2554:
523:
20:
2560:
413:
619:. Furthermore, there is evidence that the Kuiper belt has an 'edge', in that an apparent lack of low-inclination objects beyond 47–49 AU was suspected as early as 1998 and shown with more data in 2001. Consequently, the traditional usage of the terms is based on the orbit's semi-major axis, and includes objects situated between the 2:3 and 1:2 resonances, that is between 39.4 and 47.8 AU (with exclusion of these resonances and the minor ones in-between).
3523:
514:
575:. Binaries are quite common on low-inclination orbits and are typically similar-brightness systems. Binaries are less common on high-inclination orbits and their components typically differ in brightness. This correlation, together with the differences in colour, support further the suggestion that the currently observed classical objects belong to at least two different overlapping populations, with different physical properties and orbital history.
3561:
804:
3585:
3549:
3573:
35:
568:, and more heterogeneous hot population was observed as early as in 2002. Recent studies, based on a larger data set, indicate the cut-off inclination of 12° (instead of 5°) between the cold and hot populations and confirm the distinction between the homogenous red cold population and the bluish hot population.
492:
The vast majority of KBOs (more than two-thirds) have inclinations of less than 5° and eccentricities of less than 0.1 . Their semi-major axes show a preference for the middle of the main belt; arguably, smaller objects close to the limiting resonances have been either captured into resonance or
504:
When the orbital eccentricities of cubewanos and plutinos are compared, it can be seen that the cubewanos form a clear 'belt' outside
Neptune's orbit, whereas the plutinos approach, or even cross Neptune's orbit. When orbital inclinations are compared, 'hot' cubewanos can be easily distinguished by
496:
The 'hot' and 'cold' populations are strikingly different: more than 30% of all cubewanos are in low inclination, near-circular orbits. The parameters of the plutinos’ orbits are more evenly distributed, with a local maximum in moderate eccentricities in 0.15–0.2 range, and low inclinations 5–10°.
469:) is characterised by highly inclined, more eccentric orbits. The terms 'hot' and 'cold' has nothing to do with surface or internal temperatures, but rather refer to the orbits of the objects, by analogy to molecules in a gas, which increase their relative velocity as they heat up.
638:
by J. L. Elliott et al. in 2005 uses formal criteria based on the mean orbital parameters. Put informally, the definition includes the objects that have never crossed the orbit of
Neptune. According to this definition, an object qualifies as a classical KBO if:
284:, which until January 2018 had only the provisional designation (15760) 1992 QB1. Similar objects found later were often called "QB1-o's", or "cubewanos", after this object, though the term "classical" is much more frequently used in the scientific literature.
583:
There is no official definition of 'cubewano' or 'classical KBO'. However, the terms are normally used to refer to objects free from significant perturbation from
Neptune, thereby excluding KBOs in orbital resonance with Neptune
673:
and C. van
Laerhoven in 2007, uses a 10-million-year orbit integration instead of the Tisserand's parameter. Classical objects are defined as not resonant and not being currently scattered by Neptune.
1714:
K. Noll; W. Grundy; D. Stephens; H. Levison; S. Kern (April 2008). "Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects: The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries".
776:
and seven smaller bodies. The objects not only follow similar orbits but also share similar physical characteristics. Unlike many other KBO their surface contains large amounts of water ice (H
431:
There are two basic dynamical classes of classical Kuiper-belt bodies: those with relatively unperturbed ('cold') orbits, and those with markedly perturbed ('hot') orbits.
2761:
1604:
A. Doressoundiram; N. Peixinho; C. de Bergh; S. Fornasier; P. Thebault; M. A. Barucci; C. Veillet (October 2002). "The Color
Distribution in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt".
725:
100:
171:
505:
their higher inclinations, as the plutinos typically keep orbits below 20°. (No clear explanation currently exists for the inclinations of 'hot' cubewanos.)
1425:
1523:"The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search for Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs. II. Dynamical Classification, the Kuiper Belt Plane, and the Core Population"
2146:
1465:
Levison, Harold F.; Morbidelli, Alessandro (2003). "The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during
Neptune's migration".
1827:
1768:
695:
have a semi-major axis greater than that of
Neptune (30.1 AU; i.e. excluding centaurs) but less than 2000 AU (to exclude inner-Oort-cloud objects)
1951:
596:(DES) do not list cubewanos (classical objects) using the same criteria. Many TNOs classified as cubewanos by the MPC, such as dwarf planet
1405:
164:
27:
689:
1968:
Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Brunetto, R.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Roush, T. L.; Strazzulla, G. (2009). "The surface of (136108) Haumea (
2224:
2269:
2333:
3112:
3605:
1586:
827:
spacecraft has visited the small KBO 486958 Arrokoth at a distance of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi) on 1 January 2019.
157:
1886:
1880:
1557:
1433:
1350:
571:
Another difference between the low-inclination (cold) and high-inclination (hot) classical objects is the observed number of
842:
Here is a very generic list of classical Kuiper belt objects. As of July 2023, there are about 870 objects with
498:
731:
Unlike other schemes, this definition includes the objects with major semi-axis less than 39.4 AU (2:3 resonance)—termed
2202:
1270:
Somewhat old-fashioned, but "cubewano" is still used by the Minor Planet Center for their list of
Distant Minor Planets.
2028:
Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Brunetto, R. (2007). "The water ice rich surface of (145453) 2005 RR
836:
784:. The surface composition is inferred from their neutral (as opposed to red) colour and deep absorption at 1.5 and 2.
2598:
561:
In addition to the distinct orbital characteristics, the two populations display different physical characteristics.
644:
585:
535:
424:
396:
246:
116:
89:
761:
in the classical Kuiper belt—a group of objects thought to be remnants from the breakup of a single body—is the
2353:
626:
remains blurred. As of 2023, there are 870 objects with perihelion (q) > 40 AU and aphelion (Q) < 48 AU.
123:
1252:
2326:
811:
As of
January 2019, only one classical Kuiper belt object has been observed up close by spacecraft. Both
1807:
550:
Comparison of the aligned orbits (polar and ecliptic view) of cubewanos, plutinos, and
Neptune (yellow).
3539:
2553:
450:. Plutinos, on the other hand, have more eccentric orbits bringing some of them closer to the Sun than
2416:
2087:
522:
792:
650:
622:
These definitions lack precision: in particular the boundary between the classical objects and the
601:
476:
reports the distributions of the two populations; one with the inclination centered at 4.6° (named
2528:
1904:
1412:
704:
3526:
2319:
273:
71:
61:
539:
2297:
2055:
1998:
2542:
2424:
2405:
2165:
2106:
2051:
1994:
1919:
1783:
1733:
1680:
1623:
1536:
1527:
1476:
1421:
1227:
1174:
635:
593:
473:
332:
262:
52:
8:
3589:
3475:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3318:
3173:
3163:
3090:
3080:
3028:
3018:
2978:
2945:
2915:
2905:
2715:
2675:
2632:
2514:
2449:
1320:
1030:
589:
420:
392:
266:
2169:
2110:
1923:
1787:
1737:
1684:
1627:
1540:
1480:
1439:
1354:
1302:
819:
was the first mission to visit a classical KBO. After its successful exploration of the
3577:
3565:
3465:
3296:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3237:
3227:
3205:
3183:
3153:
3143:
3070:
3060:
3050:
2998:
2935:
2925:
2895:
2875:
2845:
2823:
2813:
2770:
2735:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2642:
2277:
2183:
2155:
2122:
2096:
2067:
2041:
2010:
1984:
1943:
1799:
1749:
1723:
1696:
1692:
1670:
1639:
1613:
1500:
1192:
1129:
1117:
1100:
1066:
1054:
967:
955:
943:
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
758:
606:
465:) and near-circular orbits, lying between 42 and 47 AU. A smaller population (the
360:
349:
1903:
Brown, Michael E.; Barkume, Kristina M.; Ragozzine, Darin; Schaller, Emily L. (2007).
1376:
1353:. IAU Minor Planet Center. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from
3133:
3123:
3008:
2865:
2855:
2487:
1935:
1876:
1492:
1429:
1204:
1163:
1141:
1078:
1042:
866:
435:
371:
338:
254:
2187:
2126:
2071:
2014:
1700:
1643:
1590:
1379:. IAU Minor Planet Center & Tamkin Foundation Computer Network. 12 December 2006
3553:
3117:
2988:
2885:
2725:
2622:
2444:
2411:
2173:
2114:
2059:
2002:
1947:
1927:
1803:
1791:
1741:
1688:
1631:
1603:
1544:
1504:
1484:
1467:
1233:
1216:
1180:
1013:
996:
984:
670:
666:
195:
2285:
2006:
1865:
1753:
1661:(August 2008). "Color-inclination relation of the classical Kuiper belt objects".
1564:
19:
3416:
2559:
2534:
2520:
2468:
2063:
1745:
1111:
1089:
812:
572:
565:
382:
324:
250:
128:
23:
2085:
Chiang, E.-I. (July 2002). "A Collisional Family in the Classical Kuiper Belt".
1279:
As of 2008. The four brightest objects of the family are situated on the graphs
795:. Several other collisional families might reside in the classical Kuiper belt.
3104:
2797:
2606:
2588:
2454:
1157:
978:
937:
623:
462:
416:
412:
328:
110:
66:
1414:
Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences
3599:
2575:
2366:
2361:
762:
277:
2178:
2141:
2807:
2802:
2430:
2342:
2253:
2249:
2140:
de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (11 February 2018).
1939:
1658:
1582:
1496:
1401:
1316:
1094:
1007:
860:
855:
816:
443:
310:
306:
301:
291:
281:
2792:
2669:
2616:
2611:
2101:
2046:
1618:
1152:
1024:
320:
316:
234:
77:
2027:
1967:
1931:
1488:
815:
have passed through the region before the discovery of the Kuiper belt.
3498:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3306:
3247:
3193:
2833:
2664:
2383:
2261:
785:
767:
142:
16:
Kuiper belt object, not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune
2139:
513:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3215:
3038:
2955:
2745:
2583:
2506:
1713:
556:
2473:
1975:), the largest carbon-depleted object in the trans-Neptunian belt".
2481:
2376:
2298:"Plot of the current positions of bodies in the Outer Solar System"
2203:"The PI's Perspective: Why Didn't Voyager Explore the Kuiper Belt?"
2160:
2118:
1795:
1635:
1549:
1522:
807:
New Horizons trajectory and the orbits of Pluto and 486958 Arrokoth
789:
597:
447:
297:
1989:
1728:
1675:
803:
564:
The difference in colour between the red cold population, such as
3489:
3259:
2656:
2388:
2371:
616:
543:
451:
439:
242:
133:
94:
39:
2311:
2501:
2495:
2462:
2142:"Dynamically correlated minor bodies in the outer Solar system"
781:
388:
210:
2438:
2276:, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, archived from
1902:
820:
258:
238:
43:
204:
34:
1863:
824:
225:
1859:
1857:
1351:"MPEC 2010-B62: Distant Minor Planets (2010 FEB. 13.0 TT)"
313:, each considered the largest TNO at the time of discovery
2225:"New Horizons prepares for encounter with 2014 MU69"
219:
38:
The orbits of various cubewanos compared to the orbit of
1905:"A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt"
1864:
Gladman, B. J.; Marsden, B.; van Laerhoven, C. (2008).
1854:
1707:
402:
261:, do not cross Neptune's orbit. That is, they have low-
480:) and another with inclinations extending beyond 30° (
446:, for example, has a near-circular orbit close to the
3537:
2032:: a case for a carbon-depleted population of TNOs?".
1656:
707:
222:
216:
201:
198:
1396:
1394:
207:
213:
2021:
1961:
1597:
719:
557:Cold and hot populations: physical characteristics
2147:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1767:Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Brown, Michael E. (2001).
1650:
1464:
1391:
457:The majority of classical objects, the so-called
3597:
1896:
1516:
1514:
1348:
294:(aka 1992 QB1 and gave rise to term 'Cubewano')
2304:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
1400:
391:was provisionally listed as a cubewano by the
2327:
1842:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
1766:
1760:
1511:
749:for the orbits between these two resonances.
737:, or more than 48.7 (1:2 resonance) – termed
665:An alternative classification, introduced by
578:
165:
1769:"The Radial Distribution of the Kuiper Belt"
1520:
1822:
1820:
837:List of trans-Neptunian objects § List
272:The name "cubewano" derives from the first
2558:
2552:
2334:
2320:
2222:
1458:
656:its average eccentricity is less than 0.2.
172:
158:
2177:
2159:
2100:
2045:
1988:
1871:. In Barucci, M. A.; et al. (eds.).
1727:
1674:
1617:
1548:
434:Most cubewanos are found between the 2:3
287:Objects identified as cubewanos include:
26:, the first classical Kuiper belt object
1866:"Nomenclature in the Outer Solar System"
1817:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
802:
660:
411:
395:in 2006, but was later found to be in a
33:
18:
2262:"The Kuiper Belt Electronic Newsletter"
1875:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
600:, are classified as ScatNear (possibly
493:have their orbits modified by Neptune.
3598:
2084:
2078:
1581:
1377:"MPEC 2006-X45: Distant Minor Planets"
676:Formally, this definition includes as
534:TNO distribution of cubewanos (blue),
2315:
2223:Lakdawalla, Emily (24 January 2018).
2200:
2133:
1406:"The Solar System Beyond The Planets"
1369:
1335:
629:
461:, have low inclinations (< 5
1349:Brian G. Marsden (30 January 2010).
835:For a more comprehensive list, see
300:, the largest known cubewano and a
269:orbits like the classical planets.
13:
2248:
1521:J. L. Elliot; et al. (2006).
1315:
698:are not being scattered by Neptune
634:Introduced by the report from the
615:may be an inner cubewano near the
14:
3617:
2341:
2270:"List of Trans-Neptunian objects"
2242:
765:. It includes Haumea, its moons,
653:with respect to Neptune exceeds 3
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3522:
3521:
2201:Stern, Alan (28 February 2018).
1957:from the original on 2018-07-23.
1892:from the original on 2012-11-02.
1657:Peixinho, Nuno; Lacerda, Pedro;
586:resonant trans-Neptunian objects
521:
512:
423:of cubewanos (blue) compared to
233:"QB1-o"), is a low-eccentricity
194:
2216:
2194:
1873:The Solar System Beyond Neptune
1321:"Classical Kuiper Belt Objects"
1283:the circle representing Haumea.
1273:
487:
2354:List of possible dwarf planets
1575:
1309:
1295:
1264:
798:
408:: 'hot' and 'cold' populations
247:orbital resonance with Neptune
124:Extreme trans-Neptunian object
1:
3606:Classical Kuiper belt objects
1289:
1253:Lists of astronomical objects
727:(to exclude detached objects)
497:See also the comparison with
249:. Cubewanos have orbits with
1746:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.022
1693:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1837
1258:
276:(TNO) found after Pluto and
245:and is not controlled by an
186:classical Kuiper belt object
7:
2300:. IAU Minor Planet Center.
2272:, IAU Minor Planet Center,
2007:10.1051/0004-6361/200809733
1838:. IAU Minor Planet Center.
1246:
752:
438:with Neptune (populated by
10:
3622:
2064:10.1051/0004-6361:20077294
2034:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1977:Astronomy and Astrophysics
834:
720:{\displaystyle e<0.240}
688:are non-resonant (see the
579:Toward a formal definition
3517:
3488:
3415:
3103:
2970:
2783:
2760:
2655:
2597:
2574:
2567:
2550:
2397:
2349:
2088:The Astrophysical Journal
1776:The Astrophysical Journal
780:O) and no or very little
442:) and the 1:2 resonance.
1663:The Astronomical Journal
1606:The Astronomical Journal
743:, and reserves the term
701:have their eccentricity
690:definition of the method
604:by Neptune) by the DES.
2056:2007A&A...468L..25P
1999:2009A&A...496..547P
1404:; Delsanti, A. (2006).
1303:"Distant Minor Planets"
830:
680:all objects with their
72:Trans-Neptunian objects
28:visited by a spacecraft
808:
721:
499:scattered disk objects
428:
274:trans-Neptunian object
111:Scattered disc objects
47:
31:
2358:Former dwarf planets
2302:minorplanetcenter.org
2274:minorplanetcenter.org
2179:10.1093/mnras/stx2765
1840:minorplanetcenter.net
1813:on 19 September 2006.
806:
722:
661:SSBN07 classification
651:Tisserand's parameter
415:
53:distant minor planets
37:
22:
1528:Astronomical Journal
1228:88611 Teharonhiawako
823:system in 2015, the
740:outer classical belt
734:inner classical belt
705:
636:Deep Ecliptic Survey
594:Deep Ecliptic Survey
474:Deep Ecliptic Survey
333:88611 Teharonhiawako
2290:johnstonarchive.net
2227:. Planetary Society
2170:2018MNRAS.474..838D
2111:2002ApJ...573L..65C
1932:10.1038/nature05619
1924:2007Natur.446..294B
1788:2001ApJ...554L..95T
1738:2008Icar..194..758N
1685:2008AJ....136.1837P
1628:2002AJ....124.2279D
1541:2005AJ....129.1117E
1489:10.1038/nature02120
1481:2003Natur.426..419L
1357:on 4 September 2012
746:main classical belt
590:Minor Planet Center
393:Minor Planet Center
78:Kuiper belt objects
55:
2254:"Kuiper belt site"
1570:on 23 August 2006.
1445:on 29 January 2007
813:Voyager spacecraft
809:
759:collisional family
717:
630:DES classification
429:
265:and sometimes low-
257:range and, unlike
253:in the 40–50
237:object (KBO) that
143:Oort cloud objects
50:
48:
32:
3535:
3534:
3513:
3512:
2280:on 27 August 2010
1882:978-0-8165-2755-7
1593:on 19 April 2007.
1475:(6965): 419–421.
1435:978-3-540-26056-1
436:orbital resonance
182:
181:
3613:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3525:
3524:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3481:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3417:Detached objects
3408:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3096:
3086:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2819:
2776:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2265:
2257:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2163:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2104:
2102:astro-ph/0205275
2082:
2076:
2075:
2049:
2047:astro-ph/0703098
2025:
2019:
2018:
1992:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1806:. Archived from
1773:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1621:
1619:astro-ph/0206468
1601:
1595:
1594:
1589:. Archived from
1579:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1563:. Archived from
1562:
1554:
1552:
1535:(2): 1117–1162.
1518:
1509:
1508:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1438:. Archived from
1419:
1410:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1175:79360 Sila–Nunam
1171:
1169:
1168:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1067:(278361) 2007 JJ
1062:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:(202421) 2005 UQ
1021:
1019:
1018:
1004:
1002:
1001:
992:
990:
989:
975:
973:
972:
968:(145453) 2005 RR
963:
961:
960:
956:(145452) 2005 RN
951:
949:
948:
944:(144897) 2004 UX
934:
932:
931:
927:(120178) 2003 OP
922:
920:
919:
915:(119951) 2002 KX
910:
908:
907:
903:(308193) 2005 CB
898:
896:
895:
891:(444030) 2004 NT
886:
884:
883:
879:(307616) 2003 QW
874:
872:
871:
867:(307261) 2002 MS
849:
845:
775:
773:
772:
757:The first known
726:
724:
723:
718:
614:
612:
611:
607:(119951) 2002 KX
525:
516:
407:
406:
379:
377:
376:
368:
366:
365:
357:
355:
354:
346:
344:
343:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
188:, also called a
174:
167:
160:
129:Detached objects
56:
49:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2593:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2393:
2345:
2340:
2309:
2296:
2284:
2268:
2260:
2245:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2138:
2134:
2083:
2079:
2031:
2026:
2022:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1918:(7133): 294–6.
1907:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1712:
1708:
1655:
1651:
1602:
1598:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1519:
1512:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1234:(90568) 2004 GV
1232:
1219:
1218:
1217:(86047) 1999 OY
1215:
1207:
1206:
1205:(85633) 1998 KR
1203:
1195:
1194:
1193:(85627) 1998 HP
1191:
1183:
1182:
1181:(79983) 1999 DF
1179:
1166:
1165:
1164:(69987) 1998 WA
1162:
1144:
1143:
1142:(55637) 2002 UX
1140:
1132:
1131:
1130:(55636) 2002 TX
1128:
1120:
1119:
1118:(55565) 2002 AW
1116:
1112:53311 Deucalion
1103:
1102:
1101:(52747) 1998 HM
1099:
1090:486958 Arrokoth
1081:
1080:
1079:(33001) 1997 CU
1077:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1055:(24978) 1998 HJ
1053:
1045:
1044:
1043:(24835) 1995 SM
1041:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1016:
1015:
1014:(19255) 1994 VK
1012:
999:
998:
997:(16684) 1994 JQ
995:
987:
986:
985:(15807) 1994 GV
983:
970:
969:
966:
958:
957:
954:
946:
945:
942:
929:
928:
925:
917:
916:
913:
905:
904:
901:
893:
892:
889:
881:
880:
877:
869:
868:
865:
847:
843:
840:
833:
801:
779:
770:
769:
766:
755:
706:
703:
702:
663:
632:
609:
608:
605:
581:
566:486958 Arrokoth
559:
554:
553:
552:
551:
528:
527:
526:
518:
517:
490:
459:cold population
410:
404:
403:
383:486958 Arrokoth
374:
373:
372:(55637) 2002 UX
370:
363:
362:
361:(55565) 2002 AW
359:
352:
351:
350:(55636) 2002 TX
348:
341:
340:
339:(33001) 1997 CU
337:
325:53311 Deucalion
298:136472 Makemake
251:semi-major axes
197:
193:
178:
103:(1:2 resonance)
97:(2:3 resonance)
67:Neptune trojans
24:486958 Arrokoth
17:
12:
11:
5:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3593:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
3109:
3107:
3105:Scattered disc
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2266:
2258:
2244:
2243:External links
2241:
2239:
2238:
2215:
2193:
2154:(1): 838–846.
2132:
2119:10.1086/342089
2095:(1): L65–L68.
2077:
2040:(1): L25–L28.
2029:
2020:
1971:
1960:
1895:
1881:
1853:
1816:
1796:10.1086/320917
1782:(1): L95–L98.
1759:
1706:
1649:
1636:10.1086/342447
1596:
1574:
1550:10.1086/427395
1510:
1457:
1434:
1390:
1368:
1334:
1308:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1172:
1160:
1158:66652 Borasisi
1155:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1109:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1022:
1010:
1005:
993:
981:
979:148780 Altjira
976:
964:
952:
940:
938:120347 Salacia
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
858:
852:
832:
829:
800:
797:
777:
754:
751:
729:
728:
716:
713:
710:
699:
696:
693:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
647:
631:
628:
624:scattered disk
592:(MPC) and the
580:
577:
573:binary objects
558:
555:
530:
529:
520:
519:
511:
510:
509:
508:
507:
489:
486:
467:hot population
417:Semimajor axis
409:
401:
386:
385:
380:
335:
329:66652 Borasisi
314:
304:
295:
180:
179:
177:
176:
169:
162:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
121:
120:
119:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
98:
87:
84:Classical KBOs
69:
64:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3618:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3398:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3374:
3371:
3362:
3359:
3350:
3347:
3338:
3335:
3326:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3304:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3245:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3213:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3191:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3036:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2831:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2576:Asteroid belt
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2343:Dwarf planets
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:Jewitt, David
2247:
2246:
2226:
2219:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1841:
1837:
1823:
1821:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Jewitt, David
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1378:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1322:
1318:
1317:Jewitt, David
1312:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1127:
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763:Haumea family
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541:
537:
536:resonant TNOs
533:
524:
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494:
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425:resonant TNOs
422:
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389:136108 Haumea
384:
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144:
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135:
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127:
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125:
122:
118:
117:Resonant SDOs
115:
114:
112:
109:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:Resonant KBOs
88:
85:
82:
81:
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65:
63:
60:
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58:
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41:
36:
29:
25:
21:
3590:Solar System
2784:
2541:
2527:
2513:
2494:
2480:
2461:
2437:
2423:
2404:
2308:
2301:
2289:
2278:the original
2273:
2229:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2196:
2151:
2145:
2135:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2037:
2033:
2023:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1872:
1844:. Retrieved
1839:
1834:Q < 48 AU
1830:q > 40 AU
1808:the original
1779:
1775:
1762:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1591:the original
1577:
1565:the original
1532:
1526:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1447:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1413:
1381:. Retrieved
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1325:. Retrieved
1311:
1297:
1280:
1275:
1266:
1095:50000 Quaoar
1008:174567 Varda
861:20000 Varuna
856:15760 Albion
848:Q < 48 AU
844:q > 40 AU
841:
817:New Horizons
810:
756:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
732:
730:
684:orbits that
681:
677:
675:
664:
649:its average
633:
621:
582:
570:
563:
560:
547:
531:
503:
495:
491:
488:Distribution
481:
477:
471:
466:
458:
456:
444:50000 Quaoar
433:
430:
387:
311:20000 Varuna
307:50000 Quaoar
302:dwarf planet
292:15760 Albion
286:
282:15760 Albion
271:
263:eccentricity
189:
185:
183:
83:
3578:Outer space
3566:Spaceflight
2286:"TNO pages"
1669:(5): 1837.
1612:(4): 2279.
1153:58534 Logos
1025:19521 Chaos
799:Exploration
542:(grey) and
421:inclination
321:58534 Logos
317:19521 Chaos
267:inclination
235:Kuiper belt
86:(cubewanos)
42:(blue) and
2971:Other KBOs
2589:Interamnia
2450:Atmosphere
2417:Atmosphere
2384:Mesoplanet
2161:1710.07610
1983:(2): 547.
1722:(2): 758.
1583:Jewitt, D.
1558:"Preprint"
1402:Jewitt, D.
1290:References
671:B. Marsden
667:B. Gladman
643:it is not
546:(yellow).
145:(ICO/OCOs)
3554:Astronomy
3118:Dziewanna
2785:Cubewanos
2568:Candidate
2398:Consensus
1990:0803.1080
1729:0711.1545
1676:0808.3025
1587:"Plutino"
1383:3 October
1259:Footnotes
678:classical
602:scattered
51:Types of
3600:Category
3527:Category
3490:Sednoids
2762:Twotinos
2657:Plutinos
2607:Chariklo
2599:Centaurs
2529:Gonggong
2482:Makemake
2231:13 March
2208:13 March
2188:73588205
2127:18671789
2072:18546361
2015:15139257
1952:Archived
1940:17361177
1887:Archived
1701:16473299
1644:30565926
1585:(2004).
1497:14647375
1422:Springer
1247:See also
793:spectrum
790:infrared
753:Families
645:resonant
617:plutinos
598:Makemake
544:sednoids
448:ecliptic
440:plutinos
397:resonant
190:cubewano
134:Sednoids
101:Twotinos
95:Plutinos
62:Centaurs
3540:Portals
3499:2012 VP
3476:2008 ST
3466:2007 JJ
3456:2005 TB
3446:2004 XR
3436:2003 QX
3426:2003 FY
3401:2021 LL
3389:2021 DR
3377:2018 VG
3365:2018 AG
3353:2017 FO
3341:2015 RR
3329:2015 KH
3319:2014 WK
3307:2014 UZ
3297:2014 EZ
3287:2014 AN
3277:2013 FY
3267:2010 VZ
3260:2010 TJ
3248:2010 JO
3238:2010 RF
3228:2010 RE
3216:2010 KZ
3206:2008 OG
3194:2006 QH
3184:2005 RM
3174:2005 QU
3164:2004 XA
3154:2002 TC
3144:2001 UR
3134:1996 TL
3124:1996 GQ
3091:2015 RR
3081:2015 AM
3071:2014 UM
3061:2013 FZ
3051:2011 GM
3039:2011 FW
3029:2010 VK
3019:2010 JO
3009:2002 XW
2999:2000 YW
2989:1999 DE
2979:1999 CD
2956:2010 FX
2946:2005 UQ
2936:2005 RN
2926:2004 UX
2916:2004 TY
2906:2004 PF
2896:2004 NT
2886:2004 GV
2876:2003 QW
2866:2002 UX
2856:2002 MS
2846:2002 KX
2834:2002 CY
2824:2002 AW
2814:1998 SN
2798:Salacia
2771:2002 WC
2746:2017 OF
2736:2007 JH
2726:2003 VS
2716:2003 UZ
2706:2003 AZ
2696:2002 XV
2686:2002 VR
2676:2001 QF
2643:2014 NW
2633:2013 TC
2623:1999 OX
2445:Geology
2412:Geology
2389:Planemo
2256:. UCLA.
2166:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
2052:Bibcode
1995:Bibcode
1970:2003 EL
1948:4430027
1920:Bibcode
1846:31 July
1804:7982844
1784:Bibcode
1734:Bibcode
1681:Bibcode
1624:Bibcode
1537:Bibcode
1505:4395099
1477:Bibcode
1449:2 March
1361:26 July
782:tholins
768:2002 TX
682:current
588:). The
538:(red),
452:Neptune
399:orbit.
243:Neptune
241:beyond
113:(SDOs)
80:(KBOs)
74:(TNOs)
40:Neptune
2808:Varuna
2617:Pholus
2612:Chiron
2584:Hygiea
2496:Quaoar
2463:Haumea
2377:Pallas
2367:Triton
2362:Phoebe
2186:
2125:
2070:
2013:
1946:
1938:
1912:Nature
1879:
1802:
1754:336950
1752:
1716:Icarus
1699:
1642:
1503:
1495:
1468:Nature
1432:
1426:Praxis
1327:1 July
1323:. UCLA
1281:inside
548:Right:
427:(red).
405:Orbits
278:Charon
239:orbits
46:(pink)
2803:Varda
2793:Chaos
2670:Ixion
2543:Sedna
2507:Rings
2469:Moons
2455:Moons
2439:Pluto
2425:Orcus
2406:Ceres
2372:Vesta
2184:S2CID
2156:arXiv
2123:S2CID
2097:arXiv
2068:S2CID
2042:arXiv
2011:S2CID
1985:arXiv
1955:(PDF)
1944:S2CID
1908:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1811:(PDF)
1800:S2CID
1772:(PDF)
1750:S2CID
1724:arXiv
1697:S2CID
1671:arXiv
1640:S2CID
1614:arXiv
1568:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1501:S2CID
1443:(PDF)
1418:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
821:Pluto
715:0.240
532:Left:
259:Pluto
44:Pluto
2665:Huya
2535:Moon
2521:Moon
2515:Eris
2502:Moon
2488:Moon
2474:Ring
2431:Moon
2233:2018
2210:2018
1936:PMID
1877:ISBN
1848:2023
1832:and
1493:PMID
1451:2006
1430:ISBN
1385:2008
1363:2010
1329:2013
846:and
831:List
825:NASA
712:<
540:SDOs
482:Halo
478:Core
472:The
419:and
309:and
3502:113
3478:291
3458:190
3448:190
3438:113
3428:128
3356:161
3344:245
3332:162
3321:509
3310:224
3251:179
3197:181
3176:182
3166:192
3156:302
3146:163
3093:245
3083:281
3031:201
3021:179
3001:134
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2918:364
2908:115
2837:248
2826:197
2816:165
2718:413
2688:128
2678:298
2635:146
2174:doi
2152:474
2115:doi
2093:573
2060:doi
2038:468
2003:doi
1981:496
1928:doi
1916:446
1792:doi
1780:554
1742:doi
1720:194
1689:doi
1667:136
1632:doi
1610:124
1545:doi
1533:129
1485:doi
1473:426
1196:151
1133:300
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