119:
York and Los
Angeles, California (April 14); and Boston, Massachusetts (May 7, 1970). Uhl then traveled to Sweden and Australia to brief reporters that American Vietnam war veterans had first-hand evidence of atrocities they had either witnessed or committed themselves. National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam continued to mount press conferences in other cities, culminating in a three-day
182:
by
American soldiers in Vietnam were the logical consequence of command policies. Among those testifying were four West Point graduates: Louis Font, Robert Master, Bob Johnson and Gordon Livingston. Others whose testimony was cited by reporters include Steven Hassett (1st Air Cavalry Division), Stephen S. Naetzel (Sgt.), Edward Murphy (Sgt.), and Kenneth B. Osborne (intelligence specialist).
237:. The Washington, D.C., COM members involved were CAPT Robert Master, USA and CAPT Grier Merwin, USA, both doctors; Capt. Edward G. Fox, a zoologist in the Army Medical Service Corps; First Lieutenant Louis Font, a West Point graduate; and LTJG Peter Dunkelberger, USN, a management systems analyst stationed at the Pentagon. In
218:. Yamashita was convicted of war crimes and hanged for atrocities committed by his troops in the Philippines. Taylor attributed his opinion to the evidence of atrocities and war crimes offered by veterans and active-duty soldiers, who were testifying under the auspices of the Citizens Commission of Inquiry.
181:
December 1–3, 1970: Forty veterans of the
Vietnam War testify in the Dupont Plaza Hotel in Washington, D.C., at the National Veterans Inquiry into U.S. War Crimes Policy. They testify about the atrocities they either witnessed or participated in. They share a single opinion that war crimes committed
118:
The
National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam's first press conference was in Toronto, Canada, March 4, 1970. Ensign and Rifkin convened three more press conferences in the following two months: Springfield, Massachusetts (April 6, 1970); New York City, New
177:
November 24, 1970: Three active duty officers and three veterans blame U.S. commanders for policies that lead to atrocities committed by ground-level troops. The active duty Army officers, all stationed at Fort Meade, Maryland, were: Capt. Edward Fox, Capt. Grier Merwin, and Capt. Robert
Masters.
169:
July 19, 1970: Six recently returned Army veterans tell of using electricity to torture prisoners. The veterans offering testimony are: Robert Stemme, Sgt, 172nd
Military Intelligence Dept., attached to 173rd Airborne Brigade; Michael Uhl, 1st Lt., military intelligence, Americal Division; Peter
161:
April 7, 1970: David
Bressam, a former Army officer; Peter Fossell, a former Marine Corps rifleman; and Robert B. Johnson, a former Army captain and chaplain. They allege that Col. Lewis Beasley, 1st Air Cav Div of 9th Cavalry, from his helicopter killed Vietnamese civilians who were "taking
173:
October 28, 1970: Mike McCusker, Sgt., 1st
Battalion, 5th Regiment, 5th Marine Infantry Division, reveals that on September 6, 1966, his unit destroyed everything that moved in two villages near Chu Lai. Michael Shepherd, Special Forces medic, 101st Airborne Division, reported witnessing the
256:, and some of its leaders have credited the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam with establishing the credibility of veterans' voices of dissent. Internal divisions between the two groups led each to work independently of the other.
213:
might be convicted as a war criminal if
Nuremberg principles from World War II were applied to the Vietnam War. Taylor, himself a retired brigadier general in the Army Reserve, explained that the U.S. Army applied this standard of justice in the trial of Japanese General
165:
May 7, 1970: Larry
Rottman, a retired first lieutenant, affirmed that he had seen nerve gas stored at the Bien Hoa American air base while stationed there in 1967 and 1968. Michael Uhl, 1st Lt., military intelligence, Americal Division, witnessed electrical torture 15
170:
Martinsen, Sp/5, 542nd MI Detachment, 101st Airborne Division; John Patton, 2nd Lt., 11th Regiment, Americal Division; Edward Murphy, Sgt., 4th MI Detachment, 4th Infantry Division; Fred Brown, 172nd Military Intelligence Dept., attached to 173rd Airborne Brigade.
188:
August 2, 1971: Michael Uhl gave testimony about the Phoenix Program under oath to the Congressional Foreign Operations and Government Information Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations of the U.S. House of
135:
was an exception. National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam leaders asserted that atrocities committed by American soldiers were a result of military field policies like
130:
The testimony offered by veterans at these events provided documentation that American atrocities in Vietnam were not uncommon. This evidence was a counterpoint to the U.S. Army command's assertion that the
268:
271:: Informational hearings called by Congressman Ron Dellums (Democrat – California) on April 25, 1971, on the topic of war crimes committed by U.S. military forces during the Vietnam War.
174:
shooting of wounded prisoners. Nick Kinler, chemical warfare specialist, told of witnessing the massacre by American troops of villagers who were chased from bunkers by tear gas.
252:, which ran from January 31, 1971, to February 2, 1971, followed in the paths of both the Citizens Commission of Inquiry and the Russell Tribunal. This event was organized by
957:
293:(VVAW) from January 31, 1971 to February 2, 1971, to publicize war crimes and atrocities by the United States Armed Forces and their allies in the Vietnam War.
225:(COM) held two press conferences under the auspices of the Citizens Commission of Inquiry on January 12, 1971 in Washington, D.C., and January 20, 1971, in
101:. They were joined in early 1970 by several Vietnam War veterans, including Robert Bowie Johnson, a West Point graduate and former infantry captain, and
47:. The group was the first to bring to public attention the testimony of American Vietnam War veterans who had witnessed or participated in atrocities.
370:
178:
The three veterans were: Louis Font, Lt., a West Point graduate; Robert Johnson, Army Capt.; and T. Griffith Ellison, Marine Corps Lance Corporal.
35:
in November 1969 to document American atrocities throughout Indochina. The formation of the organization was prompted by the disclosure of the
229:
calling for an investigation into the "responsibility for war crimes of key military figures", including Generals William Westmoreland and
663:"HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-SECOND CONGRESS FIRST SESSION"
809:
594:
431:
89:
Schoenman left the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam in the hands of two
947:
848:
928:
909:
838:
56:
290:
274:
253:
881:
862:
784:
324:
75:
921:
Vietnam Awakening: My Journey from Combat to the Citizens' Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam
952:
286:
280:
249:
632:
242:
222:
241:
were LT Norman Banks, USAF, LTJG Ted Shallcross, USN, LT James Skelly, USN, and LTJG John Kent, USN, an
277:: Documentary evidence compiled by a Pentagon task force detailing war crimes committed by U.S. troops.
283:: Summary of war crimes during the Vietnam War by American forces, compiled from a variety of sources.
145:
120:
79:
774:
108:
210:
8:
313:
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137:
396:
924:
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858:
834:
805:
780:
590:
427:
320:
902:
Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam (American Empire Project)
462:
Long, James (28 October 1970). "War Atrocities Termed Common Place". Oregon Journal.
230:
206:
202:
162:
evasive action." Location: Central highlands north of Dak To. Date: August 1967.
124:
60:
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132:
36:
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24:
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71:
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109:
American Vietnam War veterans and GIs offer personal witness to war crimes
238:
226:
102:
589:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 171–179.
94:
83:
804:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 164.
90:
66:
The Commission of Inquiry had a policy‐making board which included
613:. Chicago Daily News. United Press International. 3 December 1970
426:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 130.
28:
633:"War Veterans At Inquiry Feel 'Atrocities' Are Result of Policy"
259:
The Citizens Commission of Inquiry disbanded in December 1971.
893:
Standard operating procedure;: Notes of a draft-age American
857:. Yale University, New Haven, CT: Vietnam Generation, Inc.
690:"Taylor Says by Nuremberg Rules Westmoreland May Be Guilty"
874:
The Turning: a history of Vietnam Veterans Against the War
855:
Nobody Gets Off the Bus: The Viet Nam Generation Big Book
717:"Five Officers Say They Seek Formal War Crimes Inquiries"
343:
245:
graduate, all-American wrestler and jet fighter pilot.
152:
of villages believed to be controlled by enemy forces.
923:. North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 263.
849:"Organizing Veterans Through War Crimes Documentation"
474:"U.S. Army Veteran Alleges Vietnamese Civilians Slain"
281:
War crimes by American military during the Vietnam War
105:, a retired 1st lieutenant in military intelligence.
561:"War Foes Blame U.S. Commanders for Viet Atrocities"
489:"Two Ex-Gis Say Troops Torture Prisoners in Vietnam"
371:"EX‐PROT ALLEGES CIVILIAN SLAYINGS (Published 1970)"
74:, Melvin L. Wulf, director of the Legal Department,
344:"Peace Group to Set Up Panels on Atrocity Charges"
312:
958:Vietnam War crimes committed by the United States
939:
740:"4 More Officers Seek U.S. War Crimes Inquiry".
611:"Yanks Tortured Red Prisoners, Two GIs Testify"
779:. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 110.
269:Congressman Ron Dellums' War Crimes Hearings
904:(Reprint ed.). Picadore. p. 416.
876:. New York University Press. p. 259.
769:
447:"They'd Probe Pentagon on 'Atrocities'".
310:
852:
486:
368:
833:. London, England: Verso. p. 403.
714:
687:
558:
509:
55:Schoenman had previously worked on the
940:
338:
336:
201:, former chief U.S. prosecutor at the
899:
890:
871:
755:"Military Leader Inquiry Is Urged".
559:Maynard, Robert (24 November 1970).
535:
512:"Ex-GIs Tell of Torturing Prisoners"
461:
311:Bilton, Michael; Sim, Kevin (1992).
193:
918:
828:
799:
660:
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538:"War Atrocities Termed Commonplace"
421:
333:
78:, Eric Seitz, executive secretary,
13:
822:
476:. Springfield Union. 7 April 1970.
415:
388:
369:Robinson, Douglas (7 April 1970).
289:: A media event sponsored by the
14:
969:
510:Greider, William (19 July 1970).
57:International War Crimes Tribunal
688:Sheehan, Neil (9 January 1971).
487:Crockett, Douglas (6 May 1970).
291:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
275:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group
254:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
793:
763:
748:
733:
708:
681:
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625:
603:
578:
552:
536:Long, James (28 October 1970).
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853:Duffy, Dan; Tal, Kali (1994).
661:Uhl, Michael (2 August 1971).
480:
466:
455:
440:
362:
304:
76:American Civil Liberties Union
21:Citizens Commission of Inquiry
1:
297:
19:The National Committee for a
16:American antiwar organization
919:Uhl, Michael (23 May 2007).
715:Sheehan, Neil (1971-01-13).
669:. Government Printing Office
287:Winter Soldier Investigation
250:Winter Soldier Investigation
7:
829:Ali, Tariq (May 17, 2005).
262:
223:Concerned Officers Movement
113:
31:was founded in New York by
10:
974:
757:Independent Press-Telegram
127:, on December 1, 2 and 3.
50:
121:National Veterans Inquiry
39:on November 12, 1969, by
891:Kunen, James S. (1971).
872:Hunt, Andrew E. (1999).
948:Anti–Vietnam War groups
847:Article by Tod Ensign,
397:"That's Vietnam, Jake"
80:National Lawyers Guild
831:Street Fighting Years
800:Uhl, Michael (2007).
585:Uhl, Michael (2007).
422:Uhl, Michael (2007).
146:"forced urbanization"
900:Turse, Nick (2013).
895:. Avon. p. 381.
315:Four Hours in My Lai
211:William Westmoreland
138:"search-and-destroy"
93:anti-war activists,
449:New York Daily News
185:April 26–27, 1971:
776:Soldiers In Revolt
742:The New York Times
721:The New York Times
375:The New York Times
216:Tomoyuki Yamashita
150:saturation bombing
43:, writing for the
811:978-0-7864-3074-1
802:Vietnam Awakening
642:. 4 December 1970
596:978-0-7864-3074-1
587:Vietnam Awakening
433:978-0-7864-3074-1
424:Vietnam Awakening
350:. 29 January 1969
319:. Penguin Books.
194:Impact and legacy
142:"free-fire zones"
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540:. Oregon Journal
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451:. 14 April 1970.
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231:Creighton Abrams
207:Dick Cavett Show
203:Nuremberg trials
189:Representatives.
125:Washington, D.C.
61:Bertrand Russell
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953:Mỹ Lai massacre
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851:in the book by
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823:Further reading
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133:My Lai massacre
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37:My Lai Massacre
33:Ralph Schoenman
25:U.S. war crimes
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640:New York Times
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491:. Boston Globe
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395:Uhl, Michael.
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348:New York Times
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205:stated on the
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759:. 1971-01-21.
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744:. 1971-01-21.
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41:Seymour Hersh
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724:. Retrieved
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235:Elmo Zumwalt
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156:Major events
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72:Dick Gregory
68:Noam Chomsky
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44:
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696:. p. 1
239:Los Angeles
227:Los Angeles
103:Michael Uhl
59:founded by
942:Categories
883:0814735819
864:0962852481
786:1931859272
726:2017-06-09
401:The Nation
380:22 January
326:0140177094
298:References
123:, held in
95:Tod Ensign
84:Andy Stapp
243:Annapolis
773:(2005).
263:See also
114:Overview
91:New Left
700:10 June
673:10 June
646:12 June
617:12 June
570:11 June
544:11 June
521:11 June
495:10 June
407:10 June
51:Origins
29:Vietnam
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354:8 June
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166:times.
148:, the
636:(PDF)
925:ISBN
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781:ISBN
702:2015
675:2015
648:2015
619:2015
591:ISBN
572:2015
546:2015
523:2015
497:2015
428:ISBN
409:2015
382:2021
356:2015
321:ISBN
248:The
221:The
144:and
97:and
82:and
27:in
23:on
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