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457:. When the roads required by the clearcutting were factored in, the increase in slide activity appeared to be about 5 times greater compared to nearby forested areas. The roads built for clearcutting interrupt normal surface drainage because the roads are not as permeable as the normal ground cover. The roads also change subsurface water movement due to the redistribution of soil and rock. Clearcutting may lead to increased stream flow during storms,
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465:, and negative impacts on scenery, specifically, a growth of contempt by those familiar with the area for the wooded, planet aftermaths, as well as a decrease in property values; diminished recreation, hunting, and fishing opportunities. Clearcutting decreases the occurrence of natural disturbances like forest fires and natural uprooting. Over time, this can deplete the local seed bank.
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rotate over the land and it does return to forest and this would be sustainable. Slash and burn techniques are typically used by civilians in search of land for living and agricultural purposes. The forest is first clear cut, and the remaining material is burned. One of the driving forces behind this
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More recently, forest managers have found that clearcutting oak stands helps regenerate oak forests in areas of poor soil. The tree canopies in oak forests often shade out the ground, making it impossible for newly sprouted oaks to grow. When the mature trees are removed, the saplings stand a chance
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A clearcut is distinguished from selective logging where typically only a few trees per hectare are harvested in proportions dictated by management objectives. Clearcut logging is also distinct from wildland fire use, and from forest thinning. In these latter two it is common practice to leave trees
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No significant changes in water temperature were observed when patch clearcutting was done 100 ft (30 m) away from a river. This suggests that patch clearcutting is a possible solution to concerns about changes in water temperature due to clearcutting. The effects of clearcutting on soil
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Clearcuts are used to help regenerate species that cannot compete in mature forests. A number of them are aspen, jack pine, and, in areas with poor soils, oaks—are important species for both game and nongame wildlife species. Clearcutting can also lead to increased vascular-plant diversity in the
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Clearcutting's main destruction is towards habitats, where it makes the habitats more vulnerable in the future to damage by insects, diseases, acid rain, and wind. Removal of all trees from an area destroys the physical habitats of many species in wildlife. Also, clearcutting can contribute to
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as sediment into the water, creating excess nutrients which exacerbate the changes in the river and create problems miles away, in the sea. Clear cutting on a large scale in a watershed can cause sediment and nutrients that leach into the streams cause the acidity of the stream to increase. The
640:, a form of land management known as Outcome Based Forestry (OBF) allows for a wide range of harvesting as long as the removed trees do not exceed the amount of tree growth. Since implemented, this program has led to large-scale clearcutting and monoculture tree planting, and research by the
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is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Farmers slash and burn large parcels of forest every year to create grazing and croplands, but the forest's nutrient-poor soil often renders the land ill-suited for agriculture, and within a year or two, the farmers move on.
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process is a result of overpopulation and subsequent sprawl. These methods also occur as a result of commercial farming. The lumber is sold for profit, and the land, cleared of all remaining brush and suitable for agricultural development, is sold to farmers.
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Martin, C. W., Pierce, R. S., Likens, G. E., & Bormann, F. H. (1986). Clearcutting affects stream chemistry in the White
Mountains of New Hampshire. Broomall, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment
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The world's rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Between June 2000 and June 2008, more than 150,000 km (58,000 sq mi) of rainforest were cleared in the
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and granting long-term leases to tend and regenerate trees—thus maximizing future harvests—are among the means used to limit the harmful effects of clearcutting. Long-term studies of clearcut forests, such as studies of the
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Confusion between these different uses of the term is common. Furthermore, as indicated above many variations mean technically correct usage may not be descriptive enough to know what is meant on that particular occasion.
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and other hunters. While deer may not be at risk in cities and rural countryside, where they can be seen running through neighbourhoods and feeding on farms, in higher altitude areas they require forest shelter.
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in
British Columbia, Canada, in September 1919. The community was built in a clearcut area adjacent to the Britannia Mines operations; stumps and stray logs are visible throughout the site and community.
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Removing trees surrounding stream banks prevents shading of the water body, which raises the temperature of riverbanks and rivers. Because the trees no longer hold down the soil, riverbanks increasingly
112:. Environmentalists, traditional owners, local residents and others have regularly campaigned against clearcutting, including through the use of blockades and nonviolent direct action.
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that are considered undesirable, such as those that are too diseased, stunted or small to be marketable. Selective logging is usually practiced in areas with access to infrastructure.
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123:. Ultimately, the effects of clearcutting on the land will depend on how well or poorly the forest is managed, and whether it is converted to non-forest land uses after clearcuts.
583:. Clearcutting has also proved to be effective in creating animal habitat and browsing areas, which otherwise would not exist without natural stand-replacing disturbances such as
747:"The Power of Silviculture: Employing Thinning, Partial Cutting Systems and Other Intermediate Treatments to Increase Productivity, Forest Health and Public Support for Forestry"
817:
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100:. Logging companies and forest-worker unions in some countries support the practice for scientific, safety and economic reasons, while detractors consider it a form of
235:. Slash-and-burn entails the removal of all stems in a particular area. This can be a form of deforestation, when the land is converted to other uses. However, some
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119:, the costs of which are intensely debated by economic, environmental and other interests. In addition to the purpose of harvesting wood, clearcutting is used to
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525:. Generally, a harvest area wider than double the height of the adjacent trees will no longer be subject to the moderating influence of the woodland on the
644:'s Sustainability Solutions Initiative has found that 8,000,000 acres (3,200,000 ha) of certified forest land in (primarily northern) Maine is being
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Pykälä, J. (2004). Immediate increase in plant species richness after clear-cutting of boreal herb-rich forests. Applied vegetation science, 7(1), 29-34.
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Swanson, F.J.; Dyrness, C.T. (1975). "Impact of clear-cutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western
Cascade Range, Oregon".
382:. Clear-cutting in forests removes the trees which would otherwise have been transpiring large volumes of water and also physically damages the grasses,
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Clearcutting is the most common and economically profitable method of logging. However, it also may create detrimental side effects, such as the loss of
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Forest Policy
Research page: California citizens to stop Sierra Pacifics plan to clearcut one million acres of Sierra forest, accessed 14 December 2009
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Covington, W. W. (1981). Changes in forest floor organic matter and nutrient content following clear cutting in northern hardwoods. Ecology, 41-48.
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climates, clearcutting can have an effect on the depth of snow, which is usually greater in a clearcut area than in the forest, due to a lack of
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Ottosson Löfvenius, M.; Kluge, M.; Lundmark, T.. (2003). "Snow and Soil Frost Depth in Two Types of
Shelterwood and a Clear cut Area".
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Brown, G. W., & Krygier, J. T. (1970). Effects of clear-cutting on stream temperature. Water resources research, 6(4), 1133–1139.
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from the soil. The maximum nutrient loss occurs around year two and returns to pre-clearcutting levels by year four after the cut.
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through clearcutting has received considerable media attention in recent years, the other large forests of the world, such as the
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529:. The width of the harvest area can thus determine which species will come to dominate. Those with high tolerance to extremes in
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of tropical and subtropicals forests for agricultural purposes. This is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical forests where
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138:, also known as boreal forests, are also under threat of rapid development. In Russia, North America and Scandinavia, creating
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Based on the published workbook: "Introduction to
Silvicultural Systems, second edition (July 1999)." Forest Practices Branch.
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area. This is most pronounced after a couple years of clearcutting and in herb-rich forests where scarification took place.
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1435:"Establishment, growth and survival of natural regeneration after clearcutting and drainage on forested wetlands."
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incorporating the clearcutting method to remove (clear) the mature community over a considerable area at one time
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population is at further risk after clearcutting. The deer are a food source for wolves and cougars, as well as
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nutrient content of the soil was found to return to five percent of pre-clearcutting levels after 64 years.
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reduces the local capacity to retain water, which can exacerbate flooding and lead to increased leaching of
252:, in which only commercially valuable trees are harvested, leaving all others. This practice can reduce the
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in
Malaysia, are also important in providing insights into the conservation of forest resources worldwide.
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Clearcutting can be practiced to encourage the growth and proliferation of tree species that require high
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192:– removal of the majority of standing stems, leaving a few reserved for other purposes (for example as
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Clearcutting can have negative impacts, both for humans and local flora and fauna. A study from the
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problems for ecosystems that depend on forests, like the streams and rivers that run through them.
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1993:
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504:. Huge areas of forest have already been lost. For example, only eight to fourteen percent of the
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and to promote select species that require an abundance of sunlight or grow in large, even-age
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Congressional
Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Clearcutting, accessed 14 December 2009
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1354:"Responses of Wildlife to Clearcutting and Associated Treatments in the Eastern United States"
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Responses of
Wildlife to Clearcutting and Associated Treatments in the Eastern United States.
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found that in certain zones, areas that were clear cut had nearly three times the amount of
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322:– clean felling by complete exploitation and removal of all the trees in one operation ...
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1411:"Outcome Based Forestry: Forest Policy and Management: Division of Forestry: Maine ACF"
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Dr. J. Bowyer; K. Fernholz; A. Lindburg; Dr. J. Howe; Dr. S. Bratkovich (2009-05-28).
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Forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down
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and increased erosion and pollution in the watershed. These practices have sparked
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Many variations of clearcutting exist; the most common professional practices are:
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practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with
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836:"Environmental Blockading in Australia and Around the World – Timeline 1974–1997"
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in South
America now remains. While deforestation rates have slowed since 2004,
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719:"Budget for a €2,500/ha reforestation cost after clearfelling mature forest"
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Forest Encyclopedia Network Advantages and disadvantages of clearcutting
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viability of the forest over time, resulting in poorer or less vigorous
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concerns regarding the health and well-being of foresters and locals.
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Environmental groups criticize clear-cutting as destructive to water,
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After a century of clearcutting, this forest, near the source of the
932:"Clear cut forests in Malaysia offer lessons for logging worldwide."
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172:– removal of all the stems in a limited, predetermined area (patch).
162:– removal of every stem (whether commercially viable or not), so no
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1129:"The Social Acceptability of Clearcutting in the Pacific Northwest"
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Roy, Vincent; Ruelb, Jean-Claude and Plamondon, André P. (1999).
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West Virginia University Extension Service. Accessed 2011-12-12.
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1379:"Ancient Forest Alliance - Old Growth Forests British Columbia"
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Ancient Forest News - Clearcutting threatens black-tailed deer
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1992).
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Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms.
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1109:. Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development
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999:, Ch 13 p. 277, 2nd ed. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.
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p. 6. Document no. EPA-175-B-92-001. Accessed 2011-10-12.
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occurring earlier in the spring and earlier peak runoff.
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10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<393:IOCARC>2.0.CO;2
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an even-aged community by removing all the mature trees
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Clearcutting contrasts with selective cutting, such as
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Rodney J. Keenan, & J.P. (Hamish) Kimmins (1993).
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British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
488:, which in combination with higher levels of direct
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863:"Global Environmental Governance Project: Forests"
603:nutrient content were not examined in this study.
1313:"The Clearcutting Controversy - Myths and Facts."
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1467:Nova Scotia Public Lands Coalition: Clearcutting
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1005:
260:in the stand. Clearcutting also differs from a
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937:, University of Toronto. Retrieved: 2013-08-06.
280:Clearcutting regeneration, harvesting or system
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893:, 1(2), 121–144. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
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1173:Foothill Conservancy, Pine Grove, CA (2001).
1078:(7). Geological Society of America: 393–396.
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813:Center for Biological Diversity, Tucson, AZ.
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239:forest peoples, for example the 19th century
648:, leading to reduced long-term stability of
276:are commonly referred to as 'clearcutting'.
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1499:
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1311:Belt, Kevin and Campbell, Robert (1999).
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888:"The ecological effects of clear-cutting"
461:and species diversity, opportunities for
1301:National Geographic:rain forest threats
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374:alternatives. Clear-cutting impacts the
315:Clearcutting can be differentiated into
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295:
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182:in order to minimize the possibility of
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36:
1283:Future threats to the Amazon rainforest
1204:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
1013:"Clear-cutting land Greeniacs Articles"
997:Silviculture: concepts and applications
752:. Dovetail Partners Inc. Archived from
735:
692:List of tree species by shade tolerance
14:
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1473:"Free Grassy » The Boreal Forest"
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984:Introduction to Silvicultural Systems.
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57:A forest before and after clearcutting
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272:. Additionally, destructive forms of
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1145:10.17730/humo.54.1.yj5338v42768002r
930:Khan, Madeline (February 9, 2004).
904:"State of the World's Forests 2016"
555:as a method of mimicking a natural
440:
24:
1400:
1263:"Brazil & the Atlantic Forest"
1105:Bozic, Toso (September 14, 2009).
815:"Clearcutting and Climate Change."
698:Seed production and gene diversity
541:may be established, in particular
92:to create certain types of forest
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1787:Global Forest Information Service
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1180:Spring 2001. Accessed 2011-10-12.
840:The Commons Social Change Library
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1175:"Clearcutting in local forests."
717:Merivale, William (2013-08-14).
677:Clearcutting in British Columbia
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300:Clearcutting in Southern Finland
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1210:. Taylor & Francis: 54–63.
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916:"Taiga! taiga! burning bright."
607:of recruiting into the forest.
431:Upper town residential area of
914:Kunganavolok (June 25, 1998).
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1438:Forest Ecology and Management
981:"Clearcut System Variations."
957:Society of American Foresters
947:Helms, John A. (1998-09-01).
834:McIntyre, Iain (2020-11-04).
703:
110:contributes to climate change
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551:Clearcutting can be used by
203:), (often confused with the
126:While deforestation of both
7:
2580:Environmental controversies
682:Even-aged timber management
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398:. Removal or damage of the
370:, and recommend the use of
160:Standard (uniform) clearcut
10:
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1898:Growth and yield modelling
1383:www.ancientforestguide.com
951:The Dictionary of Forestry
687:Land clearing in Australia
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463:invasive and weedy species
358:Effects on the environment
190:Clearcutting-with-reserves
26:
2472:Earth sciences portal
2458:Climate change portal
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2039:Great Green Wall (Africa)
1984:
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995:Nyland, Ralph D. (2007).
233:least developed countries
106:destroys natural habitats
29:Clearcut (disambiguation)
2044:Great Green Wall (China)
1617:Close to nature forestry
1265:. The Nature Conservancy
1240:. Arkive. Archived from
1216:10.1080/0891060310002345
1127:Hansis, Richard (1995).
921:. Retrieved: 2013-08-06.
288:Clearcut logging in the
223:creates land needs from
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2078:Million Tree Initiative
484:. This results in less
378:. Trees hold water and
333:method for regenerating
121:create land for farming
2500:Environment portal
1932:Sustainable management
1827:Trillion Tree Campaign
779:Cite journal requires
543:secondary successional
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47:Clatsop County, Oregon
2425:Wood process engineer
2129:Urban forest inequity
891:Environmental Reviews
654:environmental justice
517:Positive perspectives
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43:Lewis and Clark River
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2088:Shifting cultivation
2029:Forest fragmentation
1999:Carbon sequestration
1869:Woodland Carbon Code
1834:Forest certification
1742:Even-aged management
1657:Sustainable forestry
824:Accessed 2011-10-12.
561:primary successional
537:, and resistance to
447:University of Oregon
343:silvicultural system
290:Blue Ridge Mountains
264:system, by allowing
217:permanent conversion
27:For other uses, see
1893:Formally designated
1737:Ecological thinning
1647:Plantation forestry
1555:Research institutes
1084:1975Geo.....3..393S
666:Outline of forestry
642:University of Maine
611:Effects on wildlife
339:Clearcutting system
329:Clearcutting method
324:a harvesting method
292:(Tennessee) in 1936
2486:Ecology portal
2019:Forest degradation
2014:Ecosystem services
1622:Community forestry
1288:2012-11-01 at the
1133:Human Organization
820:2018-06-26 at the
482:evapotranspiration
313:
308:Clearcutting near
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86:seed tree harvests
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2570:Forest management
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2514:Plants portal
2300:green woodworking
1107:"Woodlot Harvest"
966:978-0-939970-73-5
672:Amazon rainforest
621:black-tailed deer
563:species, such as
274:forest management
221:population growth
16:(Redirected from
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180:prevailing winds
145:Pasoh Rainforest
132:tropical forests
88:, it is used by
70:clearcut logging
21:
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2283:spruce-pine-fir
2256:Christmas trees
2138:
2054:Illegal logging
1986:
1980:
1695:Controlled burn
1680:
1671:
1652:Social forestry
1632:Energy forestry
1612:Bamboo forestry
1607:Analog forestry
1581:
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1290:Wayback Machine
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1256:
1247:
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1238:"Reforestation"
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749:
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727:
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715:
711:
706:
668:
662:
650:timber harvests
634:
619:In Canada, the
613:
559:and increasing
546:pioneer species
523:light intensity
519:
506:Atlantic Forest
459:loss of habitat
443:
438:
437:
436:
433:Britannia Beach
430:
425:
394:populating the
360:
282:
153:
140:protected areas
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2593:
2583:
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2415:Timber cruiser
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2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:pulp and paper
2184:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Forest farming
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2105:slash-and-char
2102:
2100:slash-and-burn
2097:
2085:
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2074:
2073:
2063:
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2041:
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2024:Forest dieback
2021:
2016:
2011:
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1996:
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1988:
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1667:Urban forestry
1664:
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1634:
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1447:
1446:External links
1444:
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781:|journal=
734:
723:FarmIreland.ie
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664:Main article:
661:
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587:, large scale
518:
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310:Eugene, Oregon
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212:Slash-and-burn
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176:Strip clearcut
173:
170:Patch clearcut
167:
152:
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33:
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2405:Rubber tapper
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2178:
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2173:
2172:Manufacturing
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2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Deforestation
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:Environmental
1983:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
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1887:
1886:reforestation
1884:
1882:
1881:afforestation
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1690:Arboriculture
1688:
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1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Permaforestry
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
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1573:
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1531:
1530:
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1523:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1479:on 2010-04-05
1478:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1416:
1415:www.maine.gov
1412:
1406:
1404:
1389:on 2014-03-26
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1360:on 2013-01-03
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1244:on 2013-03-02
1243:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
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1205:
1198:
1189:
1187:
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1146:
1142:
1139:(1): 95–101.
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1019:on 2012-10-16
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
998:
992:
985:
982:
976:
968:
962:
958:
953:
952:
943:
936:
933:
927:
920:
919:The Economist
917:
911:
905:
899:
892:
889:
883:
869:on 2012-11-18
868:
864:
858:
856:
841:
837:
830:
823:
819:
816:
810:
803:
800:
794:
786:
773:
759:on 2010-10-29
755:
748:
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724:
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713:
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693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:overharvested
643:
639:
629:
626:
625:First Nations
622:
617:
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:North America
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
544:
540:
536:
535:soil moisture
532:
528:
524:
514:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
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156:
148:
146:
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137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
102:deforestation
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2519:
2505:
2491:
2477:
2463:
2449:
2442:
2420:Tree planter
2400:Resin tapper
2380:Truck driver
2375:River driver
2124:Tree hugging
2109:
2092:
2059:timber mafia
2049:High grading
2034:Ghost forest
2004:Clearcutting
2003:
1927:Silviculture
1903:Horticulture
1747:Fire ecology
1662:Urban forest
1637:Mycoforestry
1597:
1593:Agroforestry
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1541:Forest areas
1539:
1532:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1437:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1382:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1307:
1296:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1257:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1232:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1177:
1169:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1100:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1054:
1045:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:the original
996:
991:
983:
975:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:FAO (2016).
898:
890:
882:
871:. Retrieved
867:the original
843:. Retrieved
839:
829:
809:
801:
799:"Clear cut."
793:
772:cite journal
761:. Retrieved
754:the original
726:. Retrieved
722:
712:
635:
618:
614:
605:
601:
597:
577:black cherry
550:
527:microclimate
520:
498:
478:interception
467:
444:
408:
361:
352:
348:
342:
338:
332:
328:
323:
320:Clearcutting
319:
314:
266:revegetation
250:high grading
247:
241:Forest Finns
225:smallholders
210:
189:
175:
169:
159:
154:
125:
114:
69:
66:clearfelling
65:
62:Clearcutting
61:
60:
2444:WikiProject
2368:smokejumper
2348:Firefighter
2311:Occupations
2295:Woodworking
1876:Forestation
1807:restoration
1762:informatics
1627:Ecoforestry
1335:"DNR - DNR"
935:The Varsity
557:disturbance
531:temperature
510:forest loss
492:results in
376:water cycle
372:sustainable
82:shelterwood
2564:Categories
2390:Lumberjack
2385:Log scaler
2268:engineered
2219:non-timber
2192:sawmilling
2144:Industries
2111:svedjebruk
1822:transition
1802:protection
1792:old-growth
1777:governance
1732:Dendrology
1682:management
1548:Ministries
1483:2014-06-29
1420:2020-03-26
1393:2012-11-08
1364:2012-11-08
1269:2016-01-11
1248:2013-01-10
1113:2011-03-07
1023:2012-11-08
873:2012-11-08
845:2023-07-07
763:2009-06-06
728:2018-05-12
704:References
593:avalanches
486:soil frost
396:understory
368:atmosphere
237:indigenous
229:developing
94:ecosystems
2338:Ecologist
2251:Tree farm
2152:Coppicing
2094:chitemene
1994:Acid rain
1942:allometry
1864:SmartWood
1812:secondary
1797:pathology
1772:inventory
1710:driftwood
1576:Arbor Day
1224:0282-7581
1153:0018-7259
589:windthrow
585:wildfires
553:foresters
470:temperate
404:nutrients
270:seedlings
262:coppicing
258:offspring
205:seed tree
184:windthrow
128:temperate
90:foresters
18:Clear-cut
2539:Category
2353:handcrew
2323:Arborist
2318:Forester
2278:mahogany
2224:palm oil
2214:charcoal
2199:Products
2134:Wildfire
1947:breeding
1908:GM trees
1757:dynamics
1569:Journals
1562:Colleges
1522:Forestry
1286:Archived
1161:44126577
1040:Station.
818:Archived
660:See also
632:In Maine
539:browsing
494:snowmelt
490:sunlight
207:method).
198:wildlife
166:remains.
74:forestry
2549:Outline
2363:lookout
2358:hotshot
2239:tanbark
2209:biomass
2204:biochar
2182:plywood
2167:Logging
2071:wilding
1720:log jam
1677:Ecology
1080:Bibcode
1072:Geology
453:due to
451:erosion
388:lichens
380:topsoil
254:genetic
201:habitat
117:topsoil
78:logging
2395:Ranger
2343:Feller
2328:Bucker
2234:rubber
2177:lumber
1987:topics
1974:volume
1969:height
1915:i-Tree
1752:Forest
1705:coarse
1700:Debris
1599:dehesa
1222:
1159:
1151:
963:
573:willow
565:poplar
474:boreal
455:slides
390:, and
384:mosses
215:– the
164:canopy
98:stands
2229:rayon
1964:girth
1959:crown
1920:urban
1817:stand
1725:slash
1715:large
1586:Types
1534:Index
1157:JSTOR
757:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
638:Maine
591:, or
569:aspen
412:erode
400:biota
392:ferns
194:snags
151:Types
136:taiga
104:that
72:is a
2288:teak
2273:fuel
2263:Wood
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