141:
268:
152:
279:
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galactic background. The following resolution was adopted by
Commissions 25 and 40: 'RESOLVED, that the frame of reference for the Stokes parameters is that of Right Ascension and Declination with the position angle of electric-vector maximum, q, starting from North and increasing through East. Elliptical polarization is defined in conformity with the definitions of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE Standard 211, 1969). This means that the polarization of incoming radiation, for which the position angle, q, of the electric vector, measured at a fixed point in space, increases with time, is described as right-handed and positive.'"
2783:"... two crossed dipoles provide the two orthogonal field components.... If the two dipoles are identical, the field intensity of each along zenith ... would be of the same intensity. Also, if the two dipoles were fed with a 90° degree time-phase difference (phase quadrature), the polarization along zenith would be circular.... One way to obtain the 90° time-phase difference between the two orthogonal field components, radiated respectively by the two dipoles, is by feeding one of the two dipoles with a transmission line which is 1/4 wavelength longer or shorter than that of the other," p.80;
2823:"... circular and elliptical polarizations can be obtained using various feed arrangements or slight modifications made to the elements.... Circular polarization can be obtained if two orthogonal modes are excited with a 90° time-phase difference between them. This can be accomplished by adjusting the physical dimensions of the patch.... For a square patch element, the easiest way to excite ideally circular polarization is to feed the element at two adjacent edges.... The quadrature phase difference is obtained by feeding the element with a 90° power divider," p.859.
163:
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259:
the illustration, imagine the center of the circle just described, traveling along the axis from the front to the back. The circling dot will trace out a helix with the displacement toward our viewing left, leading the vertical displacement. Just as the horizontal and vertical displacements of the rotating dot are out of phase by one quarter of a cycle in time, the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical components of the electric field are out of phase by one quarter of a wavelength.
726:
direction of rotation of the E field with time. The rationale for the opposite conventions used by
Physicists and Engineers is that Astronomical Observations are always done with the incoming wave traveling toward the observer, where as for most engineers, they are assumed to be standing behind the transmitter watching the wave traveling away from them. This article is not using the IEEE 1979 Antenna Standard and is not using the +t convention typically used in IEEE work.
2343:
1408:
2859:
2648:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\psi _{\mathrm {R} }~&{\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}~{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(\cos \theta +i\sin \theta \exp \left(i\delta \right)\right)\exp \left(i\alpha _{x}\right)\\\psi _{\mathrm {L} }~&{\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}~{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(\cos \theta -i\sin \theta \exp \left(i\delta \right)\right)\exp \left(i\alpha _{x}\right)\end{aligned}}}
2724:
1817:
735:
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345:) will still emerge as right-handed, but elliptically, polarized. Light reflected by a metal at non-normal incidence will generally have its ellipticity changed as well. Such situations may be solved by decomposing the incident circular (or other) polarization into components of linear polarization parallel and perpendicular to the
3178:
with those proposed in the classical textbooks on polarized light by
Shurcliff (1952) and by Clarke and Grainger (1971). The same convention is also used, although with some few exceptions, by optical astronomers working in the field of polarimetry. Many radio astronomers, on the other hand, use the opposite convention.
641:
field's temporal rotation. It is considered clockwise circularly polarized because, from the point of view of the source, looking in the same direction of the wave's propagation, the field rotates in the clockwise direction. The second animation is that of left-handed or anti-clockwise light, using this same convention.
398:. Passing linearly polarized light through a quarter-waveplate with its axes at 45° to its polarization axis will convert it to circular polarization. In fact, this is the most common way of producing circular polarization in practice. Note that passing linearly polarized light through a quarter-waveplate at an angle
636:
1625:
711:
As stated earlier, there is significant confusion with regards to these two conventions. As a general rule, the engineering, quantum physics, and radio astronomy communities use the first convention, in which the wave is observed from the point of view of the source. In many physics textbooks dealing
332:
direction, the same rotation direction that would be described as "right-handed" for the incident beam, is "left-handed" for propagation in the reverse direction, and vice versa. Aside from the reversal of handedness, the ellipticity of polarization is also preserved (except in cases of reflection by
3177:
Polarization in
Spectral Lines. 2004 E. Landi Degl'innocenti, M Landolfi Section 1.2 "When ... the tip of the electric field vector rotates clockwise for an observer facing the radiation source, ... (it will be considered)... positive (or righthanded) circular polarization, Our convention ... agrees
384:
A 3-slide series of pictures taken with and without a pair of MasterImage 3D circularly polarized movie glasses of some dead
European rose chafers (Cetonia aurata) whose shiny green color comes from left-polarized light. Note that, without glasses, both the beetles and their images have shiny color.
242:
and causes the points of maximum magnitude of the vertical component to correspond with the points of zero magnitude of the horizontal component, and vice versa. The result of this alignment are select vectors, corresponding to the helix, which exactly match the maxima of the vertical and horizontal
258:
in time and are out of phase by one quarter of a cycle. The displacements are said to be out of phase by one quarter of a cycle because the horizontal maximum displacement (toward the left) is reached one quarter of a cycle before the vertical maximum displacement is reached. Now referring again to
3277:
In one location it is stated..."Note 1. ... In general, the figure, i.e., polarization, is elliptical and is traced in a clockwise or anti-clockwise sense, as viewed in the direction of propagation. ... Rotation of the electric vector in a clockwise sense is designated right-hand polarization, and
445:
direction that the wave is propagating, and matching the curling of one's fingers to the direction of the temporal rotation of the field at a given point in space. When determining if the wave is clockwise or anti-clockwise circularly polarized, one again takes the point of view of the source, and
677:
When using this convention, in contrast to the other convention, the defined handedness of the wave matches the handedness of the screw type nature of the field in space. Specifically, if one freezes a right-handed wave in time, when one curls the fingers of one's right hand around the helix, the
1049:
3164:
IAU General
Assembly Meeting, 1973, Commission 40 (Radio Astronomy/Radioastronomie), 8. POLARIZATION DEFINITIONS -- "A working Group chaired by Westerhout was convened to discuss the definition of polarization brightness temperatures used in the description of polarized extended objects and the
640:
As a specific example, refer to the circularly polarized wave in the first animation. Using this convention, that wave is defined as right-handed because when one points one's right thumb in the same direction of the wave's propagation, the fingers of that hand curl in the same direction of the
3151:
Lectures on
Physics Feynman (Vol. 1, ch.33-1) "If the end of the electric vector, when we look at it as the light comes straight toward us, goes around in an anti-clockwise direction, we call it right-hand circular polarization. ... Our convention for labeling left-hand and right-hand circular
229:
that are perpendicular to each other. The vertical component and its corresponding plane are illustrated in blue, while the horizontal component and its corresponding plane are illustrated in green. Notice that the rightward (relative to the direction of travel) horizontal component leads the
725:
Note that the IEEE defines RHCP and LHCP the opposite as those used by physicists. The IEEE 1979 Antenna
Standard will show RHCP on the South Pole of the Poincare Sphere. The IEEE defines RHCP using the right hand with thumb pointing in the direction of transmit, and the fingers showing the
1403:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E} (\mathbf {r} ,t)&=\left|\,\mathbf {E} \,\right|\mathrm {Re} \left\{\mathbf {Q} \left|\psi \right\rangle \exp \left\right\}\\\mathbf {B} (\mathbf {r} ,t)&={\dfrac {1}{c}}{\hat {\mathbf {z} }}\times \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {r} ,t)\end{aligned}}}
3031:
A. Fresnel, "Mémoire sur la double réfraction que les rayons lumineux éprouvent en traversant les aiguilles de cristal de roche suivant les directions parallèles à l'axe", read 9 December 1822; printed in H. de
Senarmont, E. Verdet, and L. Fresnel (eds.),
2136:
2242:
27:
vectors of a traveling circularly polarized electromagnetic wave. This wave is right-handed/clockwise circularly polarized as defined from the point of view of the source, or left-handed/anti-clockwise circularly polarized if defined from the point of view of the
2015:
3349:
Introduction to
Quantum Theory 2ED David Park Sec 2.2 Pg32 "... the polarization of a beam of light is exactly the same kind of thing as the spin of a beam of electrons, the differences of terminology reflecting only the accidents of the historical order of
2332:
420:
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thumb will point in the direction of progression for the helix, given the sense of rotation. Note that, in the context of the nature of all screws and helices, it does not matter in which direction you point your thumb when determining its handedness.
411:
20:
2936:. For fireflies, it is more difficult to find a microscopic explanation for the polarization, because the left and right lanterns of the larvae were found to emit polarized light of opposite senses. The authors suggest that the light begins with a
460:
287:
Left-handed/counterclockwise circularly polarized light displayed with and without the use of components. This would be considered right-handed/clockwise circularly polarized if defined from the point of view of the source rather than the
171:
Right-handed/counterclockwise circularly polarized light displayed with and without the use of components. This would be considered left-handed/clockwise circularly polarized if defined from the point of view of the source rather than the
2850:. More specifically, in quantum mechanics, the direction of spin of a photon is tied to the handedness of the circularly polarized light, and the spin of a beam of photons is similar to the spin of a beam of particles, such as electrons.
428:
Circular polarization may be referred to as right-handed or left-handed, and clockwise or anti-clockwise, depending on the direction in which the electric field vector rotates. Unfortunately, two opposing historical conventions exist.
294:
The next pair of illustrations is that of left-handed, counterclockwise circularly polarized light when viewed by the receiver. Because it is left-handed, the rightward (relative to the direction of travel) horizontal component is now
3152:
polarization is consistent with that which is used today for all the other particles in physics which exhibit polarization (e.g., electrons). However, in some books on optics the opposite conventions are used, so one must be careful."
1812:{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle \ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\begin{pmatrix}\psi _{x}\\\psi _{y}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \theta \exp \left(i\alpha _{x}\right)\\\sin \theta \exp \left(i\alpha _{y}\right)\end{pmatrix}}}
3072:, Ser. 2, vol. 17, pp. 102–11 (May 1821), 167–96 (June 1821), 312–15 ("Postscript", July 1821); reprinted (with added section nos.) in H. de Senarmont, E. Verdet, and L. Fresnel (eds.),
900:
3521:
Sparks, William B.; Hough, James; Germer, Thomas A.; Chen, Feng; DasSarma, Shiladitya; DasSarma, Priya; Robb, Frank T.; Manset, Nadine; Kolokolova, Ludmilla; Reid, Neill; Macchetto, F. Duccio; Martin, William (2009-05-12).
3112:, sec. 11.1, p. 61."the sense of polarization, or handedness ... is called right handed (left handed) if the direction of rotation is clockwise (anti-clockwise) for an observer looking in the direction of propagation"
3288:
In another location it is stated... "Note 4: Circular polarization may be referred to as "right-hand" or "left-hand", depending on whether the helix describes the thread of a right-hand or left-hand screw, respectively".
3095:
IEEE Std 149-1979 (R2008), "IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas". Reaffirmed December 10, 2008, Approved December 15, 1977, IEEE-SA Standards Board. Approved October 9, 2003, American National Standards Institute.
3189:
HANDBOOK OPTICS Volume I, Devices, Measurements and Properties, Michael Bass Page 272 Footnote: "Right-circularly polarized light is defined as a clockwise rotation of the electric vector when the observer is looking
2020:
where the plus sign indicates left circular polarization, and the minus sign indicates right circular polarization. In the case of circular polarization, the electric field vector of constant magnitude rotates in the
423:
A left-handed/anti-clockwise circularly polarized wave as defined from the point of view of the source. It would be considered right-handed/clockwise circularly polarized if defined from the point of view of the
414:
A right-handed/clockwise circularly polarized wave as defined from the point of view of the source. It would be considered left-handed/anti-clockwise circularly polarized if defined from the point of view of the
340:
Note that this principle only holds strictly for light reflected at normal incidence. For instance, right circularly polarized light reflected from a dielectric surface at grazing incidence (an angle beyond the
2038:
2147:
666:
In this alternative convention, polarization is defined from the point of view of the receiver. Using this convention, left- or right-handedness is determined by pointing one's left or right thumb
2348:
1185:
715:
To avoid confusion, it is good practice to specify "as defined from the point of view of the source" or "as defined from the point of view of the receiver" when discussing polarization matters.
2708:
437:
Using this convention, polarization is defined from the point of view of the source. When using this convention, left- or right-handedness is determined by pointing one's left or right thumb
1917:
3036:, vol. 1 (1866), pp. 731–51; translated as "Memoir on the double refraction that light rays undergo in traversing the needles of quartz in the directions parallel to the axis",
1610:
3003:
59:, at a given point in space, relates to the phase of the light as it travels through time and space. At any instant of time, the electric field vector of the wave indicates a point on a
1131:
2253:
1090:
55:
In electrodynamics, the strength and direction of an electric field is defined by its electric field vector. In the case of a circularly polarized wave, the tip of the electric field
385:
The right-polarizer removes the color of the beetles but leaves the color of the images. The left-polarizer does the opposite, showing reversal of handedness of the reflected light.
250:
shift corresponds to an electric field that rotates while maintaining a constant magnitude, imagine a dot traveling clockwise in a circle. Consider how the vertical and horizontal
195:
in the plane wave article to better appreciate this dynamic. This light is considered to be right-hand, clockwise circularly polarized if viewed by the receiver. Since this is an
1520:
2965:
Weaker sources of circular polarization in nature include multiple scattering by linear polarizers, as in the circular polarization of starlight, and selective absorption by
631:{\displaystyle \left(E_{x},\,E_{y},\,E_{z}\right)\propto \left(\cos {\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}\left(ct-z\right),\,-\sin {\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}\left(ct-z\right),\,0\right).}
187:, each vector represents the magnitude and direction of the electric field for an entire plane that is perpendicular to the optical axis. Specifically, given that this is a
127:
Circular polarization occurs when the two orthogonal electric field component vectors are of equal magnitude and are out of phase by exactly 90°, or one-quarter wavelength.
2954:
Water-air interfaces provide another source of circular polarization. Sunlight that gets scattered back up towards the surface is linearly polarized. If this light is then
1909:
1854:
1447:
3124:
Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas – S. J. Orfanidis: Footnote p.45, "most engineering texts use the IEEE convention and most physics texts, the opposite convention."
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1882:
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of reflection, which are generally different for those two linear polarizations. Only in the special case of normal incidence, where there is no distinction between
3076:, vol. 1 (1866), pp. 609–48; translated as "On the calculation of the tints that polarization develops in crystalline plates, & postscript",
1566:
225:
The nature of circular polarization and its relationship to other polarizations is often understood by thinking of the electric field as being divided into two
769:
regulations state that horizontal polarization is the standard for FM broadcasting, but that "circular or elliptical polarization may be employed if desired".
1044:{\displaystyle g_{em}\ =\ 2\left({\theta _{\mathrm {left} }-\theta _{\mathrm {right} } \over \theta _{\mathrm {left} }+\theta _{\mathrm {right} }}\right)}
681:
When determining if the wave is clockwise or anti-clockwise circularly polarized, one again takes the point of view of the receiver and, while looking
692:
Just as in the other convention, right-handedness corresponds to a clockwise rotation, and left-handedness corresponds to an anti-clockwise rotation.
3261:
700:
645:
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refers to as "mixed polarization", i.e. radio emissions that include both horizontally- and vertically-polarized components. In the United States,
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radio stations sometimes employ circular polarization to improve signal penetration into buildings and vehicles. It is one example of what the
218:
Circular polarization is often encountered in the field of optics and, in this section, the electromagnetic wave will be simply referred to as
3133:
Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas – S. J. Orfanidis Pg 44 "Curl the fingers of your left and right hands into a fist and point both thumbs
651:
Quantum physicists also use this convention of handedness because it is consistent with their convention of handedness for a particle's spin.
191:, these vectors indicate that the electric field, from plane to plane, has a constant strength while its direction steadily rotates. Refer to
419:
3465:
3325:
410:
179:
In a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave, the individual electric field vectors, as well as their combined vector, have a constant
19:
3675:
Tsyr-Huei Chiou; Sonja Kleinlogel; Tom Cronin; Roy Caldwell; Birte Loeffler; Afsheen Siddiqi; Alan Goldizen; Justin Marshall (2008).
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324:
The handedness of polarized light is reversed reflected off a surface at normal incidence. Upon such reflection, the rotation of the
1140:, corresponding to purely left- or right-handed circular polarization, is therefore 2. Meanwhile, the smallest absolute value that
140:
3292:
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316:. A half-waveplate shifts a given linear component of light one half of a wavelength relative to its orthogonal linear component.
267:
2769:
A number of different types of antenna elements can be used to produce circularly polarized (or nearly so) radiation; following
2131:{\displaystyle |\mathrm {R} \rangle \ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {1 \over {\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-i\end{pmatrix}}}
151:
2237:{\displaystyle |\mathrm {L} \rangle \ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {1 \over {\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\i\end{pmatrix}}}
278:
52:
of the wave has a constant magnitude and is rotating at a constant rate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
380:
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back down, its vertical component undergoes a phase shift. To an underwater observer looking up, the faint light outside
2010:{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle ={1 \over {\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\\pm i\end{pmatrix}}\exp \left(i\alpha _{x}\right)}
113:
on 9 December 1822. Fresnel had first described the case of circular polarization, without yet naming it, in 1821.
235:
3068:
A. Fresnel, "Note sur le calcul des teintes que la polarisation développe dans les lames cristallisées" et seq.,
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the direction of propagation, and then matching the curling of one's fingers to the temporal rotation of the field.
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with optics, the second convention is used, in which the light is observed from the point of view of the receiver.
655:
63:
oriented along the direction of propagation. A circularly polarized wave can rotate in one of two possible senses:
2327:{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =\psi _{\mathrm {R} }|\mathrm {R} \rangle +\psi _{\mathrm {L} }|\mathrm {L} \rangle }
3876:
Reversal of handedness of circularly polarized light by mirror. A demonstration – simple, cheap & instructive
3059:, vol. 7 (for 1820–23), Hendaye, Basses Pyrénées: Imprimerie de l'Observatoire d'Abbadia, 1916, p. 401.
822:
814:
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Wynberg, Hans; Meijer, E.W.; Hummelen, J.C.; Dekkers, H.P.J.M.; Schippers, P.H.; Carlson, A.D. (7 August 1980).
3417:"Imaging polarimetry of the circularly polarizing cuticle of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Rutelidae, Cetoniidae)"
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Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie tenues depuis la fondation de l'Institut jusqu'au mois d'août 1835
457:
Using this convention, the electric field vector of a left-handed circularly polarized wave is as follows:
3308:
394:
Circularly polarized light can be converted into linearly polarized light by passing it through a quarter-
857:
813:
molecule. As a consequence, circular dichroism is exhibited by most biological molecules, because of the
215:
in magnitude to it. As a result, the magnetic field vectors would trace out a second helix if displayed.
86:
3340:
Balanis, Constantine A. "Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design", 2016, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
1459:
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of the reflected light is identical to that of the incident field. However, with propagation now in the
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is preferentially left-polarized. Since then, circular polarization has been measured in several other
110:
33:
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41:
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Circular polarization has been detected in light reflected from leaves and photosynthetic microbes.
2814:
1911:
and the x amplitude equals the y amplitude, the wave is circularly polarized. The Jones vector is:
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direction of the wave's propagation, one observes the direction of the field's temporal rotation.
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1887:
1832:
91:
3871:
Comparison of Circular Polarization with Linear and Elliptical Polarizations (YouTube Animation)
3504:
1423:
377:, are the Fresnel coefficients for the two components identical, leading to the above property.
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Report 464-5, "Polarization of Emissions in Frequency-Modulation Broadcasting in Band 8 (VHF)"
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the direction of propagation, one observes the direction of the field's temporal rotation.
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Only a few mechanisms in nature are known to systematically produce circularly polarized
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879:. The extent to which emissions are polarized is quantified in the same way it is for
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648:(IEEE) standard and, as a result, it is generally used in the engineering community.
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3524:"Detection of circular polarization in light scattered from photosynthetic microbes"
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3231:"Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd edition (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)"
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2902:. In these cases, the underlying mechanism is the molecular-level helicity of the
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To convert circularly polarized light to the other handedness, one can use a half-
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3433:
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Srinivasarao, Mohan; Park, Jung Ok; Crne, Matija; Sharma, Vivek (July 24, 2009).
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758:
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2866:'s external surface reflects almost exclusively left-circularly polarized light.
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can achieve, corresponding to linearly polarized or unpolarized light, is zero.
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corresponds to the quantum yield of left-handed circularly polarized light, and
790:) is the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized
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the vertical component by one quarter of a wavelength, rather than leading it.
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3832:: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light
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rotation in an anti-clockwise sense is designated left-hand polarization. "
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will also impart a distinct CD to its respective molecules. Therefore, the
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3362:"Structural Origin of Circularly Polarized Iridescence in Jeweled Beetles"
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872:
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Also, under the right conditions, even non-chiral molecules will exhibit
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In general, this phenomenon will be exhibited in absorption bands of any
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The phenomenon of polarization arises as a consequence of the fact that
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Many optics textbooks use this second convention. It is also used by
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Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation
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have been reported to be able to detect circular polarized light.
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Radio emission from pulsars can be strongly circularly polarized.
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is also circularly polarized, as reported in 1980 for the species
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then the polarization state can be written in the "R-L basis" as:
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Polarized Light in Animal Vision: Polarization Patterns in Nature
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Radio astronomers also use this convention in accordance with an
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have CD spectral signatures representative of their structures.
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3736:"The secret world of shrimps: polarisation vision at its best"
2878:
discovered that light reflected from the golden scarab beetle
3626:"On the origin of the circular polarization in radio pulsars"
3415:
Hegedüs, Ramón; Győző Szélb; Gábor Horváth (September 2006).
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to that of right-handed light. The maximum absolute value of
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860:— that is, circular dichroism induced by a magnetic field.
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3677:"Circular polarization vision in a stomatopod crustacean"
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3086:(Creative Commons), 2021; author's footnote to §16.
2797:"To achieve circular polarization ... the circumference
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661:
402:
than 45° will generally produce elliptical polarization.
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1548:
matrix whose columns span the transverse x-y plane; and
71:
sense with respect to the direction of propagation, and
3834:(7th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3314:(Report). International Telecommunications Union. 1990.
829:) molecules they contain. Noteworthy as well is that a
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of the dot, relative to the center of the circle, vary
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Article on the mantis shrimp and circular polarization
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1954:
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proposes two contradictory conventions of handedness.
183:, and with changing phase angle. Given that this is a
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1584:
1554:
1528:
1462:
1426:
1346:
1183:
1098:
1060:
903:
463:
3623:
2805:/wavelength = 1 near optimum, and the spacing about
389:
3466:"Circular polarization observed in bioluminescence"
2702:
2647:
2326:
2236:
2130:
2009:
1903:
1876:
1848:
1811:
1604:
1560:
1540:
1514:
1441:
1402:
1125:
1084:
1043:
630:
3727:
3630:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
701:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
646:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
203:vector has a corresponding, but not illustrated,
3882:
3856:Circularly polarized light: beetles and displays
3228:
2703:{\displaystyle \delta =\alpha _{y}-\alpha _{x}.}
750:transmitter on Lake Mountain, Utah. It radiates
67:in which the electric field vector rotates in a
3866:Animation of Circular Polarization (on YouTube)
3528:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2962:therefore is (partially) circularly polarized.
794:. Circular dichroism is the basis of a form of
365:linear polarizations are found by applying the
706:
357:respectively. The reflected components in the
2744:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
1605:{\displaystyle \left|\,\mathbf {E} \,\right|}
3062:
3025:
2321:
2293:
2265:
2161:
2052:
1929:
1637:
3120:
3118:
1150:
3624:Gogoberidze, G.; Machabeli, G. Z. (2005).
1126:{\displaystyle \theta _{\mathrm {right} }}
644:This convention is in conformity with the
3781:
3771:
3753:
3702:
3659:
3641:
3575:
3557:
3539:
3432:
3081:
3041:
2846:. Polarization is a manifestation of the
1596:
1590:
1228:
1222:
1085:{\displaystyle \theta _{\mathrm {left} }}
616:
566:
496:
482:
405:
302:
65:right-handed circular polarization (RHCP)
3826:
3115:
2857:
2032:If basis vectors are defined such that:
738:Crossed-dipole antenna array of station
733:
418:
409:
379:
73:left-handed circular polarization (LHCP)
18:
3807:
3734:Sonja Kleinlogel; Andrew White (2008).
3408:
3334:
2827:
230:vertical component by one quarter of a
3883:
2940:due to inhomogeneities inside aligned
662:From the point of view of the receiver
656:International Astronomical Union (IAU)
3194:the direction the wave is traveling."
3160:
3158:
2735:too many or overly lengthy quotations
763:International Telecommunication Union
234:, a 90° phase difference. It is this
3599:Horváth, Gábor; Dezsö Varjú (2003).
3514:
3074:Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Fresnel
3034:Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Fresnel
2717:
887:, also sometimes referred to as the
433:From the point of view of the source
3404:– via science.sciencemag.org.
3229:S. E. Braslavsky (1 January 2009).
48:state in which, at each point, the
13:
3801:
3155:
3046:, 2021 (open access); §§9–10.
2533:
2530:
2527:
2504:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2357:
2317:
2305:
2289:
2277:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2157:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2048:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1515:{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} =\left}
1238:
1235:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
951:
948:
945:
942:
875:or an ensemble of luminophores is
798:that can be used to determine the
246:To appreciate how this quadrature
130:
14:
3912:
3849:
3812:(3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
869:Circularly polarized luminescence
767:Federal Communications Commission
390:Conversion to linear polarization
211:to the electric field vector and
105:. All three terms were coined by
75:in which the vector rotates in a
3827:Born, M. & Wolf, E. (1999).
3661:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09681.x
3267:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3070:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2722:
1592:
1497:
1480:
1464:
1383:
1375:
1361:
1325:
1317:
1248:
1224:
1197:
1189:
277:
266:
161:
150:
139:
3668:
3617:
3592:
3457:
3353:
3343:
3318:
3301:
3271:
3222:
3197:
3183:
863:
189:circularly polarized plane wave
3603:. Springer. pp. 100–103.
3127:
3089:
3049:
2848:spin angular momentum of light
2801:of the helix must be ... with
2312:
2284:
2258:
2152:
2043:
1922:
1630:
1501:
1484:
1393:
1379:
1365:
1335:
1321:
1207:
1193:
871:(CPL) can occur when either a
238:relationship that creates the
1:
3137:the direction of propagation"
3019:
1164:electromagnetic wave equation
319:
120:behaves as a two-dimensional
3773:10.1371/journal.pone.0002190
3434:10.1016/j.visres.2006.02.007
2956:totally internally reflected
2853:
845:regions of proteins and the
772:
307:
99:is the easier-to-understand
7:
3110:10.1109/IEEESTD.1979.120310
2982:
2842:view, light is composed of
2713:
1904:{\displaystyle \alpha _{x}}
1849:{\displaystyle \alpha _{y}}
1162:plane wave solution of the
858:magnetic circular dichroism
802:and secondary structure of
729:
707:Uses of the two conventions
450:from the source and in the
10:
3917:
3238:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3205:"The Polarization Ellipse"
2831:
1442:{\displaystyle \omega =ck}
894:. This value is given by:
776:
111:French Academy of Sciences
109:, in a memoir read to the
3810:Classical Electrodynamics
3808:Jackson, John D. (1999).
3704:10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.066
1541:{\displaystyle 2\times 2}
720:US Federal Standard 1037C
658:resolution made in 1973.
2876:Albert Abraham Michelson
2742:summarize the quotations
1884:radians with respect to
1151:Mathematical description
441:from the source, in the
3559:10.1073/pnas.0810215106
3386:10.1126/science.1172051
3250:10.1351/pac200779030293
3055:Académie des Sciences,
2809:= wavelength/4," p.571;
406:Handedness conventions
92:elliptical polarization
3009:Starlight polarization
2867:
2825:
2811:
2785:
2704:
2649:
2328:
2238:
2132:
2011:
1905:
1878:
1877:{\displaystyle \pi /2}
1850:
1813:
1606:
1562:
1542:
1516:
1443:
1404:
1127:
1086:
1045:
755:
632:
425:
416:
386:
303:Reversal of handedness
29:
3891:Astrophysics concepts
2927:Photuris lucicrescens
2861:
2832:Further information:
2821:
2795:
2781:
2705:
2650:
2329:
2239:
2133:
2012:
1906:
1879:
1851:
1814:
1607:
1563:
1543:
1517:
1444:
1405:
1128:
1087:
1046:
737:
633:
422:
413:
383:
326:plane of polarization
107:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
83:Circular polarization
50:electromagnetic field
38:circular polarization
22:
3896:Polarization (waves)
3830:Principles of Optics
2881:Chrysina resplendens
2828:In quantum mechanics
2665:
2344:
2254:
2148:
2039:
1918:
1888:
1860:
1833:
1626:
1582:
1552:
1526:
1460:
1424:
1181:
1096:
1058:
901:
752:circularly polarized
461:
367:Fresnel coefficients
207:vector that is at a
197:electromagnetic wave
42:electromagnetic wave
3764:2008PLoSO...3.2190K
3695:2008CBio...18..429C
3652:2005MNRAS.364.1363G
3550:2009PNAS..106.7816S
3485:1980Natur.286..641W
3378:2009Sci...325..449S
2967:circularly dichroic
2938:linear polarization
2933:Photuris versicolor
2834:Photon polarization
831:secondary structure
718:The archive of the
349:, commonly denoted
102:linear polarization
3295:2011-06-06 at the
3284:2011-05-14 at the
2894:, as well as some
2868:
2840:quantum mechanical
2700:
2645:
2643:
2324:
2234:
2228:
2128:
2122:
2007:
1972:
1901:
1874:
1846:
1826:in the x-y plane.
1822:is the normalized
1809:
1803:
1704:
1619:of the field, and
1602:
1558:
1538:
1512:
1439:
1400:
1398:
1355:
1123:
1082:
1041:
885:dissymmetry factor
883:, in terms of the
881:circular dichroism
784:Circular dichroism
779:Circular dichroism
756:
628:
426:
417:
387:
347:plane of incidence
30:
16:Polarization state
3901:Stellar astronomy
3841:978-0-521-64222-4
3819:978-0-471-30932-1
3610:978-3-540-40457-6
3534:(19): 7816–7821.
3479:(5773): 641–642.
3427:(17): 2786–2797.
3372:(5939): 449–451.
2891:Chrysina gloriosa
2767:
2766:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2512:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2365:
2206:
2204:
2193:
2188:
2166:
2097:
2095:
2084:
2079:
2057:
1947:
1945:
1669:
1664:
1642:
1561:{\displaystyle c}
1522:is an orthogonal
1504:
1487:
1454:angular frequency
1368:
1354:
1035:
925:
919:
800:optical isomerism
589:
539:
3908:
3845:
3823:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3757:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3706:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3645:
3643:astro-ph/0510116
3636:(4): 1363–1366.
3621:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3561:
3543:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3510:on 24 July 2011.
3509:
3503:. Archived from
3493:10.1038/286641a0
3470:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3436:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3113:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3029:
2790:helical elements
2762:
2759:
2753:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2261:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1977:
1976:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1925:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1467:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1328:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1262:
1251:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1200:
1192:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1006:
1005:
1004:
984:
983:
982:
981:
956:
955:
954:
934:
923:
917:
916:
915:
811:optically active
749:
745:
699:as well as the
637:
635:
634:
629:
624:
620:
612:
608:
590:
585:
577:
562:
558:
540:
535:
527:
511:
507:
506:
505:
492:
491:
478:
477:
281:
270:
236:quadrature phase
193:these two images
165:
154:
143:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3881:
3880:
3852:
3842:
3820:
3804:
3802:Further reading
3799:
3732:
3728:
3682:Current Biology
3673:
3669:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3593:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3421:Vision Research
3413:
3409:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3297:Wayback Machine
3286:Wayback Machine
3276:
3272:
3264:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3094:
3090:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3030:
3026:
3022:
2985:
2975:Two species of
2914:bioluminescence
2856:
2836:
2830:
2776:dipole elements
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:or excerpts to
2739:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2595:
2591:
2560:
2556:
2544:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2448:
2444:
2413:
2409:
2397:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2194:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2085:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1935:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1413:where k is the
1397:
1396:
1382:
1374:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1338:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1015:
1014:
1010:
991:
990:
986:
985:
965:
964:
960:
941:
940:
936:
935:
933:
929:
908:
904:
902:
899:
898:
866:
781:
775:
747:
743:
732:
709:
664:
595:
591:
578:
576:
545:
541:
528:
526:
519:
515:
501:
497:
487:
483:
473:
469:
468:
464:
462:
459:
458:
435:
408:
392:
322:
310:
305:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
283:
282:
273:
272:
271:
178:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
167:
166:
157:
156:
155:
146:
145:
144:
133:
131:Characteristics
122:transverse wave
34:electrodynamics
17:
12:
11:
5:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3850:External links
3848:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3824:
3818:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3726:
3667:
3616:
3609:
3591:
3513:
3456:
3407:
3352:
3342:
3333:
3317:
3300:
3270:
3244:(3): 293–465.
3221:
3196:
3182:
3167:
3154:
3139:
3126:
3114:
3088:
3061:
3048:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2960:Snell's window
2886:scarab beetles
2855:
2852:
2829:
2826:
2816:patch elements
2773:, one can use
2765:
2764:
2730:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2656:
2655:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2198:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2139:
2138:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2018:
2017:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1898:
1894:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1856:is rotated by
1843:
1839:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1570:speed of light
1557:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1411:
1410:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
989:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
963:
959:
953:
950:
947:
944:
939:
932:
928:
922:
914:
911:
907:
865:
862:
777:Main article:
774:
771:
731:
728:
708:
705:
688:
684:
673:
669:
663:
660:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
588:
584:
581:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
544:
538:
534:
531:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
500:
495:
490:
486:
481:
476:
472:
467:
453:
449:
446:while looking
444:
440:
434:
431:
407:
404:
391:
388:
343:Brewster angle
321:
318:
309:
306:
304:
301:
286:
285:
276:
275:
274:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
205:magnetic field
201:electric field
170:
169:
160:
159:
158:
149:
148:
147:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
132:
129:
25:electric field
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3913:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:(6): 429–34.
3688:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3346:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3159:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:0-471-08032-2
3099:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2977:mantis shrimp
2973:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:mantis shrimp
2897:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2761:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2731:This section
2729:
2720:
2719:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2521:
2515:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2374:
2368:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2300:
2296:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2171:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2087:
2062:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1647:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1598:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1508:
1490:
1472:
1468:
1456:of the wave;
1455:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1390:
1387:
1371:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1243:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1100:
1062:
1037:
1011:
1007:
987:
961:
957:
937:
930:
926:
920:
912:
909:
905:
897:
896:
895:
893:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
861:
859:
854:
852:
851:nucleic acids
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
770:
768:
764:
760:
753:
741:
736:
727:
723:
721:
716:
713:
704:
702:
698:
693:
690:
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
652:
649:
647:
642:
638:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
592:
586:
582:
579:
573:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
536:
532:
529:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
498:
493:
488:
484:
479:
474:
470:
465:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
430:
421:
412:
403:
401:
397:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
338:
336:
331:
327:
317:
315:
300:
298:
280:
269:
260:
257:
253:
252:displacements
249:
244:
241:
237:
233:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
164:
153:
142:
128:
125:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
87:limiting case
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
26:
21:
3828:
3809:
3748:(5): e2190.
3745:
3739:
3729:
3686:
3680:
3670:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3600:
3594:
3531:
3527:
3516:
3505:the original
3476:
3472:
3459:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3336:
3320:
3303:
3273:
3241:
3237:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3134:
3129:
3091:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3033:
3027:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2953:
2950:
2946:birefringent
2931:
2925:
2911:
2898:such as the
2889:
2879:
2869:
2837:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2755:
2740:Please help
2732:
2657:
2336:
2246:
2140:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2019:
1828:
1824:Jones vector
1821:
1614:
1574:
1451:
1412:
1154:
1141:
1134:
1053:
888:
884:
868:
867:
864:Luminescence
855:
847:double helix
825:(e.g., some
817:(e.g., some
815:dextrorotary
808:
796:spectroscopy
787:
783:
782:
759:FM broadcast
757:
754:radio waves.
751:
724:
717:
714:
710:
694:
691:
685:the source,
680:
676:
670:the source,
665:
653:
650:
643:
639:
456:
436:
427:
399:
393:
374:
370:
362:
358:
354:
350:
339:
335:birefringent
329:
323:
311:
296:
293:
256:sinusoidally
245:
243:components.
224:
217:
213:proportional
177:
126:
115:
100:
97:special case
95:. The other
90:
82:
81:
72:
64:
54:
46:polarization
37:
31:
3350:discovery."
3326:47 CFR
2896:crustaceans
2874:. In 1911,
2864:rose chafer
1174:fields is:
873:luminophore
843:random coil
835:alpha helix
827:amino acids
209:right angle
3885:Categories
3020:References
2942:photocytes
2758:April 2018
2750:Wikisource
1415:wavenumber
1160:sinusoidal
890:anisotropy
839:beta sheet
823:levorotary
337:surface).
320:Reflection
232:wavelength
227:components
185:plane wave
69:right-hand
3755:0804.2162
3568:0027-8424
3541:0904.4646
3402:206519071
3014:Waveplate
2999:Chirality
2989:Polarizer
2922:fireflies
2904:chitinous
2854:In nature
2746:Wikiquote
2733:contains
2689:α
2685:−
2676:α
2669:δ
2628:α
2616:
2600:δ
2589:
2583:θ
2580:
2571:−
2568:θ
2565:
2500:ψ
2481:α
2469:
2453:δ
2442:
2436:θ
2433:
2421:θ
2418:
2353:ψ
2322:⟩
2301:ψ
2294:⟩
2273:ψ
2266:⟩
2263:ψ
2162:⟩
2115:−
2053:⟩
1994:α
1982:
1965:±
1930:⟩
1927:ψ
1893:α
1864:π
1838:α
1788:α
1776:
1770:θ
1767:
1746:α
1734:
1728:θ
1725:
1694:ψ
1680:ψ
1638:⟩
1635:ψ
1617:amplitude
1533:×
1502:^
1485:^
1428:ω
1372:×
1366:^
1292:ω
1289:−
1267:
1257:ψ
1157:classical
1101:θ
1063:θ
1012:θ
988:θ
962:θ
958:−
938:θ
804:molecules
773:Dichroism
703:(IUPAC).
603:−
587:λ
583:π
574:
568:−
553:−
537:λ
533:π
524:
513:∝
424:receiver.
415:receiver.
396:waveplate
314:waveplate
308:Waveplate
288:receiver.
181:magnitude
77:left-hand
28:receiver.
3792:18478095
3741:PLoS ONE
3713:18356053
3586:19416893
3451:14974820
3443:16564066
3394:19628862
3293:Archived
3282:Archived
3262:Archived
3258:96601716
3214:13 April
3209:spie.org
2983:See also
2948:tissue.
2888:such as
2714:Antennas
1260:⟩
1172:magnetic
1168:electric
1166:for the
744:94.9 MHz
730:FM radio
330:opposite
172:receiver
3783:2377063
3760:Bibcode
3721:6925705
3691:Bibcode
3648:Bibcode
3577:2674403
3546:Bibcode
3501:4324467
3481:Bibcode
3374:Bibcode
3366:Science
3192:against
3135:towards
3083:4058004
3080::
3043:4745976
3040::
2994:3D film
2969:media.
2916:of the
2907:cuticle
2844:photons
2838:In the
2771:Balanis
2337:where:
2029:plane.
1615:is the
1568:is the
1452:is the
687:against
672:against
297:lagging
199:, each
79:sense.
3838:
3816:
3790:
3780:
3719:
3711:
3607:
3584:
3574:
3566:
3499:
3473:Nature
3449:
3441:
3400:
3392:
3329:73.316
3256:
3100:
3078:Zenodo
3038:Zenodo
2918:larvae
2542:
2511:
2395:
2364:
2192:
2165:
2083:
2056:
1668:
1641:
1575:Here,
1054:where
924:
918:
892:factor
877:chiral
821:) and
819:sugars
683:toward
668:toward
57:vector
40:of an
3750:arXiv
3717:S2CID
3638:arXiv
3536:arXiv
3508:(PDF)
3497:S2CID
3469:(PDF)
3447:S2CID
3398:S2CID
3312:(PDF)
3265:(PDF)
3254:S2CID
3234:(PDF)
2872:light
2658:and:
2141:and:
792:light
748:48 kW
400:other
248:phase
240:helix
220:light
118:light
85:is a
61:helix
44:is a
3836:ISBN
3814:ISBN
3788:PMID
3709:PMID
3605:ISBN
3582:PMID
3564:ISSN
3439:PMID
3390:PMID
3216:2018
3098:ISBN
2930:and
2912:The
2862:The
1170:and
1155:The
841:and
740:KENZ
697:SPIE
452:same
448:away
443:same
439:away
373:and
361:and
353:and
23:The
3778:PMC
3768:doi
3699:doi
3656:doi
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