exposed to the surrounding air which can last for decades. These uncovered trace metals do not just pollute the air, most notably surrounding waterways are highly affected by the pollution caused by mountaintop coal mining. These pollutants are hypothesized to be the culprits in causing higher than average levels of cancer, stroke, asthma, heart attacks, hypertension, and overall poor cardiovascular health in rural coal-mining communities. However, there are other hypotheses as to why this disparity is occurring. Socioeconomic barriers that
Appalachian communities experience can play a large role in skewing the average rates of long-term illnesses. Mining communities used in a 2013 study found that on average, individuals living in coal-mining communities had a higher family history of cancer, habits of smoking, and had a lower median income compared to test subjects in non-mining communities.
245:
unit at LG&E's
Trimble County Station, TC2 (an 810 MW-gross coal combustion unit brought online in 2010) emits lead particulate matter at a rate of 499 kg/yr (approximately 1098 lb/yr, or to put into similar terms as used for human health, approximately 498 Billion micrograms). The current level set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for child lead blood levels requiring intervention is 5 micrograms per deciliter of blood. By comparison, the TC2 unit emits mercury emissions at a rate of 1.3*10^-6 lb/MWH. Assuming operation of TC2 24 hours per day for 364 days per year, the TC2 annual emission of mercury is approximately 86 pounds.
143:
225:
uranium and thorium in the unburned coal are concentrated at up to 10 times their original levels. Fly ash uranium sometimes leaches into the soil and water surrounding a coal plant, affecting cropland and, in turn, food. People living within a "stack shadow"—the area within a half- to one-mile (0.8- to 1.6-kilometer) radius of a coal plant's smokestacks—might then ingest small amounts of radiation. Fly ash is also disposed of in landfills and abandoned mines and quarries, posing a potential risk to people living around those areas.
214:
189:
346:, the SPR has downsides: it could put "tens of thousands" of coal miners out of a job and increase the cost of electricity for Kentucky consumers. In Kentucky, both Democratic and Republican politicians have been critical of the regulation. The Republican governor and Democratic attorney general are both pushing back at the federal government against the rule. The text of the Stream Protection Rule is 2,300 pages in length.
205:
removal and soil compaction from mining equipment both contribute to stronger and more frequent flooding from storm runoff. As for human health in counties involved in mountaintop mining, there are elevated rates for mortality and lung cancer as well as chronic heart, lung and kidney disease. These threats do not appear to go away after mining has ceased nor after land reclamation has taken place.
265:. These efforts consisted of packing soil tightly together and planting grass, a plant which Angel says was the "only type of plant he trusted to hold the ground in place". In 2002, scientists like Dr. Angel started realizing that Appalachian forests destroyed by strip-mining weren't coming back, even with rejuvenation efforts. In Appalachia, a land mass larger than the state of
158:
indirectly involved in the industry, that number becomes much larger, nearly 73,000. This number includes education and service industry jobs in mining communities, employment from construction, transportation and manufacturing work that touches the mining industry, as well as jobs stemming from banks, law offices and engineering firms that did business with the mining industry.
201:
from 1979 to 2006 (from 47,190 to 17,959 workers). The industry overall lost approximately 10,000 jobs from 1990 to 1997, as MTR and other more mechanized underground mining methods became more widely used. The coal industry asserts that surface mining techniques, such as mountaintop removal, are safer for miners than sending miners underground.
197:
hill, or ridge in order to obtain a desired geologic material. The process involves blasting with explosives to remove up to 400 vertical feet (120 m) of overburden to expose underlying coal seams. Excess rock and soil laden with toxic mining byproducts are often dumped into nearby valleys, in what are called "hollow fills" or "valley fills."
430:
over control of mining permits. Beshear's support of the state's coal industry brought criticism of the governor as being too lax on the issue. In
February 2011, some even went so far as to take part in a four-day sit-in protest in the governor's outer office. Following the sit-in, hundreds of others
204:
Yet, the environmental implications of mountaintop removal have been widely accepted as a threat to
Kentucky communities and ecosystems. Valley fills have been found to cause the permanent loss of critical ecosystems through water pollution and the burial of headwater streams. Furthermore, vegetation
165:
Arguably coal's biggest economic impact has been low electric rates in
Kentucky, which gives the state a competitive advantage in attracting industry, including those with heavy energy demands such as aluminum smelters and automotive plants. This has also made Kentucky one of the largest consumers of
196:
Starting in the 1960s coal seams in both
Kentucky coal fields have been increasingly accessed via a method known as Mountaintop Removal Mining, which is a form of surface mining that involves the topographical alteration and/or removal of a summit, summit ridge, or significant portion of a mountain,
244:
Although not included in the tables below for each facility, another heavy metal pollutant emitted by coal-powered generators is lead (Pb). Lead is a powerful toxicant, negatively impacting human and animal health when ingested or inhaled, even in extremely small quantities. The newest generating
200:
This method allows, through the use of explosives and large machinery, more than two and a half times as much coal to be extracted per worker per hour than in traditional underground mines, thus greatly reducing the need for workers. In
Kentucky, for example, the number of workers declined over 60%
133:
The
Western Coalfield has been hit much harder by acid rain regulations. Whereas about half of Eastern coal is high in sulfur content, nearly all Western coal falls into this category. In recent years the state government has been seeking to land so called "coal to gas" operations that convert coal
105:
By 2001 8.36 billion tons of coal had been extracted from
Kentucky, 5.78 billion tons coming from the Eastern Coalfield and 2.58 billion tons coming from the Western Coalfield. As of 2004 around 13% of total coal reserves had been extracted from the Western Coalfield, although much of the remaining
282:
Health disparities become present when comparing
Kentuckians that live near mountaintop coal mines and elsewhere. Mountaintop removal coal mining uses tools like explosives, machinery, etc. to remove large amounts of topsoil, exposing coal ores underneath. After topsoil is removed in the mining
269:
should have been covered in trees, yet only held grass. After realizing this was an ecological disaster, Dr. Angel led efforts to plant more than 187 million trees which cover more than 275,000 acres of former mining land in Appalachia. Dr. Kathy Newfont, an Appalachian history professor at the
224:
Ash is the waste product of coal that has been used to boil water. Typically it is stored in pills next to the power plant and then recycled through use in cement mixing. A problem is that the mounds of coal ash are rarely covered and easily become airborne. When coal is burned into fly ash the
157:
Employment in the coal industry followed a steady decline from the 1980s up until the 2000s, evening out at around 18,000 for the past decade. As of 2009, 18,850 Kentuckians were directly employed in the coal industry, less than 1 percent of the total workforce. Yet, when accounting for jobs
382:. Bituminous coal deposits in the eastern coal field are lower in sulfur content, averaging between 1 and 2 percent by weight. Coal deposits from the western part of the state are slightly lower in heat content but higher in sulfur, averaging between 3 and 4 percent sulfur. Concerns over
109:
Two phenomena have resulted in a major reduction in the number of mine workers and number of mines in Kentucky. First, increased mechanization in both Kentucky coal fields has reduced the need for labor. This has become even more pronounced with the emergence of strip mining. Secondly,
161:
Coal's total economic impact is significant, with over 125.96 million tons of coal produced in 2006, making Kentucky 3rd in the nation for coal production. The state supplies 10.6% of the country with coal for power plants, giving it the nation's second-largest market share.
307:. (KU) operated a coal-based power plant since 1954 known as Cane Run 7. In 2015, they turned the facility into a "natural gas combined generating station". It is the first of its type in the state of Kentucky. A coal-based power plant known as Big Sandy Unit 2 near
166:
energy per capita in the nation. The state's average retail price of electricity is 5.43 cents per kilowatt hour, the 3rd lowest rate in the nation. In 2004 coal-fired power plants produced approximately 92 percent of the electricity generated in Kentucky.
291:
Electric utilities in Kentucky that use coal "are struggling to stay competitive by converting their power plants to other sources of fuel amid a downturn in the nation's coal industry and in response to stringent environmental regulations," according to
56:
and used it to heat his camp fire. Although his discovery came in the Eastern Coalfield it would be another 150 years before commercial coal production occurred there. In 1820 the first commercial coal mine in Kentucky opened in the Western Coalfield in
27:
mine opened in 1820 coal has gained both economic importance and controversy regarding its environmental consequences. As of 2010 there were 442 operating coal mines in the state, and as of 2017 there were fewer than 4,000 underground coalminers.
1584:
By the mid 1950s, surface mining became the response to lower coal prices and lower demand. The process involved fewer workers and no "mining" in the traditional sense. It was during this time that the first strip mine control bill was
318:
In 2015, 87 percent of electricity in Kentucky was generated by a coal-based power plant; 7 percent of electricity came from a natural gas-powered plant. "More coal-fired power plants are expected to close in the next several years,"
125:
While comparably higher in sulfur content, the Eastern Kentucky coal does have a higher carbon density than Wyoming coal, so less of it has to be burned to produce the same amount of electricity, thus producing less per capita
2786:
326:
The federal government proposed a new rule for regulating coal mining that would attempt to reconcile environmental protection with the reality that the U.S. needs coal for energy. The rule is controlled by a
72:. Coal mining experienced rise and fall throughout most of the early to mid 20th century. The two World Wars made for periods of boom. The first was followed with a severe bust, brought on by the end of the
2776:
61:. In its first year the mine produced 328 tons of coal. By 1843 the state produced 100,000 tons of coal, and by 1879 the state produced one million tons of coal, all coming from the Western Coalfield.
2534:
84:
pushed the industry even higher. However, railroads and households soon began shifting from coal to oil and gas for their energy needs, and the industry yet again experienced a downturn.
2719:
342:(SPR). The Stream Protection Rule was proposed on July 16, 2015. The regulation would protect approximately 6,500 miles of streams across the United States for 2015. According to the
2750:
2644:
2766:
2684:
2649:
2724:
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2689:
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36:
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118:
Amendment has made Kentucky coal, with its medium to high sulfur content, less desirable. That amendment requires companies to either remove the sulfur through
2699:
2579:
2544:
2771:
2704:
2659:
2559:
2164:
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254:
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426:
was outspoken in his criticism of federal intervention in Kentucky's coal industry, even joining the Kentucky Coal Association in a lawsuit against the
94:
are believed to have been the first women to work inside an American coal mine, and were the first women to work inside a mine who were members of the
411:
1610:
2054:
2465:
2474:
2313:
2298:
1814:
1730:
1483:
106:
87% of reserves were not reachable with current technology. Around 19% of coal reserves had been extracted from the Eastern Coalfield.
2807:
2267:
2138:
175:
1937:
1705:
2822:
1783:
1549:
1650:
1634:
984:
403:
2079:
Hendryx, Michael (2013). "Personal and Family Health in Rural Areas of Kentucky With and Without Mountaintop Coal Mining".
427:
274:
commented on Dr. Angel's efforts saying "...it was one of the most hopeful things I'd heard about the region in decades,".
2221:
1503:
1345:
2429:
2817:
2339:
1828:
1167:
953:
2360:
241:
In 2003, Kentucky emitted 143 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions, ranking it 13th in the nation overall.
2458:
1895:
1876:
1372:
1011:
2097:
122:
or switch to low-sulfur coal, found in western states like Wyoming, or submit to fines for their sulfur production.
2758:
399:
395:
2381:
1755:
1399:
1059:
407:
95:
1684:
1238:
1035:
2451:
1592:
1579:
1086:
371:
300:
77:
2812:
2443:
523:
2409:
1529:
1468:
621:
484:
262:
183:
179:
2827:
1853:
1292:
842:
829:
777:
142:
1940:. Kentucky Office of Energy Policy, Division of Fossil Fuels & Utility Services. Archived from
1140:
920:
816:
725:
712:
686:
660:
562:
497:
471:
332:
49:
311:, was shut down in 2015 due to environmental regulations. The company that owns Big Sandy Unit 2,
2549:
2514:
1113:
881:
868:
855:
803:
764:
699:
634:
510:
458:
312:
2734:
2188:
1297:
1270:
1172:
933:
894:
738:
673:
549:
339:
271:
69:
64:
In 1900 the first commercial coal mine was opened in the Eastern Coalfield in the community of
1743:
2317:
2048:
1265:
1064:
907:
751:
647:
608:
595:
536:
65:
2006:
1318:
1243:
1040:
989:
790:
406:
expressed their desire to maintain Kentucky coal. All three Republican primary candidates,
218:
151:
2274:
1994:
418:, stated that they supported not only the Kentucky coal industry but also the practice of
8:
2340:"Coal industry, Beshear administration sue EPA over coal mining permits | GreenSpot"
1964:
1941:
1709:
1404:
1350:
1220:
1194:
1118:
419:
355:
253:
Eastern Kentucky native, Dr. Patrick Angel initially spent most of his career within the
48:
Just two years after the first coal was discovered in the United States in 1750 explorer
2010:
1790:
1651:"Kentucky Coal Production 1790-2001, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky"
1553:
2030:
1091:
1016:
304:
115:
1654:
1631:
2396:
2292:
2034:
2022:
1808:
1724:
1377:
1323:
328:
99:
58:
1988:
1986:
1984:
2744:
2014:
1145:
308:
41:
2433:
1981:
1899:
1880:
1638:
1478:
2165:"Kentucky electric utilities eye diversification amid coal decline, regulations"
257:
instructing mining companies on how to fix land that was negatively affected by
217:
Mounds of coal ash located across the street from a residential neighborhood in
2382:
http://www.kentucky.com/2011/02/15/1635902/environmental-activists-end-sit.html
1606:
1214:
431:
gathered outside the state capitol to promote mountaintop removal legislation.
359:
258:
127:
1912:
1507:
213:
2801:
2426:
2116:, visitor presentation from Joe Coghill - Production Leader, August 13, 2010.
1534:
423:
87:
2018:
1832:
146:
Kentucky's coal driven low electric rates help land major employers such as
2361:"Standing up to King Coal; Protesters deserve to be heard | Editorial"
2026:
415:
375:
91:
2473:
1892:
1873:
134:
into liquid fuels that closely resemble either natural gas or petroleum.
354:
Kentucky's two major coal fields are separated by around 180 miles. The
1759:
228:
81:
130:
emissions. Eastern coal remains widely used across the United States.
383:
349:
188:
111:
73:
386:
have meant that Eastern coal has become preferable to Western coal.
434:
363:
266:
119:
53:
1473:
379:
367:
80:. Following World War II, the drive toward mechanization and the
2438:
147:
1854:"Kentucky - Ap - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
947:
1530:"Scott Pruitt signs a measure to repeal the Clean Power Plan"
1992:
2214:"New U.S. Stream Protection Rule Infuriates Big Coal | ENS"
2195:. U.S. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
1905:
1744:
http://www.nma.org/pdf/c_employment_state_region_method.pdf
24:
374:
is part of the Appalachian coal basin which extends from
1965:"Taking On a Coal Mining Practice as a Matter of Faith"
1611:"In Coal Mine No. 29, Two Women Work Alongside the Men"
333:
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
255:
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
1778:
1776:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1632:
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/production/kycoal01.htm
389:
1993:M.A. Palmer; E. S. Bernhardt; et al. (2010).
350:Differences between Western and Eastern Coalfields
286:
2314:"GOP hopefuls OK with mountaintop removal mining"
1829:"The Impact of Coal on the Kentucky State Budget"
2799:
1913:"Most Requested Statistics - U.S. Coal Industry"
1773:
1668:
435:Coal extraction and remaining reserves by county
2459:
315:, is converting the facility to natural gas.
2053:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2439:Kentucky Coal Association: kentuckycoal.org
948:List of coal-fired power plants in Kentucky
2466:
2452:
2337:
2244:"SPR is bad news for Kentucky coal miners"
1758:. Workforcekentucky.ky.gov. Archived from
1681:"KY Coal Facts - Kentucky Coal Resources"
1605:
1521:
176:Environmental impact of the coal industry
2114:EON U.S. Trimble County Station Overview
2091:
1962:
1902:, America's Power, accessed March 2011.
212:
187:
141:
35:
2241:
2078:
1883:, America's Power, accessed June 2008.
248:
169:
2800:
2311:
2297:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2162:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1813:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1729:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1586:
1573:
277:
2447:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
1653:. Uky.edu. 2009-08-31. Archived from
985:Kenneth C. Coleman Generating Station
208:
52:discovered coal in what would become
1626:
1624:
1527:
576:
439:
428:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
23:in 1750. Since the first commercial
2189:"Building a Stream Protection Rule"
2119:
2061:
1683:. Coaleducation.org. Archived from
1552:. Coaleducation.org. Archived from
1506:. Coaleducation.org. Archived from
1346:Hugh L. Spurlock Generating Station
590:Millions of tons of coal remaining
587:Millions of tons of coal extracted
453:Millions of tons of coal remaining
450:Millions of tons of coal extracted
13:
2427:Kentucky Coal Facts: energy.ky.gov
2149:
2136:
2098:"Texas, Wyoming lead in emissions"
1168:Robert D. Green Generating Station
954:List of power stations in Kentucky
137:
98:. They began that work in 1973 in
14:
2839:
2420:
1995:"Mountaintop Mining Consequences"
1621:
1484:Coal mining disasters in Kentucky
1373:Trimble County Generating Station
1012:John Sherman Cooper Power Station
2808:Coal mining in the United States
2475:Coal mining in the United States
1756:"Workforce Kentucky, Home, HOME"
390:Coal mining in Kentucky politics
301:Louisville Gas & Electric Co
2823:Appalachian culture in Kentucky
2374:
2353:
2338:Hjalmarson, Dori (2010-10-19).
2331:
2305:
2260:
2235:
2206:
2181:
2107:
1956:
1930:
1886:
1867:
1846:
1821:
1748:
1737:
1191:Henderson Station I (Replaced)
422:. On the other side, incumbent
287:Impact from federal regulations
2316:. BusinessWeek. Archived from
2087:: 79–88 – via UKY Proxy.
1963:Banerjee, Neela (2006-10-28).
1698:
1643:
1599:
1567:
1542:
1496:
1400:D.B. Wilson Generating Station
1060:E. W. Brown Generating Station
96:United Mine Workers of America
1:
1918:. National Mining Association
1489:
1239:Mill Creek Generating Station
1036:William C. Dale Power Station
192:A strip mine in Martin County
2312:Alford, Roger (2011-04-26).
2242:Bissett, Bill (2016-07-11).
2220:. 2015-07-16. Archived from
2163:Dozens, Tracy (2016-06-06).
2143:The Washington Post Magazine
1593:University Press of Kentucky
1580:University Press of Kentucky
1087:East Bend Generating Station
372:Eastern Mountain Coal Fields
7:
2081:The Journal of Rural Health
1831:. Maced.org. Archived from
1550:"Timeline of Kentucky Coal"
1462:
404:2011 gubernatorial election
229:Power plant emissions of CO
10:
2844:
2363:. Kentucky.com. 2011-02-15
1469:Martin County sludge spill
951:
263:mountaintop removal mining
184:Climate change in Kentucky
180:Mountaintop removal mining
173:
76:and then continued by the
31:
2818:Coal mining in Appalachia
2757:
2743:
2482:
1589:The Kentucky Encyclopedia
1576:The Kentucky Encyclopedia
1293:Robert Reid Power Station
979:Annual Mercury emissions
2777:Northern Mariana Islands
2218:Environment News Service
1587:Kleber, John E. (1992).
1574:Kleber, John E. (1992).
1528:I.K. (10 October 2017).
1141:Ghent Generating Station
114:regulation found in the
2019:10.1126/science.1180543
1114:Elmer Smith Power Plant
338:The rule is called the
313:American Electric Power
1938:"Online KY Coal Facts"
1504:"Online KY Coal Facts"
1213:Henderson Station II (
340:Stream Protection Rule
272:University of Kentucky
221:
193:
154:
45:
40:Tipple of Mine #31 in
2477:by political division
1266:Paradise Fossil Plant
976:Annual NOx emissions
973:Annual SO2 emissions
970:Annual CO2 emissions
952:Further information:
362:, which extends into
305:Kentucky Utilities Co
303:. (LG&E) and the
216:
191:
150:'s assembly plant in
145:
44:during September 1946
39:
2169:Daily Energy Insider
1319:Shawnee Fossil Plant
321:Daily Energy Insider
294:Daily Energy Insider
249:Rejuvenation efforts
170:Environmental impact
2787:U.S. Virgin Islands
2320:on October 26, 2012
2011:2010Sci...327..148P
1607:Klemesrud, Judy Lee
577:Eastern Coalfield
420:mountaintop removal
356:Western Coal Fields
278:Human health impact
237:, mercury, and lead
2813:Mining in Kentucky
2432:2014-02-24 at the
1969:The New York Times
1944:on January 4, 2010
1898:2010-09-26 at the
1879:2010-09-26 at the
1637:2012-10-14 at the
1615:The New York Times
402:candidates in the
222:
209:Coal ash pollution
194:
155:
116:1990 Clean Air Act
46:
19:was discovered in
2795:
2794:
2404:Missing or empty
2139:"The Green Miles"
2137:Popkin, Gabriel.
2005:(5962): 148–149.
1460:
1459:
945:
944:
574:
573:
524:Muhlenberg County
440:Western Coalfield
299:For example, the
59:Muhlenberg County
2835:
2828:Economic geology
2751:Washington, D.C.
2745:Federal district
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2273:. Archived from
2272:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2041:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1789:. Archived from
1788:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1708:. Archived from
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1609:(May 18, 1974).
1603:
1597:
1596:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1331:10,527,302 tons
1278:15,497,610 tons
1251:10,089,535 tons
1153:12,933,318 tons
958:
957:
622:Breathitt County
581:
580:
485:Henderson County
444:
443:
400:Democratic Party
396:Republican Party
358:are part of the
331:called the U.S.
309:Louisa, Kentucky
78:Great Depression
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1479:John C. C. Mayo
1465:
1412:3,758,819 tons
1385:4,107,397 tons
1358:8,105,061 tons
1202:2,467,124 tons
1180:3,923,035 tons
1126:2,846,615 tons
1099:4,671,336 tons
1072:3,978,892 tons
1048:1,186,544 tons
1024:1,931,758 tons
997:3,404,057 tons
956:
950:
843:Magoffin County
830:McCreary County
778:Lawrence County
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412:Bobbie Holsclaw
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128:carbon dioxide
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1535:The Economist
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1120:
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1077:
1074:
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815:
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804:Leslie County
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801:
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792:
789:
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771:
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766:
765:Laurel County
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700:Harlan County
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511:McLean County
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495:
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488:
486:
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478:
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473:
470:
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459:Butler County
457:
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446:
445:
432:
429:
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424:Steve Beshear
421:
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2782:Puerto Rico
2690:South Dakota
2680:Rhode Island
2675:Pennsylvania
2655:North Dakota
2569:
2406:|title=
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
2365:. Retrieved
2355:
2344:. Retrieved
2333:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2307:
2282:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2217:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2192:
2183:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:
2142:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2049:cite journal
2038:. Retrieved
2002:
1998:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:
1958:
1948:December 28,
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1907:
1888:
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1823:
1798:. Retrieved
1791:the original
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1739:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:the original
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1645:
1614:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1544:
1533:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1498:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1415:9,306 tons
1361:38,877 tons
1337:18,216 tons
1334:35,815 tons
1298:Central City
1284:43,022 tons
1281:83,926 tons
1271:Central City
1257:12,594 tons
1254:25,464 tons
1173:Central City
1159:14,318 tons
1156:49,913 tons
1075:45,191 tons
1000:10,899 tons
967:MW Capacity
934:Wolfe County
895:Perry County
739:Knott County
674:Floyd County
550:Union County
416:Phil Moffett
393:
376:Pennsylvania
370:, while the
353:
343:
337:
325:
320:
317:
298:
293:
290:
281:
259:strip-mining
252:
243:
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223:
203:
199:
195:
164:
160:
156:
132:
124:
108:
104:
102:, Kentucky.
92:Anita Cherry
86:
70:Floyd County
63:
47:
20:
16:
15:
2759:Territories
2605:Mississippi
2520:Connecticut
1922:December 1,
1893:"The Facts"
1874:"The Facts"
1421:131 pounds
1418:5,773 tons
1394:203 pounds
1391:3,981 tons
1367:300 pounds
1364:8,125 tons
1340:180 pounds
1311:1,097 tons
1308:9,280 tons
1287:490 pounds
1260:361 pounds
1162:413 pounds
1132:7,045 tons
1129:2,525 tons
1105:5,400 tons
1102:3,947 tons
1081:161 pounds
1078:6,683 tons
1065:Harrodsburg
1006:110 pounds
1003:5,320 tons
908:Pike County
752:Knox County
648:Clay County
609:Boyd County
596:Bell County
537:Ohio County
66:Betsy Layne
2802:Categories
2720:Washington
2640:New Mexico
2635:New Jersey
2510:California
2367:2012-08-17
2346:2012-08-17
2324:2012-08-17
2284:2010-11-26
2253:2016-07-12
2228:2016-07-12
2199:2016-07-12
2174:2016-07-12
2040:2011-03-25
1974:2006-10-28
1860:2012-08-17
1839:2012-08-17
1800:2011-05-05
1766:2012-08-17
1716:2011-05-05
1691:2012-08-17
1661:2012-08-17
1560:2012-08-17
1514:2012-08-17
1490:References
1440:89,867,387
1244:Louisville
1135:59 pounds
1108:86 pounds
1041:Winchester
990:Hawesville
791:Lee County
219:Louisville
174:See also:
152:Georgetown
82:Korean War
2730:Wisconsin
2695:Tennessee
2600:Minnesota
2575:Louisiana
2102:USA Today
2035:206522928
1856:. Eia.gov
1405:Wickliffe
1388:830 tons
1351:Maysville
1221:Henderson
1195:Henderson
1119:Owensboro
964:Location
384:acid rain
335:(OSMRE).
120:scrubbers
112:acid rain
74:Great War
2715:Virginia
2665:Oklahoma
2645:New York
2620:Nebraska
2610:Missouri
2595:Michigan
2585:Maryland
2570:Kentucky
2550:Illinois
2525:Delaware
2515:Colorado
2505:Arkansas
2430:Archived
2397:cite web
2293:cite web
2027:20056876
1896:Archived
1877:Archived
1809:cite web
1725:cite web
1635:Archived
1585:enacted.
1463:See also
1450:≥131,574
1445:≥315,973
1092:Florence
1017:Somerset
915:8551.56
912:1420.07
902:2409.98
863:2537.41
850:1857.56
824:2576.46
811:3036.31
785:1971.06
759:1230.91
746:3725.30
733:1224.32
707:6045.80
681:3248.72
655:1412.37
629:3695.26
603:2589.32
570:5688.73
557:5842.56
544:1291.11
531:3224.18
518:3536.95
505:7251.20
492:6700.53
479:1205.66
364:Illinois
267:Delaware
54:Kentucky
21:Kentucky
2735:Wyoming
2710:Vermont
2615:Montana
2555:Indiana
2535:Georgia
2530:Florida
2500:Arizona
2490:Alabama
2007:Bibcode
1999:Science
1474:Fly ash
1378:Bedford
1324:Paducah
941:429.60
928:804.64
899:593.36
889:554.10
876:818.96
860:391.28
837:334.29
821:558.17
808:259.17
798:347.00
772:336.14
743:329.90
720:353.25
704:917.66
694:184.03
678:459.68
668:296.58
642:464.74
626:208.47
616:590.82
600:302.69
584:County
567:317.11
554:332.21
541:266.72
528:749.83
502:781.80
466:353.29
447:County
380:Alabama
368:Indiana
323:wrote.
100:Jenkins
32:History
2670:Oregon
2625:Nevada
2565:Kansas
2540:Hawaii
2495:Alaska
2483:States
2387:May 5,
2033:
2025:
1435:14,224
1355:1,346
1328:1,750
1275:2,558
1248:1,717
1150:2,000
1146:Warsaw
925:91.40
886:10.02
873:15.22
847:55.77
834:55.34
782:26.81
769:35.95
756:75.51
730:97.56
717:11.31
691:10.42
652:61.87
639:18.61
613:19.93
515:19.73
489:76.12
476:62.33
182:, and
148:Toyota
42:Kenvir
2700:Texas
2580:Maine
2545:Idaho
2278:(PDF)
2271:(PDF)
2031:S2CID
1916:(PDF)
1794:(PDF)
1787:(PDF)
1455:≥2494
1427:TOTAL
961:Name
938:7.16
795:8.49
665:9.87
463:30.2
394:Both
2772:Guam
2705:Utah
2660:Ohio
2560:Iowa
2410:help
2389:2011
2299:link
2055:link
2023:PMID
1950:2009
1924:2007
1815:link
1731:link
1630:url=
1431:N/A
1409:440
1382:514
1225:405
1199:365
1177:528
1123:445
1096:669
1069:739
1045:195
1021:341
994:521
398:and
366:and
261:and
233:, SO
90:and
25:coal
17:Coal
2015:doi
2003:327
1302:96
378:to
68:in
2804::
2401::
2399:}}
2395:{{
2295:}}
2291:{{
2246:.
2216:.
2191:.
2167:.
2151:^
2141:.
2121:^
2100:,
2083:.
2063:^
2051:}}
2047:{{
2029:.
2021:.
2013:.
2001:.
1997:.
1983:^
1967:.
1811:}}
1807:{{
1775:^
1727:}}
1723:{{
1670:^
1623:^
1613:.
1591:.
1578:.
1532:.
1217:)
414:,
410:,
296:.
178:,
2467:e
2460:t
2453:v
2412:)
2408:(
2391:.
2370:.
2349:.
2327:.
2301:)
2287:.
2256:.
2231:.
2202:.
2177:.
2145:.
2085:1
2057:)
2043:.
2017::
2009::
1977:.
1952:.
1926:.
1863:.
1842:.
1817:)
1803:.
1769:.
1733:)
1719:.
1694:.
1664:.
1617:.
1595:.
1582:.
1563:.
1538:.
1517:.
235:2
231:2
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