309:
Neurological surgeons (AANS), Congress of neurological
Surgeons (CNS), The AANS/CNS section on tumors, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies-Women In Neurosurgery (WFNS-WIN) Committee, Women in Neurosurgery (WINS/USA), African Women in Neurosurgery (AWIN), The College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa (COSECSA), The Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO), The North American Skull Base Society (NASBS), Women in Surgery AFRICA (WiSA), The African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC), The Society for Neuro-Oncology/SSA (SNOSSA), The Rwanda Medical Association (RMA), Rwanda Surgical Society (RSS), and Rwanda Association of Neurological Surgeons (RANS).
132:, Rwanda. Mr. Karekezi Sr., her father, was a telecommunication engineer, and Mrs. Musine, her mother, was a high school teacher. Karekezi grew up in Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, where she and her two older siblings received their early education. She enjoyed science as a child, and after sixth grade in elementary school, she majored in mathematics and physics in high school. She met the admission criteria for medical school and studied general medicine in
31:
120:, Karekezi served as the chairperson of the African Women in Neurosurgery (AWIN), Committee of the Continental Association of African Neurosurgical Societies (CAANS) from 2019 to 2023, and was elected as a member of the national council of the Rwanda Medical and Dental Council (RMDC) and the Secretary of the Bureau for 2022–2026.
224:
and the role she plays in training more future neurosurgeons to address this deficit. Karekezi stated, "I refuse to allow being
African and a woman to be a limitation for me." She has raised awareness about the significance of neurosurgical education on the African continent, the need for more female
349:
9. Karekezi C, El
Khamlichi A, El Ouahabi A, El Abbadi N, Ahokpossi SA, Ahanogbe KMH, Berete I, Bouya SM, Coulibaly O, Dao I, Djoubairou BO, Doleagbenou AAK, Egu KP, Ekouele Mbaki HB, Kinata-Bambino SB, Habibou LM, Mousse AN, Ngamasata T, Ntalaja J, Onen J, Quenum K, Seylan D, Sogoba Y, Servadei F,
248:
Karekezi has led numerous projects on the history of women in neurosurgery and their current status on the
African continent, highlighting the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions and academic neurosurgery, efforts to improve Neurosurgery Education and brain tumor treatment advances
333:
5. Barthélemy EJ, Diouf SA, Silva ACV, Abu-Bonsrah N, de Souza IAS, Kanmounye US, Gabriel P, Sarpong K, Nduom EK, Lartigue JW, Esene I, Karekezi C. Historical determinants of neurosurgical inequities in Africa and the
African diaspora: A review and analysis of coloniality. PLOS Glob Public Health.
341:
7. Dada OE, Karekezi C, Mbangtang CB, Chellunga ES, Mbaye T, Konan L, Adeniran
Bankole ND, Merci Kabulo KD, Hugues Dokponou YC, Ghomsi NC, Negida A, Nguembu S, Thango N, Cheserem B, Kamabu LK, Alalade AF, Esene I, Kanmounye US. State of Neurosurgical Education in Africa: A Narrative Review. World
233:
Karekezi joined the Rwanda
Military Referral and Teaching Hospital (RMRTH) in January 2019 as the hospital's first consultant neurosurgeon and the first neurosurgeon to perform neurosurgical procedures there. The establishment of a neurosurgery practice in the Rwandan public health sector has not
353:
10. Marigil
Sanchez M, Karekezi C, Almeida JP, Kalyvas A, Castro V, Velasquez C, Gentili F. Management of Giant Pituitary Adenomas: Role and Outcome of the Endoscopic Endonasal Surgical Approach. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019 Oct;30(4):433-444. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2019.05.004. Epub 2019 Jul 10. PMID
308:
Dr. Karekezi is an active member of multiple local and international neurosurgical societies in order to raise awareness of neurosurgical needs in low- and middle-income countries, inspire young women, and be in a position to make change. These societies include, The
American Association of
345:
8. Karekezi C, Thango N, Aliu-Ibrahim SA, Bechri H, You
Broalet EM, Bougrine M, Cheserem JB, Mbaye M, Shabhay ZA, Tighilt N, Bakhti S, El Abbadi N. History of African women in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2021 Mar;50(3): E15. doi: 10.3171/2020.12. FOCUS 20905. PMID 33789234.
764:
Dada, Olaoluwa Ezekiel; Karekezi, Claire; Mbangtang, Celestin Bilong; Chellunga, Edwin Samwel; Mbaye, Thioub; Konan, Landry; Adeniran Bankole, Nourou Dine; Merci Kabulo, Katenga Dieu; Hugues Dokponou, Yao Christian; Ghomsi, Nathalie Christelle; Negida, Ahmed (July 2021).
253:. She continues to raise awareness about the need for more experienced female neurosurgeons in order to assist other young women in overcoming various obstacles inherent to the field. She is also an advocate and inspiration for other young women who wish to pursue
590:
Karekezi, Claire; Khamlichi, Abdeslam El; Ouahabi, Abdessamad El; Abbadi, Najia El; Ahokpossi, Semevo Alidegnon; Ahanogbe, Kodjo Mensah Hobli; Berete, Ibrahima; Bouya, Soueilem Mohamed; Coulibaly, Oumar; Dao, Ibrahim; Djoubairou, Ben Ousmanou (2020-03-01).
329:
4. Almeida JP, Marigil-Sanchez M, Karekezi C, Witterick I, Gentili F. Different Approaches in Skull Base Surgery Carry Risks for Different Types of Complications. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2023;130:13-18. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-12887-6_2. PubMed PMID 37548718.
321:
2. Nyalundja AD, Kanmounye US, Karekezi C, Laeke T, Thango N, Balogun JA. Pediatric brain tumors in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024 Mar 15;:1-12. doi: 10.3171/2024.1. PEDS23282. PubMed PMID 38489811.
357:
11. Karekezi C, El Khamlichi A. Takeoff of African Neurosurgery and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Rabat Training Center Alumni. World Neurosurg. 2019 Jun; 126:576-580. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.141. Epub 2019 Mar 22. PMID 30910756.
242:
158:. There, she met Professor Jan Hillman, who had a significant impact on her decision to pursue a career in neurosurgery. In February 2009, following a brief stay in Sweden, Karekezi completed an elective program at the Department of Neurosurgery,
317:
1. Karekezi C. Global neurosurgery partnership: need for more adequate collaborations between high-income countries and low-income countries. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2024 Apr 12;166(1):176. doi: 10.1007/s00701-024-06061-7. PubMed PMID 38607404.
830:
Karekezi, Claire; Thango, Nqobile; Aliu-Ibrahim, Salamat Ahuoiza; Bechri, Hajar; You Broalet, Espérance Maman; Bougrine, Mouna; Cheserem, Jebet Beverly; Mbaye, Maguette; Shabhay, Zarina Ali; Tighilt, Nabila; Bakhti, Souad (March 2021).
337:
6. Kanmounye US, Karekezi C, Nyalundja AD, Awad AK, Laeke T, Balogun JA. Adult brain tumors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. Neuro Oncol. 2022 Oct 3;24(10):1799-1806. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noac098. Review. PubMed PMID 35397473.
136:
at the University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences, graduating as an MD in March 2009. During her time in Butare, Karekezi had her first exposure to neurosurgery, an experience that changed the course of her life.
234:
been devoid of obstacles. Upon establishing her practice at RMRTH, she devoted the first few months of her tenure to establishing a functional neurosurgical unit by acquiring the necessary surgical equipment and personnel.
173:(WFNS) Reference center in Rabat for the training of African neurosurgeons. This training center was established in 2002 through a partnership between the WFNS and the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat at
325:
3. Nyalundja AD, Mugisha F, Karekezi C. The Natural History and Treatment of Meningiomas: An Update. Semin Neurol. 2024 Feb;44(1):1-15. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1777352. Epub 2023 Dec 5. Review. PubMed PMID 38052237.
219:
in August 2018, Karekezi returned to Rwanda as the country's first female neurosurgeon. In her December 2018 TEDxEuston talk, Karekezi painted a clearer picture of the general lack of access to surgery in
145:
The journey of Karekezi began at the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda (UR), where she graduated with honors in General Medicine in 2009. In 2007, Karekezi participated in an
743:
237:
Neurosurgery continues to be a male-dominated field, particularly in Africa, where women neurosurgeons account for less than 12% of all neurosurgeons. Karekezi is determined to enhance
1019:"Forbes Woman Africa. The @Forbeswomanafri Academic Excellence Award goes to Dr. @clairekarekezi, Chair of the African Women in Neurosurgery (AWIN). Congratulations Dr. Karekezi!"
421:
350:
Germano IM. The impact of African-trained neurosurgeons on sub-Saharan Africa. Neurosurg Focus. 2020 Mar 1;48(3):E4. doi: 10.3171/2019.12. FOCUS19853. PubMed PMID 32114560.
147:
404:
273:
American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) International Visiting Surgeon Fellowship Award in Neurosurgery/neuro oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
241:
and support for her female colleagues and future generations. In 2019, she was elected as the chair of the African Women in Neurosurgery (AWIN) section of the
254:
102:. As the first female neurosurgeon in Rwanda, and one of the eight Rwandan neurosurgeons serving a population of 14 million, Karekezi serves as an
163:
812:
201:
293:
2023 Chung International Lectureship in Neurosurgery, Northwestern Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, July, 2023, Chicago, USA
170:
995:"AANS Neurosurgeon – International Initiatives: Launching the WINS/Greg Wilkins-Barrick Chair Visiting International Surgeon Award"
725:
166:
Both training experiences sparked her interest in Neurosurgery and granted her the confidence to pursue a career in the field.
994:
972:
106:
for women in neurosurgery. She has become an inspiration for young people pursuing neurosurgery, particularly young women.
287:
AIMS-Next Einstein Initiative TTP Women in science ‘First Award 2019’ for being Rwanda’s First Female Neurosurgeon (2019).
280:
Shield Maiden Women in Surgery Africa (WISA) Award in recognition of the arête in achieving career excellence in surgery,
890:"Investing in the future: a call for strategies to empower and expand representation of women in neurosurgery worldwide"
1073:
267:
204:(AANS) International Visiting Surgeon Fellowship. From 2017 to 2018, she completed a one-year clinical fellowship in
532:"Takeoff of African Neurosurgery and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Rabat Training Center Alumni"
151:
189:
1063:
649:"Rabat Reference Center for Training Young African Neurosurgeons | World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies"
299:
Trailblazer in her Surgical Specialty (Neurosurgery), Women In Surgery Rwanda (WiSR), June 2024, Kigali, Rwanda
592:
745:
AIMS Teacher Training Program, TTP Rwanda - Claire Karekezi, The first Rwandan female neurosurgeon | Facebook
362:
1093:
296:
2023 Leadership Award, Northwestern Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, July, 2023, Chicago, USA
270:(CNS) Women In Neurosurgery (WINS) Greg Wilkins-Barrick Chair Visiting International Surgeon Award (2013).
1098:
832:
947:"Wisconsin And Hawaii Wit Partnership To Encourage Women And Girls In Rural Areas To Pursue Stem Fields"
889:
888:
Sadler, Samantha J.; Yuki Ip, Ho Kei; Kim, Eliana; Karekezi, Claire; Robertson, Faith C. (March 2021).
334:
2023;3(2):e0001550. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001550. eCollection 2023. Review. PubMed PMID 36962931.
1068:
405:"Congress of Neurological Surgeons: Claire Karekezi: Practicing Neurosurgery in Sub-Saharan Africa"
342:
Neurosurg. 2021 Jul;151:172-181. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.086. Epub 2021 May 28. PMID 34058355.
209:
1018:
766:
225:
neurosurgeons to combat stereotypes, and the severe shortage of neurosurgeons in the continent.
159:
1088:
1083:
422:"She's Rwanda's first and only female neurosurgeon. She chose Toronto to complete her training"
274:
184:
After completing her residency in Morocco Karekezi pursued additional training with a focus on
174:
1078:
66:
8:
1044:
927:
870:
794:
701:
630:
567:
495:
250:
70:
931:
919:
911:
874:
862:
854:
798:
786:
634:
622:
614:
559:
551:
499:
487:
479:
429:
571:
380:
954:
901:
844:
778:
604:
543:
469:
531:
1048:
906:
849:
782:
609:
547:
474:
457:
205:
185:
110:
1057:
915:
858:
618:
555:
483:
433:
197:
114:
923:
866:
790:
648:
626:
563:
491:
91:
458:"Inspirational Women in Surgery: Dr Claire Karekezi, Neurosurgeon, Rwanda"
363:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/claire.karekezi.2/bibliography/public/
946:
238:
958:
593:"The impact of African-trained neurosurgeons on sub-Saharan Africa"
513:
361:
Complete list of published work in Claire Karekezi’s bibliography:
103:
148:
International Federation of Medical Student's Associations (IFMSA)
30:
281:
216:
178:
117:
829:
767:"State of Neurosurgical Education in Africa: A Narrative Review"
181:. Karekezi completed her residency in neurosurgery in May 2016.
813:"Claire Karekezi:Practicing Neurosurgery in Sub-Saharan Africa"
221:
193:
155:
133:
129:
99:
95:
763:
589:
945:
Keshmiri, Firouzeh; Bloor, Ann; Wellenstein, Mary Jo (2006).
257:
fields (science, engineering, technology, and mathematics).
243:
Continental Association of African Neurosurgical Societies
974:
UNICEF Rwanda - Women in STEM: Claire Karekezi | Facebook
94:
at the Rwanda Military Referral and Teaching Hospital in
944:
887:
726:"Joining the ranks of Neurosurgery: My Impossible Dream"
677:
530:
Karekezi, Claire; El Khamlichi, Abdeslam (July 2019).
514:"The Bureau of the Rwanda Medical and Dental Council"
290:
Forbes Woman Africa Academic Excellence Award (2022).
529:
951:
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
228:
1055:
678:"American Association of Neurological Surgeons"
202:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
266:Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS)/
171:World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
833:"History of African women in neurosurgery"
29:
953:. ASEE Conferences: 11.1453.1–11.1453.8.
905:
848:
608:
473:
312:
188:In 2016, she spent three months at the
1056:
672:
670:
668:
585:
583:
581:
525:
523:
451:
449:
416:
414:
455:
215:After completing her fellowship in
169:In 2011, she was accepted into the
13:
14:
1110:
1038:
817:Congress of Neurological surgeons
665:
578:
520:
446:
411:
268:Congress of Neurological Surgeons
90:(born 4 July 1982) is a Rwandan
1011:
999:v1archives.aansneurosurgeon.org
987:
965:
938:
881:
823:
805:
757:
736:
718:
694:
229:Professional career and mission
641:
506:
397:
373:
303:
1:
702:"Fellowship in Neurooncology"
367:
150:professional exchange at the
123:
208:and Skull Base Surgery at
190:Brigham and Women's Hospital
140:
7:
456:Chu, Kathryn (2022-03-05).
152:Linköping Teaching Hospital
10:
1115:
907:10.3171/2020.12.FOCUS20963
850:10.3171/2020.12.FOCUS20905
783:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.086
730:TED: ideas worth spreading
610:10.3171/2019.12.FOCUS19853
548:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.141
475:10.1007/s00268-022-06490-4
385:rwandamilitaryhospital.rw
260:
77:
62:
40:
28:
21:
1074:Rwandan women scientists
1047:publications indexed by
462:World Journal of Surgery
210:Toronto Western Hospital
200:, as a recipient of the
160:John Radcliffe Hospital
275:Harvard Medical School
1064:Women neuroscientists
313:Selected publications
175:Mohammed V University
128:Karekezi was born in
67:University of Rwanda
16:Rwandan neurosurgeon
1094:Women neurosurgeons
894:Neurosurgical Focus
837:Neurosurgical Focus
732:. 19 December 2018.
706:surgery.utoronto.ca
597:Neurosurgical Focus
1099:People from Butare
819:. 20 January 2020.
771:World Neurosurgery
536:World Neurosurgery
251:Sub-Saharan Africa
164:Oxford University.
959:10.18260/1-2--938
85:
84:
1106:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
991:
985:
984:
983:
982:
969:
963:
962:
942:
936:
935:
909:
885:
879:
878:
852:
827:
821:
820:
809:
803:
802:
761:
755:
754:
753:
752:
740:
734:
733:
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
698:
692:
691:
689:
688:
674:
663:
662:
660:
659:
645:
639:
638:
612:
587:
576:
575:
527:
518:
517:
510:
504:
503:
477:
468:(9): 2061–2062.
453:
444:
443:
441:
440:
426:The Toronto Star
418:
409:
408:
401:
395:
394:
392:
391:
377:
284:, Kigali (2018).
249:particularly in
109:Specializing in
54:
50:
48:
35:Karekezi in 2022
33:
19:
18:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1069:Neuroscientists
1054:
1053:
1045:Claire Karekezi
1041:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1003:
1001:
993:
992:
988:
980:
978:
971:
970:
966:
943:
939:
886:
882:
828:
824:
811:
810:
806:
762:
758:
750:
748:
742:
741:
737:
724:
723:
719:
710:
708:
700:
699:
695:
686:
684:
676:
675:
666:
657:
655:
647:
646:
642:
588:
579:
528:
521:
512:
511:
507:
454:
447:
438:
436:
420:
419:
412:
403:
402:
398:
389:
387:
379:
378:
374:
370:
315:
306:
263:
231:
186:neuro oncology.
143:
126:
88:Claire Karekezi
58:
55:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
23:Claire Karekezi
17:
12:
11:
5:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1052:
1051:
1049:Google Scholar
1040:
1039:External links
1037:
1035:
1034:
1010:
986:
964:
937:
880:
822:
804:
756:
735:
717:
693:
664:
640:
577:
519:
505:
445:
428:. 2018-05-13.
410:
396:
371:
369:
366:
314:
311:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
278:
271:
262:
259:
230:
227:
206:neuro oncology
142:
139:
125:
122:
111:neuro-oncology
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
64:
60:
59:
57:Butare, Rwanda
56:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1111:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Neurosurgeons
1087:
1085:
1084:Living people
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1000:
996:
990:
976:
975:
968:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
818:
814:
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
760:
747:
746:
739:
731:
727:
721:
707:
703:
697:
683:
679:
673:
671:
669:
654:
650:
644:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
515:
509:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
450:
435:
431:
427:
423:
417:
415:
406:
400:
386:
382:
376:
372:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
310:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
279:
277:, USA (2016).
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
258:
256:
252:
246:
244:
240:
235:
226:
223:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Massachusetts
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
138:
135:
131:
121:
119:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
53:(age 42)
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1002:. Retrieved
998:
989:
979:, retrieved
977:(in Swahili)
973:
967:
950:
940:
897:
893:
883:
840:
836:
825:
816:
807:
774:
770:
759:
749:, retrieved
744:
738:
729:
720:
709:. Retrieved
705:
696:
685:. Retrieved
682:www.aans.org
681:
656:. Retrieved
653:www.wfns.org
652:
643:
600:
596:
539:
535:
508:
465:
461:
437:. Retrieved
425:
399:
388:. Retrieved
384:
375:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
307:
247:
236:
232:
214:
183:
168:
144:
127:
108:
92:neurosurgeon
87:
86:
81:Neurosurgeon
1079:1982 births
777:: 172–181.
542:: 576–580.
304:Memberships
51:4 July 1982
1058:Categories
1028:2022-05-18
1004:2022-05-18
981:2022-05-18
843:(3): E15.
751:2022-05-18
711:2022-05-18
687:2022-05-18
658:2022-05-18
439:2022-05-18
390:2022-05-18
368:References
354:31471050.
239:mentorship
177:in Rabat,
124:Early life
115:skull-base
78:Occupation
47:1982-07-04
932:232481295
916:1092-0684
900:(3): E8.
875:232482962
859:1092-0684
799:235266965
635:211726533
619:1092-0684
603:(3): E4.
556:1878-8750
500:247232920
484:1432-2323
434:0319-0781
245:(CAANS).
141:Education
63:Education
924:33789242
867:33789234
791:34058355
627:32114560
572:85514145
564:30910756
492:35246713
104:advocate
1023:Twitter
282:COSECSA
217:Toronto
179:Morocco
118:surgery
930:
922:
914:
873:
865:
857:
797:
789:
633:
625:
617:
570:
562:
554:
498:
490:
482:
432:
381:"HOME"
261:Awards
222:Africa
194:Boston
156:Sweden
134:Butare
130:Butare
100:Rwanda
96:Kigali
928:S2CID
871:S2CID
795:S2CID
631:S2CID
568:S2CID
496:S2CID
920:PMID
912:ISSN
863:PMID
855:ISSN
787:PMID
623:PMID
615:ISSN
560:PMID
552:ISSN
488:PMID
480:ISSN
430:ISSN
255:STEM
113:and
41:Born
955:doi
902:doi
845:doi
779:doi
775:151
605:doi
544:doi
540:126
470:doi
192:in
154:in
1060::
1021:.
997:.
949:.
926:.
918:.
910:.
898:50
896:.
892:.
869:.
861:.
853:.
841:50
839:.
835:.
815:.
793:.
785:.
773:.
769:.
728:.
704:.
680:.
667:^
651:.
629:.
621:.
613:.
601:48
599:.
595:.
580:^
566:.
558:.
550:.
538:.
534:.
522:^
494:.
486:.
478:.
466:46
464:.
460:.
448:^
424:.
413:^
383:.
212:.
196:,
162:,
98:,
71:MD
49:)
1031:.
1007:.
961:.
957::
934:.
904::
877:.
847::
801:.
781::
714:.
690:.
661:.
637:.
607::
574:.
546::
516:.
502:.
472::
442:.
407:.
393:.
73:)
69:(
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
