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partly digested food from a specialised multi-chambered stomach back to the mouth to be chewed for a second time as part of their ordinary digestive process) and have split true cloven hooves (a hoof being hard or rubbery sole and a hard wall formed by a thick nail) are allowed
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claw. The space between the two claws is called the interdigital cleft; the area of skin is called the interdigital skin. The hard outer covering of the hoof is called the hoof wall or horn. It is a hard surface, similar to the human
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from the list of kosher animals because although the camel does ruminate it does not possess true "hooves" – it walks on soft toes which have little more than a nail merely giving an appearance of a "hoof". Similarly the
182:, the most generalized of the early mammals, has a foot in which the central toe is somewhat larger than the others and could be placed in the division of odd-toed ungulates, Perissidactyla.
257:, although it has cloven true hooves, does not ruminate. Other animals such as dogs and cats exhibit neither characteristic and are thus also forbidden for Jewish consumption.
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or even-toed hooved animals. Before the end of the Eocene period the side toes of some had dwindled and practically disappeared (mainly in the form of a
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Kate
Hepworth, Animal Sciences Student; Michael Neary, Extension Animal Scientist; Simon Kenyon, Extension Veterinarian (October 2004).
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period hooved marsh dwellers carried their body weight mainly on two of the middle toes, which grew to equal size, becoming the
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combined with a hard outer shell and soft and flexible inner pads provides excellent traction in their precarious habitats.
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had already developed feet that suggest odd-toed and even-toed descendants to the modern viewer. Even
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of the pair of supporting toes became fused together, thus producing the appearance of a cloven hoof.
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524:: Zoo Torah in association with Targum/Feldheim, Distributed by Feldheim. pp. 99–125.
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The distinction between cloven and uncloven hooves is highly relevant for dietary laws of
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Jewish Laws and
Customs: Some of the Laws and Usages of the Children of the Ghetto
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The almost finger-like dexterity available to cloven-hooved mammals such as
469:. Original from the University of Michigan: American Book Company. p.
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The 613 Mitzvot: A Contemporary Guide to the
Commandments of Judaism
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Visitors' Guide to the
Geological and Palaeontological Collections
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594:. Original from Harvard University: W.A. Hammond. p.
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438:. Original from the University of Michigan. p. 28.
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Food laws of
Judaism concerning cloven hooves in the
279:. Original from the University of Michigan. p.
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It is speculated by paleontologists that during the
618:. Schreiber Publishing, Incorporated. p. 251.
656:
313:"Hoof Anatomy, Care and Management in Livestock"
241:, not fit for Jewish consumption) and Jews are
158:The mammal with a cloven hoof is an even-toed
346:North American Wildlife (Revised and Updated)
99:The two digits of cloven-hooved animals are
273:American Museum of Natural History (1892).
448:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
296:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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432:British Museum (Natural History) (1906).
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162:of order Artiodactyla as opposed to the
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646:and in Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law (
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103:to the third and fourth fingers of the
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507:Slifkin, Natan (March 1, 2004). "6".
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475:Cloven hoof -wikipedia Artiodactyla.
463:Cleland, Herdman Fitzgerald (1916).
285:Cloven hoof -wikipedia Artiodactyla.
60:split into two toes. Members of the
318:. Purdue University. Archived from
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13:
435:British Museum Guides: Vertebrates
407:. Davidson College. Archived from
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681:
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381:. Idaho Museum of Natural History
588:Glover, Alfred Kingsley (1900).
466:Geology, Physical and Historical
399:Plekon, Hannah J. (April 2007).
349:. Reader's Digest. p. 68.
166:of Perissidactyla, such as the
497:Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 79
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480:
1:
612:Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2005).
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21:Cloven hoof (disambiguation)
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30:Cloven hooves of roe deer (
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370:Streubel, Donald (2000).
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343:Jackson, Brenda (1998).
16:Hoof split into two toes
200:), as set forth in the
405:; General description"
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541:on February 11, 2012
19:For other uses, see
403:Oreamnos americanus
374:Oreamnos americanus
186:Jewish dietary laws
33:Capreolus capreolus
164:odd-toed ungulates
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563:|work=
222:regurgitate
212:chew their
42:cloven hoof
659:Categories
522:Nanuet, NY
418:2007-12-03
385:2007-12-02
329:2007-12-02
261:References
180:Phenacodus
172:rhinoceros
153:metapodium
129:wild sheep
118:fingernail
101:homologous
54:split hoof
46:cleft hoof
565:ignored (
555:cite book
444:cite book
292:cite book
135:Evolution
82:antelopes
62:mammalian
218:ruminate
204:and the
160:ungulate
86:gazelles
545:May 10,
220:, i.e.
197:kashrut
192:Judaism
149:dewclaw
109:lateral
644:Torah
622:
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245:them.
228:kosher
206:Talmud
176:Eocene
141:Eocene
113:medial
92:, and
70:cattle
64:order
539:(PDF)
514:(PDF)
412:(Web)
379:(Web)
323:(PDF)
316:(PDF)
250:camel
238:treif
202:Torah
168:horse
94:sheep
90:goats
56:is a
52:, or
620:ISBN
572:ISBN
567:help
547:2016
526:ISBN
450:link
351:ISBN
298:link
210:both
127:and
105:hand
78:pigs
74:deer
58:hoof
596:157
471:599
255:pig
214:cud
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