33:
835:
1778:
843:
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Management refused to accept all counsel or advice on how to run the station, despite never turning a profit. Ultimately, AVG was forced into bankruptcy by Urban
National on November 20, 1975, when it defaulted on promissory notes and warrants of around $ 400,000. Avant lost about $ 611,168.67 in the
388:
in 1964. Avant opened a West Coast office in
September 1964 to accommodate the growing motion picture soundtrack assignments offered to his clients. During his years in New York, Avant served as an adviser, board member, and executive of the National Association of Radio Announcers (NARA), later the
1770:
721:, the support group for the South Central Community Child Care Center in 1975, entertainment chairman of the NOW benefit auction and dinner dance, and chairwoman of NOW membership in 1974. She was also on the board of directors of the International Student Center at
1623:
267:", Avant's career was characterized by his advocacy for equitable treatment and compensation for African American artists in the entertainment industry. His efforts were acknowledged with his 2021 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
413:
Venture
Records Inc., a company for which Avant successfully engineered the first joint venture between an African American artist and a major record company, was incorporated in California in 1967. Founded as an outlet for the soul acts of
393:, a two track tape cartridge system developed by Frank Stanton, and first marketed by MGM Records. On September 27, 1966, Avant incorporated Sussex Productions, Inc. in New York, an independent record production firm with artists Four Hi's,
378:. Avant incorporated Avant Garde Enterprises, Inc. on November 7, 1962, in New York, the same month that Smith became a client of Associated Booking, and originally had offices at 850 Seventh Avenue. Schifrin and Smith collaborated to make
322:
from 1935 until his death in 1969, and the original proprietor of Sunset
Gardens on the South Side of Chicago, mentored Avant. Glaser founded Consolidated Booking Corporation and Associated Booking Corporation on November 26, 1943.
1619:
1185:
California
Secretary of State, Corporation Number: C0533792, Corporate Records, Department of Corporations, Status Report/Statement of Information, Status: Forfeited, Jurisdiction: Delaware.
1928:
1347:
936:
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248:. Additionally, he expanded his professional reach into broadcasting by acquiring KTYM-FM, distinguished as the first African-American owned FM radio station in metropolitan
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The remaining furniture, office equipment, and recording masters (bought by CBS Records for $ 50,500) were auctioned in July 1975 at Sussex offices (6255 West Sunset Blvd,
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1408:
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1921:
610:, the production mixed performances of top black entertainers with footage depicting blacks, especially children, in various conditions, including war-ravaged and
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bankruptcy, $ 71,500 from
Interior Music Corporation advances between August 1973 and September 1974, and $ 13,887 from Sussex Records loans. Comedian
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1715:
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288:(Netflix Documentary "The Black Godfather," Director Reginald Hudlin, 2019); he was the oldest of eight children. He attended a one-room school in
2458:
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2167:
1688:
Gindick, Tia (February 18, 1980), "Beverly Hills
Hostess For African Dignitaries: Jackie Avant, Entrepreneur's Wife Is Involved and Active",
1339:
2187:
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1937:
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422:. Negotiated for Stevenson by Los Angeles attorney Abraham Somer, the label had offices at 8350 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills.
1738:
2160:
542:' records to Sussex Records. It is strongly implied in the documentary that Sixto Rodriguez had been cheated out of the royalties.
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enlisted the aid of Avant, whom he had met through the
National Association of Television and Radio Announcers (NATRA), to sell
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1216:
899:
818:
722:
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was an additional investor in Avant Garde
Broadcasting, investing approx. $ 200,000 through his company SAH Enterprises.
241:. In the 1960s, he founded Avant Garde Enterprises, marking a significant step in his contributions to the music sector.
1316:
1538:
774:
233:, a notable music manager of the era, Avant managed a diverse portfolio of artists, ranging from R&B talents like
787:"When you get someone like Quincy Jones calling you the godfather of the industry, that's pretty big," Kellman said.
563:
419:
2438:
1079:
Geracimos, A. (1968, September 29). A Record
Producer Is A Psychoanalyst With Rhythm: A Psychoanalyst With Rhythm.
244:
Avant was instrumental in the formation and oversight of several record labels, including Venture Records Inc. and
554:
station in metropolitan Los Angeles on March 3, 1973, from Trans America Broadcasting Corp, buying the license of
576:
Del Shields from the National Association of Radio and Television Announcers served as Executive Vice-president.
264:
2064:
1369:
550:
Under Avant Garde Broadcasting, Inc., founded on August 6, 1971, Avant bought the first African-American owned
1886:
714:
about her father's music industry career and his influential role advocating for Black artists and athletes.
1739:"Suspect Charged with Murder in Death of Philanthropist Jacqueline Avant, Wife of Music Exec Clarence Avant"
418:, Venture Records Inc. was run by former Motown songwriter, record producer, and A&R department head
304:
and for a law directory. He began in the music business in the 1950s as a manager of Teddy P's Lounge in
293:
257:
1705:
1452:"Bankruptcy Sale: Avant Garde Broadcasting, Inc. dba KAGB-FM, Bankrupt, Bankruptcy No. BK75-20840-BR.,"
678:
award and will be inducted to the 2021 class. Previous inductee Bill Withers, as well as Vice President
2183:
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987:
671:
289:
959:
1442:. Domestic Profit Corporation. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Corporations Division.
730:
657:
569:
Using a $ 199,900 promissory note and stock purchase warrants from the Urban National Corporation of
445:. The deal was finalized on May 29, 1968, for $ 4.3 million, with Avant receiving ten percent of all
426:
171:
433:
shut down the label and joint venture. During this time, record producer, songwriter, and executive
598:
503:
538:. Interviewees in the documentary said in their interviews that they paid royalties from sales of
534:
465:
84:
810:
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573:(a Venture Capital company founded in July 1971), Avant partnered with two investment bankers.
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67:
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On February 10, 2008, the National Association of Recording Arts and Sciences awarded him the
2152:
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National Association of Television and Radio Announcers (NATRA), and also as a consultant to
363:
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402:
8:
1906:
1875:. Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 7, 2016. Archived from the original on October 4, 2016.
653:
453:
355:
252:. Avant's business acumen was further demonstrated when he played a role in the sale of
2074:
1498:
1243:
1228:
1038:
1036:, May 17, 1969, p. 33; "Joseph G. Glaser Is Dead at 72; Booking Agent For Many Stars",
1032:
718:
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234:
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694:
In 1967, Avant married Jacqueline "Jackie" Alberta Gray. The couple had two children;
2323:
1880:
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1562:"Clarence Avant, 'Godfather of Black Music', Receives Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame"
1453:
1212:
1053:
814:
745:
Clarence Avant died at his home in Los Angeles on August 13, 2023, at the age of 92.
663:
In February 2018, Avant received the President's Merit Award as a Grammy Icon at the
1802:"Clarence Avant, a major power broker in music, sports and politics, has died at 92"
562:
for $ 321,000, including actual facilities at 6803 West Boulevard in Inglewood, and
2246:
2242:
1710:
477:
98:
2315:
225:, Avant began his professional journey in the 1950s, managing Teddy P's Lounge in
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1996:
1962:
1958:
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until the eighth grade. He spent his freshman and second years of high school at
218:
175:
124:
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seizing and auctioning off all assets because of $ 48,000 in federal tax liens.
429:
to work with Venture Records Inc. in the Fall of 1967, doing so until 1969 when
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331:
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In August 1969, Avant became the associate producer, along with Al Bell, of
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1980:
1974:
1966:
1670:(1975, August 11). "Mrs. Avant New President of Child Care Support Group".
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1620:"Greensboro's Clarence Avant inducted into Rock & Roll Hall of Fame"
1241:
Kerr, Walter. "For People Who Want To Be Cured of the Theater at Once,"
2208:
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2014:
1948:
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1340:"Rodriguez lawsuit aims to uncover cause of singer's missing royalties"
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in 1947 as a teenager. In New Jersey, Avant worked as a stock clerk at
297:
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103:
366:, whom Avant partnered with in the Wilson Organization, jazz producer
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2305:
2228:
2098:
2032:
2020:
1704:
Pizzello, Chris; Dalton, Andrew; Dazio, Stefanie (December 1, 2021).
1155:, November 12, 1966, p. 3.; "PlayTape Girds for Mass Merchandising."
555:
301:
108:
1377:
2008:
725:. She was shot and killed on December 1, 2021, at age 81, during a
390:
1850:
Music Industry Veteran Clarence Avant on Working with Bill Withers
1107:"Jimmy Smith – The Cat Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic"
1844:
802:
How the left lost teen spirit-- (and how they're getting it back)
703:
652:
for his contributions in the recording industry, located at 6363
607:
502:
in 1969. The company went out of business in June 1975, with the
434:
630:
On May 23, 1998, Avant received the Golden Plate Award from the
870:"Clarence Avant was the guy who made sure Black stars got paid"
619:
217:(February 25, 1931 – August 13, 2023) was a prominent American
2182:
1513:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
525:
to Sussex Records, which was distributed from 1970 to 1974 by
2266:
1706:"Jacqueline Avant, wife of music legend, killed in shooting"
1288:"Clarence Avant, 'The Black Godfather' of music, dies at 92"
960:"Clarence Avant, 'The Godfather of Black Music,' Dies at 92"
842:. pqasb.pqarchiver.com L A Times August 2007. Archived from
1647:"Remembering Jacqueline Avant: "Her Advocacy Was Profound""
1936:
1262:"Clarence Avant, 'Godfather of Black music', dies aged 92"
602:, with Avant serving as executive producer. Filmed at the
1806:
1370:"Business Search – Business Entities – Business Programs"
926:
924:
922:
920:
933:"Clarence Avant, 'Godfather of Black Music,' Dies at 92"
900:"Clarence Avant, "Godfather Of Black Music," Dead At 92"
917:
717:
Jackie Avant served as president of the Neighbors of
494:
After Venture Records Inc. folded, Avant remained in
1703:
16:
American music executive, film producer (1931–2023)
1468:"Former All-Pro Davis Buys Radio Station in Calif"
1593:"Clarence Avant to be Honored at Pre-GRAMMY Gala"
1194:"MGM, Mickey Stevenson Announce Venture Label", "
1149:, June 11, 1966, p. 1.; "Avant Launches Sussex."
765:Pioneering Exec Clarence Avant, the Master Mentor
648:On October 7, 2016, Avant received a star on the
513:). Avant signed singer, songwriter, and producer
2410:
1255:
1253:
893:
891:
686:spoke about Avant's impact in a video package.
532:Sussex Records is mentioned in the documentary
1279:
985:"Music Industry Hero Gets Back To His Roots",
2168:
1922:
1898:
1250:
888:
2429:People from Guilford County, North Carolina
545:
2175:
2161:
1929:
1915:
1684:
1682:
1617:
1421:, "Avant Garde Gets FCC OK for KYTM-FM", "
1401:"Clarence Avant Buys Calif. Radio Station"
863:
861:
31:
1799:
1531:"Clarence Avant | Hollywood Walk of Fame"
1496:Weiler, A.H., "Stars Save The Children,"
1209:Soulsville USA: The Story of Stax Records
951:
867:
476:season, starring Jeannette DuBois, later
1800:Tsioulcas, Anastasia (August 14, 2023).
1736:
1590:
1559:
1337:
1211:, Music Sales Group (2003), pp. 142–43;
798:
736:Avant's 75th birthday was celebrated by
698:and Alexander. Nicole Avant is a former
458:The Reckoning (a surreal Southern Fable)
2464:21st-century African-American musicians
1679:
1645:Brown, Evan Nicole (December 3, 2021).
858:
710:, who produced the Netflix documentary
700:United States Ambassador to the Bahamas
408:
202: 1967; died 2021)
2459:People from Greensboro, North Carolina
2411:
1938:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award
1854:
1751:from the original on December 22, 2021
1626:from the original on November 21, 2021
1618:McLaughlin, Nancy (November 1, 2021).
1259:
930:
897:
489:
2156:
1910:
1897:
1781:from the original on October 24, 2012
1718:from the original on December 1, 2021
1644:
1572:from the original on October 14, 2016
1541:from the original on October 30, 2016
1465:
1398:
1051:"Satchmo Remembers the Big Magaffa",
868:L. Carter, Kelley (August 14, 2023).
833:
634:, presented by Awards Council member
566:licensing fees, renaming it KAGB-FM.
284:, on February 25, 1931 and raised in
280:Clarence Alexander Avant was born in
2469:20th-century African-American people
2449:Record producers from North Carolina
1773:Industry Hero Gets Back to His Roots
1737:Bjornson, Greta (December 7, 2021).
1591:Bjornson, Greta (January 25, 2019).
1478:from the original on August 14, 2023
1466:Avant, Clarence (October 21, 1976).
1411:from the original on August 14, 2023
1285:
939:from the original on August 14, 2023
614:refugees. The film premiered at the
587:
221:and film producer. Originating from
1599:from the original on August 7, 2020
326:Avant later managed R&B singer
13:
2444:American music industry executives
1560:Mitchell, Gail (October 7, 2016).
1519:. American Academy of Achievement.
1440:Articles of Organization-7/20/1971
1350:from the original on March 7, 2020
1319:from the original on July 18, 2018
1260:Horton, Adrian (August 14, 2023).
1092:"Bids fly high for Jimmy Smith," "
957:
773:. December 6, 2007. Archived from
674:announced that Avant received the
14:
2480:
2434:African-American record producers
1825:
1399:Avant, Clarence (March 8, 1973).
898:Rettig, James (August 14, 2023).
460:, presented in co-operation with
931:Barnes, Mike (August 14, 2023).
689:
667:Pre Grammy Gala in Los Angeles.
374:and Argentine pianist-composer,
1793:
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1305:
1286:Ushe, Naled (August 14, 2023).
1235:
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1179:
1164:
1137:
1124:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1045:
1024:
834:Daunt, Tina (August 17, 2007).
632:American Academy of Achievement
296:in Greensboro before moving to
275:
199:
1338:Michaels, Sean (May 6, 2014).
994:
979:
838:Black celebs are major players
827:
792:
755:
425:Avant moved from Manhattan to
405:, and the Judge and the Jury.
1:
1857:"Recalling Newark Night Life"
1002:"Recalling Newark Night Life"
748:
729:at the couple's residence in
2369:Award for Musical Excellence
1777:. nl.newsbank.com May 2006.
1436:"Urban National Corporation"
1143:"LP Clearance Wheels Turn."
1134:", September 19, 1964, p. 4.
742:in its February 2006 issue.
270:
7:
1502:, September 19, 1973, p. 40
1096:", December 15, 1962, p. 5.
10:
2485:
2184:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
1313:"Sussex Album Discography"
1176:, November 12, 1966, p. 3.
988:Greensboro News and Record
935:. The Hollywood Reporter.
785:– via Miami Herald.
672:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
462:The Negro Ensemble Company
420:William "Mickey" Stevenson
290:Greensboro, North Carolina
2368:
2348:
2297:
2194:
1944:
1904:
1899:Awards for Clarence Avant
1885:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1232:, August 17, 1969, p. D2.
1198:", October 7, 1967, p. 3.
1170:"Avant Launches Sussex."
731:Beverly Hills, California
658:Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
625:
181:
172:Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
159:
139:
117:
91:
74:
54:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1456:, April 15, 1976, p. F1.
1247:, August 31, 1969, p. D1
1161:, July 1, 1967, p. WS-2.
1070:," April 6, 1963, p. 47.
1057:, June 22, 1969, p. G44.
799:Goldberg, Danny (2005).
546:Avant Garde Broadcasting
237:to jazz figures such as
229:. Under the guidance of
215:Clarence Alexander Avant
50:Clarence Alexander Avant
2439:American film producers
1855:Rothschild, Barbara L.
535:Searching for Sugar Man
189:Jacqueline Alberta Gray
85:Los Angeles, California
2049:Earth, Wind & Fire
1651:The Hollywood Reporter
650:Hollywood Walk of Fame
286:Climax, North Carolina
263:Widely recognized as "
223:Climax, North Carolina
68:Climax, North Carolina
40:Background information
2351:(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
1873:"Upcoming Ceremonies"
1042:, June 8, 1969, p. 92
682:and former President
670:On May 12, 2021, the
571:Boston, Massachusetts
560:Inglewood, California
521:, and soft rock band
965:Los Angeles magazine
777:on September 3, 2012
466:St. Mark's Playhouse
409:Venture Records Inc.
308:, owned by promoter
143:Venture Records Inc.
1130:"Avant on Coast," "
846:on November 4, 2012
771:BlackAmericaWeb.com
712:The Black Godfather
654:Hollywood Boulevard
592:In September 1973,
490:Sussex Records Inc.
454:Douglas Turner Ward
318:, music manager of
265:The Black Godfather
2075:The Isley Brothers
1535:www.walkoffame.com
1499:The New York Times
1244:The New York Times
1229:The New York Times
1039:The New York Times
1033:The New York Times
594:Paramount Pictures
328:Little Willie John
306:Newark, New Jersey
294:Dudley High School
235:Little Willie John
227:Newark, New Jersey
2406:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2324:Florian Schneider
2150:
2149:
1867:on July 29, 2016.
1691:Los Angeles Times
1673:Los Angeles Times
1595:. Grammy Awards.
1454:Los Angeles Times
1374:kepler.sos.ca.gov
1217:978-0-8256-7284-2
1054:Los Angeles Times
820:978-0-9719206-8-2
599:Save the Children
588:Save the Children
209:
208:
65:February 25, 1931
2476:
2298:Early influences
2247:Belinda Carlisle
2243:Charlotte Caffey
2177:
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1931:
1924:
1917:
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1863:. Archived from
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1711:Associated Press
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1472:Books.google.com
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1380:on April 2, 2010
1376:. Archived from
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1012:on July 29, 2016
1008:. Archived from
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370:, jazz musician
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2339:Gil Scott-Heron
2293:
2255:Kathy Valentine
2190:
2181:
2151:
2146:
2081:Kathleen Battle
2061:Aretha Franklin
2029:The Temptations
1997:Sammy Davis Jr.
1963:Marian Anderson
1959:Ella Fitzgerald
1940:
1935:
1900:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1843:discography at
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1517:achievement.org
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330:, jazz singers
320:Louis Armstrong
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176:Sixto Rodriguez
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2087:Sidney Poitier
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2018:
2012:
1994:
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1971:Alberta Hunter
1956:
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1827:
1826:External links
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643:Trustees Award
627:
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616:Apollo Theater
606:Black Expo in
604:Operation PUSH
589:
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527:Buddah Records
500:Sussex Records
491:
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384:, released by
282:Greensboro, NC
277:
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246:Sussex Records
211:Musical artist
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2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
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2001:Oprah Winfrey
1998:
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1982:
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807:Akashic Books
804:
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516:
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478:Ja'net Dubois
475:
471:
470:The Reckoning
468:in New York.
467:
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428:
427:Beverly Hills
423:
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387:
386:Verve Records
383:
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377:
376:Lalo Schifrin
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:rock and roll
357:
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352:Curtis Fuller
349:
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333:
332:Sarah Vaughan
329:
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132:film producer
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2141:Eddie Murphy
2134:
2071:Nancy Wilson
2043:Jerry Butler
2039:Carmen McRae
1981:Esther Rolle
1975:Paul Robeson
1967:Gordon Parks
1865:the original
1860:
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1805:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1772:
1765:
1755:December 23,
1753:. Retrieved
1742:
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1709:
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1650:
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1628:. Retrieved
1613:
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1405:Jet Magazine
1404:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1373:
1364:
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1344:The Guardian
1343:
1333:
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1307:
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1291:
1281:
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1266:The Guardian
1265:
1242:
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1196:Record World
1190:
1181:
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1126:
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1111:allmusic.com
1110:
1101:
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1080:
1075:
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1052:
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1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
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844:the original
837:
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779:. Retrieved
775:the original
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764:
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737:
735:
716:
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708:Ted Sarandos
693:
684:Barack Obama
669:
662:
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640:
636:Quincy Jones
629:
612:malnourished
597:
591:
578:
575:
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531:
517:, guitarist
515:Bill Withers
508:
498:and founded
493:
481:
474:off-Broadway
472:started the
469:
457:
451:
443:Gulf+Western
439:Stax Records
424:
412:
399:Terry Bryant
379:
368:Creed Taylor
344:Wynton Kelly
325:
314:
310:Teddy Powell
279:
276:Early career
262:
258:Gulf+Western
254:Stax Records
243:
214:
213:
168:The SOS Band
150:Tabu Records
80:(2023-08-13)
18:
2424:2023 deaths
2419:1931 births
2320:Ralf Hütter
2312:Karl Bartos
2288:Tina Turner
2274:Carole King
2251:Gina Schock
2237:The Go-Go's
2221:Nate Mendel
2217:Rami Jaffee
2105:Ray Charles
2005:Ossie Davis
1991:Marvin Gaye
1953:Ray Charles
1785:December 5,
1722:December 1,
1694:, p. OC_C1.
1603:October 25,
1576:October 29,
1545:October 29,
1423:Radio World
1415:November 9,
850:December 5,
781:December 5,
665:Clive Davis
496:Los Angeles
431:MGM Records
416:MGM Records
403:Billy Woods
395:Johnny Nash
372:Jimmy Smith
250:Los Angeles
239:Jimmy Smith
160:Formerly of
129:businessman
118:Occupations
2413:Categories
2209:Dave Grohl
2195:Performers
2123:Bill Cosby
2025:The O'Jays
2015:Etta James
1949:Lena Horne
1861:Old Newark
1813:August 21,
1656:August 14,
1482:October 3,
1323:August 17,
1297:August 14,
1271:August 14,
1116:August 14,
1083:, p. SM32.
1030:Obituary,
1016:October 3,
971:August 14,
943:August 14,
909:August 14,
880:August 18,
809:. p.
749:References
706:executive
656:, next to
582:Bill Cosby
483:Good Times
447:debentures
364:Tom Wilson
356:Pat Thomas
340:Luiz Bonfa
336:Kim Weston
316:Joe Glaser
298:New Jersey
231:Joe Glaser
61:1931-02-25
46:Birth name
2377:LL Cool J
2306:Kraftwerk
2229:Pat Smear
2099:Spike Lee
2033:The Dells
2021:Four Tops
1566:Billboard
1425:", p. 20.
1384:April 25,
1292:USA TODAY
1173:Billboard
1158:Billboard
1152:Billboard
1146:Billboard
1132:Billboard
1094:Billboard
1068:Billboard
904:Stereogum
739:Billboard
596:released
511:Hollywood
271:Biography
2009:Ruby Dee
1881:cite web
1779:Archived
1749:Archived
1716:Archived
1676:, p. E7.
1624:Archived
1597:Archived
1570:Archived
1539:Archived
1476:Archived
1409:Archived
1354:April 5,
1348:Archived
1317:Archived
937:Archived
874:Andscape
660:' star.
552:FM radio
391:PlayTape
362:pioneer
1845:Discogs
704:Netflix
608:Chicago
556:KTYM-FM
523:Gallery
435:Al Bell
381:The Cat
204:
196:
192:
164:Gallery
99:R&B
2143:(2021)
2137:(2009)
2131:(2008)
2125:(2007)
2119:(2006)
2113:(2005)
2107:(2004)
2101:(2003)
2095:(2002)
2089:(2001)
2083:(1999)
2077:(1998)
2067:(1997)
2057:(1996)
2051:(1994)
2045:(1993)
2035:(1992)
2017:(1990)
2011:(1989)
1993:(1988)
1987:(1987)
1977:(1984)
1955:(1983)
1744:People
1474:: 54.
1215:
876:. ESPN
817:
696:Nicole
626:Awards
620:Harlem
486:fame.
302:Macy's
183:Spouse
140:Labels
92:Genres
87:, U.S.
70:, U.S.
2267:Jay-Z
719:Watts
198:(
194:
2041:and
1887:link
1836:IMDb
1815:2023
1787:2010
1757:2021
1724:2021
1658:2023
1632:2021
1605:2019
1578:2016
1547:2016
1484:2016
1417:2020
1386:2016
1356:2020
1325:2018
1299:2023
1273:2023
1213:ISBN
1118:2023
1018:2016
973:2023
945:2023
911:2023
882:2023
852:2010
815:ISBN
783:2010
723:UCLA
104:soul
75:Died
55:Born
1834:at
1807:NPR
811:229
618:in
564:FCC
558:in
504:IRS
480:of
464:at
456:'s
441:to
256:to
109:pop
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