478:
31:
729:
575:
1268:
675:
343:
1930:
1681:
1924:
1885:
1819:
1659:
1604:
629:
1275:
642:
iron gates restored. Regency style railings to the churchyard, removed in World War II, were replaced. The north and east façades were repaired and cleaned in 1999–2000. The restoration of the interior, begun in 2000 and completed in 2004, restored the fabric of the church; removed the nineteenth- and twentieth-century alterations; reinstated the original arrangement of galleries following archaeology to establish their original pattern; and has recaptured the proportions, light and clarity of
Hawksmoor's original design.
1907:
1896:
1863:
1841:
1830:
1808:
1797:
1775:
1758:
1747:
1736:
1725:
1714:
1703:
1670:
1626:
1615:
1582:
1918:
1874:
1852:
1786:
1692:
1648:
1637:
1593:
1571:
1769:
1985:
586:, a most celebrated builder of the time. With over two thousand pipes it was, when built, the largest organ in England, a record it held for over a hundred years. In the nineteenth century work was done at various times and further changes were made in the 1920s; remarkably, much of the original Richard Bridge organ survives. The organ became derelict and was not heard in public from about 1960 onwards. The magnificent organ case, largely of
715:
1995:
1065:
616:, now a concert hall. A rehabilitation centre for homeless alcoholic men was housed in part of the crypt from the 1960s until 2000 when it relocated to purpose built accommodation above ground. In 1976 the Friends of Christ Church Spitalfields, an independent charity, was formed to raise money and project manage the restoration of this Grade I
625:
these, about 390 were identifiable from coffin name plates. Archaeologists and physical anthropologists took this opportunity to study
Victorian mortuary practices and anthropology, including health and causes of death of the local population. The project was written up as a two-volume landmark study.
645:
In 2015 the Crypt was also restored, restoring much of
Hawksmoor's original walls as well as providing a café area. This is accessible via a ramp to make disabled access possible and encourage use by the local community. In February 2016 the restoration of the Crypt was shortlisted in the RICS Awards
641:
and the delicate detailing, both so quickly obscured by weather and city pollution. At the same time
Hawksmoor's magnificent double flight of steps on the south side, which was removed in the nineteenth century, was rebuilt. In addition, the gate piers of the Rectory yard were repaired and the large
636:
The portico at the west end was repaired and cleaned in 1986, when Ewan
Christian's re-arrangement of the aisle windows was also replaced by a recreation of the originals, scrupulously researched. The 202 ft tower and spire were consolidated and cleaned in 1997. The south façade was cleaned and
624:
As part of the restoration process, the burial vaults beneath the church had to be cleared. Instead of hiring a commercial undertaker for this job, the
Friends of Christ Church raised funds for the employment of an archaeological team, who excavated nearly 1,000 interments between 1984 and 1986. Of
649:
Thus, after years of neglect, the church was restored to its pre-1850 condition, working from the original building documents where possible, a process that stretched over more than 25 years. The restoration revealed the most complex and sumptuous of
Hawksmoor's interiors in London. Key players in
594:
survivals, make this a historic instrument of national importance. The involvement of local expert
Michael Gillingham was very largely responsible for the decision to have it restored to working condition. The organ parts were dismantled and removed for safe keeping and to protect them from damage
525:
In his book "Complexity and
Contradiction in Architecture", Robert Venturi remarks on the tower of Christ Church, Spitalfields as "a manifestation of both-and at the scale of the city. Hawksmoor's tower is both a wall and a tower. Toward the bottom the vista is terminated by the extension of its
607:
By 1960 Christ Church was nearly derelict and services were held in the Church Hall (an ex
Huguenot Chapel in Hanbury Street) as the roof of Christ Church itself was declared unsafe. The Hawksmoor Committee staved off the threat of wholesale demolition of the empty building—proposed by the then
501:
columns is attached bluntly to the western end: it may indeed be a late addition to the design intended to add further support to the tower. Like those of Hawksmoor's other London churches and many of Wren's, the central space of the nave is organised around two axes, the shorter originally
650:
the restoration were Andrew D "Red" Mason (Project Architect and building historian from 1976 to 2004), Revd. Eddy Stride (Rector), Eric Elstob (Chair of The Friends of Christ Church and benefactor), Howard Kenward, Derek Stride and Hosten Garroway (Wardens), The Hon
620:
so it could be brought back into use. Church services returned to the partially restored building in 1987 and the restoration of the building was finally complete in 2004, enabling a wide range of uses to run alongside its primary function as a place of worship.
526:
walls into kinds of buttresses perpendicular to the approaching street. They are seen from only one direction. The top evolves into a spire, which is seen from all sides, spatially and symbolically dominating the skyline of the parish."
445:
and thus to the King) as a show of Anglican authority. Some Huguenots used it for baptisms, marriages and burials but not for everyday worship, preferring their own chapels (their chapels were severely plain compared with the bombastic
2379:
2322:
360:
An Act for making the Hamlet of Spittle-fields in the Parish of Saint Dunstan Stebunheath, alias Stepney, in the County of Middlesex, a distinct Parish, and for providing a Maintenance for the Minister of such new
2312:
2307:
2287:
2394:
690:. It is very active with Sunday services at 9 am, 11 am and 5 pm. Christ Church Spitalfields also offers various activities for a growing community for young families, students and young adults.
2262:
1955:
834:
Webster C 2010, 'An alternative to Ecclesiology: William Wallen (1807-53)’ in Brandwood G. 2010, ed., Seven Church Architects 1830-1930, Ecclesiology To-day, London: Ecclesiological Society,12
429:
The purpose of the commission was to acquire sites and build fifty new churches to serve London's new settlements. This parish was carved out of the circa 1 square mile (2.6 km) medieval
522:, repeated in the wide main stage of the tower. The east window is a double window, one inside, one outside, the effect now obscured by the Victorian stained glass window between the two.
2210:
2292:
2317:
2302:
2215:
881:
Molleson, Theya and Cox, Margaret with A H Waldron and D K Whittaker, The Spitalfields Project Vol.2, The Anthropology: The Middling Sort, Council for British Archaeology, York 1993
2220:
2277:
1499:
1430:
550:), who removed the side galleries, blocked in the windows at the corners of the central space, and combined upper and lower aisle windows to make tall, thin windows.
1965:
1141:
510:), and the same order is used for the screens across the eastern and western ends. The Venetian window at the east may show the growing influence of the revival of
2374:
1960:
44:
1970:
1453:
1504:
450:
style of Christ Church) though increasingly they assimilated into English life and Anglican worship – which was in the eighteenth century relatively plain.
2031:
1158:
1513:
844:
2282:
1518:
1998:
1509:
1274:
901:
2332:
1134:
1267:
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1069:
956:
2389:
864:
Reeve, Jez; Adams, Max, The Spitalfields project. Vol.1, The Archaeology: Across the Styx, Council for British Archaeology, York 1993,
419:
2399:
742:
1988:
1127:
2414:
2024:
559:
485:
The architectural composition of Christ Church demonstrates Hawksmoor's usual abruptness: the very plain rectangular box of the
366:
1339:
2429:
2384:
2346:
869:
538:, local architects and surveyors, provided a substantial estimate for repairs to the church following a fire. The church was
502:
emphasised by two entrances of which only that to the south remains. It has a richly decorated flat ceiling and is lit by a
2272:
1950:
1561:
1494:
1420:
2369:
1324:
985:
2424:
2297:
2267:
2017:
547:
2419:
2168:
2119:
507:
2041:
1663:
1150:
411:
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1112:
1010:
728:
2239:
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1608:
506:. The aisles are roofed with elliptical barrel-vaults carried on raised Composite order columns (cf. Wren's
477:
30:
2188:
2114:
1685:
1329:
596:
595:
during the restoration of the building. A scheme of conservative restoration was prepared by organ builder
566:. However, it was largely built over by the church school, and only a small portion of the garden remains.
2244:
2193:
1900:
1652:
1410:
574:
347:
2404:
2327:
2163:
1856:
1751:
1597:
1468:
784:
613:
399:
2158:
1867:
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1575:
1528:
674:
909:
2178:
2173:
2071:
1823:
1762:
1707:
1674:
1106:
662:. "Red" Mason worked from 1972 to 2000 with the architects Whitfield Partners, and from 2000 with
1906:
1895:
1889:
1878:
1862:
1840:
1829:
1807:
1796:
1774:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1735:
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1718:
1713:
1702:
1669:
1625:
1614:
1581:
1415:
1379:
1319:
1299:
762:
469:. Only twelve of the planned fifty churches were built, of which six were designed by Hawksmoor.
297:
256:
118:
890:
Adams M, Reeve J. 1987. Excavations at Christ Church, Spitalfields 1984-6. Antiquity 61:247–256.
2183:
2129:
2066:
1845:
1729:
1630:
1586:
1473:
1354:
1344:
770:
511:
490:
261:
98:
376:
2409:
2076:
1911:
1790:
1641:
1619:
1541:
1478:
1400:
1101:
659:
539:
355:
285:
1834:
1801:
1334:
1089:
1084:
683:
663:
612:—and ensured that the roof was rebuilt with funds from the sale of the bombed out shell of
8:
1934:
1309:
720:
558:
The churchyard was closed to burials in 1856. It was converted to a public garden by the
494:
199:
1917:
1873:
1851:
1812:
1785:
1691:
1647:
1636:
1592:
1570:
1546:
1349:
1237:
466:
395:
192:
1923:
1884:
1818:
1779:
1658:
1603:
1405:
1374:
1359:
865:
788:
609:
442:
423:
273:
103:
628:
2153:
2124:
1536:
1078:
655:
454:
430:
418:, it was one of the first of the so-called "Commissioners' Churches" built for the
1119:
1369:
1314:
1304:
651:
617:
563:
447:
204:
83:
1929:
1680:
1448:
1438:
1219:
1192:
1186:
638:
583:
543:
415:
407:
785:"Directory – Stepney Area: Tower Hamlets Deanery – Christ Church Spitalfields"
489:
is surmounted at its western end by a broad tower of three stages topped by a
2363:
1768:
1458:
1443:
1249:
1166:
734:
462:
458:
149:
110:
59:
46:
2009:
1551:
1384:
1364:
1229:
1198:
1036:
700:
694:
591:
498:
386:
156:
497:
than classical. The magnificent porch with its semi-circular pediment and
2380:
Church of England church buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
1257:
1180:
1174:
687:
535:
438:
2086:
1289:
632:
View of Christ Church and the fruit and wool exchange in September 2013
503:
280:
115:
587:
1209:
434:
187:
637:
repaired in 1999 revealing the striking whiteness and beauty of the
1463:
1224:
1214:
515:
403:
391:
312:
823:
1241:
714:
519:
268:
2395:
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
1064:
767:
Survey of London: Volume 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town
79:
931:
802:
582:
The organ in the church was inaugurated in 1735, the work of
217:
1107:
Christ Church Spitalfields building information & photos
986:"'Christ Church, Spitalfields, Morning', Leon Kossoff, 1990"
1096:
486:
129:
703:
made several paintings of the church, beginning in 1987.
2202:
2105:
562:
in 1892, laid out to a design by the landscape gardener
646:
2016, London in the 'Building conservation' category.
769:. London County Council (digital version courtesy of
441:
and other 'dissenters' who owed no allegiance to the
1113:"A View of Christ Church Spitalfields (photographs)"
710:
1149:
845:"London Gardens Trust: Christ Church Spitalfields"
394:church built between 1714 and 1729 to a design by
2278:Holy Name & Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Bow
763:"Christ Church: Historical account – CHAPTER XII"
453:The Commissioners for the new churches including
2361:
2375:18th-century Church of England church buildings
697:for those with questions about life and faith.
599:and the restored organ was installed in 2014.
2039:
2025:
1135:
2341:
1037:"Christ Church Spitalfields, Friday Evening"
1011:"Christchurch Spitalfields, Spring | Art UK"
900:Surveyors, Royal Institution of Chartered.
2032:
2018:
1142:
1128:
420:Commission for Building Fifty New Churches
29:
2283:Our Lady & St Catherine of Siena, Bow
1115:. spitalfieldslife.com. 18 February 2012.
1034:
743:List of churches and cathedrals of London
465:appointed two surveyors, one of whom was
673:
627:
573:
476:
949:
560:Metropolitan Public Gardens Association
514:, or it may be a rhyme with the arched
330:Parish: Spittlefields, Stepney Act 1727
2362:
2263:Bromley-by-Bow United Reformed Church
2013:
1123:
899:
686:parish, Christ Church belongs to the
433:parish for an area then dominated by
377:Text of statute as originally enacted
2240:St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London
1994:
795:
1325:Museum of Immigration and Diversity
1097:Christ Church Spitalfields homepage
693:The church also regularly runs the
422:, which had been established by an
414:, on its western border facing the
13:
2347:St George's German Lutheran Church
2328:Trinity Independent Chapel, Poplar
2313:St Mary & St Michael, Shadwell
2268:English Martyrs Church, Tower Hill
548:London's National Portrait Gallery
14:
2441:
2390:Grade I listed churches in London
2245:St John's Chapel, Tower of London
2211:St James the Great, Bethnal Green
1058:
2400:English Baroque church buildings
2169:St James-the-Less, Bethnal Green
1993:
1984:
1983:
1956:Grade I and II* listed buildings
1928:
1922:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1850:
1839:
1828:
1817:
1806:
1795:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1712:
1701:
1690:
1679:
1668:
1657:
1646:
1635:
1624:
1613:
1602:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1340:Royal London Museum and Archives
1273:
1266:
1063:
983:
727:
713:
341:
2308:St Mary & St Joseph, Poplar
2298:St. Casimir's Lithuanian Church
2216:St Simon Zelotes, Bethnal Green
1151:London Borough of Tower Hamlets
1102:Great Buildings – Christ Church
1028:
1003:
977:
924:
893:
678:Southwest view of Christ Church
472:
412:London Borough of Tower Hamlets
2415:1729 establishments in England
2288:Our Lady Immaculate, Limehouse
2130:St Matthias Old Church, Poplar
1505:Civic mayor/speaker of council
884:
875:
858:
837:
828:
824:Gerard Brooks official website
817:
777:
755:
669:
602:
590:, and the completeness of the
546:(better known as architect of
529:
1:
2221:St Bartholomew, Bethnal Green
2125:St Mary Matfelon, Whitechapel
1686:Canary Wharf (Elizabeth line)
1035:Anonymous (31 October 2018).
748:
553:
2430:Holy Trinity Brompton plants
2385:Nicholas Hawksmoor buildings
1330:Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
805:. Christ Church Spitalfields
7:
2120:St Katharine's by the Tower
2062:Christ Church, Spitalfields
1295:Christ Church, Spitalfields
1230:Spitalfields and Banglatown
1070:Christ Church, Spitalfields
706:
348:Parliament of Great Britain
10:
2446:
2370:Churches completed in 1729
2164:St Barnabas, Bethnal Green
1469:Sir John McDougall Gardens
964:Christ Church Spitalfields
773:). 1957. pp. 148–169.
323:United Kingdom legislation
246:17cwt-1qt-6lb (879kg) in E
2425:Commercial Street, London
2273:Guardian Angels, Mile End
2253:
2232:
2189:St Peter's, Bethnal Green
2142:
2092:St Matthew, Bethnal Green
2087:St Mary, Stratford-le-Bow
2048:
1979:
1943:
1560:
1527:
1487:
1429:
1393:
1282:
1264:
1171:Blackwall and Cubitt Town
1157:
1090:Architectural description
375:
365:
354:
340:
335:
328:
311:
306:
296:
291:
279:
267:
255:
250:
242:
234:
226:
215:
210:
198:
186:
178:
170:
165:
155:
145:
140:
124:
109:
97:
89:
75:
41:
37:
28:
23:
18:Church in London, England
2420:Ewan Christian buildings
2333:Zoar Chapel, Whitechapel
2174:St John on Bethnal Green
569:
60:51.5190917°N 0.0741806°W
1380:Whitechapel Art Gallery
1320:London Museum Docklands
1041:Cleveland Museum of Art
614:St John's, Smith Square
2194:St Peter, London Docks
1562:Tube and rail stations
1500:Directly elected mayor
1495:London borough council
1474:Tower Hamlets Cemetery
1355:Spitalfields City Farm
1345:Jack the Ripper Museum
771:British History Online
679:
664:Purcell Miller Tritton
633:
579:
536:Wallen Son and Beatson
512:Palladian architecture
508:St James's, Piccadilly
482:
65:51.5190917; -0.0741806
2077:St George in the East
1542:Greenwich foot tunnel
1514:Bethnal Green and Bow
1431:Parks and open spaces
1076:Christ Church at the
1072:at Wikimedia Commons
957:"Parish Profile 2020"
902:"RICS Awards, London"
677:
660:Heritage Lottery Fund
631:
577:
480:
2323:St Paul, Cubitt Town
2293:St Anne, Whitechapel
1519:Poplar and Limehouse
1335:Ragged School Museum
1300:Dennis Severs' House
684:evangelical Anglican
230:202 feet (62 m)
179:Heritage designation
2318:St Patrick, Wapping
2303:St Edmund, Millwall
2184:St Paul's, Old Ford
2179:St Paul, Bow Common
2072:St Dunstan, Stepney
1697:Canary Wharf (tube)
1529:Bridges and tunnels
721:Christianity portal
608:Bishop of Stepney,
56: /
2159:All Saints, Poplar
2115:St John of Wapping
2067:St Anne, Limehouse
1675:Canary Wharf (DLR)
1547:Rotherhithe Tunnel
1350:St Katharine Docks
1085:Historical account
932:"Network Churches"
680:
634:
580:
578:The restored organ
483:
467:Nicholas Hawksmoor
396:Nicholas Hawksmoor
193:Nicholas Hawksmoor
2405:Diocese of London
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2228:
2227:
2138:
2137:
2097:St Paul, Shadwell
2007:
2006:
1360:Stepney City Farm
1283:Notable locations
1068:Media related to
936:HTB Church Online
870:978-1-872414-07-2
789:Diocese of London
610:Trevor Huddleston
443:Church of England
424:act of parliament
400:Commercial Street
382:
381:
336:Act of Parliament
321:
320:
243:Tenor bell weight
171:Functional status
104:Church of England
2437:
2339:
2338:
2200:
2199:
2154:All Hallows, Bow
2103:
2102:
2082:St Mary, Bromley
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1821:
1810:
1799:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1749:
1738:
1727:
1716:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1617:
1606:
1595:
1584:
1573:
1537:Blackwall Tunnel
1416:Old Spitalfields
1277:
1270:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1079:Survey of London
1067:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
961:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
912:on 15 March 2016
908:. Archived from
897:
891:
888:
882:
879:
873:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
841:
835:
832:
826:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
799:
793:
792:
781:
775:
774:
759:
737:
732:
731:
723:
718:
717:
656:English Heritage
540:severely altered
518:of the entrance
455:Christopher Wren
345:
344:
331:
326:
325:
136:
133:
131:
71:
70:
68:
67:
66:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:
49:
33:
21:
20:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2337:
2255:
2249:
2233:Royal Peculiars
2224:
2204:
2198:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2107:
2101:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2008:
2003:
1975:
1939:
1901:West India Quay
1664:Cambridge Heath
1556:
1523:
1483:
1425:
1389:
1370:Tower of London
1315:Fournier Street
1305:East Smithfield
1278:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1153:
1148:
1111:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
982:
978:
968:
966:
959:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
876:
863:
859:
849:
847:
843:
842:
838:
833:
829:
822:
818:
808:
806:
801:
800:
796:
783:
782:
778:
761:
760:
756:
751:
733:
726:
719:
712:
709:
672:
652:Simon Sainsbury
618:listed building
605:
572:
564:Fanny Wilkinson
556:
532:
475:
448:English Baroque
406:and in today's
371:2 Geo. 2. c. 10
350:
342:
329:
324:
205:English Baroque
128:
64:
62:
58:
55:
50:
47:
45:
43:
42:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2443:
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2417:
2412:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
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51:00°04′27.05″W
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24:Christ Church
22:
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2410:Spitalfields
2205:or destroyed
2108:or destroyed
2061:
2040:Churches in
1944:Other topics
1763:Langdon Park
1708:Crossharbour
1576:Aldgate East
1552:Tower Bridge
1454:Langdon Park
1365:Tower Bridge
1294:
1234:St Dunstan's
1199:Canary Wharf
1077:
1062:
1044:. Retrieved
1040:
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1018:. Retrieved
1014:
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993:. Retrieved
989:
979:
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939:. Retrieved
935:
926:
914:. Retrieved
910:the original
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807:. Retrieved
797:
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699:
695:Alpha Course
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481:The interior
473:Architecture
452:
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387:Spitalfields
384:
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281:Archdeaconry
227:Spire height
188:Architect(s)
166:Architecture
99:Denomination
48:51°31′8.73″N
15:
1935:Whitechapel
1741:Heron Quays
1719:Devons Road
1310:Fish Island
1258:Whitechapel
969:25 December
941:25 December
688:HTB network
670:Present day
603:Restoration
542:in 1850 by
530:Alterations
439:Protestants
313:Organist(s)
302:Darren Wolf
157:Consecrated
119:Evangelical
63: /
2364:Categories
2055:(pre-1800)
1966:Public art
1879:Tower Hill
1846:South Quay
1730:East India
1631:Bow Church
1587:All Saints
1488:Governance
1421:Roman Road
1406:Brick Lane
1290:Brick Lane
1246:St Peter's
1046:24 January
1020:24 January
995:24 January
850:19 January
803:"Our Team"
749:References
554:Churchyard
504:clerestory
356:Long title
262:Canterbury
216:Number of
116:Low Church
1912:Westferry
1780:Limehouse
1620:Blackwall
1210:Limehouse
1015:artuk.org
809:4 October
534:In 1836,
435:Huguenots
426:in 1711.
161:July 1729
2147:churches
2145:daughter
2143:Anglican
2053:churches
1989:Category
1835:Shadwell
1824:Shadwell
1802:Mudchute
1791:Mile End
1642:Bow Road
1464:Mudchute
1225:Shadwell
1215:Mile End
1206:Lansbury
916:15 March
906:rics.org
707:See also
658:and the
592:Georgian
516:pediment
437:(French
404:East End
392:Anglican
367:Citation
257:Province
132:.ccspits
76:Location
2049:Ancient
1999:Commons
1971:Schools
1951:Council
1890:Wapping
1254:Weavers
1242:Wapping
1193:Bromley
1187:Bromley
520:portico
491:steeple
431:Stepney
402:in the
361:Parish.
286:Hackney
269:Diocese
141:History
125:Website
90:Country
2051:parish
1961:People
1933:
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1813:Poplar
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1220:Poplar
984:Tate.
868:
588:walnut
499:Tuscan
495:Gothic
390:is an
298:Rector
292:Clergy
274:London
218:spires
174:Active
146:Status
80:London
2254:Other
1195:South
1189:North
1159:Wards
960:(PDF)
570:Organ
493:more
398:. On
307:Laity
235:Bells
200:Style
1240:and
1183:West
1177:East
1048:2022
1022:2022
997:2022
990:Tate
971:2020
943:2020
918:2016
866:ISBN
852:2021
811:2021
487:nave
461:and
134:.org
1181:Bow
1175:Bow
682:An
130:www
2366::
1512::
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988:.
962:.
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457:,
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1024:.
999:.
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854:.
813:.
791:.
238:8
222:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
