270:
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858:, instead made up of cocoa butter, milk solids, sugar and fat. It is known that the fat and sugar content in white chocolate is what makes this chocolate addictive. In manufacturing white chocolate, the rough textures of the cocoa solids are removed, leaving the smoothness of the cocoa butter. This creates a pleasurable experience for the consumer as there is not grit left on the tongue. Refining the sugar in the mixture to remove any rough textures also creates a positive sensory experience for the consumer. These smoothing processes are referred to as
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348:, works to decrease the body's need for an energy boost through sugar. This can include foods such as beans, lentils and leafy dark green vegetables. Eating regular meals also stabilises blood sugar levels. Adhering to a nutritious meal plan with planned meals and snacks assists in reducing the likelihood of chocolate cravings.
512:: Per 50 g, dark chocolate also contains up to 220 mg of theobromine, compared to 75 mg in milk chocolate. Anecdotal evidence suggests that long-term use of 600 mg theobromine may induce withdrawal symptoms such as headache, muscle tension, and lethargy that can be reversed with 200 mg.
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is derived. The characteristics of phenylethylamine have led to it being nicknamed "chocolate amphetamineâ. Phenylethylamine triggers the "reward centres" in the brain, which entices repeat behaviour by the consumer. Phenylethylamine is also known to be released by the brain when we fall in love. In
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People develop the preference for sweet-tasting foods from birth, as it is related to the taste of mother's milk and the way it provides a sense of calmness to newborns. People also quickly learn to prefer energy-rich foods, such as chocolate, which the appetite learns to want, even when not hungry.
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also contributes to the consumer experience. This desire is created through a motivational circuitry in the brain that influences behaviours without conscious awareness, which generates a craving for chocolate. The consumption of chocolate creates a positive emotional experience, providing comfort
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Although the concept of a chocolate addiction is still controversial in the medical literature, chocolate (especially dark chocolate) is considered to have effects on mood, and chocolate confectioneries almost always top the list of foods people say they crave. The craving can be so strong in some
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content can cause addiction due to both of their psychological effects. This is as a result of its higher content of cacao compared to other forms of chocolate. The amount of caffeine in dark chocolate can vary from 35 to 200 mgâ50âgâ1 while milk chocolate contains lower amounts of caffeine
301:
recorded more severe cravings for foods with high sugar and fat contents, such as chocolate, compared to women at different stages of the menstruation cycle. Magnesium deficits are also known to enhance the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which contributes to a higher chocolate craving.
183:
There are two factors that contribute to the addictive nature of chocolate. The first is the pharmacological ingredients, and the second is the additives. The essential components of addiction are intense craving for something and a loss of control over its use. Academic research has shown that
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Even scientists who doubt the existence of true addiction agree that chocolate craving is real. Chocolate is one of the most commonly craved foods due to a variety of reasons. The pleasant taste creates a pleasurable experience for the consumer. The combination of the sweetness, smoothness and
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It is estimated that chocolate has been consumed for over 2000 years. Most of its history, it has been consumed as a liquid, with it only being developed into a powdered form in the mid 1800s. Throughout Europe during this time, chocolate was regarded as an exciting beverage, developing great
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and often used for alleviating stress and negative emotions. Chocolate is known to regulate an imbalance in the functioning of the neurotransmitter, serotonin, a factor influencing emotional states. Chocolate's fat and energy contents makes the food a key preference when under stress.
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to the reward centres in the brain. Salsolinol is known to contribute towards a craving for chocolate. Studies have shown that the concentration of salsolinol in chocolate depends on its cocoa content. Milk chocolate types contains 30% cocoa, whilst dark chocolate types uphold 60-70%
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that have been fermented, dried, roasted, and separated from their skins. The beans are ground into cocoa mass (cocoa paste). The mass is melted to become the liquor, and the liquor is either separated into cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks of
2052:
Martin, Corby K.; McClernon, F. Joseph; Chellino, Anastasia; Correa, John B. (2011). "Food
Cravings: A Central Construct in Food Intake Behavior, Weight Loss, and the Neurobiology of Appetitive Behavior". In Victor R. Preedy; Ronald Ross Watson; Colin R. Martin (eds.).
892:, chocolate was served only to adult males such as government officials, military officers, priests and distinguished warriors. Chocolate was also seen as intoxicating and stimulating and therefore not appropriate of use by children and women. Ancient emperors such as
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advised against overconsumption of cacao, reporting that large amounts of green cacao resulted in consumers feeling disorientated. He applauded smaller doses of chocolate, advising that chocolate consumed as a liquid resulted in consumers feeling revitalised.
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survived on cacao paste dissolved in water with sugar over long periods of time, without showing any decline in strength. It is also known that Indian women would consume it so frequently and in such large amounts that it would become a replacement for meat.
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Chocolate also had a significant medical use. The drinking of chocolate was seen to improve digestion and heavy stomachs as it was previously known to promote healthy gut bacteria. It was also utilised for treatment for those with wasting diseases such as
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also consumed the chocolate in liquid form before seeing his romantic partners. Chocolate is often referred to as the âlove drugâ, which began the trend of exchanging chocolates on
Valentine's Day as early as the 17th century.
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Melzig, Matthias F.; Putscher, Ingo; Henklein, Petra; Haber, Hanka (2000). "In vitro pharmacological activity of thetetrahydroisoquinoline salsolinol present in products from
Theobroma cacao L. like cocoa and chocolate".
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was also used to hide the flavour of unpleasant tasting drugs which has developed into a modern view of âa little bit of chocolate makes the medicine go down". Chocolates use also extended to treating those with bloody
795:. In combining these two components, milk chocolate is the most preferred by consumers. Commercial products which most typically contains sugar may lead to addiction and continued use despite negative consequences.
253:
is also linked to addictive behaviours such as substance use disorders. Addiction may occur when there is a deficit in the number of dopamine 2 receptors, which gives one the ability to experience pleasure.
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from the liver. A lack of sleep also results in increased sugar consumption as people seek to overcome fatigue. Increasing the number of hours of sleep can assist to reduce the need to consume chocolate.
618:: Dark chocolate contains 252.2 mg/100 g, while milk chocolate containing 63 mg/100g. It is estimated that the magnesium levels in white chocolate is 12 times less compared to milk chocolate.
309:. The odour of chocolate is known to increase brain activity and cravings when compared with tests with no odour involved. For those who crave chocolate regularly, the sight of chocolate activates the
220:
gene and a liking for sweet foods. Other research has upheld one of the variants of the FGF21 gene were 20% more likely to crave sugary foods. The FGF21 gene also moderates appetite and controls
297:
Women are especially affected. Fluctuating hormone levels among women is also known to contribute towards chocolate cravings. Studies have shown that those during menstruation or suffering from
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Sevgi, Meltem; Rigoux, Lionel; Kuhn, Anne; Mauer, Jan; Schilbach, Leonhard; Hess, Martin; Gruendler, Theo; Ullsperger, Markus; Stephan, Klaas Enno; Bruning, Jess; Tittgemeyer, Marc (2015).
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people can exhibit both of these components in relation to food, particularly food that contains sugar or fat. Since chocolate contains both, it is often used in studies of food addiction.
257:
A study in the
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs has shown that the biological children of alcoholic parents are at a higher risk to inherit a preference for sweet foods, including chocolate.
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and intake of sugar and caffeine. The FTO gene works to regulate the body's energy usage. Some variants of the FTO gene play a major role in the connectivity in the reward circuit of the
196:
has shown that despite some evidence that this type of addiction exists, there is no formal diagnosis given in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (
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levels to correct an imbalance in neurotransmitters that work to regulate disposition and digestion. An imbalance of blood sugar levels also increases cravings. The releasing of
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Sokolov, Alexander; Pavlova, Marina; Klosterhalfen, Sibylle; Enck, Paul (2013). "Chocolate and the brain: Neurobiological impact of cocoa flavanols on cognition and behaviour".
2676:; Hollar, Kathryn A.; Stone, Howard A.; Rosenberg, Daniel (2010). "The Science of Chocolate: Interactive Activities on Phase Transitions, Emulsification, and Nucleation".
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Hetherington, Marion M.; MacDiarmid, Jennifer I. (1993). "'Chocolate
Addiction': A Preliminary Study of its Description and its Relationship to Problem Eating".
490:. Anandamide is also known to regulate mood and reduce anxiety. Also, dark chocolate also contains higher amounts of anandamide due to its higher cocoa content.
502:: 10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 23 mg caffeine. Consumption of 100 mg caffeine (or 43 grams cocoa solids) per day may cause low-dose symptoms of
1605:
Keskitalo, Kaisu; Knaapila, Antti; Kallela, Mikko; Palotie, Aarno; Wessman, Maija; Sammalisto, Sampo; Peltonen, Leena; Tuorila, Hely; Perola, Markus (2007).
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regions, which act to process information and focus one's attention, and are linked to disorders such as addiction. Studies have found that the presence of
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571:, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating moods. This encourages the user to consume more chocolate due to its ability to make the consumer feel good.
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Chocolate and its psychological effects was kept a secret throughout its origin in Spain during the 16th century, until the early 17th century when
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and entice consumption to be repeated. This experience is seen to be more enjoyable compared to dark chocolate which upholds bitter aftertastes.
410:. Carob does not contain theobromine or caffeine, both addictive methylxanthine substances. However, 100 grams carob contains 49.1 grams sugars.
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Reversing an insulin resistance can also work to curb cravings for chocolate. This can be achieved through the consumption of substances such as
336:
and healthy fats prevent large amounts of insulin to be released. The release of excessive amounts of insulin results in chocolate cravings. The
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The word chocoholic is used humorously to describe a person who is inordinately fond of chocolate. The term was first used in 1961, according to
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Fortuna, Jeffrey (2010). "Sweet
Preference, Sugar Addiction and the Familial History of Alcohol Dependence: Shared Neural Pathways and Genes".
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Gibson, E.L. (2011). "Emotional and
Behavioral Aspects of Chocolate Eating". In Victor R. Preedy; Ronald Ross Watson; Colin R. Martin (eds.).
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2394:(Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 200) Bertil B. Fredholm (auth.) - Methylxanthines-Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2011), page 2014
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to lower blood sugar when sugar is ingested results in a long-term imbalance which results in cravings for sugar in order to raise energy.
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is the primary compound found in cocoa. Also, dark chocolate contains higher amounts of these substances due to its higher cocoa content.
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152:, which may contribute to cravings and addiction-like responses, particularly in people with specific genetic alleles. The quantity of
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371:, and sucralose increase chocolate cravings. This is due to the fact that they are equally sweet and encourage a sugar dependence.
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Dillinger, Teresa L; Barriga, Patricia; EscĂĄrcega, Sylvia; Jimenez, Martha; Salazar-Lowe, Diana
Salazar; Grivetti, Louis (2000).
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Introducing substitute products into diets can assist in reducing the craving for chocolate. This could include products such as
1145:"Is there a relationship between chocolate consumption and symptoms of depression? A cross-sectional survey of 13,626 US adults"
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also taught visiting family members the habit of consuming hot chocolate and its health benefits. Early studies by
Spanish monk
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within protein assists in building chemicals such as dopamine, which can help to reduce chocolate cravings. Foods containing
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Lippi, Donatella; Watson, Ronald Ross; Preedy, Victor R.; Zibadi, Sherma (2012). "History of the Medical Use of Chocolate".
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became a hub for fashion and society. Visitors travelling throughout Spain came to discover the taste of chocolate. Spanish
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1506:"New insight into human sweet taste: a genome-wide association study of the perception and intake of sweet substances"
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use. This chemical leads the brain to desire more after chocolate is initially consumed, which can lead to addiction.
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862:. The âmelt in your mouthâ aspect due to its high cocoa content also contributes to a craving for white chocolate.
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Implementation of nutritional changes can assist in overcoming a chocolate addiction. Consumption of foods such as
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to chocolate. Psychoactive constituents of chocolate that trigger a âfeel-goodâ reaction for the consumer include
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Most products (except dark chocolate) includes both significant amount of sugars and the psychoactive substances'
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Chocolate cravings are also as a result of nutrient deficits. Cravings can be a result of needing to increase
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1607:"Sweet taste preferences are partly genetically determined: identification of a trait locus on chromosome 16"
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Craig, Winston J.; Nguyen, Thuy T. (1984). "Caffeine and Theobromine Levels in Cocoa and Carob Products".
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2900:"Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate"
595:: The natural brain chemical enkephalin is heightened when chocolate is consumed. Enkephalin triggers
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Chocolate cravings can also be linked to stress. Stress raises blood sugar levels through the hormone
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Grarup, Niels (2018). "Going hedonic - the role of FGF21 in the preference for sweet and alcohol".
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instances where chocolate consists of sufficient phenylethylamine, an addiction is likely to occur.
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can also assist to balance blood sugar and slow digestion. Increasing consumption of foods rich in
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Cinquanta, L. (2016). "Mineral essential elements for nutrition in different chocolate products".
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creaminess in terms of both taste and smell creates an ideal sensory attraction. Chocolate's high
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Rodrigues-Silva, Nuno (2013). "Chocolate: Psychopharmacological Aspects, Mood, and Addiction".
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is a psychoactive compound found within chocolate which links to the dopamine receptor D2 and
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2145:"Gain weight by "going diet?" Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings"
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can uphold genetic variations that influence the intake of sweet foods, such as chocolate.
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cases that chocoholics may experience withdrawal symptoms if the craving is not fulfilled.
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1933:"The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance"
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Cravings -- Dark chocolate may cause cravings if a person's micronutrient levels are low:
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1558:"An Obesity-Predisposing Variant of the FTO Gene Regulates D2R-Dependent Reward Learning"
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Chocolate usage was also linked to its nutritional benefits. English soldiers based in
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Cocoa powder contains several substances that can make it feel "addictive". However,
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1094:"Increasing Chocolate's Sugar Content Enhances Its Psychoactive Effects and Intake"
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Robson, Anthony (2012). "Chocolate Bars Based on Human Nutritional Requirements".
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Casperson, Shanon L; Lanza, Lisa; Albajri, Eram; Nasser, Jennifer A (2019-03-12).
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Chronic alcohol abuse that results in significant health problems is the cause of
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A study published in the journal Cell Metabolism proved a correlation between the
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used in chocolate confections also impacts the psychoactive effects of chocolate.
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Conway, Jonathan (25 August 2017). "What do your food cravings say about you?".
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The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug
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2957:"Chocolate Compulsion; RA's Twelve Step Chocolate Compulsion Recovery Program"
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496:: Caffeine and theobromine which act as an energizer and impact performance.
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200:). It is known that chocolate consumption does not activate the shell of the
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486:. The presence of anandamide imitates the psychoactive effects similar to
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1825:"Bad News: The Sugar Cravings Around Your Period Are Actually Ageing You"
1450:"Plan to binge on milk chocolate this Easter? Blame your brain and genes"
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Bruinsma, Kristen; Taren, Douglas L. (1999). "Chocolate: Food or Drug?".
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An advertisement promoting the benefits of consuming cocoa from 1910 in
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Cacao nibs, pieces of cocoa kernels, generally powdered and melted into
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is a compulsive desire to eat chocolate despite negative consequences.
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2583:"Why chocolate is so addicting and how to tap into the health benefits"
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Greer, Stephanie M.; Goldstein, Andrea N.; Walker, Matthew P. (2013).
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1383:"The Sweetest Thing: Regulation of Macronutrient Preference by FGF21"
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317:, both associated with reward-related behaviour and decision making.
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2088:"The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain"
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Westwater, Margaret L; Fletcher, Paul C; Ziauddeen, Hisham (2016).
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437:, but also inserted into chocolate bars to give additional "crunch"
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2763:"From Aphrodisiac to Health Food: A Cultural History of Chocolate"
563:: 10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 29 mg tryptophan. An
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Cravings for chocolate can also be triggered or stimulated by the
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Jackson, Sarah E; Smith, Lee; Firth, Joseph; et al. (2019).
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453:. Its main use (often with additional cocoa butter) is in making
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2514:"Craving chocolate? Activity in certain brain area might be why"
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Aprotosoaie, Ana Clara; Luca, Simon Vlad; Miron, Anca (2015).
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Romanian Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Hypnosis
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2874:. Totowa, NJ, United States: Humana Press. pp. 11â15.
2611:. PhD Thesis, Ghent University, Belgium. pp. 163â164.
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2634:"Flavor Chemistry of Cocoa and Cocoa ProductsâAn Overview"
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The additives of sugar and fat in both milk chocolate and
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It is also known that there is an association between the
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386:, that stimulates the absorption of glucose in the body.
224:. The FGF21 gene is also known to be associated with the
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Diac, Anemari Emanuela; Constantinescu, Natalia (2017).
378:(which also may be used as a natural sugar substitute),
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2186:"Artificial sweeteners: sugar-free, but at what cost?"
1909:"'Chocoholism' may be a cultural phenomenon for women"
1008:
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There is medical evidence to support the existence of
2638:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
1767:"Chocolate craving comes from total sensory pleasure"
1701:"Self-compassion, Well-being and Chocolate Addiction"
900:, consuming large amounts before visiting his wives.
273:
The World's Biggest Chocolate Consumers; Forbes, 2019
4119:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
2631:
2540:
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2085:
1555:
953:
1698:
1325:Meule, Adrian; Gearhardt, Ashley N. (2014-09-16).
2842:Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K (2001).
2705:"Chocolate in History: Food, Medicine, Medi-Food"
2363:
2319:"Why chocolate really is the secret to happiness"
1204:"Food cravings and addictions â fact and fallacy"
1142:
540:10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 74 mg
533:10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 94 mg
5290:
4962:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
736:and is often used as a sweetening ingredient in
627:About 54â58% of the cocoa nibs is cocoa butter.
2343:James, J.S. (1996). "Marijuana and Chocolate".
2280:
2841:
1861:"Why We Crave Sugar and How to Beat the Habit"
1324:
1266:
1206:. In Carr, Tanya; Descheemaeker, Koen (eds.).
49:Please review the contents of the article and
4410:
3654:
2989:
1237:
482:: Binds to receptors in the brain called the
2846:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 53â61.
2786:
1240:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
4967:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
2228:
2183:
1982:"Sugar addiction: the state of the science"
1380:
1298:Miller, Michael Craig (February 14, 2013).
1071:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 203â218.
888:popularity and desire by its consumers. In
764:
4417:
4403:
3661:
3647:
2996:
2982:
2609:Changing the functionality of cocoa butter
1858:
1611:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1510:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2915:
2730:
2720:
2649:
2606:
2537:
2160:
2119:
2005:
1956:
1884:
1622:
1581:
1529:
1398:
1352:
1342:
1208:Nutrition and Health - Current topics - 3
1170:
1160:
1119:
1109:
2789:"The Claim: Chocolate Is an Aphrodisiac"
2055:Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition
1937:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1734:Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition
875:
780:
768:
700:
428:
393:
320:
268:
125:
5097:Kindling (sedativeâhypnotic withdrawal)
2580:
1648:
1424:"Crave Sugar? Maybe It's in Your Genes"
1300:"Can you become addicted to chocolate?"
413:
5291:
5240:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
3467:European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive
2969:CHOCOHOLICS App development -portfolio
2893:
2891:
2865:
2863:
2837:
2835:
2812:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2511:
2435:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2408:"Chocoholic? Now for the science part"
2316:
2312:
2310:
2028:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1885:Skarnulis, Leanna (February 4, 2005).
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1790:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1473:
1327:"Food Addiction in the Light of DSM-5"
1297:
1201:
1066:
4764:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
4398:
3642:
3482:International Cocoa Quarantine Centre
2977:
2702:
2402:
2400:
2342:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
1764:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1644:
1642:
1551:
1549:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1447:
1421:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1210:. Antwerpen: Garant. pp. 69â76.
1069:Coffee, tea, chocolate, and the brain
3450:CĂŽte d'IvoireâGhana Cocoa Initiative
2815:"The History of Chocolate Slideshow"
2760:
2501:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2149:Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
2142:
1381:Adams, Andrew; Gimeno, Ruth (2016).
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
896:was said to utilise chocolate as an
18:
4332:Discrimination against drug addicts
3519:Production in SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2888:
2860:
2832:
2747:
2307:
1915:
1843:
1718:
13:
5271:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
4900:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
4194:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
2967:TOGETHER, SPHINX AND CHOCOHOLICS,
2397:
2267:
2243:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13737.x
1685:
1639:
1546:
1494:
1415:
1369:
363:Studies have shown that consuming
14:
5340:
4820:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
2935:
2872:Chocolate in Health and Nutrition
2285:. Vol. 7. pp. 421â435.
2283:Chocolate in Health and Nutrition
2209:
1887:"The Chocoholic's Survival Guide"
1795:. Vol. 7. pp. 143â148.
1793:Chocolate in Health and Nutrition
1224:
1045:
882:Canadian Journal of Public Health
732:, chocolate liqueur does contain
4873:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
4379:
4378:
4257:Low-threshold treatment programs
4124:Motivational enhancement therapy
3617:
3604:
3603:
3477:International Cocoa Organization
3428:Child labour in cocoa production
2941:
1949:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04378.x
970:
956:
798:Products with sugars, including
630:
552:, a neurotransmitter from which
115:
23:
4830:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
4722:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
4337:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
4327:Category:Vaccines against drugs
3618:
2806:
2780:
2696:
2666:
2625:
2600:
2574:
2531:
2505:
2469:
2447:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.013
2426:
2388:
2336:
2249:
2222:
2203:
2177:
2136:
2079:
2045:
2022:
1973:
1901:
1878:
1817:
1784:
1758:
1598:
1467:
1441:
622:
460:
5224:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
4879:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
4473:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
1663:10.1080/02791072.2010.10400687
1574:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1589-15.2015
1318:
1291:
1195:
1136:
1085:
1002:
599:similar to those triggered by
402:powder instead of cocoa powder
325:
51:add the appropriate references
1:
5051:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
3960:Adverse childhood experiences
3492:Philippine chocolate industry
3003:
2946:The dictionary definition of
2678:Journal of Chemical Education
2552:10.1080/09637486.2016.1199664
2491:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00291-9
1986:European Journal of Nutrition
1651:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
1252:10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00307-7
996:
765:§ Blood sugar management
418:
5264:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
4791:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
4733:Positional alcohol nystagmus
4698:Alcohol-related brain damage
4189:Nicotine replacement therapy
4174:Intensive outpatient program
4162:Residential treatment center
4102:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2607:De Clercq, Nathalie (2011).
2479:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2291:10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_31
2063:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_49
1801:10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_12
1742:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_40
664:
588:Heightened brain chemicals:
187:
178:
7:
5128:Benzodiazepine use disorder
5057:Opioid-induced constipation
5045:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
4739:WernickeâKorsakoff syndrome
4703:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
4492:Substance-related disorders
4457:Substance-induced psychosis
4429:substance-related disorders
3787:Internet addiction disorder
2184:Strawbridge, Holly (2012).
986:Health effects of chocolate
949:
943:Jamaica in the 17th century
716:made from a base liquor of
389:
299:premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
211:
153:
36:reliable medical references
16:Person who craves chocolate
10:
5345:
5304:Eating behaviors of humans
4825:Caffeine-induced psychosis
4756:Respiratory tract diseases
4741:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
4538:Combined drug intoxication
4222:List of twelve-step groups
3456:The Dark Side of Chocolate
1859:Seidenberg, Casey (2018).
1400:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.01.013
869:
865:
854:does not contain cacao or
762:
694:
690:
668:
634:
464:
422:
264:
5255:
5209:
5170:
5134:Benzodiazepine dependence
5118:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
5079:
5022:
4978:
4949:
4928:Prenatal cocaine exposure
4910:
4855:
4807:
4781:
4754:
4676:
4645:
4626:
4591:Gastrointestinal diseases
4589:
4565:
4558:
4549:
4515:
4435:
4374:
4304:
4287:Supervised injection site
4230:
4217:Addiction recovery groups
4209:
4169:Heroin-assisted treatment
4147:
4129:Motivational interviewing
4092:
4071:
4058:
3983:
3952:
3943:
3812:
3739:
3693:
3684:
3598:
3532:
3509:Production in Ivory Coast
3410:
3364:
3221:
3146:
3050:
3013:
2787:O'Connor, Anahad (2006).
2703:Lippi, Donatella (2013).
1998:10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6
1504:Hwang, Liang-Dar (2019).
1422:Maron, Dina Fine (2017).
758:
524:, and neurotransmitters:
42:or relies too heavily on
4693:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
4657:Alcohol-related dementia
4575:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
4528:Polysubstance dependence
4501:Psychological dependence
3970:Psychological dependence
3804:Digital media addictions
3487:Manufacturers (vertical)
2904:The Journal of Nutrition
2813:Felson, Sabrina (2020).
2581:Spector, Nicole (2020).
1911:. CNN. 15 February 1999.
1765:Roxby, Philippa (2013).
649:, from the cacao beans.
204:, as seen in those with
5113:Benzodiazepine overdose
4745:Wernicke encephalopathy
4599:Alcoholic liver disease
4567:Cardiovascular diseases
4272:Needle exchange program
4262:Managed alcohol program
4240:Category:Harm reduction
3346:Chocolate-covered foods
2651:10.1111/1541-4337.12180
2231:Journal of Food Science
2212:"Cinnamon and Diabetes"
2033:. Halifax. p. D6.
1931:Nehlig, Astrid (2013).
1562:Journal of Neuroscience
1488:10.1530/endoabs.56.S2.3
1067:Nehlig, Astrid (2004).
728:as an additive. Unlike
712:Chocolate liqueur is a
641:Raw chocolate contains
567:that is a precursor to
206:substance use disorders
192:A study in the journal
5314:Food and drink culture
5199:Amphetamine dependence
5160:Barbiturate dependence
4991:Green Tobacco Sickness
4889:Amotivational syndrome
4769:Alcoholic lung disease
4709:Alcoholic hallucinosis
4688:Alcoholic hallucinosis
4636:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
4580:Alcohol flush reaction
4448:Substance intoxication
4292:Tobacco harm reduction
4112:Contingency management
4079:Alcohol detoxification
3792:Internet sex addiction
3524:World Cocoa Foundation
2917:10.1093/jn/130.8.2057S
2317:Cotton, Simon (2014).
2210:Bruce, Debra Fulghum.
1448:Noone, Yasmin (2020).
1202:Rogers, Peter (2003).
1023:10.1006/appe.1993.1042
929:. The strong taste of
884:
788:
778:
709:
652:Dark chocolates' high
438:
403:
274:
131:
4894:Cannabis use disorder
4617:Auto-brewery syndrome
4354:Motivational salience
4282:Stimulant maintenance
4267:Moderation Management
4179:Methadone maintenance
3514:Production in Nigeria
3472:HarkinâEngel Protocol
3261:Chocolate chip cookie
2092:Nature Communications
918:Bernardino de SahagĂșn
879:
784:
772:
704:
661:(14 mgâ50âgâ1).
432:
397:
365:artificial sweeteners
355:and the releasing of
321:Management techniques
272:
129:
65:"Chocolate addiction"
5324:Behavioral addiction
5150:Barbiturate overdose
4923:Cocaine intoxication
4663:Alcohol intoxication
4505:Substance dependence
4277:Responsible drug use
4134:Motivational therapy
3799:Video game addiction
3462:Environmental impact
3321:Cioccolato di Modica
2512:Bardin, Jon (2012).
2057:. pp. 741â755.
1829:huffingtonpost.co.uk
1736:. pp. 601â620.
1624:10.1093/ajcn/86.1.55
1306:. Harvard University
872:History of chocolate
679:trigger sweet taste
581:dopamine receptor D3
565:essential amino acid
484:cannabinoid receptor
414:Cause by ingredients
311:orbitofrontal cortex
251:dopamine receptor D2
171:of "chocolate" and "
5183:Stimulant psychosis
5068:Opioid use disorder
5012:Nicotine dependence
5002:Nicotine withdrawal
4845:Caffeine dependence
4605:Alcoholic hepatitis
4497:Physical dependence
4468:Neonatal withdrawal
4201:Twelve-step program
4084:Drug detoxification
3965:Physical dependence
3579:Military chocolate
3540:Chocolate addiction
3497:Production in Ghana
3286:Chocolate ice cream
3103:Tetramethylpyrazine
2345:AIDS Treatment News
2323:The Washington Post
2143:Yang, Qing (2010).
2104:2013NatCo...4.2259G
1865:The Washington Post
1568:(36): 12584â12592.
1522:10.1093/ajcn/nqz043
1476:Endocrine Abstracts
1428:Scientific American
1304:Harvard Health Blog
841:Chocolate ice cream
367:such as aspartame,
135:Chocolate addiction
4997:Nicotine poisoning
4939:Cocaine dependence
4868:Cannabis arteritis
4728:Korsakoff syndrome
4628:Endocrine diseases
4359:Incentive salience
4347:Inhibitory control
4322:Category:Addiction
4312:Addiction medicine
4107:Relapse prevention
4044:Tanning dependence
3550:Chocolate fountain
3276:Chocolate crackles
2910:(8): 2057Sâ2072S.
2793:The New York Times
2378:"FoodData Central"
2257:"FoodData Central"
2112:10.1038/ncomms3259
1111:10.3390/nu11030596
885:
789:
779:
710:
671:Types of chocolate
439:
404:
275:
222:insulin resistance
132:
5286:
5285:
5040:Opioid withdrawal
4803:
4802:
4777:
4776:
4392:
4391:
4342:Cognitive control
4300:
4299:
4184:Smoking cessation
4139:Physical exercise
4054:
4053:
4040:Non-drug stimuli
3939:
3938:
3783:Internet-related
3636:
3635:
3560:Chocolate museums
3555:Legal definitions
3502:Ghana Cocoa Board
3418:Organic chocolate
3372:Aerated chocolate
3316:Chocolate truffle
3301:Chocolate pudding
3291:Chocolate liqueur
3251:Chocolate brownie
3246:Chocolate biscuit
2761:Grivetti, Louis.
2722:10.3390/nu5051573
2690:10.1021/ed100503p
2618:978-90-5989-470-9
2518:Los Angeles Times
2441:(10): 2445â2453.
2300:978-1-61779-802-3
2072:978-0-387-92270-6
1810:978-1-61779-802-3
1751:978-0-387-92270-6
1344:10.3390/nu6093653
1217:978-90-441-1493-5
964:Psychology portal
707:chocolate liqueur
697:Chocolate liqueur
522:neurotransmitters
444:is produced from
202:nucleus accumbens
124:
123:
100:
5336:
5309:1960s neologisms
5230:Toluene toxicity
4714:Delirium tremens
4610:Zieve's syndrome
4563:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4069:
4068:
3950:
3949:
3875:G9a-like protein
3691:
3690:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3423:Fair trade cocoa
3306:Chocolate spread
3150:
3025:Chocolate liquor
3017:
3007:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2945:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2758:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2715:(5): 1573â1584.
2700:
2694:
2693:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2485:(1â2): 153â159.
2473:
2467:
2466:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:. April 18, 2006
2404:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:fdc.nal.usda.gov
2374:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2261:fdc.nal.usda.gov
2253:
2247:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2031:ChronicleâHerald
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1516:(6): 1724â1737.
1501:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1337:(9): 3653â3671.
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1164:
1162:10.1002/da.22950
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1043:
1042:
1006:
980:
975:
974:
966:
961:
960:
959:
730:chocolate liquor
597:opioid receptors
442:Chocolate liquor
435:chocolate liquor
315:ventral striatum
150:phenylethylamine
119:
118:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
27:
26:
19:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5329:1968 neologisms
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5251:
5212:
5205:
5166:
5084:
5075:
5035:Opioid overdose
5018:
4974:
4945:
4906:
4851:
4799:
4773:
4750:
4679:
4672:
4649:system diseases
4648:
4641:
4622:
4585:
4545:
4517:
4511:
4488:Substance abuse
4431:
4423:
4393:
4388:
4370:
4366:Sober companion
4296:
4250:Reagent testing
4226:
4205:
4149:
4143:
4094:
4088:
4063:
4061:
4050:
3979:
3935:
3822:Transcriptional
3814:
3808:
3735:
3721:Methylphenidate
3716:Methamphetamine
3680:
3667:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3610:
3594:
3570:Cocoa smuggling
3545:Chocolate bloom
3528:
3406:
3360:
3311:Chocolate syrup
3281:Chocolate gravy
3271:Chocolate coins
3217:
3148:
3142:
3046:
3041:Theobroma cacao
3015:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2955:
2938:
2933:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2840:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2748:
2701:
2697:
2671:
2667:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2575:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2506:
2474:
2470:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2279:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2227:
2223:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2178:
2141:
2137:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2050:
2046:
2027:
2023:
1978:
1974:
1929:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1857:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1730:
1719:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1647:
1640:
1603:
1599:
1554:
1547:
1502:
1495:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1420:
1416:
1379:
1370:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1278:Merriam-Webster
1272:
1271:
1267:
1246:(10): 1249â56.
1236:
1225:
1218:
1200:
1196:
1155:(10): 987â995.
1149:Depress Anxiety
1141:
1137:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1065:
1046:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:Sugar addiction
976:
969:
962:
957:
955:
952:
874:
868:
852:White chocolate
823:: White sugar,
807:White chocolate
786:White chocolate
767:
761:
699:
693:
683:which releases
677:white chocolate
673:
667:
639:
633:
625:
494:Methylxanthines
469:
463:
427:
421:
416:
398:Biscuits using
392:
328:
323:
267:
214:
190:
181:
165:Merriam-Webster
120:
116:
111:
105:
102:
59:
48:
44:primary sources
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5342:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Human behavior
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5245:Inhalant abuse
5242:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5105:benzodiazepine
5101:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5088:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5037:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4795:Binge drinking
4792:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4494:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4459:
4454:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4232:Harm reduction
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4210:Support groups
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4072:Detoxification
4066:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:Benzodiazepine
4006:
4001:
3996:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3764:Palatable food
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3615:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3351:Mint chocolate
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Chocolate milk
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Chocolate chip
3263:
3258:
3256:Chocolate cake
3253:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Phenethylamine
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2953:
2937:
2936:External links
2934:
2932:
2931:
2887:
2880:
2859:
2852:
2831:
2805:
2779:
2767:Karger Gazette
2746:
2695:
2665:
2624:
2617:
2599:
2573:
2546:(7): 773â778.
2530:
2504:
2468:
2425:
2396:
2387:
2362:
2335:
2306:
2299:
2266:
2248:
2237:(1): 302â303.
2221:
2202:
2190:Harvard Health
2176:
2155:(2): 101â108.
2135:
2078:
2071:
2044:
2021:
1972:
1943:(3): 716â727.
1914:
1900:
1877:
1842:
1831:. 11 July 2014
1816:
1809:
1783:
1757:
1750:
1717:
1684:
1657:(2): 147â151.
1638:
1597:
1545:
1493:
1466:
1440:
1414:
1393:(2): 227â228.
1368:
1317:
1290:
1265:
1223:
1216:
1194:
1135:
1084:
1077:
1044:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
988:
982:
981:
967:
951:
948:
890:ancient Mexico
867:
864:
849:
848:
838:
831:Chocolate milk
828:
821:Milk chocolate
818:
775:chocolate milk
760:
757:
695:Main article:
692:
689:
666:
663:
635:Main article:
632:
629:
624:
621:
620:
619:
609:
608:
586:
585:
574:
573:
572:
558:
550:Phenethylamine
547:
546:
545:
538:
515:
514:
513:
507:
491:
465:Main article:
462:
459:
423:Main article:
420:
417:
415:
412:
391:
388:
327:
324:
322:
319:
280:energy density
266:
263:
213:
210:
189:
186:
180:
177:
130:Dark chocolate
122:
121:
114:
112:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5341:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:substance use
4514:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Drug overdose
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:Drug checking
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:Reinforcement
3664:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3588:United States
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Big Chocolate
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Dutch process
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Broma process
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Hot chocolate
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
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2952:at Wiktionary
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631:Raw chocolate
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535:phenylalanine
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67: â
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61:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
5262:
5189:
5140:
5103:
4951:Hallucinogen
4678:Neurological
4426:Psychoactive
3893:
3886:
3879:
3867:
3826:
3768:Sex-related
3622:
3608:
3565:Chocolatiers
3539:
3533:Other topics
3454:
3440:Chocolaterie
3138:Valeric acid
3113:Theophylline
3039:
3035:Cocoa solids
3030:Cocoa butter
2960:
2948:
2907:
2903:
2871:
2843:
2822:. Retrieved
2818:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2766:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2684:(1): 29â33.
2681:
2677:
2668:
2644:(1): 74â87.
2641:
2637:
2627:
2608:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2576:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:
2507:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:Wales Online
2411:
2390:
2381:
2351:(257): 3â4.
2348:
2344:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
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2251:
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2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
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2148:
2138:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2054:
2047:
2030:
2024:
1992:(1): 55â69.
1989:
1985:
1975:
1940:
1936:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1792:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1760:
1733:
1714:(1â2): 2â10.
1711:
1707:
1654:
1650:
1617:(1): 55â63.
1614:
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1600:
1565:
1561:
1513:
1509:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1417:
1390:
1386:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:
1274:"Chocoholic"
1268:
1243:
1239:
1207:
1197:
1172:10447/464591
1152:
1148:
1138:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1068:
1014:
1010:
1004:
940:
927:tuberculosis
923:
907:
894:Moctezuma II
886:
856:cocoa solids
850:
797:
793:cocoa solids
790:
750:
711:
705:A bottle of
674:
651:
647:cocoa butter
643:cocoa solids
640:
626:
623:Cocoa butter
610:
587:
470:
467:Cocoa solids
461:Cocoa solids
440:
405:
373:
362:
350:
331:
329:
304:
296:
285:
276:
259:
256:
248:
237:meso-striato
230:
215:
193:
191:
182:
162:
158:
139:
134:
133:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
40:verification
33:
5191:amphetamine
5142:barbiturate
4093:Behavioral
4004:Barbiturate
3999:Amphetamine
3777:Pornography
3772:Intercourse
3706:Amphetamine
3672:disorders:
3583:Switzerland
3445:Chocolatier
3397:Sugar crust
3229:CaffĂš mocha
3108:Theobromine
3078:Flavan-3-ol
2961:www.r-a.org
978:Food portal
898:aphrodisiac
811:White sugar
773:A glass of
658:theobromine
554:amphetamine
530:precursors
510:Theobromine
473:theobromine
446:cocoa beans
326:Blood sugar
226:sweet tooth
169:portmanteau
106:August 2024
34:needs more
5293:Categories
5172:Stimulants
4835:Caffeinism
4789:Alcoholism
4462:Withdrawal
4317:Allen Carr
4157:Drug rehab
4148:Treatment
4064:management
4060:Treatment
3994:Alcoholism
3975:Withdrawal
3945:Dependence
3863:Epigenetic
3815:mechanisms
3748:Financial
3741:Behavioral
3678:dependence
3173:Couverture
3123:Tryptophan
3118:Tryptamine
3098:Salsolinol
3073:Enkephalin
3068:Endorphins
3058:Anandamide
3051:Components
3016:Cocoa bean
2949:chocoholic
2853:0415927226
2039:1932368907
1387:Cell Metab
1104:(3): 596.
997:References
870:See also:
800:milk sugar
763:See also:
753:alcoholism
669:See also:
593:Enkephalin
577:Salsolinol
561:Tryptophan
518:Precursors
504:caffeinism
480:Anandamide
425:Cocoa bean
419:Cocoa bean
338:amino acid
240:prefrontal
167:. It is a
146:tryptophan
76:newspapers
5299:Chocolate
5278:Chocolate
4680:disorders
4095:therapies
3984:Disorders
3686:Addiction
3674:addiction
3402:Tempering
3365:Processes
3341:beverages
3006:Chocolate
2798:March 29,
2772:March 21,
2709:Nutrients
2523:April 28,
1870:March 23,
1776:April 20,
1331:Nutrients
1189:198984561
1098:Nutrients
936:dysentery
726:chocolate
681:receptors
665:Additives
616:Magnesium
569:serotonin
455:chocolate
369:saccharin
288:magnesium
194:Nutrients
188:Criticism
179:Addiction
173:alcoholic
142:addiction
5211:Volatile
5086:hypnotic
5081:Sedative
4980:Nicotine
4857:Cannabis
4809:Caffeine
4668:Hangover
4516:Combined
4384:Category
4305:See also
4150:programs
4029:Nicotine
4019:Cannabis
4014:Caffeine
3953:Concepts
3813:Cellular
3757:Shopping
3752:Gambling
3726:Nicotine
3611:Category
3411:Industry
3382:Conching
3222:Products
3193:Modeling
3183:Gianduja
3168:Compound
3133:Tyrosine
3128:Tyramine
3083:Lecithin
3063:Caffeine
2926:10917925
2741:23673608
2660:33371573
2587:NBC News
2568:41950395
2560:27346251
2499:11025151
2463:17371625
2455:23810791
2418:14 April
2357:11363932
2171:20589192
2130:23922121
2098:: 2259.
2035:ProQuest
2016:27372453
1967:22775434
1893:14 April
1771:BBC News
1679:24286898
1671:20648910
1633:17616763
1592:26354923
1540:31005972
1454:SBS News
1409:26863484
1363:25230209
1310:14 April
1283:14 April
1260:10524390
1181:31356717
1130:30870996
1039:36613545
1011:Appetite
950:See also
902:Casanova
860:conching
738:mixology
685:dopamine
654:caffeine
605:morphine
542:tyrosine
528:Dopamine
500:Caffeine
488:cannabis
390:Caffeine
384:turmeric
376:cinnamon
353:cortisol
334:proteins
233:FTO gene
212:Genetics
5256:Related
5213:solvent
5024:Opioids
4912:Cocaine
4705:(AWS):
4647:Nervous
4601:(ALD):
4551:Alcohol
4436:General
4024:Cocaine
3711:Cocaine
3701:Alcohol
3625:Outline
3575:History
3392:Enrober
3331:Ganache
3163:Belgian
2824:May 27,
2732:3708337
2328:May 18,
2195:May 19,
2162:2892765
2121:3763921
2100:Bibcode
2007:5174153
1958:3575938
1889:. WebMD
1835:3 April
1583:6605390
1531:6537940
1459:May 19,
1433:May 19,
1354:4179181
1121:6471517
1031:8141595
866:History
746:cooking
734:alcohol
714:liqueur
691:Alcohol
357:glucose
292:insulin
265:Craving
90:scholar
55:removed
5267:: SUD
5226:(SSDS)
4969:(HPPD)
4724:(FASD)
4475:(PAWS)
4034:Opioid
3990:Drugs
3916:HDAC10
3731:Opioid
3239:brands
3158:Baking
2924:
2878:
2850:
2739:
2729:
2658:
2615:
2592:May 1,
2566:
2558:
2497:
2461:
2453:
2355:
2297:
2169:
2159:
2128:
2118:
2069:
2037:
2014:
2004:
1965:
1955:
1807:
1748:
1677:
1669:
1631:
1590:
1580:
1538:
1528:
1407:
1361:
1351:
1258:
1214:
1187:
1179:
1128:
1118:
1075:
1037:
1029:
910:Madrid
759:Sugars
744:, and
742:baking
718:whisky
601:heroin
584:cocoa.
382:, and
380:ginger
307:senses
154:sugars
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
5130:(BUD)
5070:(OUD)
5059:(OIC)
5053:(OIE)
5047:(OIH)
4993:(GTS)
4930:(PCE)
4896:(CUD)
4875:(CHS)
4735:(PAN)
4716:(DTs)
4659:(ARD)
4638:(AKA)
4619:(ABS)
4582:(AFR)
4540:(CDI)
3926:SIRT2
3921:SIRT1
3911:HDAC9
3906:HDAC5
3901:HDAC4
3895:HDAC3
3888:HDAC2
3881:HDAC1
3854:NF-ÎșB
3849:GluR2
3834:c-Fos
3828:ÎFosB
3326:Fudge
3213:White
3208:Swiss
3149:Types
2819:WebMD
2564:S2CID
2459:S2CID
2216:WebMD
1704:(PDF)
1675:S2CID
1185:S2CID
1035:S2CID
931:cacao
914:monks
845:Cream
724:with
722:vodka
408:carob
400:carob
342:fibre
218:FGF21
198:DSM-5
97:JSTOR
83:books
5236:SUD
5220:SID
5195:SUD
5179:SID
5156:SUD
5146:SID
5124:SUD
5109:SID
5093:SID
5064:SUD
5031:SID
5008:SUD
4987:SID
4958:SID
4935:SUD
4919:SID
4885:SUD
4864:SID
4841:SUD
4816:SID
4747:(WE)
4534:SID
4524:SUD
4062:and
3844:CREB
3839:Cdk5
3694:Drug
3676:and
3356:Mole
3203:Ruby
3188:Milk
3178:Dark
2922:PMID
2876:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2826:2020
2800:2020
2774:2020
2737:PMID
2656:PMID
2613:ISBN
2594:2020
2556:PMID
2525:2020
2495:PMID
2451:PMID
2420:2013
2353:PMID
2330:2020
2295:ISBN
2197:2020
2167:PMID
2126:PMID
2067:ISBN
2012:PMID
1963:PMID
1895:2013
1872:2020
1837:2018
1805:ISBN
1778:2020
1746:ISBN
1667:PMID
1629:PMID
1588:PMID
1536:PMID
1461:2020
1435:2020
1405:PMID
1359:PMID
1312:2013
1285:2013
1256:PMID
1212:ISBN
1177:PMID
1126:PMID
1073:ISBN
1027:PMID
835:Milk
656:and
645:and
603:and
346:iron
313:and
249:The
148:and
69:news
38:for
4782:SUD
4559:SID
4483:SUD
4443:SID
3930:...
3869:G9a
2912:doi
2908:130
2727:PMC
2717:doi
2686:doi
2646:doi
2548:doi
2487:doi
2443:doi
2349:257
2287:doi
2239:doi
2157:PMC
2116:PMC
2108:doi
2059:doi
2002:PMC
1994:doi
1953:PMC
1945:doi
1797:doi
1738:doi
1659:doi
1619:doi
1578:PMC
1570:doi
1526:PMC
1518:doi
1514:109
1484:doi
1395:doi
1349:PMC
1339:doi
1248:doi
1167:hdl
1157:doi
1116:PMC
1106:doi
1019:doi
720:or
520:to
175:".
5295::
4503:/
4499:/
4490:/
4464::
4450:/
2959:.
2920:.
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