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645:, overruled Kraft, telling him to instruct Glenn to leave the capsule's retrorocket package on during re-entry. The reasoning was that the package, which was strapped over the heat shield, would hold the heat shield in place if it was loose. Kraft, however, felt that this was an unacceptable risk. "I was aghast," he remembered. "If any of three retrorockets had solid fuel remaining, an explosion could rip everything apart." Yet he agreed to follow the plan advocated by Faget and by Walt Williams, his superior in the flight operations division. The retrorockets would be kept on.
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779:(later known as Apollo 1), scheduled to launch in early 1967. On January 27, 1967, the three crew members were killed in a fire during a countdown test on the pad. At the time, Kraft was in Mission Control in Houston, listening in on the Cape test conductor's voice loop. There was nothing anyone could do; before the crew at the pad could get the door open, the three astronauts were dead, having been overcome by toxic gases. Kraft was asked by Betty Grissom, the widow of astronaut
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and a splashdown that was 250 nmi (460 km) downrange from the target area. Throughout the mission, Kraft found himself frustrated by the vagueness of
Carpenter's communications with Mission Control, and what he perceived as Carpenter's inattention to his duties. "Part of the problem," he recalled, "was that Carpenter either didn't understand or was ignoring my instructions."
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provide a cushion, might have deployed early. Kraft believed that the
Segment 51 indicator was due to faulty instrumentation rather than to an actual early deployment. If he was wrong, it would mean that the capsule's heat shield, which fitted on top of the landing bag, was now loose. A loose heat shield could cause the capsule to burn up during re-entry.
435:; Kraft considered it to be too close to home, but applied as a back-up if he was not accepted elsewhere. On arrival at Chance Vought he was told that he could not be hired without his birth certificate, which he had not brought with him. Annoyed by the bureaucratic mindset of the company, he decided to accept the offer from NACA instead.
707:, Kraft's role changed again. He was now the head of mission operations, in charge of a team of flight directors, although still also serving as a flight director. Due to the greater length of Gemini missions, Mission Control was now manned on a three-shift basis. "Clearly, with flight control facing a learning curve," space historian
984:"It was glorious pandemonium, and through the mist in my own eyes, I saw Bob Gilruth wiping at his and hoping that no one saw him crying. I put my hand on his arm and squeezed. He lifted my hand from his arm and shook it strongly. There were no words from either of us. The lumps in our throats held them back."
815:"The conductor can't play all the instruments—he may not even be able to play any one of them. But he knows when the first violin should be playing, and he knows when the trumpets should be loud or soft, and when the drummer should be drumming. He mixes all this up and out comes music. That's what we do here."
1100:, was published in February 1995. It recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a single private contractor, and that "NASA should consider ... progression towards the privatization of the space shuttle." It criticized the effect of safety changes made by NASA after the
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In April 1982, Kraft made what newspaper reports called a "surprise announcement" that he intended to step down as center director at the end of the year. He denied that his resignation had anything to do with the threatened possibility of
Johnson Space Center losing its leading role in Space Shuttle
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After John Glenn's flight, Kraft had vowed that he would no longer allow his decisions as flight director to be overruled by anyone outside
Mission Control. The mission rules, whose drafting had been overseen by Kraft, stated that "the flight director may, after analysis of the flight, choose to take
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as the astronaut for the mission, telling Walt
Williams that Carpenter's lack of engineering skills might put the mission or his own life in danger. The mission suffered from problems including an unusually high rate of fuel usage, a malfunctioning horizon indicator, a delayed retrofire for re-entry,
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magazine article on the flight, for example, was titled "Meditative
Chimponaut". Yet Kraft viewed them as important tests for the men and procedures of Mission Control, and as rehearsals for the crewed missions that would follow. Originally, the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5 had been intended to last for
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in 1979. In 1999, he was awarded the
National Space Trophy from the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation, which described him as "a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary".
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summed it up as a "nappy, highly detailed account of ... 20th century
America's most dramatic technological achievement." Reviewers almost unanimously commented on the outspokenness of Kraft's storytelling, and his readiness to personally criticize those with whom he had disagreed. Cooper noted
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The Gemini program represented a string of firsts for NASA—the first flight with two astronauts, the first rendezvous in space, the first spacewalk—and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found
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As a member of the Space Task Group, Kraft was assigned to the flight operations division, which made plans and arrangements for the operation of the
Mercury spacecraft during flight and for the control and monitoring of missions from the ground. Kraft became the assistant to Chuck Mathews, the head
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became a part of NASA, as did
Langley employees such as Kraft. Even before NASA began its official existence in October, Kraft was invited by Gilruth to become a part of a new group that was working on the problems of putting a man into orbit. Without much hesitation, he accepted the offer. When the
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immigrants, had found his name an embarrassment, but passed it along to his son nonetheless. In later years, Kraft—as well as other commentators—would consider it peculiarly appropriate. Kraft commented in his autobiography that, with the choice of his name, "some of my life's direction was settled
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Turnbull) whom he had met in high school. They had two children, Gordon and Kristi-Anne. In his autobiography, Kraft acknowledged the sacrifices that his family had made as a result of his work for NASA, saying that "I was ... more of a remote authority figure to Gordon and Kristi-Anne than a
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In planning for Apollo 8, one of Kraft's responsibilities was ensuring that a fleet would be waiting to recover the crew when they splashed down at the end of the mission. This proved an unusual challenge, because much of the Navy's Pacific Fleet would be on leave over the Christmas and New Year's
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Low's plan was to fly the mission in December, which left little time for the flight operations division to train and prepare. After agreeing that the mission was possible in principle, Kraft went to his mission planners and flight directors to determine whether they and their teams could be ready
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While some of these problems were due to mechanical failures, and responsibility for some of the others is still being debated, Kraft did not hesitate to assign blame to Carpenter, and continued to speak out about the mission for decades afterwards. His autobiography, written in 2001, reopened the
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flight by an American, and unfolded normally until Glenn began his second orbit. At that point Kraft's systems controller, Don Arabian, reported that telemetry was showing a "Segment 51" indicator. This suggested that the capsule's landing bag, which was meant to deploy upon splashdown in order to
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in Florida. Another important concept pioneered by Kraft was the idea of the flight director, the man who would coordinate the team of engineers and make real-time decisions about the conduct of the mission. As Mathews later recalled, Kraft came to him one day saying, "There needs to be someone in
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In 1969, Kraft was named deputy director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). On January 14, 1972, he became the director of the MSC, replacing Gilruth, for whom Kraft had worked since his arrival at Langley in 1945. Space commentator Anthony Young has described Kraft as a "superb successor" to
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Many Apollo engineers, later to become top managers, considered Kraft to have been one of the best managers in the program. He personally hand-picked and trained an entire generation of NASA flight directors, including John Hodge, Glynn Lunney and Gene Kranz, the last of whom referred to Kraft as
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Kraft was eligible to retire in the early 1980s, but he chose not to take the option. He remained as center director in the status of a "reemployed annuitant," receiving his government pension, but still employed by NASA. In 1981 he had been involved in a conflict with the NASA Administrator and
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On Christmas Eve, 1968, Apollo 8 went into orbit around the Moon. Only ten years earlier, Kraft had joined Gilruth's newly founded Space Task Group. Now, the two men sat together in Mission Control, reflecting on how far they had come. Around them, the room was filled with cheers, but Kraft and
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accident." NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel took issue with the report, saying in May 1995 that "the assumption that the Space Shuttle systems are now 'mature' smacks of a complacency which may lead to serious mishaps." Nonetheless, NASA accepted the recommendations of the report, and in
1025:"He ... instilled a sense of what was right, what was wrong, what you had to do, how good you had to be, and those standards that he kind of inbred into everybody, by his own example, and by what he did with us, continue today. The Control Center today ... is a reflection of Chris Kraft."
695:, Carpenter called the book "vindictive and skewed", and offered a different assessment of the reasons for Kraft's frustration: "in space things happen so fast that only the pilot knows what to do, and even ground control can't help. Maybe that's why he is still fuming after all these years."
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Kraft could, however, be a tough taskmaster, making it clear that there was no place in the flight operations division for those who failed to live up to his exacting standards. "To err is human", went one of his favorite sayings, "but to do so more than once is contrary to Flight Operations
599:) "affirming the superiority of astronauts over chimponauts." Yet for Kraft, the flight of Enos represented proof of the importance of real-time decision-making in Mission Control. It gave him a sense of the responsibility he would have for the lives of others, whether human or chimpanzee.
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was then head of research. His work with NACA included the development of an early example of gust alleviation systems for aircraft flying in turbulent air. This involved compensating for variations in the atmosphere by automatically deflecting the control surfaces. He investigated
736:'s "mesmerizing" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented
911:, the manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, came up with the idea of assigning a new mission profile to Apollo 8, one that could be flown without the lunar module. The idea was discussed in early August at a meeting between Low, Kraft, Gilruth and Deke Slayton:
560:"I saw a team of highly skilled engineers, each one an expert on a different piece of the Mercury capsule. We'd have a flow of accurate telemetry data so the experts could monitor their systems, see and even predict problems, and pass along instructions to the astronaut."
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of aircraft, where the role for ground support was minimal. Kraft soon realized that an astronaut could only do so much, particularly during the fast-moving launch phase; the Mercury spacecraft would require real time monitoring and support from specialist engineers.
1092:, and as director-at-large of the Houston Chamber of Commerce. In 1994, he was appointed chairman of the space shuttle management independent review team, a panel made up of leading aerospace experts, whose remit was to investigate how NASA could make its
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has said, "these arrangements were an experiment in their own right." Yet, Kraft proved to be remarkably successful at passing on responsibility to his fellow flight directors—arguably too successful, as Gene Kranz found during his first shift handover on
864:, annoyed by last-minute changes in the crew's schedule and suffering from a bad cold, repeatedly refused to accept orders from the ground. Although Schirra's actions were successful in the short term, Kraft decreed in consultation with astronaut chief
1107:, saying that they had "created a safety environment that is duplicative and expensive." Fundamental to the report was the idea that the Space Shuttle had become "a mature and reliable system ... about as safe as today's technology will provide."
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who served as lead flight director and had to deal directly with behavior by the crew that Kraft considered "insubordinate". As Kraft commented in his memoirs, "it was like having a ringside seat at the Wally Schirra Bitch Circus". Mission commander
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any necessary action required for the successful completion of the mission." For Kraft, the power that the flight director held over every aspect of the mission extended to his control over the actions of the astronauts. In his 1965 interview with
915:"The four of us ... had become an unofficial committee that got together often in Bob's office to discuss problems, plans and off-the-wall ideas. Not much happened in Gemini or Apollo that didn't either originate with us or with our input."
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crisis. Called into Mission Control by Gene Kranz almost immediately after the accident, he led discussions on whether Apollo 13 should attempt a direct abort, or go around the Moon and return on a free trajectory; the latter option was taken.
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Glenn landed safely, but an inspection of his capsule revealed that one of the landing bag switches had been faulty. Kraft was right; the heat shield had not been loose after all. The lessons that he drew from this experience were clear.
755:, Kraft stepped back from his work at Mission Control, allowing other flight directors to take charge of the remaining missions so that he could devote more time to planning for the Apollo program. He served on two review boards at
1006:"The Teacher". In the words of the space historians Murray and Cox, Kraft "set the tone for one of the most striking features of Flight Operations: unquestioning trust—not of superiors by subordinates, but the other way around."
807:, and displayed what the magazine described as "an almost angry pride" in his work. "We know a lot more about what we have to do than he did" Kraft said. "And we know where we're going." The article described Kraft's role in the
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Directorate policy." Subordinates who seriously displeased Kraft could find themselves deprived of the opportunity to make it up to him. Kraft possessed the power to end careers at Johnson Space Center; as mission controller
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When Kraft began to plan NASA's flight operations, no human being had yet flown in space. In fact, the task before him was vast, requiring attention to flight plans, timelines, procedures, mission rules, spacecraft tracking,
633:, was a testing experience both for Mission Control and for Kraft. Space historians Charles Murray and Catherine Bly Cox described it as "the single event that decisively shaped Flight Operations". The mission was the first
1228:"I lacked the fundamentalist verve and drove people away when I tried too hard to relate the early church to more modern interpretations. It was hard not to be modern when I spent my working days sending men into space."
299:, recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a private contractor. It also recommended that NASA cut back on the organizational changes intended to improve safety that were made after the
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three orbits. The failure of one of the hydrogen peroxide jets controlling the spacecraft's attitude forced Kraft to make the decision to bring the capsule back to Earth after two orbits. After the flight, astronaut
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had contributed to the undesirable safety culture within NASA, allowing NASA to view the shuttle as an operational—rather than experimental—vehicle, and distracting attention from continuing engineering anomalies.
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Kraft had been an avid golfer ever since he was introduced to the game in the 1940s by his friend and NASA colleague Sig Sjoberg. He cited the good golfing as a reason for staying in Houston after his retirement.
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was officially formed on November 5, Kraft became one of the original 33 personnel (25 of them engineers) to be assigned. This marked the beginning of America's man-in-space program, which came to be called
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in 1999, the organization described him as "a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary".
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As the director of Flight Operations, Kraft was closely involved in planning the broad outlines of the program. He was one of the first NASA managers to become involved in the decision to send
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In 2006, NASA gave Kraft the Ambassador of Exploration Award, which carried with it a sample of lunar material brought back by Apollo 11. Kraft in turn presented the award to his alma mater,
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665:"My flight controllers and I were a lot closer to the systems and to events than anyone in top management. From now on, I swore, they'd pay hell before they overruled any decision I made."
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517:"Chris, you come up with a basic mission plan. You know, the bottom-line stuff on how we fly a man from a launch pad into space and back again. It would be good if you kept him alive."
1148:. "The report," it said, "characterized the Space Shuttle program in a way that the Board judges to be at odds with the realities of the Shuttle Program." According to the CAIB, the
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After the Apollo 1 fire in 1967, Kraft had reluctantly concluded that his responsibilities as a manager would keep him from serving as a flight director on the next crewed mission,
763:. Both astronauts and mission controllers had made the right decisions, but, as Kraft confessed to Robert Gilruth, he found himself wishing that he had been the one on the spot.
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On consulting with his flight controllers, Kraft became convinced that the indication was false, and that no action was needed. His superiors, including Mercury capsule designer
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at his local church. During the sixties, the Kraft family was deeply involved in church activities: Betty Anne taught Sunday school and served on the altar guild; Gordon was an
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Although he enjoyed his work, Kraft found it increasingly stressful, especially since he did not consider himself to be a strong theoretician. In 1956, he was diagnosed with an
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244:(NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He worked for over a decade in aeronautical research and in 1958 joined the
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from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk. When contact was finally re-established, Kraft expressed his frustration on his ground link to Grissom:
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on the first American orbital spaceflight carrying a live passenger. Coverage of these early missions that carried non-human passengers could often be tongue-in-cheek; a
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759:, the contractor responsible for the Apollo capsule. Yet Kraft still felt pangs at not being at the center of the action, particularly after the emergency re-entry of
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847:"he guy on the ground ultimately controls the mission. There's no question about that in my mind or in the astronauts' minds. They are going to do what he says."
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stated that he believed a human passenger would have been able to bring the capsule under control without the need for an early re-entry, thus (in the words of
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of the division, and was given the responsibility of putting together a mission plan. Given Mathews' casual analysis of the problem, it almost sounded simple:
1224:; and Kristi-Anne sang in the choir. In addition to his duties as a lay reader, Kraft spent some time teaching a class in adult Bible study. As he recalled:
1999:
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727:, Kraft (seated at center of console) confers with flight controllers and astronauts. Malfunctioning fuel cells nearly forced the early end of the mission.
272:, Kraft retired as a flight director to concentrate on management and mission planning. In 1972, he became director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (later
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charge of the flights while they're actually going on, and I want to be that person." In this informal way, the position of flight director was created.
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In the 1940s, NACA was a research and development organization, devoted to cutting-edge aeronautical research. At the Langley Research Center, advanced
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drum-and-bugle corps and became the state champion bugler. He went to school in Phoebus, where the only school went to the ninth grade and attended
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within the projected tight schedule. "My head was abuzz with the things we'd have to do," remembered Kraft. "But it was one hell of a challenge."
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The principles that Kraft had inculcated continued to have an impact at Johnson Space Center long after he retired. As Lunney reflected in 1998:
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992:, which he viewed from Mission Control, sitting with Gilruth and George Low. He played a more active role in events during the unfolding of the
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Kraft died on July 22, 2019, in Houston, aged 95, two days after the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moonwalks. The cause was not announced.
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Occasionally, Kraft intervened in order to ensure that his conception of the flight director's authority was maintained. By the time that the
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830: ... not me." He eventually came to terms with the idea, and the portrait painted for the cover became one of his prized possessions.
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Kraft received numerous awards and honors for his work. At the end of the Mercury program, he was invited to attend a ceremony in the
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mission, and over issues relating to NASA organization and management. This contributed to making his position at NASA more tenuous.
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is a recipe for disaster. They are basically saying dismantle the safety and quality assurance mechanisms set in place after the
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was awarded to him twice in 1969 (for Apollo 8 and Apollo 11), in 1981 for the Space Shuttle, and in 1982 as a special award.
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that none of the Apollo 7 crew would fly again. Schirra had decided before the flight that he would retire after Apollo 7.
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s decision to put him on the cover and told the NASA public affairs officer that "they've got the wrong guy. It should be
399:, but was rejected because of a burned right hand that he had suffered at age three. He graduated in December 1944 with a
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development in 1968, NASA faced the possibility of a full Apollo test mission being delayed until 1969. As a substitute,
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mission, and drew on his frequent comparisons of his position as flight director with that of an orchestra conductor.
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Kraft was a household name in America throughout the 1960s. He appeared on the cover of the August 27, 1965, issue of
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recalled, "if he was behind you, you had as much leverage as you needed; if he was against you, you were dead meat."
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issue; the chapter that dealt with the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7 was titled "The Man Malfunctioned". In a letter to
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879:, Kraft wrote, "I swore an oath that Scott Carpenter would never again fly in space." The result: "He didn't."
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One of Kraft's most important contributions to crewed spaceflight would be his origination of the concept of a
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on the planned mission. On August 14, they, along with the Huntsville group, traveled to NASA Headquarters in
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The report was controversial even at the time of its publication. John Pike, space policy director for the
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Flight Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane
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light Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane
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Kraft served as flight director during all six of the crewed Mercury missions. During the final flight—
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673:, considered Glenn's flight "the turning point ... in Kraft's evolution as a flight director."
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2465:(Interview). Interviewed by Wright, Rebecca. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. p. 14.
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He won the Distinguished Citizen Award, given to him by the city of Hampton, Virginia in 1966; the
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342:, on February 28, 1924. He was named after his father, Christopher Columbus Kraft, who was born in
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prompted the United States to accelerate its fledgling space program. On July 29, 1958, President
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were used to test new aircraft designs, and studies were taking place on new concepts such as the
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player and continued to play the sport in college; one year he had a batting average of .340.
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mission flew, he had been promoted to head of the flight operations division; thus, it was
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3359:. NASA History Series. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA.
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Kraft works at his console inside the Flight Control area of the Mercury Control Center.
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The Birth of NASA: The Work of the Space Task Group, America's First True Space Pioneers
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mission. (Clockwise from lower right: Kraft, Gene Kranz, Glynn Lunney and John Hodge).
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3096:"National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of four to be inducted in Class of 2016"
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in 1973; and the Goddard Memorial Trophy, awarded by the National Space Club, and the
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2938:"Chris Kraft, NASA's First Flight Director and Father of Mission Control, Dies at 95"
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National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of four to be inducted in Class of 2016
3192:"In one of HBO's finest hours, Tom Hanks recalled the last time we went to the moon"
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said in 1998: "the Control Center today ... is a reflection of Chris Kraft".
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was named after him in 2011. When he received the National Space Trophy from the
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Quoted in Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 108.
2592:"Space Pioneer Chris Kraft Resigns". United Press International. April 15, 1982.
1281:. "None of us have many days in our lives like that one," Kraft remembered. The
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4457:
4350:
4308:
4209:
4049:
3993:
3969:
3961:
3905:
3879:
3871:
3301:"Public Service Broadcasting honour Apollo 11 pioneer in their Proms concert"
3196:
2301:(Interview). Interviewed by Stone, Ron. Houston, Texas: NASA. pp. 40–42.
1305:
1278:
1244:
1047:
948:
936:
861:
377:
343:
233:
113:
3300:
2000:"Mercury Astronaut Scott Carpenter and the Controversy Surrounding Aurora 7"
1123:
November 1995, responsibility for shuttle operations was turned over to the
248:, a small team entrusted with the responsibility of putting America's first
4845:
4702:
4511:
4463:
4089:
3823:
3626:
3525:
3482:
3426:
Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo
3382:
2525:
1400:
1329:
865:
856:
642:
385:
226:
3716:
Interview with Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. for NOVA series: To the Moon
3638:
2539:(Interview). Interviewed by Butler, Carol. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 7
4863:
4779:
4529:
4153:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3839:
3831:
3791:
2910:"Christopher Kraft, NASA's Face and Voice of Mission Control, Dies at 95"
780:
740:
716:. As Kranz recalled, "He just said, 'You're in charge,' and walked out."
552:
439:
420:
871:
Kraft had made a similar pronouncement before, in the case of astronaut
551:. Many of the engineers in Project Mercury had previously worked on the
446:
rocket plane. Kraft was assigned to the flight research division, where
252:. Assigned to the flight operations division, Kraft became NASA's first
4809:
4785:
4269:
4145:
4105:
4081:
3953:
3896:
3503:
3424:
3332:
1414:(Interview). Interviewed by Neal, Roy. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 23
1363:
1293:
1217:
908:
732:
that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by
670:
630:
619:, which lasted for over a day—he shared responsibility with his deputy
592:
577:
192:
3615:
Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; James M. Grimwood; Charles C. Alexander (1989).
3600:
Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M. (1979).
3353:
Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979).
2681:
Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 118.
1960:"Results of the Second U.S. Manned Orbital Space Flight, May 24, 1962"
1308:, for display in its College of Engineering. He was inducted into the
4073:
3977:
3304:
2672:
Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 108
1367:
993:
989:
523:
484:
456:
2632:"Shuttle's managers say go slow; Contractor plan stirs safety fears"
295:
more cost effective. The panel's controversial report, known as the
4025:
2883:
2569:(Interview). Interviewed by Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. Houston, Texas:
1014:
959:
to persuade him to make the requisite resources available to NASA.
900:
893:
852:
808:
788:
776:
760:
752:
724:
713:
443:
370:
265:
3070:"Alumnus Chris Kraft presents Moon rock to College of Engineering"
1071:
operations or in the development of NASA's Space Station Freedom.
652:
Chris Kraft (seated) confers with Walt Williams and others during
533:
3274:"Houston actor Eric Ladin plays NASA legend in 'The Right Stuff'"
1221:
351:
101:
3567:
3374:
1059:
Gilruth, second only to him in the history of center directors.
564:
These concepts shaped the Mercury Control Center, which was at
416:
291:. In 1994, he was appointed chairman of a panel to make NASA's
3569:
Report of the Space Shuttle Management Independent Review Team
3334:
Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990
2629:
1178:
that Kraft "pull no punches about some of shortcomings", and
50:
1064:
1051:
967:
467:
4964:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
988:
Kraft again found himself a spectator during the landing of
221:
engineer who was instrumental in establishing the agency's
3622:
3607:
3573:
3433:
3408:
3019:
2570:
218:
128:
117:
30:"Chris Kraft" redirects here. For uses of Chris Craft, see
947:. In turn, Paine recommended the mission to Administrator
3603:
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft
3356:
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft
2630:
Carreau, Mark; Clayton, William E. Jr. (March 16, 1995).
1773:
1771:
1343:
1089:
284:
1380:
dedicated their performance of "Go!" to Kraft's memory.
1084:
After his retirement, Kraft served as a consultant for
783:, to be one of the pallbearers at Grissom's funeral at
3404:
Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume I
2738:"From the Critics: Flight, My Life in Mission Control"
1768:
1096:
more cost effective. The panel's report, known as the
955:
Eve period. Kraft had to personally meet with Admiral
307:. This attracted even more critical comment after the
280:, and held the position until his retirement in 1982.
225:
and shaping its organization and culture. His protégé
4874:
1316:
in his honor in 2011, and Kraft Elementary School in
923:
On August 9, Gilruth, Low, Kraft and Slayton flew to
384:
as a member of N-Squadron. The United States entered
361:
Suddreth), was a nurse. As a boy, Kraft played in an
3760:
1182:
magazine said that he "isn't afraid to name names".
388:
in December 1941, and he attempted to enlist in the
213:(February 28, 1924 – July 22, 2019) was an American
3147:"NASA pioneer honored; says he regrets shuttle end"
1194:Kraft speaks at a ceremony for the renaming of the
378:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
234:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
3481:
3041:"The Roger W. Jones Awardfor Executive Leadership"
1589:
1587:
833:
572:A pivotal experience for Kraft was the flight of
4910:
4267:
2765:"Flight: my life in mission control—Book Review"
1899:
1897:
1356:. In 2020, he was portrayed in the mini-series
1173:called it a "highly readable memoir", while the
2336:
2334:
1584:
1314:Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center
1013:Kraft with his new flight directors before the
470:and started thinking about a change of career.
3718:WGBH Educational Foundation, raw footage, 1998
3585:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3123:National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from
1554:"Chris Kraft: "A giant among people ...""
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
903:on a circumlunar flight. Due to problems with
376:In September 1941, Kraft began his studies at
4253:
3746:
3467:(Report). Washington, D.C.: NACA. 19930084657
1894:
1802:
1800:
1470:
1468:
1444:"Kraft selected 2002 Ruffner Medal recipient"
1298:Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership
931:, where they briefed NASA managers including
415:On graduation, Kraft accepted a job with the
283:Later, Kraft consulted for companies such as
199:Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership
3618:This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury
2482:
2331:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2077:
2075:
1161:In 2001, Kraft published his autobiography,
1063:other top officials over the conduct of the
4974:People from Elizabeth City County, Virginia
3547:Murray, Charles; Catherine Bly Cox (1989).
3460:Kraft, Christopher C. Jr. (March 1, 1955).
3246:"Armstrong Makes Good On Kennedy's Promise"
2451:
2256:
2254:
1915:
1913:
1494:
425:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
355:from the start". His mother, Vanda Olivia (
338:Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. was born in
333:
242:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
4260:
4246:
3753:
3739:
3581:Schirra, Wally; Billings, Richard (1988).
2668:
2666:
2557:
2286:
1797:
1718:
1716:
1527:
1465:
1453:. Vol. 24, no. 31. Virginia Tech
887:
380:(Virginia Tech) and became a Cadet in the
49:
3167:. Kraft Elementary School. Archived from
2702:
2700:
2567:Johnson Space Center Oral History Project
2537:Johnson Space Center Oral History Project
2457:
2299:Johnson Space Center Oral History Project
2179:
2072:
2036:
1857:
1855:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1412:Johnson Space Center Oral History Project
1346:). In 2018, he was portrayed in the film
1202:In 1950, Kraft married Betty Anne Kraft (
747:"The Flight Director says 'Get back in!'"
3711:. Presentation at MIT, November 8, 2005.
3662:von Ehrenfried, Manfred "Dutch" (2016).
2935:
2904:
2827:
2740:. Barnes & Noble.com. Archived from
2558:Hutchinson, Neil B. (January 21, 2004).
2251:
1910:
1395:
1393:
1320:, near his hometown, was named for him.
1248:Time capsule placed in Kraft's honor at
1243:
1189:
1041:
1008:
966:
718:
647:
606:
532:
463:in the air that trails flying aircraft.
3067:
2663:
1713:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1134:was again criticized, this time by the
27:American aerospace engineer (1924–2019)
14:
4911:
3271:
3243:
3189:
2762:
2706:
2697:
2524:
1998:Teitel, Amy Shira (October 14, 2013).
1997:
1852:
1426:
1399:
680:, Kraft had objected to the choice of
4959:Hampton High School (Virginia) alumni
4241:
3734:
3532:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books.
3399:Columbia Accident Investigation Board
3088:
2936:Pearlman, Robert Z. (July 23, 2019).
2882:. NASA. July 22, 2019. Archived from
2501:
1390:
1203:
882:
530:networks and contingency management.
356:
3639:"Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019"
3244:Citron, Cynthia (October 18, 2018).
2996:. New Mexico Museum of Space History
2504:"Leadership at Johnson Space Center"
2502:Young, Anthony (November 28, 2005).
2458:Honeycutt, Jay F. (March 22, 1999).
1540:
1239:
478:
455:, and discovered that they, and not
4929:20th-century American Episcopalians
3530:Apollo EECOM: Journey of a Lifetime
3153:. Associated Press. April 14, 2011.
629:, the February 20, 1962, flight of
318:Kraft published his autobiography
232:Following his 1944 graduation from
24:
3484:Flight: My Life in Mission Control
3272:Dansby, Andrew (October 2, 2020).
3190:Murray, Noel (November 27, 2017).
3100:The National Aviation Hall of Fame
2828:Bylinsky, Gene (August 15, 1965).
2490:Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019
1509:Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019
1376:, a few days after Kraft's death,
1163:Flight: My Life in Mission Control
1050:around Mission Control during the
1037:
975:pictured in Mission Control Center
962:
493:National Aeronautics and Space Act
473:
459:, are responsible for most of the
427:(NACA), a government agency whose
320:Flight: My Life in Mission Control
256:. He was on duty during America's
25:
4990:
4934:American people of German descent
3698:
3445:. Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books.
3225:. WGBH Media Library and Archives
1790:Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander,
1748:Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander,
1706:Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander,
1680:Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander,
1265:NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
1112:Federation of American Scientists
980:Gilruth celebrated more quietly.
794:
181:NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
4896:
4884:
3551:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
3443:How NASA Learned to Fly in Space
3293:
3265:
3237:
3211:
3183:
3157:
3139:
3113:
3061:
2159:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson,
2109:How NASA Learned to Fly in Space
2067:How NASA Learned to Fly in Space
1442:Nystrom, Lynn (April 26, 2002).
1370:live performance of their album
1283:NASA Distinguished Service Medal
1185:
1156:
766:
187:NASA Distinguished Service Medal
3221:Apollo 13: To The Edge And Back
3072:. Virginia Tech. Archived from
3033:
3008:
2986:
2961:
2948:
2929:
2898:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2763:Puffer, Raymond L. (May 2002).
2756:
2730:
2684:
2675:
2654:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2585:
2551:
2518:
2495:
2469:
2438:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2318:
2305:
2280:
2267:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2059:
2030:
2017:
1991:
1978:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1881:
1868:
1839:
1826:
1784:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1700:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1609:
1600:
1340:Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back
483:In 1957, the Russian flight of
346:in 1892 near the newly renamed
324:Mission Control Center building
155:
3726:National Aviation Hall of Fame
3323:
2340:Brooks, Grimwood and Swenson,
1571:
1552:Nichols, Bruce (May 1, 1982).
1514:
1481:
1310:National Aviation Hall of Fame
943:to brief Deputy Administrator
834:Relations with astronaut corps
669:His assistant on the mission,
410:
211:Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr.
69:Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr.
13:
1:
3666:. New York: Springer-Praxis.
2638:. p. A17. Archived from
2194:"Conductor in a Command Post"
1383:
1079:
1074:
423:. He had also applied to the
350:. Kraft's father, the son of
3549:Apollo: The Race to the Moon
3121:"Kraft, Jr., Christopher C."
2830:"When the Countdown is 1..."
1962:. NASA. 1962. Archived from
1198:in his honor, April 14, 2011
1139:Accident Investigation Board
925:Marshall Space Flight Center
32:Chris Craft (disambiguation)
7:
3510:. New York: Berkley Books.
3331:Bilstein, Roger E. (1989).
2969:"Historical Recipient List"
2560:"Oral History 3 Transcript"
2530:"Oral History 9 Transcript"
1378:Public Service Broadcasting
1323:
785:Arlington National Cemetery
777:first crewed Apollo mission
262:first crewed orbital flight
10:
4995:
3708:Mission Control Operations
3441:Harland, David M. (2004).
1558:United Press International
1335:From the Earth to the Moon
1209:typical American father."
771:With the beginning of the
602:
268:. At the beginning of the
29:
4717:
4592:
4443:
4276:
3769:
3680:10.1007/978-3-319-28428-6
2994:"Christopher C. Kraft Jr"
1405:"Oral History Transcript"
1000:
698:
240:, Kraft was hired by the
173:
165:
142:
124:
109:
90:
64:
48:
41:
4949:Center Directors of NASA
4858:Katepalli R. Sreenivasan
4572:Christopher C. Kraft Jr.
3762:Theodore Roosevelt Award
3508:Failure Is Not an Option
3251:Santa Monica Daily Press
2433:Failure is Not an Option
2420:Failure is Not an Option
1934:Failure is Not an Option
1290:John J. Montgomery Award
1263:, where he received the
877:troubled Mercury mission
405:aeronautical engineering
334:Early life and education
276:), following his mentor
258:first crewed spaceflight
238:aeronautical engineering
189:(1969, 1969, 1981, 1982)
43:Christopher C. Kraft Jr.
4969:NASA flight controllers
4954:Engineers from Virginia
4488:Llewellyn M. K. Boelter
4303:Robert Andrews Millikan
3151:San Diego Union-Tribune
2708:Cooper, Henry S. F. Jr.
1808:"Meditative Chimponaut"
1332:in the 1998 miniseries
1328:Kraft was portrayed by
1261:White House Rose Garden
888:Apollo mission planning
819:Kraft was surprised at
757:North American Aviation
497:Langley Research Center
429:Langley Research Center
4804:Siavouche Nemat-Nasser
3068:Nystrom, Lynn (2006).
1794:, pp. 397–399, 402–407
1669:Spaceflight Revolution
1256:
1230:
1199:
1196:Mission Control Center
1171:Henry S. F. Cooper Jr.
1130:Nine years later, the
1114:, commented that "the
1086:Rockwell International
1055:
1046:Kraft shows President
1027:
1018:
986:
976:
917:
849:
817:
749:
728:
667:
657:
612:
562:
549:mission control center
544:
538:Mission Control Center
519:
289:Rockwell International
223:Mission Control Center
4944:ASME Medal recipients
4750:Bradford W. Parkinson
4357:Edward P. Bullard Jr.
3480:Kraft, Chris (2001).
2744:on September 29, 2007
2642:on September 29, 2012
1276:Administrator of NASA
1247:
1226:
1193:
1125:United Space Alliance
1094:Space Shuttle program
1045:
1023:
1012:
982:
970:
913:
845:
813:
745:
722:
676:Before the flight of
663:
651:
610:
558:
536:
515:
293:Space Shuttle program
55:Kraft as director of
4979:Virginia Tech alumni
4939:Anglican lay readers
4762:Richard J. Goldstein
4685:Richard H. Gallagher
4560:Horace Smart Beattie
4506:C. Richard Soderberg
4375:Charles F. Kettering
3488:. New York: Dutton.
3415:on December 2, 2006.
2602:Kraft report, p. 24.
2528:(January 13, 2000).
1169:review space writer
875:. After Carpenter's
805:Christopher Columbus
738:capsule communicator
489:Dwight D. Eisenhower
419:aircraft company in
274:Johnson Space Center
137:Johnson Space Center
57:Johnson Space Center
4792:C. Daniel Mote, Jr.
4744:Norman R. Augustine
4613:Jacob P. Den Hartog
4381:Theodore von Kármán
4291:Frederick A. Halsey
3672:2016bnws.book.....E
3629:on August 23, 2007.
3171:on February 1, 2022
3127:on February 1, 2022
3048:American University
2906:McFadden, Robert D.
2620:Kraft report, p. 7.
2611:Kraft report, p. 8.
2342:Chariots for Apollo
2161:Chariots for Apollo
1606:Bilstein, pp. 31–38
929:Huntsville, Alabama
401:Bachelor of Science
367:Hampton High School
4840:Reginald I. Vachon
4834:Thomas J.R. Hughes
4732:Warren M. Rohsenow
4709:H. Norman Abramson
4691:Robert C. Dean Jr.
4601:Raymond D. Mindlin
4494:Wilbur H. Armacost
4423:Frederick G. Keyes
4285:Hjalmar G. Carlson
4268:Recipients of the
3076:on August 23, 2007
2915:The New York Times
2833:The New York Times
2716:The New York Times
2710:(March 11, 2001).
2506:. The Space Review
2288:Cunningham, Walter
2046:The New York Times
1966:on January 4, 2022
1814:. December 8, 1961
1373:The Race for Space
1257:
1200:
1167:The New York Times
1056:
1019:
977:
883:Manager and mentor
729:
692:The New York Times
658:
613:
545:
528:telecommunications
526:, ground support,
390:United States Navy
4872:
4871:
4738:Leroy S. Fletcher
4726:Arthur E. Bergles
4697:Bernard Budiansky
4679:Daniel C. Drucker
4673:Harley A. Wilhelm
4631:Jack N. Binns Sr.
4554:Robert R. Gilruth
4542:Samuel C. Collins
4476:Granville M. Read
4470:E. Burnley Powell
4435:Harvey C. Knowles
4429:Fred L. Dornbrook
4405:William F. Durand
4363:Stephen J. Pigott
4235:
4234:
3689:978-3-319-28426-2
3643:Memorial Tributes
3635:Truly, Richard H.
3366:978-0-486-46756-6
3279:Houston Chronicle
2908:(July 22, 2019).
2886:on March 22, 2022
2636:Houston Chronicle
2200:. August 27, 1965
2040:(April 1, 2001).
1643:The Birth of NASA
1451:Virginia Spectrum
1403:(March 9, 1998).
1318:Hampton, Virginia
1254:Hampton, Virginia
1240:Awards and honors
973:Robert R. Gilruth
933:Wernher von Braun
540:as it was during
479:Flight operations
448:Robert R. Gilruth
433:Hampton, Virginia
340:Phoebus, Virginia
278:Robert R. Gilruth
236:with a degree in
208:
207:
83:Phoebus, Virginia
79:February 28, 1924
16:(Redirected from
4986:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4828:Zděnek P. Bažant
4798:Jan D. Achenbach
4667:William R. Sears
4578:Nicholas J. Hoff
4548:Lloyd H. Donnell
4518:Igor I. Sikorsky
4482:Harry F. Vickers
4393:Lewis K. Sillcox
4369:James E. Gleason
4327:Albert Kingsbury
4262:
4255:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4178:Brooke-Marciniak
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3712:
3693:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3630:
3625:. Archived from
3611:
3596:
3577:
3562:
3543:
3521:
3499:
3487:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3456:
3437:
3431:
3421:Hansen, James R.
3416:
3411:. Archived from
3394:
3392:
3390:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3187:
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3180:
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3155:
3154:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3086:
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3081:
3065:
3059:
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3056:
3054:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2792:, pp. 15–16, 44.
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2734:
2728:
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2704:
2695:
2688:
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2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
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2600:
2594:
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2516:
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2513:
2511:
2499:
2493:
2486:
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2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2444:Murray and Cox,
2442:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
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2345:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
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2296:
2290:(May 24, 1999).
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2244:Murray and Cox,
2242:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2081:Murray and Cox,
2079:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2038:Carpenter, Scott
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1887:Murray and Cox,
1885:
1879:
1874:Murray and Cox,
1872:
1866:
1861:Murray and Cox,
1859:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1777:Murray and Cox,
1775:
1766:
1761:Murray and Cox,
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1641:von Ehrenfried,
1639:
1633:
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1613:
1607:
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1598:
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1448:
1439:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1397:
1207:
1054:mission in 1981.
971:Chris Kraft and
941:Washington, D.C.
825:
502:Space Task Group
453:wingtip vortices
369:. He was a keen
360:
246:Space Task Group
159:
157:
148:Betty Anne Kraft
97:
78:
76:
53:
39:
38:
21:
4994:
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4989:
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4983:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4756:Robert E. Uhrig
4713:
4655:Philip G. Hodge
4649:Orlan W. Boston
4588:
4584:Maxime A. Faget
4566:Waloddi Weibull
4452:Glenn B. Warren
4439:
4411:Morris E. Leeds
4387:Ervin G. Bailey
4345:Charles T. Main
4297:John R. Freeman
4272:
4266:
4236:
4231:
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4215:
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4199:
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3704:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3661:
3652:
3650:
3633:
3614:
3599:
3593:
3583:Schirra's Space
3580:
3565:
3559:
3546:
3540:
3524:
3518:
3502:
3496:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3440:
3429:
3419:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3367:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3340:. NASA. SP-4406
3337:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3307:. July 25, 2019
3299:
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2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2714:. Book Review.
2705:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
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2400:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2313:Schirra's Space
2310:
2306:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2198:Time (magazine)
2192:
2191:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
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2093:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2004:Popular Science
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1812:Time (magazine)
1806:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1769:
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1734:
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1466:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1359:The Right Stuff
1326:
1272:John F. Kennedy
1242:
1216:, serving as a
1188:
1159:
1082:
1077:
1040:
1038:Center director
1003:
965:
963:Apollo missions
945:Thomas O. Paine
890:
885:
873:Scott Carpenter
836:
823:
797:
769:
701:
682:Scott Carpenter
678:Mercury-Atlas 7
654:Mercury-Atlas 9
627:Mercury-Atlas 6
617:Mercury-Atlas 9
605:
576:, which sent a
574:Mercury-Atlas 5
542:Project Mercury
507:Project Mercury
481:
476:
474:Flight director
461:wake turbulence
413:
382:Corps of Cadets
363:American Legion
348:Columbus Circle
336:
266:first spacewalk
254:flight director
204:
161:
158: 1950)
153:
149:
134:
132:flight director
110:Alma mater
105:
99:
95:
86:
80:
74:
72:
71:
70:
60:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4992:
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4842:
4836:
4830:
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4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4774:Frank E. Talke
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
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4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4643:Milton C. Shaw
4639:
4633:
4627:
4625:Robert S. Hahn
4621:
4619:Soichiro Honda
4615:
4609:
4607:Robert W. Mann
4603:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4536:Mayo D. Hersey
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4417:Paul W. Kiefer
4413:
4407:
4401:
4399:Edward G. Budd
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4339:Willis Carrier
4335:
4333:Ambrose Swasey
4329:
4323:
4321:W. L. R. Emmet
4317:
4315:Julian Kennedy
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
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4278:
4274:
4273:
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4109:
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3997:
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3803:
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3770:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3705:Kraft, Chris.
3700:
3699:External links
3697:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3659:
3631:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3544:
3538:
3522:
3516:
3500:
3494:
3477:
3457:
3451:
3438:
3417:
3395:
3385:. NASA SP-4205
3365:
3350:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3292:
3264:
3236:
3210:
3182:
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2755:
2729:
2696:
2683:
2674:
2662:
2653:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2584:
2573:. pp. 3–4
2550:
2517:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2460:"Oral History"
2450:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2346:
2344:, pp. 272–274.
2330:
2317:
2304:
2292:"Oral History"
2279:
2266:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2071:
2058:
2029:
2016:
1990:
1977:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1909:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1851:
1838:
1825:
1796:
1792:This New Ocean
1783:
1767:
1754:
1750:This New Ocean
1741:
1728:
1712:
1708:This New Ocean
1699:
1686:
1682:This New Ocean
1673:
1660:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1599:
1583:
1570:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1493:
1480:
1464:
1425:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1366:. In the 2019
1354:J. D. Evermore
1325:
1322:
1250:Air Power Park
1241:
1238:
1187:
1184:
1158:
1155:
1081:
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1039:
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1002:
999:
964:
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889:
886:
884:
881:
835:
832:
796:
795:Public profile
793:
773:Apollo program
768:
765:
705:Gemini program
700:
697:
604:
601:
566:Cape Canaveral
480:
477:
475:
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412:
409:
397:aviation cadet
335:
332:
309:Space Shuttle
301:Space Shuttle
270:Apollo program
206:
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102:Houston, Texas
100:
98:(aged 95)
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81:
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4853:
4852:Pol D. Spanos
4849:
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4816:James R. Rice
4813:
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4801:
4799:
4795:
4793:
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4787:
4783:
4781:
4777:
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4771:
4769:
4768:Dean L. Kamen
4765:
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4661:Eric Reissner
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4500:Martin Frisch
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4458:Nevin E. Funk
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4351:Edward Bausch
4348:
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4309:Wilfred Lewis
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3987:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3946:Not presented
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3889:
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3881:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3857:
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3828:
3825:
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3817:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3793:
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3785:
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3772:
3771:
3768:
3763:
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3710:
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3703:
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3691:
3685:
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3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3592:1-55750-792-9
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:NASA (1995).
3564:
3560:
3558:0-671-61101-1
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3539:1-896522-96-3
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:Liebergot, Sy
3523:
3519:
3517:0-425-17987-7
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:0-525-94571-7
3491:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3452:1-894959-07-8
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3384:
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3376:
3372:
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3357:
3351:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3199:
3198:
3197:The A.V. Club
3193:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3021:
3017:
3011:
2995:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2880:"Chris Kraft"
2875:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2834:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2770:
2766:
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2743:
2739:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2526:Lunney, Glynn
2521:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2435:, pp. 316–318
2434:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2383:, pp. 295–296
2382:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2314:
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2300:
2293:
2289:
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2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2163:, pp. 214–217
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1752:, pp. 272–273
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1401:Lunney, Glynn
1396:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Virginia Tech
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:in 1963; the
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:James E. Webb
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:Kraft was an
1210:
1206:
1197:
1192:
1186:Personal life
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:Kirkus Review
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:Autobiography
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1048:Ronald Reagan
1044:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1007:
998:
995:
991:
985:
981:
974:
969:
960:
958:
952:
950:
949:James E. Webb
946:
942:
938:
937:Rocco Petrone
934:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
880:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
862:Wally Schirra
858:
854:
848:
844:
843:, he stated:
842:
831:
829:
822:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:Apollo 1 fire
764:
762:
758:
754:
748:
744:
742:
739:
735:
726:
721:
717:
715:
710:
709:David Harland
706:
696:
694:
693:
686:
683:
679:
674:
672:
666:
662:
655:
650:
646:
644:
639:
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628:
624:
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583:
579:
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570:
567:
561:
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543:
539:
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531:
529:
525:
518:
514:
510:
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503:
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486:
471:
469:
464:
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458:
454:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Chance Vought
408:
406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
353:
349:
345:
344:New York City
341:
331:
329:
325:
322:in 2001. The
321:
316:
314:
312:
306:
304:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
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200:
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188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
145:
141:
138:
133:
130:
127:
125:Occupation(s)
123:
119:
115:
114:Virginia Tech
112:
108:
103:
94:July 22, 2019
93:
89:
84:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4846:Subra Suresh
4718:2000–present
4703:Frank Kreith
4571:
4512:Philip Sporn
4464:Crosby Field
3945:
3895:
3824:Omar Bradley
3807:
3707:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3646:
3642:
3627:the original
3617:
3602:
3582:
3568:
3548:
3529:
3507:
3483:
3469:. Retrieved
3442:
3425:
3413:the original
3403:
3387:. Retrieved
3355:
3342:. Retrieved
3333:
3309:. Retrieved
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3277:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3249:
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3220:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3195:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:the original
3159:
3150:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3115:
3105:September 3,
3103:. Retrieved
3099:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:the original
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3016:"ASME Medal"
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2963:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2913:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:the original
2874:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2718:. p. 23
2715:
2712:"Rocket Man"
2691:
2686:
2677:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2640:the original
2635:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2566:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2536:
2520:
2510:November 27,
2508:. Retrieved
2497:
2489:
2484:
2477:Apollo EECOM
2476:
2471:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2197:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2066:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1970:November 19,
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1904:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1811:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1594:
1578:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1455:. Retrieved
1450:
1416:. Retrieved
1411:
1371:
1357:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1330:Stephen Root
1327:
1313:
1303:
1287:
1258:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1214:Episcopalian
1211:
1201:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1150:Kraft report
1149:
1143:
1136:
1132:Kraft report
1131:
1129:
1119:
1116:Kraft report
1115:
1109:
1102:
1098:Kraft report
1097:
1083:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1032:Sy Liebergot
1028:
1024:
1020:
1004:
987:
983:
978:
953:
922:
918:
914:
905:Lunar Module
898:
891:
870:
866:Deke Slayton
857:Glynn Lunney
850:
846:
840:
837:
820:
818:
814:
800:
798:
770:
750:
746:
730:
702:
690:
687:
675:
668:
664:
659:
640:
625:
614:
596:
586:
571:
563:
559:
546:
520:
516:
511:
482:
465:
440:wind tunnels
437:
414:
386:World War II
375:
337:
319:
317:
310:
302:
297:Kraft report
296:
282:
250:man in space
231:
227:Glynn Lunney
210:
209:
135:Director of
96:(2019-07-22)
36:
4924:2019 deaths
4919:1924 births
4903:Spaceflight
4864:Huajian Gao
4822:J. N. Reddy
4780:Nam-pyo Suh
4637:Aaron Cohen
4530:Jan Burgers
4524:Alan Howard
3856:Tom Bradley
3784:Saltonstall
3653:February 1,
3504:Kranz, Gene
3344:February 2,
3324:Works cited
3285:February 3,
3175:February 1,
3131:February 1,
3080:December 2,
2838:February 4,
2774:December 2,
2748:December 2,
2722:December 2,
2577:February 4,
2543:February 4,
2475:Liebergot,
2204:November 1,
2051:February 3,
1818:February 3,
1739:, pp. 68–70
1658:, pp. 56–57
1619:, pp. 48–49
1597:, pp. 26–31
1563:February 2,
1457:February 1,
1418:February 4,
957:John McCain
828:Bob Gilruth
781:Gus Grissom
741:Gus Grissom
703:During the
553:flight test
491:signed the
421:Connecticut
411:NACA career
328:Rotary Club
18:Chris Kraft
4913:Categories
4810:Van C. Mow
4786:John Abele
4270:ASME Medal
4034:Richardson
3888:Linkletter
3776:Eisenhower
2646:January 7,
1384:References
1364:Eric Ladin
1294:ASME Medal
1218:lay reader
1120:Challenger
1103:Challenger
1080:Consultant
1075:Retirement
909:George Low
671:Gene Kranz
631:John Glenn
621:John Hodge
593:John Glenn
578:chimpanzee
403:degree in
303:Challenger
193:ASME Medal
75:1924-02-28
4891:Biography
4593:1976–2000
4444:1951–1975
4277:1921–1950
4218:Boudreaux
4170:Ueberroth
4098:Tagliabue
4066:de Varona
3986:Alexander
3808:Kraft Jr.
3649:: 166–172
3471:March 11,
3305:BBC Proms
3165:"History"
3053:March 24,
3025:March 24,
3000:March 24,
2978:April 24,
2942:Space.com
2818:, p. 326.
2805:, p. 353.
2492:, p. 172.
2479:, p. 110.
2396:, p. 299.
2311:Schirra,
2277:, p. 291.
2107:Harland,
2065:Harland,
2042:"Letters"
2009:March 11,
1836:, pp. 3–4
1697:pp. 66–67
1671:, pp. 1–3
1581:pp. 24–25
1368:BBC Proms
1349:First Man
1269:President
994:Apollo 13
990:Apollo 11
643:Max Faget
524:telemetry
485:Sputnik 1
457:prop-wash
215:aerospace
4210:McLendon
4130:Dunwoody
4122:Mitchell
4114:Albright
4042:Staubach
3914:Lawrence
3872:Chandler
3848:Hamilton
3637:(2021).
3528:(2003).
3506:(2000).
3423:(1995).
3401:(2003).
3389:July 20,
3375:79001042
3257:July 23,
3229:July 23,
3203:July 23,
2958:, p. 187
2921:July 22,
2890:July 22,
2869:, p. 43.
2856:, p. 235
2694:, p. 349
2448:, p. 262
2422:, p. 313
2409:, p. 316
2370:, p. 285
2357:, p. 284
2328:, p. 170
2315:, p. 189
2264:, p. 289
2248:, p. 282
2235:, p. 228
2222:, p. 227
2176:, p. 271
2150:, p. 270
2137:, p. 256
2124:, p. 252
2098:, p. 221
2085:, p. 284
2027:, p. 162
1988:, p. 165
1949:, p. 164
1923:, p. 161
1907:, p. 159
1891:, p. 267
1878:, p. 266
1865:, p. 285
1849:, p. 153
1781:, p. 260
1765:, p. 254
1710:, p. 132
1684:, p. 114
1667:Hansen,
1645:, p. 237
1524:, p. 15.
1511:, p. 168
1478:, p. 10.
1324:In media
1146:disaster
1144:Columbia
1137:Columbia
1105:disaster
1015:Gemini 4
901:Apollo 8
894:Apollo 7
853:Apollo 7
809:Gemini 5
789:Virginia
761:Gemini 8
753:Gemini 7
734:Ed White
725:Gemini 5
714:Gemini 4
444:Bell X-1
371:baseball
352:Bavarian
313:disaster
311:Columbia
305:disaster
166:Children
4877:Portals
4226:Shields
4202:Delaney
4186:Wilmore
4162:Jackson
4058:Shriver
4002:Mathias
3994:Johnson
3922:Fleming
3816:Holland
3764:winners
3724:at the
3668:Bibcode
3383:4664449
2954:Kraft,
2865:Kraft,
2852:Kraft,
2814:Kraft,
2801:Kraft,
2788:Kraft,
2690:Kraft,
2488:Truly,
2431:Kranz,
2418:Kranz,
2405:Kraft,
2392:Kraft,
2379:Kraft,
2366:Kraft,
2353:Kraft,
2324:Kraft,
2273:Kraft,
2260:Kraft,
2231:Kraft,
2218:Kraft,
2172:Kraft,
2146:Kraft,
2133:Kraft,
2120:Kraft,
2111:, p. 62
2094:Kraft,
2069:, p. 64
2023:Kraft,
1984:Kraft,
1945:Kraft,
1936:, p. 77
1932:Kranz,
1919:Kraft,
1903:Kraft,
1845:Kraft,
1832:Kraft,
1735:Kraft,
1726:, p. 68
1722:Kraft,
1695:Flight,
1693:Kraft,
1654:Kraft,
1628:Kraft,
1615:Kraft,
1593:Kraft,
1579:Flight,
1577:Kraft,
1537:, p. 10
1533:Kraft,
1520:Kraft,
1507:Truly,
1491:, p. 11
1487:Kraft,
1474:Kraft,
1222:acolyte
723:During
635:orbital
603:Mercury
431:was in
160:
152:
59:in 1979
4862:2023:
4856:2022:
4850:2021:
4844:2020:
4838:2019:
4832:2018:
4826:2017:
4820:2016:
4814:2015:
4808:2014:
4802:2013:
4796:2012:
4790:2011:
4784:2010:
4778:2009:
4772:2008:
4766:2007:
4760:2006:
4754:2005:
4748:2004:
4742:2003:
4736:2002:
4730:2001:
4724:2000:
4707:1999:
4701:1998:
4695:1997:
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2692:Flight
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580:named
264:, and
201:(1979)
195:(1973)
183:(1963)
174:Awards
143:Spouse
104:, U.S.
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