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movement, often termed 'new circus' or 'cirque nouveau', have tended to favour a theatrical approach, combining character-driven circus acts with original music in a broad variety of styles to convey complex themes or stories. Since the 1990s, a more avant garde approach to presenting traditional circus techniques or 'disciplines' in ways that align more closely to performance art, dance or visual arts has been given the name 'contemporary circus'. This labelling can cause confusion based upon the other use of the phrase contemporary circus to mean 'circus of today'. For this reason, some commentators have begun using the term 21st
Century Circus to encompass all the various styles available in the present day. 21st Century Circus continues to develop new variations on the circus tradition while absorbing new skills, techniques, and stylistic influences from other art forms and technological developments. For aesthetic or economic reasons, 21st Century Circus productions may often be staged in theatres rather than in large outdoor tents.
4601:... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed it mistreated its elephants, and the two sides soon locked in a 14-year legal battle so cutthroat it involved secret informants paid by animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid by Ringling's parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $ 16âmillion settlement to Feld. While the animal activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious outside. The allegations of elephant abuse prompted municipalities around the country to ban elephant bullhooks â a sharp metal tool used by handlers â or to prohibit wild animal performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to do. After Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a company-owned elephant conservation center in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good.
1173:. Performers have been traditionally referred to as artistes, although in recent years the term artists has also come into regular use. To some performers from multi-generational circus families, the term artiste is still preferred as it is considered to confer higher status than artist. Conversely, some performers from the circus school training route taken by many of the newer generations prefer the term artist as it is considered to be less pretentious than artiste. The physical and creative skills that circus artist/es perform are known as disciplines, and are often grouped for training purposes into the broad categories of juggling, equilibristics, acrobatics, aerial and clowning. These disciplines can be honed into individual acts, which can be performed independently and marketed to many different prospective circus employers, and also used for devising solo or collaborative work created specifically for a single project.
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Mexico, the
Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have locally restricted or banned the use of animals in entertainment. In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world. In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators had one year from the bill's passage on 1 July 2009 to comply. In 2018 in Germany, an accident with an elephant during a circus performance prompted calls to ban animal performances in circuses. PETA called the German politicians to outlaw the keeping of animals for circuses.
668:, who was born 1742 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England. He became a cavalry officer who set up the first modern amphitheatre for the display of horse riding tricks in Lambeth, London, on 4 April 1768. Astley did not originate trick horse riding, nor was he first to introduce acts such as acrobats and clowns to the English public, but he was the first to create a space where all these acts were brought together to perform a show. Astley rode in a circle rather than a straight line as his rivals did, and thus chanced on the format of performing in a circle. Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the performance arena as a circle and the building as an amphitheatre; these would later be known as a circus. In 1770, Astley hired
308:(often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents commonly known as "big tops" were introduced in the mid-19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue. Contemporary circus is performed in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, casinos, cruise ships and open-air spaces. Many circus performances are still held in a ring, usually 13 m (43 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks.
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2224:, having reviewed information from experts representing both the circus industry and animal welfare, found an absence of "scientific evidence sufficient to demonstrate that travelling circuses are not compatible with meeting the welfare needs of any type of non-domesticated animal presently being used in the United Kingdom." According to that group's report, published in October 2007, "there appears to be little evidence to demonstrate that the welfare of animals kept in travelling circuses is any better or any worse than that of animals kept in other captive environments."
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867:, who is noteworthy as Britain's only black circus proprietor and who operated one of the most celebrated travelling circuses in Victorian England, erected temporary structures for his limited engagements or retrofitted existing structures. One such structure in Leeds, which Fanque assumed from a departing circus, collapsed, resulting in minor injuries to many but the death of Fanque's wife. Traveling circus companies also rented the land they set up their structures on sometimes causing damage to the local ecosystems. Three important circus innovators were the Italian
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473:, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction, and for events that involved re-enactments of naval battles, the circus was flooded with water; however, the Roman circus buildings were not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; there were also various state boxes for the giver of the games and his friends. The circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. Some circus historians such as
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shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants. In its
January 2010 verdict on the case, brought against Feld Entertainment International by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals et al., the Court ruled that evidence against the circus company was "not credible with regard to the allegations". In lieu of a
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1016:) is a performing arts movement that originated in the 1970s in Australia, Canada, France, the West Coast of the United States, and the United Kingdom. New Circus combines traditional circus skills and theatrical techniques to convey a story or theme. Compared with the traditional circus, this genre of circus tends to focus more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, on character and story development, and on the use of
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the show's demise; the elephants' departure ultimately expedited what was a 'difficult business decision'. 'Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an even more dramatic drop', Kenneth Feld said in a statement
Saturday. 'This, coupled with high operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business for the company.'
879:, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, China, South Africa, and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866, and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga, where it became extremely popular.
299:, England. In 1770, he hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers and a clown to fill in the pauses between the equestrian demonstrations and thus chanced on the format which was later named a "circus". Performances developed significantly over the next fifty years, with large-scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The format in which a
2074:(PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. It is also alleged that the animals are kept in cages that are too small and are given very little opportunity to walk around outside of their enclosure, thereby violating their right to freedom.
1126:(as a genre) tends to avoid linear narrative in favour of more suggestive, interdisciplinary approaches to abstract concepts. This includes a strong trend for developing new apparatus and movement languages based on the capacities, experience and interests of individual performers, rather than finding new ways to present traditional repertoire.
489:, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood. After being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people; it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the
703:, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie, and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions were produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display.
3156:, an Indian comic book superhero. According to this series, Dhruva was born and brought up in a fictional Indian circus called Jupiter Circus. When a rival circus burnt down Jupiter Circus, killing everyone in it, including Dhruva's parents, Dhruva vowed to become a crime fighter. A circus-based television series called
2667:. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress". A poster for
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From the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major form of spectator entertainment in the US and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World War II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such
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In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would stop using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances last May â dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the command of the ringmaster â and then were retired to a reserve in central
Florida. The move exacerbated
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and James L. Hutchinson's circus and Barnum's death in 1891, his circus travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey
Greatest Show On Earth, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its
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As styles of performance have developed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venue where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open-air structures with limited covered seating. From the late 18th to late 19th century, custom-made circus buildings
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engineers created the song's fairground atmosphere by assembling a sound collage of collected recordings of calliopes and fairground organs, which they cut into strips of various lengths, threw into a box, and then mixed up and edited together randomly, creating a long loop which was mixed into the
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There are nationwide bans on using some if not all animals in circuses in
Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta,
2180:, an elephant named Janet (1965 â 1 February 1992) went out of control while giving a ride to a mother, her two children, and three other children. The elephant then stampeded through the circus grounds outside before being shot to death by police. Also, during a Circus International performance in
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The genre of contemporary circus is largely considered to have begun in 1995 with 'Le Cri du Caméléon', an ensemble performance from the graduating class of the French circus school Le Centre
National des Arts du Cirque (CNAC), directed by Joseph Nadj. In contrast to New Circus, Contemporary Circus
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have stated "these performances may have taken place in the great arenas that were called 'circuses' by the Romans, but it is a mistake to equate these places, or the entertainments presented there, with the modern circus". Others have argued that the lineage of the circus does go back to the Roman
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acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bullhooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric
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A shift in form has been credited with a revival of the circus tradition since the late 1970s, when a number of groups began to experiment with new circus formats and aesthetics, typically avoiding the use of animals to focus exclusively on human artistry. Circus companies and artistes within this
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studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this group agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Gale told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they are kept are woefully inadequateâthe cages are too small, the
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activists. Many circuses went out of business or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a good number of travelling circuses are still active in various parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to three-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to
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The influence of the
American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialogue of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage
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properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength, and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers, and often of complicated and expensive machinery.
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The modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein; however, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical
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to convey thematic or narrative content. Music used in the production is often composed exclusively for that production, and aesthetic influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Animal acts rarely appear in new circus, in contrast to traditional circus, where
1374:. The title clown refers to the role functions and performance skills, not simply to the image of red nose and exaggerated facepaint that was popularised through 20th Century mass media. While many clowns still perform in this styling, there are also many clowns who adopt a more natural look.
1583:. Going as far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment. The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well.
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non-profit group dubbed this "a huge embarrassment for
Britain that 30 other nations have taken action before us on this simple and popular measure". On 1 May 2019 Environmental Secretary Michael Gove announced a new Bill to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses. The
2090:. According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco training endangered Asian elephants with electrical shock prods and instructing other trainers to "beat the elephants with a
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repeatedly blocked the bill under the reasoning that "The EU Membership Costs and Benefits bill should have been called by the clerk before the circuses bill, so I raised a point of order". He explained that the circus bill was "at the bottom of the list" for discussion. The
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Despite the contemporary circus' shift toward more theatrical techniques and its emphasis on human rather than animal performance, traditional circus companies still exist alongside the new movement. Numerous circuses continue to maintain animal performers, including
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and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $ 16âmillion settlement to Feld Entertainment; however, the circus closed in May 2017 after a 146-year run when it experienced a steep decline in ticket sales a year after it discontinued its elephant act and sent its
3095:, which ran from 2003 to 2005, is also largely set in a travelling circus. The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both non-fiction and fiction, have been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include
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For some time after the fall of Rome, large circus buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers, and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs such as the
947:, was established; performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics programme. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded.
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passed a law banning the use of animals in any circus in the country. The law set fines for violations and required circuses to submit lists of the wildlife they possessed, which would then be made available to zoos interested in taking the
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A survey confirmed that on average, wild animals spend around 99 to 91 percent of their time in cages, wagons, or enclosure due to transportation. This causes a huge amount of distress to animals and leads to excessive amounts of drooling.
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795:, a native New Yorker, was the first American to operate a major circus in the United States. Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States. In 1825,
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was a roofless arena for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, and displays of (and fights with) trained animals. The circuses of Rome were similar to the ancient Greek
1157:. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus traditionally takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six-ringed
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environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about boredom and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the
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Beyond the performance aspect of circus, is the Social Circus field, catalysed by Reg Bolton. Social Circus engages communities through circus practice and activity to provide health and well-being benefits.
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introduces a variety of choreographed acts set to music, often termed 'traditional' or 'classical' circus, developed in the latter part of the 19th century and remained the dominant format until the 1970s.
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also describes the field of performance, training and community which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Although not the inventor of the medium, Newcastle-under-Lyme born
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brought the first modern circus to the United States. He began his theatrical career with Hughes Royal Circus in London in the 1780s, and travelled from England in 1792 to establish his first circus in
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Based on these findings, the researchers called for more stringent regulation regarding the welfare of circus animals. In 2012, the Dutch government announced a ban on the use of wild circus animals.
1084:(founded in Seattle in 1998); the West African Circus Baobab (late 1990s); and Montreal's Les 7 doigts de la main (founded in 2002). The genre includes other circus troupes such as the Vermont-based
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In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the
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939:, expressed a wish for the circus to become "the people's art-form", with facilities and status on par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalised Russian circuses. In 1927, the
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2161:. (parent of Ringling Bros.) agreed to pay an unprecedented $ 270,000 fine for violations of the Animal Welfare Act that allegedly occurred between June 2007 and August 2011.
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in Paris, the first purpose-built circus in France, followed by 18 other permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe. Astley leased his Parisian circus to the Italian
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The use of wild animals in travelling circuses has been banned in Scotland. The Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (Scotland) Act 2018 came into force on 28 May 2018.
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In December 2018, New Jersey became the first state in the U.S. to ban circuses, carnivals and fairs from featuring elephants, tigers, and other exotic animals.
1346:, along with more classical balance disciplines such as tightwire, slackline and unicycle. Acts like these are some of the most common and the most traditional.
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does not permit any sort of punishment that puts the animals in discomfort, trainers will still go against this law and use such things as electric rods and
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that operated until the 13th century, through medieval and renaissance jesters, minstrels and troubadours to the late 18th century and the time of Astley.
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are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous
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2192:, and severely mauled her groomer, Dallas Beckwith, in front of hundreds of spectators. Tyke then bolted from the arena and ran through the streets of
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on 15 July 2020. Over 6,500 responses were made by the people of Wales, to the public consultation on the draft Bill, 97% of which supported the ban.
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combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition, and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.
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Greece became the first European country to ban any animal from performing in any circus in its territory in February 2012, following a campaign by
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759:. The first circus building in the US opened on 3 April 1793 in Philadelphia, where Ricketts gave America's first complete circus performance.
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3068:(1997), Leo's son Lune is captured and placed in a circus, which burns down when a tiger knocks down a ring of fire while jumping through it.
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entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.
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5403:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 304 pages; elephants as "actors" or creatures of agency in the American circus from 1800 to 1940.
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699:'s celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose-built buildings in large cities, such as the
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Provides an overview of "low-yield research" into the history of the American Circus as covered in "ragcontent newspapers magazines
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2220:"found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation."; however, in 2007, a different working group under the UK
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695:, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Hengler's and
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The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The most famous circus theme song is called "
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723:(who coined the term "circus"), aided by his partner Charles Hughes, an equestrian performer. In 1782, Astley established the
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863:'s circus, for example, between 1838 and 1840, travelled from Newcastle to Edinburgh and then to Portsmouth and Southampton.
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returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent. At this time, itinerant circuses that could be
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as television) arrived and the public's tastes changed. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from
827:, in the 1870s. Coup also introduced the first multiple-ring circuses, and was also the first circus entrepreneur to use
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conducted an investigation into the welfare of circus animals in 2008. The following issues, among others, were found:
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A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus,
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as hard as they can and sink the sharp metal hook into the elephant's flesh and twist it until they scream in pain".
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3089:, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826 and 1924. The setting of the HBO television series
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A ban prohibiting the use of wild animals in circuses in England was due to be passed in 2015, but Conservative MP
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1161:. A circus often travels with its own band, whose instrumentation in the United States has traditionally included
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for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke, who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.
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is one of the most common acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics that includes acts like
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Dfening, Fred D. III (November 2007). "The American Circus in the 1870s: An Overview from Newspaper Sources".
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1107:, the Canadian circus company whose estimated annual revenue exceeds US$ 810 million in 2009, and whose
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which was about a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows. In the anime film
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A 14-year litigation against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to an end in 2014 when
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3141:. Science fiction writer Barry B. Longyear wrote a trilogy about a circus of the future: City of Baraboo;
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circuses and a chronology of circus-related entertainment can be traced to Roman times, continued by the
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in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War; films from this era included
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Court Record, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No 03-2006 (EGS)
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Assael, Brenda, "Circus and Victorian Society", 2005, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville
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Olympians of the Sawdust Circle: A Biographical Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century American Circus
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about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman. Fellini made a second film set in the circus called
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In some towns, there are circus buildings where regular performances are held. The best known are:
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shows have been seen by nearly 90 million spectators in over 200 cities on five continents.
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was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer
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UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
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about Philip Astley's troupe as the first written use of the word to describe the modern circus.
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research, and the ongoing circus phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman
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4531:"Ringling Circus prevails in 14-year legal case; collects $ 16M from Humane Society, others"
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The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a
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about trapeze artists was released in 1931 and remade in the United States and released as
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toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities it visited.
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4560:"Animal activists finally have something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure"
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4733:"Cameron urged to keep circus ban promise as Conservative MP blocks bill for eighth time"
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3971:"Frost, Thomas (1881), "Circus Life and Circus Celebrities." London: Chatto and Windus"
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Joe Nickell (2005). "Secrets of the sideshows". p.8. University Press of Kentucky, 2005
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UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
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On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands,
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is a company of performers who put on diverse entertainment shows that may include
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4446:"19 february 2008 â Projectvoorstel Ministerie LNV onderzoek welzijn circusdieren"
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2671:'s Circus Royal, one of the most popular circuses of Victorian England, inspired
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since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.
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2185:
2054:, Mexico. In December 2014, as a response to reports of animal mistreatment, the
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4707:"Anger after bill to ban wild animals in circuses is blocked by MP Chris Chope"
4652:
Megan Burrow, "New Jersey becomes first state to ban wild animal circus acts",
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5410:(Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2014); 296 pages;
5356:
4586:"Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Earth' takes a final bow"
2319:
adopted a position paper in which it recommends the prohibition of the use of
5925:
5860:
5736:
5600:
5590:
5585:
5570:
5520:
5515:
5401:
Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus
5378:
5353:
Circus Life: Performing and Laboring Under America's Big Top Shows, 1830-1920
5249:
5048:
4307:"Wild things: Mexico struggles to find new homes for outlawed circus animals"
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3211:
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2972:
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Tigers are terrified of fire but are still forced to jump through fire rings.
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1948:
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draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus form itself.
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357:
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5264:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 390â391.
4639:
4071:
http://doc.cnac.fr/ListRecord.htm?list=link&xRecord=19102592157919207749
3409:
1103:
The most conspicuous success story in the new circus genre has been that of
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In 1998 in the United Kingdom, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP
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1965:
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454:, while for others its origins go back much furtherâto Roman Empire times.
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5115:"Vets call for complete ban on wild animal acts in circuses across Europe"
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City ordinances banning performances by wild animals have been enacted in
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5505:
5495:
5329:"Step Right Up: Bob Brooke presents the history of the circus in America"
4799:"Use of wild animals in circuses to be banned in Wales after Bill passed"
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is held captive in a circus where she is cruelly forced to perform until
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from France in 1984 and 1986 respectively. More recent examples include:
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circus clown, popularising such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "
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423:
143:
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5540:
5487:
5477:
5420:
4471:"Dutch government announces ban on the use of wild animals in circuses"
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967:
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824:
808:
669:
555: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
470:
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291:
In 1768, Astley, a skilled equestrian, began performing exhibitions of
236:
133:
108:
5425:
3129:
tells the fictional tale of a circus veterinarian and was made into a
2524:
2351:, Circo Atayde Hermanos, and Hermanos Mayaror Circus from Mexico, and
2130:
Since 1990 there have been over 123 cases of lion attacks at circuses.
2070:
in the training of performing circus animals. The animal rights group
905:
787:
In the Americas during the first two decades of the 19th century, the
731:
in 1793. In 1826, the first circus took place under a canvas big top.
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3045:
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1975:
1920:
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animal acts have often been a significant part of the entertainment.
505:; its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus.
502:
5214:
2710:", which is played only to alert circus performers of an emergency.
2534:
2108:
33% of tigers and lions did not have access to an outdoor enclosure.
1461:
1433:. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the
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from Cole Brothers Circus parade through downtown Los Angeles, 1953
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842:
Circus parade around tents, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1874
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272:
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in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include Disney's
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1915:
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1389:
are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include
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252:
240:
183:
5438:
3020:, a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus; and
2363:
295:
in an open field called Ha'Penny Hatch on the south side of the
73:
Classical Circus, New Circus, Contemporary circus, Social Circus
4107:
2518:
2413:
2117:
Elephants are shackled in chains for 17 hours a day on average.
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1541:
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388:
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claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess
248:
113:
3707:
Mr Philip Astley's Introduction to The First Circus in England
2936:, a film about a tiger trainer, was released in 1948. In 1952
2693:, a well-known circus performer in the 19th century. Producer
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153:
148:
128:
123:
4759:"Gove delivers legislation to ban wild animals in circuses".
2798:
Following World War I, circus films became popular. In 1924
2257:
was introduced in June 2019, and subsequently passed by the
711:, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime
5086:"FVE position on the use of animals in travelling circuses"
4517:"USDA Fines Ringling Bros. Circus Over Treatment of Animals
3644:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 13â15.
3504:
2741:
1915 and later adapted into one of the first circus films,
2475:
2154:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1513:
1505:
1489:
835:
were also being established alongside travelling circuses.
5421:
Dictionary of Circus Slang (American and British/European)
4996:"San Francisco board approves wild animal performance ban"
4007:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3573:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008
3482:
L' Hippodrome de Constantinople: Jeux, Peuple et Politique
1437:, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a
5235:
Turner, Steve, "A Hard Day's Write." HarperCollins(1984).
3423:
3421:
3419:
2702:
final production. Another traditional circus song is the
2698:
2253:
to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses in
1573:
1569:
1501:
745:
5024:"Los Angeles Bans Use of Wild Animals for Entertainment"
1285:
certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally
913:, c. 1891, depicting a backstage area at the circus
37:"Three-ring circus" redirects here. For other uses, see
4037:
The UncommonWealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia
3658:
664:
The origin of the modern circus has been attributed to
4333:"Circus Incidents: Attacks, Abuse and Property Damage"
3416:
966:
Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of
3433:
3367:(Latin text with English translation). Translated by
831:
to transport the circus between towns. By the 1830s,
5408:
The Greatest Shows on Earth: A History of the Circus
5053:"New York City bans use of wild animals in circuses"
4612:
4153:"Run Away to the Circus? No need. It's Staying Here"
3900:. The Circus in America, 1793 â 1940. Archived from
3871:. The Circus in America, 1793 â 1940. Archived from
3851:"PHMC: Historical Markers Program: Ricketts' Circus"
5355:(University of Tennessee Press, 2018), p. 247
4391:"Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations"
3924:
Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You've Never Heard Of
3371:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library.
2525:
In art, music, films, plays, books, and video games
2176:On 1 February 1992 at the Great American Circus in
1149:A traditional circus performance is often led by a
774:
4836:
4834:
4496:Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt
3892:
3890:
3770:
3642:Rings of Desire: Circus History and Representation
2222:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2120:Elephants spend on average 10 hours a day showing
741:artists, in lithograph by Calvert Litho. Co., 1890
680:, and a clown to fill in the pauses between acts.
627:
2281:Tigers in a transport cage in a travelling circus
2111:Lions spend on average 98% of their time indoors.
2105:71% of the observed animals had medical problems.
1028:Early pioneers of the new circus genre included:
320:First attested in English 14th century, the word
288:is credited as the father of the modern circus.
5923:
4944:"Circus elephant falls into audience in Germany"
4868:"Turkish parliament approves animal rights bill"
3934:
3451:
3394:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky.
763:attended a performance there later that season.
4831:
3887:
2713:Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical
5215:"International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo"
4970:"Circus captivity is beastly for wild animals"
4061:« Historique de la célÚbre crise »,
3695:"The First Circus"; Victoria and Albert Museum
3175:Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney â Justice for All
3152:Circus is the central theme in comic books of
3074:, a musical film loosely based on the life of
2962:in the United States); these were followed by
2497:(The Circus Building) in Copenhagen, Denmark,
27:Group of entertainers performing circus skills
5454:
2749:and adapted for the English stage in 1932 as
2146:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
2015:
1202:
1169:, and sometimes the distinctive sound of the
821:P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus
811:". The American circus was revolutionised by
713:The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding
485:The first circus in the city of Rome was the
208:
3720:
3569:Marius Kwint, "Astley, Philip (1742â1814)",
3247:International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo
2515:International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo
2188:(1974 â 20 August 1994) killed her trainer,
2114:An average enclosure for tigers is only 5 m.
5302:. McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers.
4008:Victoria and Albert Museum (7 March 2011).
3746:, University of Toronto Press, 1959, p. 29.
2563:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2072:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
1612:It has been suggested that this section be
941:State University of Circus and Variety Arts
719:was opened in London on 4 November 1782 by
412:It has been suggested that this section be
372:
371:), meaning "circle" or "ring". In the book
328:
5461:
5447:
5426:History of American Circuses and Sideshows
4840:
4772:"4 â Extent, commencement and short title"
3759:, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.216.
3362:
3198:, tent shows that preceded American circus
2312:and the Greek Animal Welfare Fund (GAWF).
2022:
2008:
1209:
1195:
859:quickly were becoming popular in Britain.
215:
201:
54:
4922:"Bolivia bans use of animals in circuses"
4669:"UK Politics Protect circus animals call"
4583:
4301:
4299:
3928:
3869:"Circus in America TimeLine: 1801 â 1824"
3717:. PeoplePlay UK. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
3382:
3380:
3378:
2753:by playwright Cecily Hamilton, the revue
2583:Learn how and when to remove this message
889:, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1873
615:Learn how and when to remove this message
5268:
5248:
4628:
4414:
4412:
3669:
3639:
3585:
3439:
3427:
2793:Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck
2600:
2382:
2370:
2362:
2276:
2184:, on 20 August 1994, an elephant called
2041:
2033:
1471:
1460:
1448:
1186:
987:
949:
904:
881:
837:
778:
765:
733:
682:
653:
642:
437:
5300:Women of the American Circus, 1880-1940
5141:"Hermanos Mayar Circus by Hank Duckman"
5138:
5047:
4150:
4081:
3916:
3768:
3621:. BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
3571:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3386:
3305:
3058:(1970), a Hindi drama film directed by
2946:was first shown. Released in 1953 were
2508:
2355:Circus from Italy, to name just a few.
2166:The Humane Society of the United States
2133:Animals are trained through discipline.
1594:
14:
5924:
5217:. Montecarlofestival.mc. 15 April 2012
5191:. Cirquejulesverne.com. Archived from
5165:. Moiranonsolocirco.it. Archived from
5112:
4296:
4280:. History-magazine.com. Archived from
4030:
3727:Philip Astley (British circus manager)
3614:
3612:
3610:
3479:
3375:
3349:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
3162:was also telecast in India in 1989 on
1114:
1076:(founded in Quebec in 1993); Sweden's
746:Ricketts and the first American circus
5442:
5327:Brooke, Bob (OctoberâNovember 2001).
5093:Federation of Veterinarians of Europe
4528:
4409:
3683:The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi
3363:Tertullian, Septimus Florens (1931).
2686:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
2317:Federation of Veterinarians of Europe
2241:came into effect on 20 January 2020.
2066:groups have documented many cases of
1616:out into another article titled
1425:. Famous sideshow performers include
416:out into another article titled
279:and stunt-oriented artists. The term
5906:
5163:"Moira Orfei Circo official website"
5021:
4993:
4615:"Elephant incidents in recent years"
4557:
4086:. Melbourne Book. pp. 239â248.
3941:. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 60â.
3333:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short,
3173:In the third case of the video game
2561:adding citations to reliable sources
2528:
1598:
553:adding citations to reliable sources
524:
398:
4613:St. Petersburg Times (6 May 1993).
4340:Humane Society of the United States
4043:from the original on 18 August 2021
3973:. Circushistory.org. Archived from
3968:
3791:
3607:
3591:
2638:Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss
2442:Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard
2214:Wildlife Conservation Research Unit
2082:According to PETA, although the US
1330:, and a variety of other routines.
24:
5291:
4841:International., Animal Defenders.
4274:"The history of circus in the US,
4180:. Cirque du Soleil. Archived from
3825:The Circus in America, 1793 â 1940
3777:. Guinness World Records Limited.
3262:List of circuses and circus owners
2677:Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!
2650:The Little Man and the Little Miss
39:Three Ring Circus (disambiguation)
25:
5953:
5468:
5414:
5095:. FVE/013/pos/007. Archived from
4473:. 1 November 2012. Archived from
4309:. Fox News Latino. Archived from
3681:McConnell Stott|, Andrew (2009),
3459:. London: Paul Elek. p. 27.
2982:(1954), an Oscar-winning film by
2795:written by Jay Torrence in 2006.
2771:Stop the World, I Want to Get Off
2239:Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019
2046:Elephant act at a 2009 circus in
1591:was a famous female tiger-tamer.
1294:Common acts include a variety of
5905:
5896:
5895:
5189:"The Cirque Jules Verne Website"
5139:Duckman, Hank (1 January 2006).
5113:Winter, Stuart (5 August 2015).
5075:, Animal Defenders International
4924:. Associated Press. 31 July 2009
4584:Brulliard, Karin (21 May 2017).
4420:"Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse"
4151:Collins, Glenn (28 April 2009).
3619:"The circus comes to the Circus"
2533:
2077:
1989:
1863:
1659:
1603:
1218:Worldwide laws on animal use in
1129:
775:Expansion of the American format
529:
520:
403:
5229:
5207:
5181:
5155:
5132:
5106:
5078:
5066:
5041:
5015:
4987:
4962:
4936:
4914:
4882:
4860:
4817:
4791:
4764:
4752:
4725:
4699:
4687:
4661:
4646:
4606:
4558:Wang, Amy B (15 January 2017).
4550:
4522:
4509:
4500:
4489:
4463:
4438:
4383:
4361:
4325:
4266:
4241:
4196:
4170:
4144:
4122:
4100:
4075:
4055:
4024:
4001:
3989:
3962:
3861:
3843:
3813:
3762:
3749:
3736:
3699:
3688:
3675:
3633:
3624:
3602:The History of the Royal Circus
3563:
3546:"The story of circus · V&A"
3538:
3516:
3498:
3473:
2804:was the first film released by
2663:", and was composed in 1904 by
1568:, and domestic animals such as
1279:
974:are also popular touring acts.
628:Astley and early British circus
540:needs additional citations for
4994:Berg, Emmett (21 April 2015).
4895:. Circuses.com. Archived from
4847:Animal Defenders International
4738:Animal Defenders International
4638:. Circuses.com. Archived from
4393:. Nal.usda.gov. Archived from
3757:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
3744:British Entertainers in France
3445:
3356:
3340:
3324:
3310:. Melbourne Books. p. 7.
3299:
3274:
2310:Animal Defenders International
2234:Animal Defenders International
1444:
1144:
819:, who launched the travelling
13:
1:
5242:
4870:. Anadolu Agency. 9 July 2021
4529:Heath, Thomas (16 May 2014).
4342:. 1 June 2004. Archived from
3998:, 4 March 1854, p. 5, col. 3.
3821:"Person: Ricketts, John Bill"
3598:The Oxford English Dictionary
3484:. Paris: Ăditions Gallimard.
2896:You Can't Cheat an Honest Man
2038:Circus baby elephant training
977:
789:Circus of Pepin and Breschard
5298:Adams, Katherine H. (2012).
5022:Good, Kate (26 April 2017).
4371:. PETA.org. 17 February 2011
4084:Circus! The Australian Story
3742:Leathers, Victor L. (1959).
3308:Circus! The Australian Story
3282:"Philip Astley - Circopedia"
2358:
2272:
1153:who has a role similar to a
480:Hippodrome of Constantinople
367:
348:
315:
7:
5073:Greece bans animal circuses
3773:Guinness World Records 2014
3184:
2822:were produced, followed by
2689:. The song title refers to
2505:in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2264:
1619:Circuses and animal cruelty
1250: Ban on import/export
10:
5958:
5390:Johnson, William M. 1990.
4422:. Peta.org. Archived from
4207:https://social-circus.com/
3550:Victoria and Albert Museum
3037:Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!
2943:The Greatest Show on Earth
2884:were released in 1936 and
2874:Charlie Chan at the Circus
2661:Entrance of the Gladiators
2594:
2375:Paper postcard of the Old
2202:
1180:
1133:
1118:
981:
893:After an 1881 merger with
846:
394:
361:
342:
62:Barnum & Bailey Circus
36:
29:
5891:
5848:
5778:
5745:
5651:
5476:
5393:The Rose-Tinted Menagerie
5276:. London: Tantivy Press.
4519:, " CNN 29 November 2011.
3935:William L. Slout (1998).
3685:, Canongate Books, p. 28.
3131:movie with the same title
2708:Stars and Stripes Forever
2501:in Stockholm, Sweden, or
1773:Animalâindustrial complex
926:
770:Circus tent, Italy (1951)
457:
77:
69:
53:
48:
5942:Animal keeping by humans
4178:"About Cirque du Soleil"
4132:. Les7doigtsdelamain.com
3640:Stoddart, Helen (2000).
3480:Dagron, Gilbert (2011).
3392:Secrets of the sideshows
3267:
3242:History of Indian circus
3085:, based on the novel by
3078:, was released in 2017.
2923:The Wagons Roll at Night
2480:Belarus State Circus in
2335:from the United States,
2323:in travelling circuses.
2244:
1342:come under the category
1310:), aerial acts (such as
961:
851:In 1838, the equestrian
803:was the most famous pre-
387:in honour of her father
5396:. Iridescent Publishing
5274:A History of the Circus
5261:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4843:"Worldwide circus bans"
4069:, n°85, February 1982,
4031:Bagley, Sherri (2019).
3769:Glenday, Craig (2013).
3755:Banham, Martin (1995).
3731:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3713:8 November 2008 at the
3575:accessed 7 January 2014
3457:Circus: A World History
3455:; Cotes, Peter (1976).
3351:A Greek-English Lexicon
3034:'s first animated film
2787:and lyrics and book by
2349:Vazquez Hermanos Circus
1176:
909:Painting by Venezuelan
707:, the first mainstream
691:Astley was followed by
687:Elephant trainer (1903)
379:early Christian writer
32:Circus (disambiguation)
5673:Cigar box manipulation
4636:"Hawthorn Corporation"
4082:St Leon, Mark (2011).
3369:Terrot Reaveley Glover
3306:St Leon, Mark (2011).
3177:, the main character,
2940:'s Oscar-winning film
2612:
2423:Cirque Jules Verne in
2391:
2380:
2368:
2282:
2159:Feld Entertainment Inc
2060:
2039:
1481:
1469:
1458:
1291:
1232: Nationwide ban
1020:, original music, and
1006:
958:
943:, better known as the
914:
890:
843:
784:
771:
742:
688:
661:
651:
446:
373:
329:
159:Professional wrestling
60:Advertisement for the
5102:on 24 September 2015.
4825:"LeÄĄiĆŒlazzjoni Malta"
4253:Stop Circus Suffering
3524:"History of the Ludi"
3510:Ab Urbe condita libri
3154:Super Commando Dhruva
2906:(1940), the animated
2850:in 1928. German film
2604:
2454:Shanghai Circus World
2419:Cirque d'hiver, Paris
2410:Circus Krone Building
2386:
2374:
2366:
2280:
2122:stereotypic behaviour
2099:Wageningen University
2045:
2037:
1576:are the most common.
1475:
1464:
1452:
1190:
1183:List of circus skills
1012:(originally known as
991:
953:
908:
885:
841:
782:
769:
737:
686:
657:
648:Astley's Amphitheatre
646:
513:in London during the
462:In Ancient Rome, the
443:Sells Brothers Circus
441:
5351:Childress, Micah D.
4184:on 25 September 2009
4063:Jean-Pierre Thiollet
3857:on 19 December 2007.
3801:. Explore PA History
3799:"Historical Markers"
3600:lists the 1791 book
3071:The Greatest Showman
3007:(also in 1960); the
2810:Sally of the Sawdust
2618:'s children's books
2557:improve this section
2509:International awards
2463:Turkmen State Circus
2315:On 6 June 2015, the
1911:Animal protectionism
1595:Controversy and laws
1585:Isaac A. Van Amburgh
1155:Master of Ceremonies
1088:(founded in 1987 by
1034:Pickle Family Circus
972:Chinese State Circus
945:Moscow Circus School
895:James Anthony Bailey
817:William Cameron Coup
783:James Anthony Baliey
725:Amphithéùtre Anglais
549:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
5755:Equestrian vaulting
4890:"Elephant Rampages"
4658:, 15 December 2018.
4655:North Jersey Record
4642:on 13 October 2004.
4590:The Washington Post
4565:The Washington Post
4536:The Washington Post
4033:"Big Top Or Crops?"
3996:Leeds Intelligencer
3977:on 14 December 2010
3453:Croft-Cooke, Rupert
3227:Contemporary circus
3170:as the lead actor.
3122:Water for Elephants
2801:He Who Gets Slapped
2745:written in 1928 by
2737:written by Russian
2734:He Who Gets Slapped
2727:written in 1907 by
2724:Polly of the Circus
2486:"Globus" Circus in
2450:in Saint Petersburg
2429:Hippodrome Circus,
2142:U.S. District Court
1159:Moscow State Circus
1121:Contemporary Circus
1115:Contemporary Circus
853:Thomas Taplin Cooke
797:Joshuah Purdy Brown
501:was constructed by
277:object manipulation
239:, trained animals,
5195:on 12 October 2011
4777:Legislation.gov.uk
4713:. 14 November 2014
4515:Leigh Remizowski,
4451:. 19 February 2008
4157:The New York Times
4010:"Victorian Circus"
3335:A Latin Dictionary
3286:www.circopedia.org
3252:Traveling carnival
3065:Jungle Emperor Leo
3013:Billy Rose's Jumbo
2960:Sawdust and Tinsel
2948:Man on a Tightrope
2928:Captive Wild Woman
2824:The Devil's Circus
2613:
2392:
2381:
2369:
2345:Lennon Bros Circus
2283:
2084:Animal Welfare Act
2061:
2040:
1996:Animals portal
1482:
1470:
1459:
1292:
1240: Partial ban
1050:Nofit State Circus
1007:
959:
915:
891:
877:Jacques Tourniaire
844:
785:
772:
752:John Bill Ricketts
743:
689:
662:
652:
650:in London, c. 1808
447:
293:trick horse riding
179:Street performance
5919:
5918:
5815:Human firecracker
5339:on 4 January 2018
5309:978-0-7864-7228-4
4675:. 26 October 1998
4229:Missing or empty
4093:978-1-877096-50-1
3948:978-0-8095-1310-9
3784:978-1-908843-15-9
3651:978-0-7190-5234-7
3491:978-2-07-013378-9
3466:978-0-236-40051-5
3317:978-1-877096-50-1
3232:Dog and pony show
3139:Reese Witherspoon
3026:(1964), starring
3004:Circus of Horrors
2938:Cecil B. de Mille
2900:The Great Profile
2882:The Three Maxiums
2866:in 1956; in 1932
2848:Laugh Clown Laugh
2763:Top of the Ladder
2704:John Philip Sousa
2593:
2592:
2585:
2517:has been held in
2329:UniverSoul Circus
2229:Christopher Chope
2218:Oxford University
2178:Palm Bay, Florida
2032:
2031:
1876:Companion animals
1636:
1635:
1631:
1362:, Rusty Russell,
1360:Fratellini Family
1275:
1274:
1163:brass instruments
869:Giuseppe Chiarini
761:George Washington
701:London Hippodrome
674:tightrope walkers
625:
624:
617:
599:
445:with Great Danes
436:
435:
431:
419:History of circus
275:as well as other
257:tightrope walkers
225:
224:
85:
84:
16:(Redirected from
5949:
5909:
5908:
5899:
5898:
5760:Human cannonball
5715:Fire performance
5688:Hat manipulation
5678:Contact juggling
5526:Chair acrobatics
5463:
5456:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5382:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5335:. Archived from
5333:History Magazine
5313:
5287:
5270:Speaight, George
5265:
5257:
5236:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5169:on 23 April 2012
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5143:. Mexconnect.com
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5090:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5051:(21 June 2017).
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5028:One Green Planet
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4902:on 10 April 2008
4901:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4803:Welsh Government
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4711:Bournemouth Echo
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4665:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4526:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4397:on 16 April 2009
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4337:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4284:on 14 April 2012
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4079:
4073:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3875:on 25 March 2007
3865:
3859:
3858:
3853:. Archived from
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3827:. Archived from
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3724:
3718:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3656:
3655:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3520:
3514:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3414:
3413:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3354:
3344:
3338:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3278:
3217:Cirque du Soleil
3135:Robert Pattinson
3099:by Eduard Bass,
2984:Federico Fellini
2964:Life Is a Circus
2956:Gycklarnas afton
2646:
2629:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2537:
2529:
2448:Ciniselli Circus
2389:Sirkus Finlandia
2347:from Australia,
2333:Big Apple Circus
2259:Welsh Parliament
2182:Honolulu, Hawaii
2140:In testimony in
2056:Mexican Congress
2024:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1954:Environmentalism
1681:Around the world
1663:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1419:sword swallowing
1391:human cannonball
1286:
1283:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1105:Cirque du Soleil
1094:Victoria Chaplin
1058:Cirque du Soleil
993:Cirque du Soleil
911:Arturo Michelena
871:, and Frenchmen
729:Antonio Franconi
640:
639:
635:
620:
613:
609:
606:
600:
598:
557:
533:
525:
511:Bartholomew Fair
491:Circus Flaminius
427:
407:
406:
399:
378:
370:
364:
363:
351:
345:
344:
332:
217:
210:
203:
87:
86:
58:
46:
45:
21:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5937:Performing arts
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5887:
5844:
5774:
5741:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5486:
5481:
5472:
5467:
5436:
5417:
5362:
5342:
5340:
5326:
5310:
5297:
5294:
5292:Further reading
5284:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4948:The Independent
4942:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4651:
4647:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4607:
4594:
4592:
4581:
4570:
4568:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4427:
4426:on 26 July 2010
4418:
4417:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4276:HistoryMagazine
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4230:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4130:"The 7 Fingers"
4128:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4110:. Circus Baobab
4108:"Circus Baobab"
4106:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4080:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3933:
3929:
3922:David Carlyon.
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3725:
3721:
3715:Wayback Machine
3704:
3700:
3693:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3659:
3652:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3417:
3402:
3385:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3191:Animal training
3187:
3102:Cirque du Freak
3097:Circus Humberto
3083:Circus Humberto
3055:Mera Naam Joker
2834:Charlie Chaplin
2812:(remade 1930),
2759:Herbert Farjeon
2739:Leonid Andreyev
2719:Lionel Monckton
2715:The Circus Girl
2640:
2623:
2621:Der kleine Mann
2599:
2589:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2554:
2538:
2527:
2511:
2495:Cirkusbygningen
2405:Budapest Circus
2399:Blackpool Tower
2367:Circus building
2361:
2275:
2267:
2247:
2205:
2080:
2028:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1671:
1651:
1632:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1447:
1431:The Doll Family
1427:Zip the Pinhead
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1185:
1179:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1098:Charlie Chaplin
1082:Teatro ZinZanni
1018:lighting design
986:
980:
964:
929:
849:
777:
750:The Englishman
748:
705:Joseph Grimaldi
641:
637:
633:
631:
630:
621:
610:
604:
601:
558:
556:
546:
534:
523:
475:George Speaight
460:
432:
429:(November 2023)
408:
404:
397:
391:, the Sun God.
333:, which is the
318:
221:
174:Stand-up comedy
100:Performing arts
65:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5955:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5903:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5840:Wheel of Death
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:Globe of death
5807:
5806:
5805:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5786:Animal trainer
5782:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:Fire breathing
5712:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5415:External links
5413:
5412:
5411:
5406:Simon, Linda.
5404:
5399:Nance, Susan.
5397:
5388:
5360:
5349:
5324:
5314:
5308:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5282:
5266:
5255:"Circus"
5252:, ed. (1911).
5250:Chisholm, Hugh
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5228:
5206:
5180:
5154:
5131:
5105:
5077:
5065:
5049:Pacelle, Wayne
5040:
5014:
4986:
4961:
4935:
4913:
4881:
4859:
4830:
4816:
4805:. 15 July 2020
4790:
4763:
4751:
4724:
4698:
4686:
4660:
4645:
4627:
4605:
4549:
4521:
4508:
4499:
4488:
4477:on 14 May 2013
4462:
4437:
4408:
4382:
4360:
4349:on 28 May 2008
4324:
4313:on 21 May 2015
4295:
4265:
4240:
4195:
4169:
4143:
4121:
4099:
4092:
4074:
4054:
4023:
4000:
3988:
3961:
3947:
3927:
3915:
3898:"Introduction"
3886:
3860:
3842:
3812:
3790:
3783:
3761:
3748:
3735:
3719:
3698:
3687:
3674:
3672:, p. 391.
3657:
3650:
3632:
3623:
3606:
3590:
3578:
3562:
3537:
3526:. Novaroma.org
3515:
3497:
3490:
3472:
3465:
3444:
3432:
3430:, p. 390.
3415:
3400:
3374:
3365:De spectaculis
3355:
3339:
3323:
3316:
3298:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3179:Phoenix Wright
3081:The TV series
2952:Ingmar Bergman
2904:John Barrymore
2872:was released;
2864:Burt Lancaster
2838:Circus Rookies
2783:with music by
2775:Anthony Newley
2767:Tyrone Guthrie
2747:Carl Zuckmayer
2743:Katharina Knie
2633:The Little Man
2610:Georges Seurat
2591:
2590:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2507:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2431:Great Yarmouth
2427:
2421:
2416:
2407:
2402:
2360:
2357:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2246:
2243:
2204:
2201:
2190:Allen Campbell
2173:to a reserve.
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2079:
2076:
2068:animal cruelty
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1943:Related topics
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1926:Sentiocentrism
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1842:Animal testing
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1711:Primate rights
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:Animal cruelty
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:Animal welfare
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1446:
1443:
1411:knife throwing
1354:have included
1344:equilibristics
1336:plate spinning
1288:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268: Unknown
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258: No ban
1254:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1178:
1175:
1146:
1143:
1134:Main article:
1131:
1128:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1109:cirque nouveau
1096:, daughter of
1086:Circus Smirkus
1022:costume design
1014:cirque nouveau
982:Main article:
979:
976:
963:
960:
928:
925:
873:Louis Soullier
848:
845:
776:
773:
747:
744:
721:Charles Dibdin
659:Circus Ronaldo
629:
626:
623:
622:
537:
535:
528:
522:
519:
495:Circus Neronis
487:Circus Maximus
459:
456:
434:
433:
411:
409:
402:
396:
393:
375:De Spectaculis
317:
314:
269:ventriloquists
223:
222:
220:
219:
212:
205:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
103:
102:
96:
95:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5954:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5912:
5904:
5902:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Circus school
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5737:Toss juggling
5735:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5601:Russian swing
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5591:Roman ladders
5589:
5587:
5586:Rolling globe
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Human pyramid
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:Balance board
5519:
5517:
5516:Aerial straps
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5470:Circus skills
5464:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5357:online review
5354:
5350:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5322:0-8139-2340-9
5319:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5283:0-4980-2470-9
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5232:
5216:
5210:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5142:
5135:
5120:
5119:Express.co.uk
5116:
5109:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4975:
4974:New Scientist
4971:
4965:
4950:. 8 July 2018
4949:
4945:
4939:
4923:
4917:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4869:
4863:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4826:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4760:
4755:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4503:
4497:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4447:
4441:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4370:
4364:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4269:
4254:
4250:
4249:"Circus bans"
4244:
4236:
4223:
4208:
4205:
4204:Social Circus
4199:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4131:
4125:
4109:
4103:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4067:Ăcole ouverte
4064:
4058:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3904:on 1 May 2006
3903:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3831:on 3 May 2012
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3671:
3670:Chisholm 1911
3666:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3586:Speaight 1980
3582:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3442:, p. 11.
3441:
3440:Speaight 1980
3436:
3429:
3428:Chisholm 1911
3424:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:0-8131-7179-2
3397:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:Circus skills
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3168:Shahrukh Khan
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:Elephant Song
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:Gary Jennings
3114:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:Hanna-Barbera
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3018:A Tiger Walks
3015:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:3 Ring Circus
2969:
2965:
2961:
2958:(released as
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:Marx Brothers
2890:starring the
2889:
2888:
2887:At the Circus
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:Salto Mortale
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2777:in 1961, and
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:Margaret Mayo
2726:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2695:George Martin
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2616:Erich KĂ€stner
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2584:
2576:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2542:This section
2540:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2503:Carré Theatre
2500:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:Circus Royale
2339:from Munich,
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2303:New York City
2300:
2296:
2295:San Francisco
2291:
2287:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:United States
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Animal rights
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Cultured meat
1947:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Vegetarianism
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:Animal rights
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:chapeaugraphy
1392:
1388:
1387:sideshow acts
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:circus clowns
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:rolling globe
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:stilt-walking
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1136:Social circus
1130:Social Circus
1127:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Cirkus Cirkör
1075:
1074:Cirque Ăloize
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:, founded in
1059:
1055:
1052:in 1984 from
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:San Francisco
1036:, founded in
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
985:
975:
973:
969:
956:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:Soviet Russia
934:
924:
921:
920:animal rights
912:
907:
903:
899:
896:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:William Batty
858:
854:
840:
836:
834:
830:
829:circus trains
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
781:
768:
764:
762:
758:
753:
740:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:in 1781. The
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:Andrew Ducrow
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:Philip Astley
660:
656:
649:
645:
636:
619:
616:
608:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566: â
565:
561:
560:Find sources:
554:
550:
544:
543:
538:This section
536:
532:
527:
526:
521:Modern format
518:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
499:fourth circus
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
476:
472:
467:
466:
455:
453:
452:Philip Astley
444:
440:
430:
425:
421:
420:
415:
410:
401:
400:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
376:
369:
359:
358:Homeric Greek
355:
350:
340:
336:
331:
327:
324:derives from
323:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
286:Philip Astley
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
218:
213:
211:
206:
204:
199:
198:
196:
195:
190:
189:Ventriloquism
187:
185:
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180:
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175:
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170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
119:Circus skills
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
88:
80:
78:Ancestor arts
76:
72:
68:
63:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5803:Circus clown
5660:manipulation
5643:Trick riding
5566:Hand to hand
5531:Chinese pole
5435:
5407:
5400:
5391:
5384:
5370:
5364:
5352:
5341:. Retrieved
5337:the original
5332:
5299:
5273:
5259:
5231:
5219:. Retrieved
5209:
5197:. Retrieved
5193:the original
5183:
5171:. Retrieved
5167:the original
5157:
5145:. Retrieved
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5118:
5108:
5097:the original
5092:
5080:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5027:
5017:
5005:. Retrieved
4999:
4989:
4977:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4947:
4938:
4926:. Retrieved
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4897:the original
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4846:
4819:
4807:. Retrieved
4802:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4775:
4766:
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4736:
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4710:
4701:
4689:
4677:. Retrieved
4672:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4640:the original
4630:
4618:. Retrieved
4608:
4600:
4593:. Retrieved
4589:
4576:
4569:. Retrieved
4563:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4534:
4524:
4511:
4502:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4475:the original
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4440:
4428:. Retrieved
4424:the original
4399:. Retrieved
4395:the original
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4344:the original
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:the original
4286:. Retrieved
4282:the original
4275:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:
4243:
4231:|title=
4212:13 September
4210:. Retrieved
4203:
4198:
4188:30 September
4186:. Retrieved
4182:the original
4172:
4162:30 September
4160:. Retrieved
4156:
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4124:
4112:. Retrieved
4102:
4083:
4077:
4066:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4036:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
4003:
3995:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3975:the original
3969:Griffin, J.
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3937:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3902:the original
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3863:
3855:the original
3845:
3833:. Retrieved
3829:the original
3824:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3793:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3706:
3701:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3581:
3570:
3565:
3555:19 September
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3518:
3508:
3500:
3481:
3475:
3456:
3447:
3435:
3391:
3388:Nickell, Joe
3364:
3358:
3353:, on Perseus
3350:
3342:
3337:, on Perseus
3334:
3326:
3307:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3285:
3276:
3202:Circus clown
3172:
3157:
3151:
3147:Circus World
3120:
3119:. The novel
3110:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3076:P. T. Barnum
3069:
3063:
3053:
3052:rescue her.
3035:
3023:Circus World
3021:
3017:
3011:
3009:musical film
3002:
2998:(1960), the
2993:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2968:Ring of Fear
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2826:in 1926 and
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2789:Mark Bramble
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2691:William Kite
2684:
2669:Pablo Fanque
2665:Julius FuÄĂk
2658:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2619:
2614:
2605:
2597:Circus music
2579:
2570:
2555:Please help
2543:
2512:
2492:
2393:
2337:Circus Krone
2325:
2321:wild animals
2314:
2307:
2301:(2017), and
2292:
2288:
2284:
2268:
2248:
2226:
2206:
2198:
2175:
2163:
2150:Kenneth Feld
2139:
2136:
2096:
2081:
2062:
1966:Deep ecology
1906:Abolitionism
1825:Bullfighting
1788:Wild animals
1767:Animal abuse
1629:(March 2021)
1628:
1617:
1578:
1483:
1439:Fresnel lens
1376:
1364:Emmett Kelly
1356:Austin Miles
1293:
1281:
1219:
1217:
1167:glockenspiel
1148:
1139:
1124:
1108:
1102:
1066:Cirque Plume
1027:
1013:
1008:
996:
965:
930:
916:
900:
892:
865:Pablo Fanque
850:
823:, the first
813:P. T. Barnum
793:Victor PĂ©pin
786:
757:Philadelphia
749:
717:Royal Circus
712:
690:
663:
611:
602:
592:
585:
578:
571:
559:
547:Please help
542:verification
539:
507:
484:
463:
461:
448:
428:
417:
352:), itself a
335:romanisation
321:
319:
310:
306:
297:Thames River
290:
280:
228:
226:
43:
5881:Flea circus
5835:Target girl
5791:Lion taming
5765:Teeterboard
5730:Firewalking
5725:Fire eating
5616:Spanish web
5606:Slacklining
5596:Russian bar
5546:Corde lisse
5536:Cloud swing
5511:Aerial silk
5506:Aerial hoop
5496:Acrobalance
5373:(6): 4â60.
5343:4 September
5199:18 November
4783:11 February
3588:, p. .
3257:Lion taming
3237:Flea circus
3207:Clown alley
3166:, starring
3164:DD National
3133:, starring
3107:Darren Shan
3087:Eduard Bass
2976:(1954) and
2926:(1941) and
2880:(USSR) and
2773:written by
2765:written by
2757:written by
2681:The Beatles
2673:John Lennon
2641: [
2624: [
2608:(1891), by
2472:Riga Circus
2438:in Montreal
2379:Wood Circus
2353:Moira Orfei
2299:Los Angeles
1886:Abandonment
1881:Puppy mills
1869:Oceanariums
1820:Bloodsports
1793:Consumption
1748:Vegetarians
1716:in research
1589:Mabel Stark
1457:and leopard
1445:Animal acts
1435:flea circus
1415:magic shows
1399:fire eating
1383:freak shows
1320:corde lisse
1316:aerial silk
1302:(including
1145:Performance
1044:in 1984 in
995:performing
970:, like the
515:Middle Ages
471:hippodromes
273:unicyclists
18:Circus tent
5926:Categories
5866:Roustabout
5825:Ringmaster
5770:Trampoline
5541:Contortion
5488:contortion
5478:Acrobatics
5431:Circopedia
5385:White Tops
5243:References
4369:"Circuses"
4258:3 November
3196:Chautauqua
3127:Sara Gruen
3060:Raj Kapoor
3042:Cindy Bear
3028:John Wayne
2995:Toby Tyler
2989:The Clowns
2829:The Circus
2820:Vaudeville
2808:; in 1925
2785:Cy Coleman
2606:The Circus
2595:See also:
2387:A tent of
2209:Roger Gale
2171:pachyderms
1931:Speciesism
1783:Mutilation
1455:lion tamer
1379:stunt acts
1377:Daredevil
1372:Bill Irwin
1324:contortion
1308:trampoline
1300:gymnastics
1296:acrobatics
1181:See also:
1151:ringmaster
1090:Rob Mermin
1010:New Circus
984:New Circus
978:New Circus
968:acrobatics
955:Freak show
935:, head of
887:Lion tamer
825:freak show
809:Hey, Rube!
605:April 2018
575:newspapers
381:Tertullian
354:metathesis
301:ringmaster
134:Gymnastics
109:Acrobatics
5830:Strongman
5820:Puppeteer
5621:Tightrope
5611:Slackwire
5561:Hair hang
5556:Cyr wheel
5379:0005-4968
5366:Bandwagon
4874:11 August
4047:18 August
4012:. V&A
3092:CarnivĂ le
2979:La Strada
2918:Road Show
2902:starring
2862:starring
2832:starring
2769:in 1950,
2761:in 1942,
2683:' album,
2675:to write
2573:June 2024
2544:does not
2488:Bucharest
2444:in Moscow
2359:Buildings
2273:Worldwide
2157:hearing,
2144:in 2009,
2088:bullhooks
1976:Welfarism
1921:Personism
1854:Captivity
1738:Advocates
1581:menagerie
1558:sea lions
1530:elephants
1466:Elephants
1423:strongman
1403:breathing
1165:, drums,
1064:in 1984;
1042:Ra-Ra Zoo
1040:in 1975;
1030:Circus Oz
931:In 1919,
857:fitted-up
833:sideshows
805:Civil War
503:Maxentius
316:Etymology
265:magicians
245:musicians
5932:Circuses
5901:Category
5876:Sideshow
5747:Vaulting
5693:Twirling
5668:Bullwhip
5653:Juggling
5272:(1980).
5221:20 April
5173:20 April
5147:20 April
5124:8 August
4979:24 April
4906:20 April
4809:23 April
4679:20 April
4673:BBC News
4620:19 April
4481:19 April
4455:19 April
4430:20 April
4401:20 April
4375:20 April
4288:20 April
4222:cite web
4136:20 April
4114:20 April
4041:Archived
3908:20 April
3879:20 April
3835:20 April
3805:20 April
3711:Archived
3530:20 April
3410:65377460
3390:(2005).
3185:See also
3040:(1964),
3016:(1962);
2930:(1943).
2920:(1941),
2916:(1941),
2843:4 Devils
2654:magician
2467:Ashgabat
2458:Shanghai
2331:and the
2305:(2017).
2297:(2015),
2265:Scotland
2092:bullhook
2059:animals.
1971:Humanism
1864:Circuses
1847:Cosmetic
1731:Movement
1701:Veganism
1691:Timeline
1670:Overview
1643:a series
1641:Part of
1510:polecats
1498:leopards
1488:(namely
1486:big cats
1338:and the
1332:Juggling
1304:tumbling
1220:circuses
1171:calliope
1080:(1995);
801:Dan Rice
678:jugglers
670:acrobats
564:"Circus"
493:and the
261:jugglers
237:acrobats
164:Puppetry
92:a series
90:Part of
5911:Commons
5871:Showman
5849:Related
5683:Diabolo
5626:Trapeze
5483:balance
5058:23 June
5033:23 June
5007:23 June
5001:Reuters
4954:31 July
4928:31 July
4595:12 June
4571:12 June
4542:12 June
4016:19 June
3981:9 April
3513:, 1.35.
3112:Spangle
3050:Boo-Boo
3000:B-movie
2859:Trapeze
2815:Variety
2755:Big Top
2751:Caravan
2706:march "
2565:removed
2550:sources
2436:La Tohu
2377:Kharkiv
2203:England
2194:Kakaako
2052:Hidalgo
2048:Pachuca
1959:Radical
1916:Carnism
1835:Fishing
1830:Hunting
1778:Killing
1686:History
1624:Discuss
1566:monkeys
1550:parrots
1542:donkeys
1518:weasels
1476:Circus
1453:Female
1407:dancing
1312:trapeze
1070:Archaos
998:Dralion
847:Touring
739:Trapeze
589:scholar
424:Discuss
395:History
356:of the
337:of the
253:hoopers
249:dancers
241:trapeze
184:Theatre
5658:object
5636:Static
5631:Flying
5581:Risley
5551:Cradle
5501:Adagio
5377:
5320:
5306:
5280:
4852:22 May
4744:22 May
4717:22 May
4353:23 May
4317:19 May
4090:
3954:9 June
3945:
3781:
3648:
3488:
3463:
3408:
3398:
3347:krikos
3331:circus
3314:
3291:15 May
3159:Circus
3145:; and
3109:, and
2934:Tromba
2908:Disney
2878:Circus
2869:Freaks
2846:; and
2818:, and
2780:Barnum
2648:1967 (
2635:) and
2631:1963 (
2519:Monaco
2499:Cirkus
2425:Amiens
2414:Munich
2401:Circus
1813:Cattle
1803:Horses
1755:Groups
1743:Vegans
1548:(like
1538:horses
1534:zebras
1526:llamas
1522:camels
1506:wolves
1496:, and
1494:tigers
1405:, and
1385:, and
1370:, and
1358:, the
1348:Clowns
1266:
1256:
1248:
1238:
1230:
1062:Quebec
1046:London
1005:, 2004
1003:Vienna
957:circus
927:Russia
697:Sanger
632:": -->
591:
584:
577:
570:
562:
465:circus
458:Origin
389:Helios
368:krikos
362:ÎșÏÎŻÎșÎżÏ
349:kirkos
343:ÎșÎŻÏÎșÎżÏ
330:circus
322:circus
281:circus
271:, and
243:acts,
233:clowns
229:circus
169:Speech
114:Ballet
64:, 1900
49:Circus
5856:Carny
5798:Clown
5779:Other
5708:Plate
5698:Baton
5576:Perch
5485:, and
5100:(PDF)
5089:(PDF)
4900:(PDF)
4893:(PDF)
4449:(PDF)
4347:(PDF)
4336:(PDF)
3268:Notes
3222:Clown
3030:. In
2913:Dumbo
2910:film
2645:]
2628:]
2482:Minsk
2255:Wales
2245:Wales
1900:Ideas
1614:split
1562:bears
1554:doves
1546:birds
1514:minks
1502:foxes
1490:lions
1478:horse
1421:, or
1368:Grock
1054:Wales
962:China
933:Lenin
709:clown
596:JSTOR
582:books
414:split
385:Circe
339:Greek
326:Latin
154:Opera
149:Music
139:Magic
129:Dance
124:Clown
81:Drama
70:Types
5703:Hoop
5656:and
5375:ISSN
5345:2010
5318:ISBN
5304:ISBN
5278:ISBN
5223:2012
5201:2013
5175:2012
5149:2012
5126:2015
5060:2017
5035:2017
5009:2017
4981:2018
4956:2018
4930:2009
4908:2012
4876:2021
4854:2017
4811:2021
4785:2021
4746:2017
4719:2017
4681:2012
4622:2010
4597:2017
4582:(2)
4573:2017
4556:(1)
4544:2017
4483:2013
4457:2013
4432:2012
4403:2012
4377:2012
4355:2008
4319:2015
4290:2012
4260:2019
4235:help
4214:2023
4190:2009
4164:2009
4138:2012
4116:2012
4088:ISBN
4049:2021
4018:2011
3983:2011
3956:2013
3943:ISBN
3910:2012
3881:2012
3837:2012
3807:2012
3779:ISBN
3646:ISBN
3557:2024
3532:2012
3505:Livy
3486:ISBN
3461:ISBN
3406:OCLC
3396:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3293:2023
3137:and
3048:and
3046:Yogi
2950:and
2894:and
2697:and
2548:any
2546:cite
2513:The
2476:Riga
2343:and
2251:bill
2186:Tyke
2155:USDA
2148:CEO
1859:Zoos
1808:Cats
1798:Dogs
1574:dogs
1572:and
1570:cats
1552:and
1429:and
1306:and
1177:Acts
1068:and
875:and
815:and
634:edit
568:news
144:Mime
3125:by
3115:by
3105:by
2954:'s
2806:MGM
2717:by
2699:EMI
2679:on
2559:by
2474:in
2465:in
2456:in
2412:in
2216:at
1622:. (
1556:),
1500:),
1480:act
1322:),
1100:).
1001:in
551:by
422:. (
5928::
5480:,
5371:51
5369:.
5331:.
5258:.
5117:.
5091:.
5026:.
4998:.
4972:.
4946:.
4845:.
4833:^
4801:.
4774:.
4735:.
4709:.
4671:.
4599:.
4588:.
4575:.
4562:.
4533:.
4411:^
4338:.
4298:^
4251:.
4226::
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