3904:
4045:
3644:
5499:
4111:
4056:
2860:
3019:
2878:
5109:
3713:
5739:
3743:
3271:
2965:
5225:
2692:
2869:
1423:
3231:
3318:
760:
2354:
2821:
3120:
5987:, who promoted the use of military force, claimed that the student movement had taken inspiration from the populism of the Cultural Revolution and that if left unchecked, would eventually lead to mass chaos. Zhao Ziyang, who was sympathetic to the protestors, later accused his political opponents of illegally removing him from office by using "Cultural Revolution-style" tactics, including "reversing black and white, exaggerating personal offenses, taking quotes out of context, issuing slander and lies ... inundating the newspapers with critical articles making me out to be an enemy, and casual disregard for my personal freedoms." Speaking during his
3851:
6236:, argues that the movement benefited millions of Chinese citizens, particularly agricultural and industrial workers, and sees it as egalitarian and genuinely populist, citing continued Maoist nostalgia today as remnants of its positive legacy. Some draw a distinction between intention and performance. While Mao's leadership was pivotal at the beginning of the movement, Jin Qiu contends that as events progressed, it deviated significantly from Mao's utopian vision. In this sense, the Cultural Revolution was actually a decentralized and varied movement that gradually lost cohesion, spawning many 'local revolutions' that differed in their nature and goals.
2783:
3104:
4931:
4438:
4670:
5902:
17480:
6290:
1361:
3006:
of the bourgeoisie ... to change the mental outlook of the whole of society. At present, our objective is to struggle against and overthrow those persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic "authorities" and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to transform education, literature and art and all other parts of the superstructure not in correspondence with the socialist economic base, so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist system.
2634:
3152:
2992:
Japan; Provided China perseveres in the War of
Resistance and in the united front, the old Japan will surely be transformed into a new Japan and the old China into a new China, and people and everything else in both China and Japan will be transformed during and after the war. The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you ... The world belongs to you. China's future belongs to you.
6225:
Thurston wrote that it "led to loss of culture, and of spiritual values; loss of hope and ideals; loss of time, truth and of life". Barnouin and Yu summarized the
Cultural Revolution as "a political movement that produced unprecedented social divisions, mass mobilization, hysteria, upheavals, arbitrary cruelty, torture, killings, and even civil war", calling Mao "one of the most tyrannical despots of the twentieth century". According to historian Chun Lin, despite these human tragedies, individual freedoms and political self-organization expanded rapidly.
5557:
captivity under a Zhou initiative to decorate hotels and railway stations defaced by Red Guard slogans. Zhou said that the artworks were meant for foreigners, therefore were "outer" art and not under the obligations and restrictions placed on "inner" art meant for
Chinese citizens. He claimed that landscape paintings should not be considered one of the "Four Olds". However, Zhou was weakened by cancer, and in 1974, the Jiang faction seized these and other paintings and mounted exhibitions in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities denouncing the artworks as "
5077:", that is, the class enemies who promoted bourgeois ideas, as well as those from an exploitative family background or who belonged to one of the Five Black Categories. Large numbers of people perceived to be "monsters and demons" regardless of guilt or innocence were publicly denounced, humiliated, and beaten. In their revolutionary fervor, students especially the Red Guards denounced their teachers, and children denounced their parents. Many died from ill-treatment or committed suicide. In 1968, youths were mobilized to go to the countryside in the
4813:
2365:'s development strategy." Mao ambitiously sought an increase in rural grain production and an increase in industrial activity. Mao was dismissive of technical experts and basic economic principles, which meant that industrialization of the countryside would solely be dependent on the peasants. Grain quotas were introduced with the idea of having peasants provide grains for themselves and support urban areas. Output from the industrial activities such as steel was also supposed to be used for urban growth. Local officials were fearful of
3372:
2246:, which gradually dismantled the ideology of Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the Communist Party publicly acknowledged numerous failures of the Cultural Revolution, declaring it "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the people, the country, and the party since the founding of the People's Republic." Given its broad scope and social impact, memories and perspectives of the Cultural Revolution are varied and complex in contemporary China. It is often referred to as the "ten years of chaos" (
6693:
3842:" was launched by Mao and the Communist Party Central, aiming to consolidate the new organs of power by targeting counterrevolutionary thoughts and actions. A large number of "minor criminals" were executed or forced to commit suicide between 1970 and 1972. According to government statistics released after the Cultural Revolution, during the campaign 1.87 million people were persecuted as traitors, spies, and counterrevolutionaries, and over 284,800 were arrested or killed from February to November 1970 alone.
6157:
culture they call proletarian, should be created." He further stated that, "It is difficult for us to call this revolution, as the 'Red Guards' are carrying it out, a
Proletarian Cultural Revolution... the enemies could and should be captured by the organs of the dictatorship on the basis of the law, and if the enemies have wormed their way into the party committees, let them be purged through party channels. Or in the final analysis, arm the working class and attack the committees, but not with children."
4562:; 'Facts on the Successive Political Movements since the Founding of the PRC', a book by the party's History Research Center, which states that "according to CCP internal investigations in 1978 and 1984 ... 21.44 million were investigated, 125 million got implicated in these investigations; 4.2 million were detained (by Red Guards and other non-police), 1.3 million were arrested by police, 1.728 million of unnatural deaths; 135,000 were executed for crimes of counter-revolution; during
3983:
2928:
5627:
17492:
6304:
3738:
enthusiastically and sang with wild abandonment. Tears swelled up in their eyes, and they again and again sincerely wished that our most beloved Great Leader lived ten thousand years without bounds ... They all made phone calls to their own work units to spread this happy news; and they also organised all kinds of celebratory activities all night long, and arrived at
Zhongnanhai despite the rain to report the good news, and to express their loyalty to the Great Leader Chairman Mao.
5253:
4851:", "revisionists", or coming from a suspect class (including those related to former landlords or rich peasants) were subject to beating, imprisonment, rape, torture, sustained and systematic harassment and abuse, seizure of property, denial of medical attention, and erasure of social identity. Intellectuals were also targeted. Many survivors and observers suggest that almost anyone with skills over that of the average person was made the target of political "struggle" in some way.
3136:
17516:
5271:, and the Red Guards. Mao often offered vague, yet powerful directives that divided the Red Guards. These directives could be interpreted to suit personal interests, in turn aiding factions' goals in claiming loyalty to Mao. Red Guard slogans were violent, advancing themes such as "Strike the enemy down on the floor and step on him with a foot", "Long live the red terror!" and "Those who are against Chairman Mao will have their dog skulls smashed into pieces."
2008:
16559:
2792:
2337:, was Mao Zedong's proposal to make the newly created People's Republic of China an industrial superpower. Beginning in 1958, the Great Leap Forward did produce, at least on the surface, incredible industrialization, but also caused some of the worst famines in modern history, while still falling short of projected goals. The Great Leap Forward soon came to be seen as one of Mao's greatest mistakes, eventually costing him some of his official status in the
5296:
18503:
4420:, but formal power was transferred to a new generation of pragmatic reformers, who reversed Cultural Revolution policies to a large extent. Within a few years, Deng and Hu helped rehabilitate over 3 million "unjust, false, erroneous" cases. In particular, the trial of the Gang of Four took place in Beijing from 1980 to 1981, and the court stated that 729,511 people had been persecuted by the Gang, of whom 34,800 were said to have died.
3803:
an election by party members, delegates for this
Congress were effectively selected by Revolutionary Committees. Representation of the military increased by a large margin from the previous Congress, reflected in the election of more PLA members to the new Central Committee—over 28%. Many officers now elevated to senior positions were loyal to PLA Marshal Lin Biao, which would open a new rift between the military and civilian leadership.
51:
5050:
4919:
4343:
17504:
6318:
6029:, has a positive view of some aspects of the CR. According to Shen, the trigger for the Tiananmen hunger-strikes was a big-character poster, a form of public political discussion that gained prominence during the Cultural Revolution. Shen remarked that the travel of students from across the country to Beijing on trains and the hospitality they received from residents was reminiscent of the experiences of Red Guards.
3956:—in the original Mandarin, the phrase sounds similar to the term for 'military uprising'. It is disputed whether Lin Biao was directly involved in this process. While official sources maintain that Lin did plan and execute the coup attempt, scholars such as Jin Qiu portray Lin as passive, cajoled by elements among his family and supporters. Qiu contests that Lin Biao was ever personally involved in drafting the
3903:
4036:
4252:
its way into several government buildings surrounding the square. Many of those arrested were later sentenced to prison. Similar incidents occurred in other major cities. Jiang and her allies attacked Deng as the incident's 'mastermind', and issued reports on official media to that effect. Deng was formally stripped of all positions inside and outside the Party on 7 April. This marked Deng's second purge.
13517:
5498:
4176:, while Zhou and Deng held control of most government organs. On some decisions, Mao sought to mitigate the Gang's influence, but on others, he acquiesced to their demands. The Gang of Four's political and media control did not prevent Deng from enacting his economic policies. Deng emphatically opposed Party factionalism, and his policies aimed to promote unity to restore economic productivity.
3475:
3459:
3395:
3443:
3427:
2599:"evidence of Peng Zhen's revisionism", and grouped him with three other disgraced officials as part of the "Peng-Luo-Lu-Yang Anti-Party Clique". On 16 May, the Politburo formalized the decisions by releasing an official document condemning Peng and his "anti-party allies" in the strongest terms, disbanding his "Five Man Group", and replacing it with the Maoist Cultural Revolution Group (CRG).
3411:
3379:
4133:
officials. The party's core became heavily dominated by
Cultural Revolution beneficiaries and radicals, whose focus remained ideological purity over economic productivity. The economy remained mostly Zhou's domain, one of the few remaining moderates. Zhou attempted to restore the economy, but was resented by the Gang of Four, who identified him as their primary political succession threat.
5921:
the movement was "manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing," who caused its worst excesses. The
Resolution affirmed that the Cultural Revolution "brought serious disaster and turmoil to the Communist Party and the Chinese people." These themes of "turmoil" and "disaster" underlie historical and popular understanding of the Cultural Revolution. The 1981
4000:, Lin Liguo, and members of his staff attempted to flee to the USSR ostensibly to seek political asylum. En route, Lin's plane crashed in Mongolia, killing all on board. The plane apparently ran out of fuel. A Soviet investigative team was not able to determine the cause of the crash but hypothesized that the pilot was flying low to evade radar and misjudged the plane's altitude.
3243:"support industry". The "two Militaries" referred to "military management" and "military training". The policy of supporting the left failed to define "leftists" at a time when almost all mass organizations claimed to be "leftist" or "revolutionary". PLA commanders had developed close working relations with the party establishment, leading many military units to repress radicals.
4308:, namely, "Whatever policy originated from Chairman Mao, we must continue to support," and "Whatever directions were given to us from Chairman Mao, we must continue to follow." Like Deng, Hua wanted to reverse the CR's damage; but unlike Deng, who wanted new economic models for China, Hua intended to move the Chinese economic and political system towards Soviet-style planning.
4840:
neither trained nor committed fighters and therefore casualties remained relatively low. The peak of collective violence in summer 1967 dropped sharply after August, when Mao became concerned about rebel attacks on local army units and thereafter made clear that his prior calls to "drag out" army commanders was a mistake and he would instead support besieged army commands.
5090:
2467:
5189:
school rose from 15% to over two-thirds. Educational opportunities for rural children expanded, while education of the urban elite were restricted by anti-elitist policies.Industrial
Universities were established in factories to supply technical and engineering programs for industrial workers. These study programs were inspired by Mao's July 1968 remarks advocating
3790:
graduates. In the late 1970s, these students returned to their home cities. Many students who were previously Red Guard supported the movement and Mao's vision. This movement was thus in part a means of moving Red Guards from the cities to the countryside, where they would cause less social disruption. It also served to spread revolutionary ideology geographically.
4844:
coherence of rebel factions, and their growing access to military weaponry" another important factor was that "he longer that local factional warfare continued without the prospect of an equitable political settlement, the greater the stakes for the participants and the more intense the collective violence as factions fought to avoid the consequence of losing."
3310:, vocally asserted their opposition to the more extreme aspects of the movement, with some party elders insinuating that the CRG's real motives were to remove the revolutionary old guard. Mao, initially ambivalent, took to the Politburo floor on February 18 to denounce the opposition directly, endorsing the radicals' activities. This resistance was branded the "
3058:
6268:
with the decline of revolutionary spirit and the potential rise of a new class-stratified society arising as the popular revolutionary movement transformed into a socialist bureaucracy. Historian
Rebecca Karl writes that for Mao, the pursuit of power was never an end in itself, but rather the seizure of state power was to be used in making the revolution.
4389:, as Deng rose to become the #2 leader of China. Hua Guofeng engaged in self-criticism and called his "Two Whatevers" a mistake. Mao's trusted ally Wang Dongxing was also criticized. At the Plenum, the Party reversed its verdict on the Tiananmen Incident. Former Chinese president Liu Shaoqi was given a belated state funeral. Peng Dehuai, one of China's
4374:, making clever use of Mao's quotations, while lauding Deng's ideas. Following this article, Hua began to shift his tone in support of Deng. On 1 July, Deng publicized Mao's self-criticism report of 1962 regarding the failure of the Great Leap Forward. As his power base expanded, in September Deng began openly attacking Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers".
5019:
border regions. In the late 1960s, China experienced a period of strained relations with some of its neighbors, notably with the Soviet Union and India. Many of the Cultural Revolution's goals in minority areas were simply unreasonable. The return to pluralism, and therefore the end of the worst period, coincided with Lin Biao's removal from power.
6016:, the creation of hybrid rice crops and the rise of people's consciousness." The worker was eventually sentenced to ten years in prison, where he died soon after "without any apparent cause". Since the late 1980s, China has experienced "at first a fitful and then a nationwide revival in Mao Zedong", including aspects of the Cultural Revolution.
3678:, where a few thousand hardliners of two factions continued to fight. At Mao's initiative, on 27 July 1968, tens of thousands of workers entered the Qinghua campus shouting slogans in opposition to the violence. Red Guards attacked the workers, who remained peaceful. Ultimately, the workers disarmed the students and occupied the campus.
3682:
response to a Red Guard leader's telegram sent prior to the meeting, which claimed that some "Black Hand" had maneuvered the workers against the Red Guards, Mao told the student leaders, "The Black Hand is nobody else but me! ... I asked how to solve the armed fighting in the universities, and told them to go there to have a look."
2534:", a committee commissioned by Mao to study the potential for a cultural revolution. Peng Zhen, aware that he would be implicated if Wu indeed wrote an "anti-Mao" play, wished to contain Yao's influence. Yao's article was initially published only in select local newspapers. Peng forbade its publication in the nationally distributed
5618:, particularly the concept that there is no such thing as art-for-art's-sake, party leadership construed Antonioni's aesthetic choices as politically motivated and banned the film. Since its 2004 release in China, the film has been well-regarded by Chinese audiences, especially for its beautiful depictions of a more simple time.
3863:
National Congress marked a temporary victory for the CR. Furthermore, despite Mao's efforts to put on a show of unity at the Congress, the factional divide between Lin's PLA camp and the Jiang-led radical camp was intensifying. Indeed, a personal dislike of Jiang drew many civilian leaders, including Chen, closer to Lin.
5948:. It also separated Mao's personal mistakes from the correctness of the theory that he created, going as far as to rationalize that the Cultural Revolution contravened the spirit of Mao Zedong Thought, which remains the official guiding ideology. Deng famously summed this up with the phrase "Mao was 70% good, 30% bad."
4751:, in addition to 1,397 forced to commit suicide, and 2,146 becoming permanently disabled. During Red August, official sources in 1980 revealed that at least 1,772 people were killed by Red Guards, including teachers and principals of many schools. 33,695 homes were ransacked and 85,196 families were forced to flee. The
2444:. As a result of the tensions following the Sino-Soviet split, Soviet leaders authorized radio broadcasts into China stating that the Soviet Union would assist "genuine communists" who overthrew Mao and his "erroneous course". Chinese leadership also feared the increasing military conflict between the United States and
5667:, showed extensive damage. Of the 80 cultural heritage sites in Beijing under municipal protection, 30 were destroyed, and of the 6,843 cultural sites under protection by Beijing government decision in 1958, 4,922 were damaged or destroyed. Numerous valuable old books, paintings, and other cultural relics were burnt.
3968:
made against Mao in Shanghai, from September 8 to 10, 1971. Perceived risks to Mao's safety were allegedly relayed to the chairman. One internal report alleged that Lin had planned to bomb a bridge that Mao was to cross to reach Beijing; Mao reportedly avoided this bridge after receiving intelligence reports.
5725:
and handbills, as well as leaders' speeches and meeting transcripts which would normally have been considered highly classified. From 1966 to 1969, at least 5,000 new broadsheets by independent political groups were published. Several Red Guard organizations also operated independent printing presses
5585:
From 1965 to 1976, the number of film projection units in China quadrupled, total film audiences nearly tripled, and the national film attendance rate doubled. The Cultural Revolution Group drastically reduced ticket prices which, in its view, would allow film to better serve the needs of workers and
5335:
The model operas were broadcast on the radio, made into films, blared from public loudspeakers, taught to students in schools and workers in factories, and became ubiquitous as a form of popular entertainment and were the only theatrical entertainment for millions. Most model dramas featured women as
5058:
The Cultural Revolution affected almost everyone in China, either directly or indirectly. Much economic activity was halted, with "revolution", regardless of interpretation, becoming the primary objective. Mao Zedong Thought became the central operative guide. The Red Guards' authority surpassed that
5014:
Many monks and nuns were killed, and the general population was subjected to physical and psychological torture. An estimated 600,000 monks and nuns lived in Tibet in 1950, but by 1979, most were dead, imprisoned or had disappeared. The Tibetan government in exile claimed that many Tibetans died from
4311:
It became increasingly clear to Hua, that without Deng, it was difficult to continue daily affairs of state. On October 10, Deng wrote a letter to Hua asking to be transferred back to state and party affairs; party elders also called for Deng's return. With increasing pressure from all sides, Premier
4168:
The speed of Deng's rehabilitation took the radical camp by surprise. Mao wanted to use Deng as a counterweight to the military faction in government to suppress former Lin loyalists. In addition, Mao had also lost confidence in the Gang of Four and saw Deng as the alternative. Leaving the country in
3942:
By 1971, the diverging interests of the civilian and military leaders was apparent. Mao was troubled by the PLA's newfound prominence, and the purge of Chen marked the beginning of a gradual scaling-down of the PLA's political involvement. According to official sources, sensing the reduction of Lin's
3890:
The prospect of war elevated the PLA to greater prominence in domestic politics, increasing Lin's stature at Mao's expense. Some evidence suggests that Mao was pushed to seek closer relations with the US as a means to avoid PLA dominance that would result from a military confrontation with the Soviet
3834:
Lin, Chen, and Kang were all beneficiaries of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou, who was demoted in rank, voiced his unequivocal support for Lin at the Congress. Mao restored the function of some formal party institutions, such as the operations of the Politburo, which ceased functioning between 1966 and
3823:
as his "closest comrade-in-arms" and "universally recognized successor". At the time, no other Communist parties or governments anywhere in the world had adopted the practice of enshrining a successor to the current leader into their constitutions. Lin delivered the keynote address at the Congress: a
3802:
was held in April 1969. It served as a means to "revitalize" the party with fresh thinking—as well as new cadres, after much of the old guard had been destroyed in the struggles of the preceding years. The party framework established two decades earlier broke down almost entirely: rather than through
3030:
for an audience with the chairman. Mao mingled with Red Guards and encouraged them, donning a Red Guard armband. Lin also took centre stage, denouncing perceived enemies in society that were impeding the "progress of the revolution". Subsequently, violence escalated in Beijing and quickly spread. The
2740:
Mao promptly endorsed Nie's poster as "the first Marxist big-character poster in China". Approved by Mao, the poster rippled across educational institutions. Students began to revolt against their school's party establishments. Classes were cancelled in Beijing primary and secondary schools, followed
2369:
and they competed to fulfill or over-fulfill quotas which were based on Mao's exaggerated claims, collecting non-existent "surpluses" and leaving farmers to starve to death. Higher officials did not dare to report the economic disaster which was being caused by these policies, and national officials,
6199:
remarked that the Cultural Revolution represented the 'dangers of democracy', remarking "People can go to the extreme like what we saw during the Cultural Revolution , when people take everything into their own hands, then you cannot govern the place." The remarks caused controversy in Hong Kong and
6097:
Critics of Mao Zedong look at the actions that occurred under his leadership from the point of view that "he was better at conquering power than at ruling the country and developing a socialist economy". Mao went to extreme measures on his path to power, costing millions of lives then and during his
6047:
became more organized in the internet era, partially as a response to academic criticisms of Mao. One Maoist website collected thousands of signatures demanding punishment for those who publicly criticize Mao. Along with the call for legal action, this movement demanded the establishment of agencies
6003:
Although the Chinese Communist Party officially condemns the Cultural Revolution, many Chinese people hold more positive views, particularly amongst the working class, who benefited most from its policies. People in rural areas tend to view the Cultural Revolution more positively given the expansion
5920:
The Resolution frankly noted Mao's leadership role in the movement, stating that "chief responsibility for the grave 'Left' error of the 'Cultural Revolution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed lie with Comrade Mao Zedong." It diluted blame by asserting that
4247:
Up to two million people may have visited Tiananmen Square on 4 April. All levels of society, from the most impoverished peasants to high-ranking PLA officers and the children of high-ranking cadres, were represented in the activities. Those who participated were motivated by a mixture of anger over
3329:
Although in early 1967 popular insurgencies were limited outside of the biggest cities, local governments began collapsing all across China. Revolutionaries dismantled ruling government and party organizations, because power seizures lacked centralized leadership, it was no longer clear who believed
3167:
In October 1966, Mao convened a "Central Work Conference", mostly to enlist party leaders who had not yet adopted the latest ideology. Liu and Deng were prosecuted and begrudgingly offered self-criticism. After the conference, Liu, once a powerful moderate pundit, was placed under house arrest, then
3042:
The campaign included incidents of torture, murder, and public humiliation. Many people who were indicted as counter-revolutionaries died by suicide. During Red August 1,772 people were murdered in Beijing; many of the victims were teachers who were attacked or killed by their own students. Shanghai
2828:
In July, Mao, in Wuhan, crossed the Yangtze River, showing his vigor. He then returned from Wuhan to Beijing and criticized party leadership for its handling of the work-teams issue. Mao accused the work teams of undermining the student movement, calling for their full withdrawal on July 24. Several
2761:
suspicion as thwarting revolutionary fervor. Party leadership subsequently became divided over whether or not work teams should continue. Liu Shaoqi insisted on continuing work-team involvement and suppressing the movement's most radical elements, fearing that the movement would spin out of control.
12023:
But the city girls, naive and far from their families, were easy prey for peasants and especially cadres. Though fright and shame deterred many from reporting abuses, thousands of cases were recorded in a single year. The problem was pronounced enough that the centre kept threatening punishment for
10305:
Li's estimate for Guangdong is roughly consistent with a widely accepted nationwide figure of 400,000 Cultural Revolution deaths, a number first reported in 1979 by the Agence France Presse correspondent in Peking based on estimates of unofficial but "usually reliable" Chinese sources. The toll may
6220:
Walder argued that the failures of the Cultural Revolution did not come from poor implementation, bureaucratic sabotage, disloyalty, or lingering class antagonisms. If things turned out differently than Mao expected, Walder concluded, this was "probably due to the fact that Mao did not know what he
6156:
criticizing it. He said that "the cult of Mao was raised to the skies in a sickening and artificial manner" and added that, in reading its purported objectives, "you have the impression that everything old in Chinese and world culture should be rejected without discrimination and a new culture, the
5018:
The overall failure of the Red Guards' and radical assimilationists' goals was mostly due to two factors. It was felt that pushing minority groups too hard would compromise China's border defenses. This was especially important as minorities make up a large percentage of the population that live in
4458:
in the decades since, the discrepancies are due in large part to the totalistic nature of the Revolution itself: it is a significant challenge for historians to discern whether and in what ways discrete events that took place during the Cultural Revolution should be ascribed to it. For example, the
4457:
Fatality estimates vary across different sources, ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions, or even tens of millions. In addition to various regimes of secrecy and obfuscation concerning the Revolution, both top-down as perpetuated by authorities, as well as laterally among the Chinese public
4270:
Shortly before dying, Mao had allegedly written the message "With you in charge, I'm at ease," to Hua. Hua used this message to substantiate his position as successor. Hua had been widely considered to be lacking in political skill and ambitions, and seemingly posed no serious threat to the Gang of
4266:
On 9 September 1976, Mao Zedong died. To Mao's supporters, his death symbolized the loss of China's revolutionary foundation. His death was announced on 9 September. The nation descended into grief and mourning, with people weeping in the streets and public institutions closing for over a week. Hua
4207:
The Gang of Four grew apprehensive that spontaneous, large-scale popular support for Zhou could turn the political tide against them. They acted through the media to impose restrictions on public displays of mourning for Zhou. Years of resentment over the CR, the public persecution of Deng (seen as
4152:
With a fragile economy and Zhou falling ill to cancer, Deng Xiaoping returned to the political scene, assuming the post of Vice-Premier in March 1973, in the first of a series of Mao-approved promotions. After Zhou withdrew from active politics in January 1975, Deng was effectively put in charge of
3967:
allegedly consisted mainly of plans for aerial bombardments through use of the Air Force. It initially targeted Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, but evolved to include Mao. If the plan succeeded, Lin would arrest his political rivals and assume power. Assassination attempts were alleged to have been
3919:
Factional rivalries intensified at the Second Plenum of the Ninth Congress in Lushan held in late August 1970. Chen, now aligned with the PLA faction loyal to Lin, galvanized support for the restoration of the office of President of China, despite Mao's wishes. Moreover, Chen launched an assault on
3774:
It has been claimed that Mao used the mangoes to express support for the workers who would go to whatever lengths necessary to end the factional fighting among students, and a "prime example of Mao's strategy of symbolic support." Through early 1969, participants of Mao Zedong Thought study classes
3754:
said: "Seeing that golden mango/Was as if seeing the great leader Chairman Mao ... Again and again touching that golden mango/the golden mango was so warm." Few people at this time had ever seen a mango before, and a mango was seen as "a fruit of extreme rarity, like Mushrooms of Immortality."
3690:
You have been involved in the Cultural Revolution for two years: struggle-criticism-transformation. Now, first, you're not struggling; second, you're not criticizing; and third, you're not transforming. Or rather, you are struggling, but it's an armed struggle. The people are not happy, the workers
3360:
admitted that the most crucial factor in the Cultural Revolution was not the Red Guards or the CRG or the "rebel worker" organisations, but the PLA. When the PLA local garrison supported Mao's radicals, they were able to take over the local government successfully, but if they were not cooperative,
3242:
In March 1967, the policy was adapted into the "Three Supports and Two Militaries" initiative, in which PLA troops were sent to schools and work units across the country to stabilize political tumult and end factional warfare. The three "Supports" were to "support the left", "support the interior",
3005:
Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to use the old ideas, culture, customs and habits of the exploiting classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds and endeavour to stage a comeback. The proletariat must do the exact opposite: it must meet head-on every challenge
2991:
Revolutionary war is an antitoxin which not only eliminates the enemy's poison but also purges us of our filth. Every just, revolutionary war is endowed with tremendous power and can transform many things or clear the way for their transformation. The Sino-Japanese war will transform both China and
2845:
For several days, Mao repeatedly insinuated that the party's leadership had contravened his revolutionary vision. Mao's line of thinking received a lukewarm reception from conference attendees. Sensing that the largely obstructive party elite was unwilling to embrace his revolutionary ideology on a
2744:
When the dismissal of Peng and the municipal party leadership became public in early June, confusion was widespread. The public and foreign missions were kept in the dark on the reason for Peng's ousting. Top Party leadership was caught off guard by the sudden protest wave and struggled with how to
2736:
along with other leftists and posted it to a public bulletin. Nie attacked the university's party administration and its leader Lu Ping. Nie insinuated that the university leadership, much like Peng, were trying to contain revolutionary fervor in a "sinister" attempt to oppose the party and advance
2189:(old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits), which often took the form of destroying historical artifacts, cultural and religious sites, and targeting others deemed to be representative of the Four Olds. Tens of millions were persecuted, including senior officials: most notably, president
6267:
Varying academic focuses on power conflicts or clashes of personalities as underlying Mao's motivations, or alternatively on ideological reasons for launching the Cultural Revolution, are not necessarily conflicting. Mao's suspicions of those in power around him reflected his longstanding concerns
5573:
to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of culture during this period, particularly including revolutionary model operas. During the Cultural Revolution's early years, mobile film teams traveled to rural areas with news reels of Mao meeting with Red Guards and
5309:
Drastic changes in art and culture took place. Before this period, few cultural productions reflected the lives of peasants and workers. The struggles of workers, peasants, and revolutionary soldiers became frequent artistic subjects, often created by peasants and workers themselves. The spread of
5282:
Dittmer and Chen argued that the emphasis on politics made language into effective propaganda, but "also transformed it into a jargon of stereotypes—pompous, repetitive, and boring." To distance itself from the era, Deng's government cut back on political slogans. During a eulogy for Deng's death,
5069:
The revolution aimed to destroy the Four Olds and establish the corresponding Four News, which ranged from changing of names and cutting of hair to ransacking homes, vandalizing cultural treasures, and desecrating temples. Countless ancient buildings, artifacts, antiques, books, and paintings were
4509:
and interpreted the annals' vague language in the most conservative manner. For instance, "some died" and "a couple died" were interpreted as zero death, while "death in the scale of tens/hundreds/thousands" were interpreted as "ten/a hundred/a thousand died". The reported deaths underestimate the
4251:
The Central Committee, under the leadership of Jiang Qing, labelled the event 'counter-revolutionary' and cleared the square of memorial items shortly after midnight on April 6. Attempts to suppress the mourners led to a riot. Police cars were set on fire, and a crowd of over 100,000 people forced
3923:
The attacks on Zhang found favour with many Plenum attendees and may have been construed by Mao as an indirect attack on the CR. Mao confronted Chen openly, denouncing him as a "false Marxist", and removed him from the Politburo Standing Committee. In addition to the purge of Chen, Mao asked Lin's
3770:
The fruit was shared among all institutions that had been a part of the propaganda team, and large processions were organized in support of the "precious gift", as the mangoes were known. A dentist in a small town, Dr. Han, saw the mango and said it was nothing special and looked just like a sweet
3207:
By the beginning of 1967, a wide variety of grassroots political organizations had formed. Beyond Red Guard and student rebel groups, these included poor peasant associations, workers' pickets, and Mao Zedong Thought study societies, among others. Communist Party leaders encouraged these groups to
6211:
In the 1960s, while many scholars dismissed Mao's initiatives as ideological and destructive, others sympathized with his goals. They saw Maoism as a populist insistence on mass participation, mass criticism and the right to rebel, and a determination to wipe out a new ruling class. By the 1980s,
6032:
Since the advent of the Internet, people inside and outside China have argued online that the Cultural Revolution had many benefits. Some hold that the Cultural Revolution 'cleansed' China from superstitions, religious dogma, and outdated traditions in a 'modernist transformation' that later made
5506:
Some of the most enduring images come from poster arts. Propaganda in posters was used as a mass communication device and often served as the people's leading source of information. They were produced in large numbers and widely disseminated, and were used by the government and Red Guards to push
5188:
During the Cultural Revolution, basic education was emphasized and expanded. While schooling years were reduced and education standard fell, the proportion of Chinese children who completed primary education increased from less than half to almost all, and the fraction who completed junior middle
5179:
In the CR's early months, schools and universities were closed. Secondary school classes of 1966, 1967, and 1968 were unable to graduate on time later and became known as the Old Three cohort. Primary and middle schools gradually reopened, but colleges and universities were closed until 1970, and
4839:
The recorded rate of violence rose in 1967, reaching a peak that summer before dropping suddenly. During 1967, casualties were relatively low as the weapons used were primarily clubs, spears, and rocks until late July. Although firearms and heavier weapons began to spread during summer, most were
3762:
Several months of "mango fever" followed as the fruit became a focus of a "boundless loyalty" campaign for Mao. More replica mangoes were created, and the replicas were sent on tour around Beijing and elsewhere. Many revolutionary committees visited the mangoes in Beijing from outlying provinces.
3758:
One mango was sent to the Beijing Textile Factory, whose revolutionary committee organized a rally in its honor. Workers read quotations from Mao and celebrated the gift. Altars prominently displayed the fruit. When the mango began to rot after a few days, the fruit was peeled and boiled. Workers
2923:
Although no names were mentioned, this provocative statement has been interpreted as a direct indictment of the party establishment under Liu and Deng—the purported "bourgeois headquarters" of China. The personnel changes at the Plenum reflected a radical re-design of the party hierarchy. Liu and
2618:
The early phase was characterized by mass movement and political pluralization. Virtually anyone could create a political organization, even without party approval. Known as Red Guards, these organizations originally arose in schools and universities and later in factories and other institutions.
6276:
Since the early 1980s, there have been concerted efforts to reduce the extraordinary complexity of the Cultural Revolution to the simplicity almost exclusively of barbarism, violence, and human suffering. Flattening historical memory of the Cultural Revolution through moralistic condemnation and
6164:
criticized the Cultural Revolution as a synonym for Mao Zedong's method in the name of proletarian revolution after failures of Proletarian Revolution General Route, Great Leap Forward, People's commune and the Three Red Flags. He claimed that Maoism lost its origins in Marxism–Leninism. And Mao
6076:
Public discussion is still limited. The Chinese government continues to prohibit news organizations from mentioning details, and online discussions and books about the topic are subject to official scrutiny. Textbooks abide by the "official view" of the events. Many government documents from the
5343:
In 1966, Jiang advanced the Theory of the Dictatorship of the Black Line. Those perceived to be bourgeois, anti-socialist or anti-Mao (black line) should be cast aside, and called for the creation of new literature and arts. Disseminators of the "old culture" would be eradicated. The majority of
5263:
Huang asserted that slogans were ubiquitous in people's lives, printed onto everyday items such as bus tickets, cigarette packets, and mirror tables. Workers were supposed to "grasp revolution and promote productions", while peasants were supposed to raise more pigs because "more pigs means more
4827:
were factional conflicts (mostly among Red Guards and "rebel groups") that began in Shanghai and then spread to other areas in 1967. They brought the country to a state of civil war. Weapons used included some 18.77 million guns, 2.72 million grenades, 14,828 cannons, millions of other
4243:
in Tiananmen Square to commemorate Zhou. They honored Zhou by laying wreaths, banners, poems, placards, and flowers at the foot of the Monument. The most apparent purpose of this memorial was to eulogize Zhou, but the Gang of Four were also attacked for their actions against the Premier. A small
4102:
Jiang's position strengthened after Lin's flight. She held tremendous influence with the radical camp. With Mao's health on the decline, Jiang's political ambitions began to emerge. She allied herself with Wang and propaganda specialists Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, forming a political clique
3862:
Mao's efforts at re-organizing party and state institutions generated mixed results. The situation in some of the provinces remained volatile, even as the political situation in Beijing stabilized. Factional struggles, many violent, continued at a local level despite the declaration that the 9th
2268:
The terminology of cultural revolution appeared in communist party discourses and newspapers prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China. During this period, the term was used interchangeably with "cultural construction" and referred to eliminating illiteracy in order to widen public
5556:
were persecuted. Many of the artists were assigned to manual labour, and artists were expected to depict subjects that glorified the Cultural Revolution related to their labour. In 1971, in part to alleviate their suffering, several leading artists were recalled from manual labour or freed from
5208:
Though the Cultural Revolution was disastrous for millions, positive outcomes advanced some groups, such as those in rural areas. For example, the upheavals and the hostility to the intellectual elite is widely seen to have damaged education, especially at the upper end of the education system.
4843:
The greatest number of casualties occurred during the process of restoring order in 1968, although the overall number of violent conflicts was lower. Walder stated that while "rising casualties from a smaller number of insurgent conflicts surely reflected the increasing scale and organizational
3737:
In the afternoon of the fifth, when the great happy news of Chairman Mao giving mangoes to the Capital Worker and Peasant Mao Zedong Thought Propaganda Team reached the Tsinghua University campus, people immediately gathered around the gift given by the Great Leader Chairman Mao. They cried out
3681:
On July 28, 1968, Mao and the Central Group met with the five most important remaining Beijing Red Guard leaders to address the movement's excessive violence and political exhaustion. It was the only time during the Cultural Revolution that Mao met and addressed the student leaders directly. In
3238:
Mass organizations coalesced into two hostile factions, the radicals who backed Mao's purge of the Communist party, and the conservatives who backed the moderate party establishment. The "support the left" policy was established in January 1967. Mao's policy was to support the rebels in seizing
6239:
Academic interest focused on the movement's relationship with Mao's personality. Mao envisioned himself as a wartime guerrilla leader, which made him wary of the bureaucratic nature of peacetime governance. With the Cultural Revolution Mao was simply "returning to form", once again acting as a
6224:
The debate continues because the movement contains many contradictions: led by an all-powerful omnipresent leader, it was mainly driven by a series of grassroots popular uprisings. Many English-language books published since the 1980s paint a negative picture of the movement. Historian Anne F.
4015:
The event caught the party leadership off guard: the concept that Lin could betray Mao de-legitimized a vast body of Cultural Revolution political rhetoric and by extension, Mao's absolute authority. For several months following the incident, the party information apparatus struggled to find a
3789:
In December 1968, Mao began the Down to the Countryside Movement. During this movement, which lasted for the following decade, young bourgeoisie living in cities were ordered to go to the countryside to experience working life. The term "young intellectuals" was used to refer to recent college
3658:
On 27 July, the Red Guards' power over the PLA was officially ended, and the establishment sent in units to besiege areas that remained untouched by the Guards. A year later, the Red Guard factions were dismantled entirely; Mao predicted that the chaos might begin running its own agenda and be
2312:
to eliminate these soldiers left behind, as well as elements of Chinese society viewed as potentially dangerous to Mao's new government. This was one of the earliest examples of mass arrests, detainments, and killings across all of China that would later be mirrored in the Cultural Revolution.
4132:
By 1973, round after round of political struggles had left many lower-level institutions, including local government, factories, and railways, short of competent staff to carry out basic functions. China's economy had fallen into disarray, which led to the rehabilitation of purged lower-level
3911:
After Lin was confirmed as Mao's successor, his supporters focused on the restoration of the position of State Chairman, which had been abolished by Mao after Liu's purge. They hoped that by allowing Lin to ease into a constitutionally sanctioned role, whether Chairman or vice-chairman, Lin's
3072:
At the rallies, Lin called for the destruction of the "Four Olds"; namely, old customs, culture, habits, and ideas. Some changes associated with the "Four Olds" campaign were mainly benign, such as assigning new names to city streets, places, and even people; millions of babies were born with
4098:
Mao became depressed and reclusive after the Lin incident. With Lin gone, Mao had no answer for who would succeed him. Sensing a sudden loss of direction, Mao reached out to old comrades whom he had denounced in the past. Meanwhile, in September 1972, Mao transferred a 38-year-old cadre from
2760:
The work teams had a poor understanding of student sentiment. Unlike the political movement of the 1950s that squarely targeted intellectuals, the new movement was focused on established party cadres, many of whom were part of the work teams. As a result, the work teams came under increasing
6188:
criticized the Cultural Revolution in his memoir. He saw Chinese people repeatedly recite Mao's quotations and felt sick after he saw human dignity trampled. He argued that Mao is not supernatural, but upended his country, and that the Cultural Revolution was actually counter-revolutionary.
5196:
In the Down to the Countryside Movement's initial stages, most of the youth who took part volunteered. Later on, the government forced them to move. Between 1968 and 1979, 17 million urban youth left for the countryside. Living in the rural areas deprived them of higher education. This
5059:
of the PLA, local police authorities, and the law in general. Traditional arts and ideas were publicly attacked, replaced by praise for Mao. People were encouraged to criticize cultural institutions and to question their parents and teachers, which had been strictly forbidden in traditional
4199:
On 8 January 1976, Zhou Enlai died of bladder cancer. On 15 January, Deng delivered Zhou's eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou. After Zhou's death, Mao selected the relatively unknown
3000:
passed its "Decision Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," later to be known as the "Sixteen Points". This decision defined the Cultural Revolution as "a great revolution that touches people to their very souls and constitutes a new stage in the development of the socialist
5278:
had historically been defined by subtlety, delicacy, moderation, and honesty, as well as the cultivation of a "refined and elegant literary style". This changed during the CR. Mao wanted an army of bellicose people in his crusade, so rhetoric at the time was reduced to militant and violent
4593:
camp deaths in this figure. He estimated that 5% of the 10 million people in the Laogai camps died each year of the 12-year period, and that this amounts to roughly 6 million. He estimated that another 1.613 million were killed outright, a middle-ground figure he picked between 285,000 and
2360:
The Great Leap Forward stemmed from multiple factors, including "the purge of intellectuals, the surge of less-educated radicals, the need to find new ways to generate domestic capital, rising enthusiasm about the potential results mass mobilization might produce, and reaction against the
11373:
Events took a horrific turn in the frontier town of Yanbian, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny
5053:
A 1968 map of Beijing showing streets and landmarks renamed during the Cultural Revolution. Andingmen Inner Street became "Great Leap Forward Road", Taijichang Street became the "Road for Eternal Revolution", Dongjiaominxiang was renamed "Anti-Imperialist Road", Beihai Park was renamed
3831:. The Congress solidified the central role of Maoism within the party, re-introducing Maoism as the official guiding ideology in the party constitution. The Congress elected a new Politburo with Mao, Lin, Chen, Zhou Enlai and Kang as the members of the new Politburo Standing Committee.
3345:, the Army general in charge of the area, forcibly repressed the anti-establishment demonstrators. Mao flew to Wuhan with a large entourage of central officials in an attempt to secure military loyalty in the area. On July 20, 1967, local agitators in response kidnapped Mao's emissary
4065:
4724:
were among the most serious. In Guangxi, the official annals of at least 43 counties have records of massacres, with 15 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 county annals record massacres, with 6 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000.
5913:
2982:
was the mechanism that led the Red Guards to commit to their objective as China's future. Quotes directly from Mao led to actions by the Red Guards in the views of other Maoist leaders. By December 1967, 350 million copies had been printed. One of these quotes was the famous line
5015:
famines in 1961–1964 and 1968–1973 as a result of forced collectivization, however the number of Tibetan deaths or whether famines, in fact, took place in these periods is disputed. Despite persecution, some local leaders and minority ethnic practices survived in remote regions.
5209:
Radical policies provided many in rural communities with middle school education for the first time, which is thought to have facilitated rural economic development. Rural infrastructure developed during CR, facilitated by the political changes that empowered ordinary rurals.
6004:
of rural infrastructure and agricultural development that occurred. During Deng's ascendancy, the government arrested and imprisoned figures who took a strongly pro-Cultural Revolution stance. For instance, in 1985, a young shoe-factory worker put up a poster at a factory in
5485:
Quotation songs, in which Mao's quotations were set to music, were particularly popular during the early years of the Cultural Revolution. Records of quotation songs were played over loudspeakers, their primary distribution, as the use of transistor radios lagged until 1976.
4044:
5112:
A classroom at Beijing No. 23 Middle School in 1967. At the time, students were commanded to return to schools and "resume classes while carrying out the revolution". On the blackboard at the back is the text "Conference to Complaint and Criticize the Revisionist Education
3643:
11241:
Campaigns of 'class eradication' became more radical during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and had a disastrous effect on ethnic culture. Ethnic traditions were seen as part of the 'four olds' (old ideas, customs, culture and habits; in Chinese, sijiu) that had to be
5238:
Huang claimed that the Cultural Revolution had massive effects on Chinese society because of the extensive use of political slogans. He claimed that slogans played a central role in rallying Party leadership and citizens. For example, the slogan "to rebel is justified"
3882:
In October 1969, the Party attempted to focus more on war preparedness and less on suppressing factions. That month, senior leaders were evacuated from Beijing. Amidst the tension, Lin issued what appeared to be an executive order to prepare for war to the PLA's eleven
3010:
The implications of the Sixteen Points were far-reaching. It elevated what was previously a student movement to a nationwide mass campaign that would galvanize workers, farmers, soldiers and lower-level party functionaries to rise, challenge authority, and re-shape the
5193:. Mao had given the instruction to emulate the model of the Shanghai Machine Tool Factory university. Factories around the country therefore established their own educational programs for technicians and engineers. By 1976, there were 15,000 such July 21 Universities.
5797:). It is estimated that at least 90% of the Khmer Rouge's foreign aid came from China. In 1975 alone at least US$ 1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid and US$ 20 million came from China. China's economic malaise impacted China's ability to assist
5634:
China's historical sites, artifacts and archives suffered devastating damage, as they were thought to be at the root of "old ways of thinking". Artifacts were seized, museums and private homes ransacked, and any item found that was thought to represent bourgeois or
3254:
organized a far-reaching revolutionary coalition, one that displaced existing Red Guard groups. On January 3, 1967, with support from CRG heavyweights Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, the group of firebrand activists overthrew the Shanghai municipal government under
4423:
In 1981, the Chinese Communist Party passed a resolution and declared that the Cultural Revolution was "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic."
3874:
in March 1969 as Chinese leaders prepared for all-out war. In June 1969, the PLA's enforcement of political discipline and suppression of the factions that had emerged during the Cultural Revolution became intertwined with the central Party's efforts to accelerate
9708:
3337:
Tension grew between mass organizations and the military. In response, Lin Biao issued a directive for the army to aid the radicals. At the same time, the army took control of some provinces and locales that were deemed incapable of handling the power transition.
3281:
Shanghai's was the first provincial level government overthrown. Provincial governments and many parts of the state and party bureaucracy were affected, with power seizures taking place. In the next three weeks, 24 more province-level governments were overthrown.
2679:." While the party leadership was relatively united in approving Mao's agenda, many Politburo members were not enthusiastic, or simply confused about the direction. The charges against party leaders such as Peng disturbed China's intellectual community and the
4462:, considered by some to be the greatest technological catastrophe of the 20th century, itself resulted in between 26,600 and 240,000 deaths. The scope of the collapse, which occurred near the end of the CR, was covered up by authorities until at least 1989.
4854:
Some people were not able to stand the torture and committed suicide. Researchers claimed that at least 100,000 to 200,000 people committed suicide during the early CR. One of the most famous cases of apparent attempted suicide involved Deng Xiaoping's son
3742:
6277:
exhortation, these narratives not only deprive an immensely important and complex episode of Chinese history of its multilayered historicity, but also provide the discursive ground for delegitimizing China's revolutionary history of the twentieth century.
4290:
After Mao's death, people characterized as 'beating-smashing-looting elements', who were seen as having disturbed the social order during the CR, were purged or punished. "Beating-smashing-looting elements" had typically been aligned with rebel factions.
6216:
wrote that the "public opinion in the field had changed markedly". Most in the field now "seem convinced that the Cultural Revolution was a human disaster, even a historical crime, something on the order of Hitler's holocaust and Stalin's great terror."
5036:, Honig, and others documented that rape and sexual abuse of sent-down women were common during the CR's height. Branigan documented that women raped tended to be from educated urban backgrounds while their rapists were poor peasants or local officials.
17342:
6051:
In 2012, Chinese web portal and social media platform Tencent conducted an online survey focused on combatting "the unhealthy trend of Cultural Revolution nostalgia." Seventy-eight percent of survey participants expressed Cultural Revolution nostalgia.
4950:, some 790,000 people were persecuted during the Inner Mongolia incident. Of these, 22,900 were beaten to death, and 120,000 were maimed, during a witch hunt to find members of the alleged separatist New Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. In
2674:
on 17 May 1967. Effectively it implied that enemies of the Communist cause could be found within the Party: class enemies who "wave the red flag to oppose the red flag." The only way to identify these people was through "the telescope and microscope of
2657:
Those representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, the army, and various spheres of culture are a bunch of counter-revolutionary revisionists. Once conditions are ripe, they will seize political power and turn the
6264:, Khrushchev's ouster, and Great Leap Forward catastrophe. They conclude that the movement was, at least in part, a legacy project to cement Mao's place in history, aimed to boost his prestige while he was alive and preserve his ideas after his death.
2920:, rallying people to target the "command centre (i.e., Headquarters) of counterrevolution." Mao wrote that despite having undergone a communist revolution, a "bourgeois" elite was still thriving in "positions of authority" in the government and Party.
5344:
writers and artists were seen as "black line figures" and "reactionary literati", and were persecuted, and subjected to "criticism and denunciation" where they could be humiliated and ravaged, and be imprisoned or sent to hard labour. For instance,
4882:, official sources in 1980 stated that 346,000 people were wrongly arrested, over 16,000 were persecuted to death or executed, and over 81,000 were permanently disabled. However, academics instead estimated fatalities as between 20,000 and 100,000.
3034:
On 22 August, a central directive was issued to prevent police intervention in Red Guard activities, and those in the police force who defied this notice were labeled counter-revolutionaries. Central officials lifted restraints on violent behavior.
5639:
ideas was destroyed. Few records relate how much was destroyed—Western observers suggest that much of China's thousands of years of history was in effect destroyed, or, later, smuggled abroad for sale. Chinese historians compare the suppression to
5314:" celebrated in a socialist society. In poor and remote areas, movies and operas were shown for free. Mobile film units brought cinema to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of culture, particularly including
5991:, Deng Xiaoping characterized the Cultural Revolution as civil war and contrasting it with the contemporary situation: "Why was it that our country could remain stable after the June 4th Incident? It was precisely because we had carried out the
5836:
in Beijing and assaulted three diplomats and a secretary, before setting it ablaze. PRC authorities refused to condemn the action. British officials in Shanghai were attacked in a separate incident, as authorities attempted to close the office
4977:, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny revisionists!'"
3691:
are not happy, city residents are not happy, most people in schools are not happy, most of the students even in your schools are not happy. Even within the faction that supports you, there are unhappy people. Is this the way to unify the world?
5972:, scar literature depicted the Revolution negatively, based on their own perspectives and experiences. Movies criticizing Cultural Revolution hardliners were prevalent from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, although they were later banned as
2924:
Deng kept their seats on the Politburo Standing Committee, but were sidelined from day-to-day party affairs. Lin Biao was elevated to become the CCP's number-two; Liu's rank went from second to eighth and was no longer Mao's heir apparent.
2662:
into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Some of them we have already seen through; others we have not. Some are still trusted by us and are being trained as our successors, persons like Khrushchev for example, who are still nestling beside
3286:
were subsequently established, in place of local governments and branches of the Communist Party. For example, in Beijing, three separate revolutionary groups declared power seizures on the same day. In Heilongjiang, local party secretary
5812:
Among the over 40 countries that had established diplomatic or diplomatic half-relations with China at the time, around 30 countries went into diplomatic disputes with China—some countries terminated their diplomatic relations, including
3076:
Other aspects were more destructive, particularly in the realms of culture and religion. Historical sites throughout the country were destroyed. The damage was particularly pronounced in the capital, Beijing. Red Guards laid siege to the
3088:
Libraries of historical and foreign texts were destroyed; books were burned. Temples, churches, mosques, monasteries, and cemeteries were closed and sometimes converted to other uses, or looted and destroyed. Marxist propaganda depicted
4657:
referred to this number as a "widely accepted nationwide figure", but also said "The toll may well have been higher. It is unlikely that it was less." Jonathan Leightner asserted that the number is "perhaps one of the best estimates".
6048:
similar to Cultural Revolution-era "neighborhood committees", in which "citizens" would report anti-Maoists to local public security bureaus. Maoist rhetoric and mass mobilization methods were resurgent in Chongqing during the 2000s.
3119:
5011:. The destruction of nearly all of its over 6,000 monasteries, which began before the Cultural Revolution, were often conducted with the complicity of local ethnic Tibetan Red Guards. Only eight were intact by the end of the 1970s.
3808:
We do not only feel boundless joy because we have as our great leader the greatest Marxist–Leninist of our era, Chairman Mao, but also great joy because we have Vice Chairman Lin as Chairman Mao's universally recognized successor.
2837:
The work-teams issue marked a decisive defeat for Liu; it also signaled that disagreement over how to handle the CR's unfolding events would irreversibly split Mao from the party leadership. On 1 August, the Eleventh Plenum of the
6259:
While Mao's personal motivations were undoubtedly pivotal, they reasoned that other factors contributed to the way events unfolded. These include China's relationship with the global Communist movement, geopolitical concerns, the
4011:
celebration events the following day. The Central Committee did not release news of Lin's death to the public until two months later. Many Lin supporters sought refuge in Hong Kong. Those who remained on the mainland were purged.
5910:
To make sense of the chaos caused by Mao's leadership without undermining the CCP's authority and legitimacy, Mao's successors needed to provide a "proper" historical judgment. On June 27, 1981, the Central Committee adopted the
4889:, more than 1.387 million people were implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the province's population. From 1968 to 1969, more than 17,000 people died in massacres and 61,000 people were crippled for life; in
6582:
6089:
Mao Zedong's legacy remains in some dispute. During the anniversary of his birth, many people viewed Mao as a godlike figure and referred to him as "the people's great savior". Contemporary discussions in newspapers such as the
4169:
grinding poverty would damage the positive legacy of the CR, which Mao worked hard to protect. Deng's return set the scene for a protracted factional struggle between the radical Gang of Four and moderates led by Zhou and Deng.
4465:
Most deaths occurred after the mass movements ended, when organized campaigns attempted to consolidate order in workplaces and communities. As Walder summarizes, "The cure for factional warfare was far worse than the disease."
4003:
The official account was questioned by foreign scholars, who raised doubts over Lin's choice of the USSR as a destination, the plane's route, the identity of the passengers, and whether or not a coup was actually taking place.
4767:, the official record shows an estimated death toll from 100,000 to 150,000 between January and April 1968 in Guangxi, in one of the worst violent struggles of the Revolution, before Zhou sent the PLA to intervene. Zheng Yi's
3364:
In response to the Wuhan Incident, Mao and Jiang began establishing a "workers' armed self-defense force", a "revolutionary armed force of mass character" to counter what he saw as rightism in "75% of the PLA officer corps."
5204:
had literacy rates as low as 59% 20 years after the revolution. China's leaders denied illiteracy problems. This was amplified by the elimination of qualified teachers—many districts were forced to rely on students to teach.
2667:
Later known as the "16 May Notification", this document summarized Mao's ideological justification for CR. Initially kept secret, distributed only among high-ranking party members, it was later declassified and published in
7835:
2741:
by a decision on 13 June to expand the class suspension nationwide. By early June, throngs of young demonstrators lined the capital's major thoroughfares holding giant portraits of Mao, beating drums, and shouting slogans.
9690:
3924:
principal generals to write self-criticisms on their political positions as a warning to Lin. Mao also inducted several of his supporters to the Central Military Commission and placed loyalists in leadership roles of the
3616:
Nationwide, a total of 18.77 million firearms, 14,828 artillery pieces, 2,719,545 grenades ended up in civilian hands. They were used in the course of violent struggles, which mostly took place from 1967 to 1968. In
5955:
characterizes the Cultural Revolution as an aberration and a period of chaos. The official view is the dominant framework for historiography of the period; alternative are discouraged. A new genre of literature known as
5321:
Jiang took control of the stage and introduced revolutionary operas under her direct supervision. Traditional operas were banned as they were considered feudalistic and bourgeois, but revolutionary opera, which modified
5536:
were artworks produced by the government and sold cheaply in stores to be displayed in homes or workplaces. The artists for these posters might be amateurs or uncredited professionals, and the posters were largely in a
4566:
237,000 were killed and 7.03 million became disabled". While these internal investigations were never mentioned or published in any other official documents, the scholarly consensus found these figures very reasonable.
4191:, a campaign to oppose "rehabilitating the case for the rightists," alluding to Deng as the country's foremost "rightist". Mao directed Deng to write self-criticisms in November 1975, a move lauded by the Gang of Four.
2833:
to announce the decision and reveal the tone of the movement to teachers and students. At the rally, Party leaders encouraged the masses to 'not be afraid' and take charge of the movement, free of Party interference.
5184:
were cancelled after 1966, replaced by a system whereby students were recommended by factories, villages and military units. Entrance exams were not restored until 1977 under Deng. Traditional values were abandoned.
4789:
during that period. Zheng was criticized for reliance on unpublished interviews and for the negative portrayal of a Chinese ethnic minority, although senior party historians corroborated allegations of cannibalism.
4271:
Four in the race for succession. However, the Gang's radical ideas also clashed with influential elders and many Party reformers. With army backing and the support of Marshal Ye Jianying, Director of Central Office
2540:
and other major newspapers under his control, instructing them to write exclusively about "academic discussion", and not pay heed to Yao's petty politics. While the "literary battle" against Peng raged, Mao fired
5412:
booklet was distributed, and film directors and actors/actresses were criticized with some tortured and imprisoned. These included many of Jiang's rivals and former friends. Those who died in the period included
16534:
5905:
The central section of this wall shows the faint remnant marks of a propaganda slogan that was added during the Cultural Revolution, but has since been removed. The slogan read "Boundless faith that in Chairman
4378:
4016:"correct way" to frame the incident for public consumption, but as the details came to light, the majority of the Chinese public felt disillusioned and realised they had been manipulated for political purposes.
8437:
3685:
During the meeting, Mao and the Central Group for the Cultural Revolution stated, "e want cultural struggle, we do not want armed struggle" and "The masses do not want civil war." Mao told the student leaders:
3654:
In May 1968, Mao launched a massive political purge. Many people were sent to the countryside to work in reeducation camps. Generally, the campaign targeted rebels from the CR's earlier, more populist, phase.
6271:
Professor Yiching Wu argues that the typical historiography of the Cultural Revolution as an "era of madness" is simpleminded but writes that such narratives have a "remarkably tenacious ideological power:"
3200:. On December 3, 1966, two days of rioting occurred in which hundreds were injured and six to eight were killed, leading to a total clampdown by the Portuguese government. The event set in motion Portugal's
5405:" became dogmatized. The literary situation eased after 1972, as more were allowed to write, and many provincial literary periodicals resumed publication, but the majority of writers still could not work.
4862:
At the same time, many "unjust, false, and mistaken" cases appeared due to political purges. In addition to those who died in massacres, a large number of people died or became permanently disabled due to
3720:
In the spring of 1968, a massive campaign aimed at enhancing Mao's reputation began. A notable example was the "mango fever". On 4 August, Mao was presented with mangoes by the Pakistani foreign minister
4110:
4055:
10340:
There is no agreement on how many people died during the Cultural Revolution. Perhaps one of the best estimates is 400,000, made by a Beijing correspondent for Agence France-Presse (Meisner 1999: 354).
4221:
inside the Party wanted to help the unrepentant capitalist roader regain his power." These propaganda efforts at smearing Zhou's image, however, only strengthened public attachment to Zhou's memory.
35:
6698:
6696:
5279:
vocabulary. These slogans were an effective method of "thought reform", mobilizing millions in a concerted attack upon the subjective world, "while at the same time reforming their objective world."
2859:
3168:
sent to a detention camp, where he was denied medical treatment and died in 1969. Deng was sent away for a period of re-education three times and was eventually sent to work in an engine factory in
3151:
4996:, reportedly claimed over 1,600 lives in 1975. After the Cultural Revolution, the government gave reparations for the Shadian Incident, including the erection of a Martyr's Memorial in Shadian.
14751:
5007:
in 1966, removing Tibet's exemption from China's land reform, and reimposed in other minority areas. The effect on Tibet was particularly severe as it came following the repression after the
1389:
15154:(New York: Cambria Press, 2020). Scholarly studies on memory writings and documentaries of the Mao years, victimhood narratives, perpetrator studies, ethics of bearing witness to atrocities
9677:
According to a working conference of the Communist Party's Central Committee in 1978, 20 million Chinese died in the revolution, 100 million were persecuted and 800 billion yuan was wasted.
5714:, the number of newspapers dropped from 343 in 1965, to 49 in 1966, and then to a 20th-century low of 43 in 1967. At the same time, the number of publications by mass organizations such as
6094:
continue to glorify Mao. Rather than focus on consequences, newspapers claim that revolutions typically have a brutal side and are unable to be viewed from the "humanitarian perspective".
5216:. Some farmers were given informal medical training, and health-care centers were established in rural communities. This process led to a marked improvement in health and life expectancy.
3330:
in Mao's revolutionary vision and who was exploiting the chaos for their own gain. The formation of rival revolutionary groups and manifestations of long-established local feuds, led to
8032:
6572:
3043:
experienced 704 suicides and 534 deaths in September. In Wuhan, 62 suicides and 32 murders occurred during the same period. Peng Dehuai was brought to Beijing to be publicly ridiculed.
15175:(Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2016). Scholarly studies on cultural legacies and continuities from the Maoist era in art, architecture, literature, performance, film, etc.
5655:
The destruction of historical relics was never formally sanctioned by the Party, whose official policy was instead to protect such items. On May 14, 1967, the Central Committee issued
3069:
Between August and November 1966, eight mass rallies were held, drawing in 12 million people, most of whom were Red Guards. The government bore the travel expenses of Red Guards.
3018:
2519:
to publish an article criticizing it. Yao described the play as an allegory attacking Mao; flagging Mao as the emperor, and Peng Dehuai, who had previously questioned Mao during the
17962:
5933:. People were urged to root out followers of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, those seriously impacted by factional ideas, and the "smashers and grabbers" of the Cultural Revolution.
3093:
as superstition, and religion was looked upon as a means of hostile foreign infiltration, as well as an instrument of the ruling class. Clergy were arrested and sent to camps; many
7819:
4211:
Official attempts to enforce the mourning restrictions included removing public memorials and tearing down posters commemorating Zhou's achievements. On March 25, 1976, Shanghai's
9438:
4312:
Hua named Deng Vice-Premier in July 1977, and later promoted him to various other positions, effectively elevating Deng to be China's second-most powerful figure. In August, the
17128:
15943:
5129:. The prosecution of the Gang of Four revealed that 142,000 cadres and teachers in the education circles were persecuted. Academics, scientists, and educators who died included
4188:
2914:
representatives wrote to Mao, calling for rebellion and upheaval to safeguard the revolution. Mao then responded to the letters by writing his own big-character poster entitled
1196:
1116:
6106:
In the world at large, Mao Zedong emerged as a symbol of anti-establishment, grassroots populism, and self-determination. His revolutionary philosophies found adherents in the
4755:
caused the deaths of 325 people from August 27 to September 1, 1966; those killed ranged from 80 years old to a 38-day old baby, with 22 families being completely wiped out.
3674:
As the Red Guard movement had waned over the preceding year, violence by the remaining Red Guards increased on some Beijing campuses. Violence was particularly pronounced at
10185:中共一九七八年和一九八四年的内部调查 ...「两千一百四十四万余人受到审查、冲击;一亿两千五百余万人受到牵连、影响」...「四百二十余万人曾被关押、隔离审查;一百三十余万人曾被公安机关拘留、逮捕;一百七十二万八千余人非正常死亡 ...「十三万五千余人被以现行反革命罪判为死刑;在武斗中有二十三万七千余人死亡,七十三万余人伤残」
9664:
5582:("red treasure books"). The release of the filmed versions of the revolutionary model operas resulted in a re-organization and expansion of China's film exhibition network.
5108:
4528:
Ding's figures include 100,000 killed in the Red Terror during 1966, with 200,000 forced to commit suicide, plus 300,000–500,000 killed in violent struggles, 500,000 during
4099:
Shanghai, Wang Hongwen, to Beijing and made him Party vice-chairman. Wang, a former factory worker from a peasant background, was seemingly getting groomed for succession.
2877:
17123:
17118:
17113:
13908:
11398:
10788:
7509:
3879:
work. Those who did not return to work would be viewed as engaging in 'schismatic activity' which risked undermining preparations to defend China from potential invasion.
1016:
897:
769:
3353:. Subsequently, Chen was sent to Beijing and tried by Jiang Qing and the rest of the CRG. Chen's resistance was the last major open display of opposition within the PLA.
16975:
5730:. For example, the largest student organization in Shanghai, the Red Revolutionaries, established a newspaper that had a print run of 800,000 copies by the end of 1966.
4900:, Li Chuli, the former deputy director of Organization Department, was purged in 1968 and in turn reported around 80,000 people, 2,955 of whom were persecuted to death.
4867:
or other forms of persecution. From 1968 to 1969, the Cleansing the Class Ranks purge caused the deaths of at least 500,000 people. Purges of similar nature such as the
4007:
On 13 September, the Politburo met in an emergency session to discuss Lin. His death was confirmed in Beijing only on 30 September, which led to the cancellation of the
1308:
8427:
3103:
759:
17025:
4712:
These massacres were mainly led and organized by local revolutionary committees, Communist Party branches, militia, and the military. Most victims were members of the
3916:
was that Mao should assume the office with Lin as vice-chairman; but perhaps wary of Lin's ambitions or for other unknown reasons, Mao voiced his explicit opposition.
2713:
After the purge of Peng Zhen, the Beijing Party Committee effectively ceased to function, paving the way for disorder in the capital. On 25 May, under the guidance of
1382:
8634:
4716:
as well as their children, or members of "rebel groups". Chinese scholars have estimated that at least 300,000 people died in these massacres. Collective killings in
2842:
was convened to advance Mao's radical agenda. At the plenum, Mao showed outright disdain for Liu, repeatedly interrupting him as he delivered his opening day speech.
18022:
5390:
In 1970, the communist party came to view the Ministry of Culture as so disruptive that it decided to dissolve the Ministry and establish a Culture Group within the
5355:
Documents released in 1980 regarding the prosecution of the Gang of Four show that more than 2,600 people in the field of arts and literature were persecuted by the
3866:
Between 1966 and 1968, China was isolated internationally, having declared its enmity towards both the USSR and the US. The friction with the USSR intensified after
3135:
15093:
6033:
Deng's economic reforms possible. The popular revival of Mao in the late 1990s coincided with the government's increasing privatization and its dismantling of its
5738:
5710:
was at its peak. While the number of newspapers declined in this period, the number of independent publications by mass political organizations grew. According to
5471:
5401:
and some writers of worker or farmer background, could have their work published or reprinted. The principles for cultural production laid out by Mao in the 1942 "
5197:
generation is referred to as the 'lost generation'. In the post-Mao period, many of those forcibly moved attacked the policy as a violation of their human rights.
3712:
3659:
tempted to turn against revolutionary ideology. Their purpose had been largely fulfilled; Mao and his radical colleagues had largely overturned established power.
3503:, an arms manufacturing center, during August 1967, battles involved close to 10,000 combatants, killed or wounded close to 1,000, and created 180,000 refugees in
2308:, and continued to resist the People's Republic in various ways. Many soldiers of the Chinese Republicans were left in mainland China, and Mao Zedong launched the
5659:. Despite this, enormous damage was inflicted on China's cultural heritage. For example, a survey in 1972 in Beijing of 18 cultural heritage sites, including the
4304:
Although Hua publicly denounced the Gang of Four in 1976, he continued to invoke Mao's name to justify Mao-era policies. Hua spearheaded what became known as the
3065:
at the Ming tombs. Red Guards dragged the remains of the Wanli Emperor and Empresses to the front of the tomb, where they were posthumously "denounced" and burned
2486:" powerful Beijing officials of questionable loyalty. His approach was not transparent, executed via newspaper articles, internal meetings, and by his network of
12289:
6177:, destroying Chinese Culture, purging intellectuals, destroying modern civilization, and used his "people's war" to attempt to rule Asia and the world following
6129:
inspired by the Cultural Revolution was launched in 1967. Its excesses damaged the credibility of these activists in the eyes of Hong Kong residents. In Taiwan,
5875:
Several foreign guests were "mandated" to stand in front of the statue of Mao Zedong, holding the Little Red Book and "reporting" to Mao as Chinese citizens did.
14092:
13970:
2269:
participation in civic matters. This usage of "cultural revolution" continued through the 1950s and into the 1960s, and often involved drawing parallels to the
18229:
17622:
14653:
14533:
12659:
5433:. No feature films were produced in mainland China for seven years apart from a few approved "Model dramas" and highly ideological films. A notable example is
4769:
2943:
5200:
The Cultural Revolution's impact on accessible education varied across regions. Formal literacy measurements did not resume until the 1980s. Some counties in
18157:
18010:
15918:
9377:
5869:
4313:
1375:
13929:
18101:
15898:
12363:
11215:
5925:
was followed by a three-year campaign to "totally negate" the Cultural Revolution. The communist party called on individuals and cooperatives to study the
4694:
4511:
4386:
4154:
3887:
on October 18 without going through Mao. This drew the ire of the chairman, who saw it as evidence that his declared successor was usurping his authority.
3799:
3663:
3196:. The school board illegally began construction, but the colonial government sent police to stop the workers. Several people were injured in the resulting
2839:
2577:
2178:
1290:
9460:
13749:
5930:
4698:
3884:
3270:
2964:
2182:
16761:
14336:
13114:
11587:
5402:
5391:
5066:
The Cultural Revolution brought huge numbers of Red Guards to Beijing, with expenses paid by the government, and the railway system fell into turmoil.
4859:, who was paralyzed when he fell out of a four-story building after he was interrogated by Red Guards. It is disputed whether he jumped or was pushed.
4248:
Zhou's treatment, revolt against the Cultural Revolution and apprehension for China's future. The event did not appear to have coordinated leadership.
2587:
Lu's removal gave Maoists unrestricted access to the press. Mao delivered his final blow to Peng at a high-profile Politburo meeting through loyalists
14823:
14006:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (Chinese Communism Subject Archive)"
12536:
8973:
7487:
18561:
18034:
16426:
11626:
11518:
11437:
6221:
wanted, or that he did know what he was doing, or both ... the outcomes are what one should have expected, given the Maoist doctrine and aims."
4008:
2291:
1422:
786:
11968:
10570:
9797:
7566:
6988:
Baum, Richard (1969). "Revolution and Reaction in the Chinese Countryside: The Socialist Education Movement in Cultural Revolutionary Perspective".
2085:. Though it failed to achieve its main objectives, the Cultural Revolution marked the effective return of Mao to the center of power in China after
17067:
16509:
15051:
8509:
6355:
4405:
3341:
In Wuhan, as in many other cities, two major revolutionary organizations emerged, one supporting and one attacking the conservative establishment.
2997:
2984:
2412:
concepts, which Mao claimed would give capitalists control of the USSR. Relations soured. The USSR refused to support China's case for joining the
15717:
10153:
8813:
Frederick Teiwes; Warren Sun (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era".
5081:
so they may learn from the peasantry, and the departure of millions from the cities helped end the most violent phase of the Cultural Revolution.
5070:
destroyed by Red Guards. The status of traditional Chinese culture and institutions within China was severely damaged, and many customs weakened.
17553:
12491:
6038:
5917:, an official assessment of major historical events since 1949. This document became the key official interpretation of the Cultural Revolution.
3569:
2394:
14009:
11046:
5224:
4364:
in September 1977 in order to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution. In May 1978, Deng seized the opportunity to elevate his protégé
2691:
18435:
17908:
17902:
17702:
17292:
11816:
11201:
Ethnic languages were repudiated as one of the "four olds" and large numbers of books and documents pertaining to ethnic languages were burned.
5983:, both liberals and conservatives within the CCP accused each other of excesses that they claimed were reminiscent of the Cultural Revolution.
4847:
In addition to violent struggles, millions of Chinese were violently persecuted, especially via struggle sessions. Those identified as spies, "
4633:. Several sources have also quoted that Marshal Ye estimated the death toll to be 20 million during a CCP working conference in December 1978.
2805:
2714:
12073:
11254:
Chunli, Xia (2007). "From Discourse Politics to Rule of Law: A Constructivist Framework for Understanding Regional Ethnic Autonomy in China".
8033:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network"
5750:
The functions of China's embassies abroad were disrupted during the early part of the Cultural Revolution. In a March 22, 1969 meeting on the
5054:"Worker-Peasant-Soldier Park" and Jingshan Park became "Red Guard Park". Most of the Cultural Revolution-era name changes were later reversed.
18205:
18121:
18089:
17896:
15797:
6208:
Scholars and academics debate the origin, the events, Mao's role, and its legacy. These debates evolved as researchers explored new sources.
2950:', was catapulted to prominence. The top officials in the Propaganda Department were sacked, with many of its functions folded into the CRG.
2546:
1065:
10922:
10387:
7429:
3759:
then filed by and each was given a spoonful of mango water. The revolutionary committee made a wax replica and displayed it in the factory.
18169:
18116:
18111:
18106:
17275:
17108:
6350:
4630:
4413:
4158:
2036:
1329:
750:
12068:
Stokes, Mark A. (July 2003). "The People's Liberation Army and China's Space and Missile Development". In Laurie Burkitt; Andrew Scobell;
9635:
See, for example, Huo-cheng, Li, "Chinese Communists reveal for the first time the number 20 million deaths for the Cultural Revolution,"
6152:" organized along the same lines as the Cultural Revolution. Hoxha delivered a speech to a plenum of the CC of the Party of Labour titled
18423:
17938:
17135:
16229:
13192:
13153:
13005:
12696:"The power of words : political slogans as leverage in conflict and conflict management during China's cultural revolution movement"
12207:
11782:
11743:
11665:
8479:
8355:
5980:
5758:, China was "now isolated" and "we need to relax a little". Later that year, China began to restore its embassies to normal functioning.
3820:
3173:
2696:
2309:
2121:
1003:
796:
17:
13231:
12460:
11476:
8399:
5359:. Many died: the names of 200 writers and artists who were persecuted to death were commemorated in 1979. These include writers such as
2868:
18235:
17607:
16374:
13310:
11704:
9970:
9430:
4401:
3943:
power base and his declining health, Lin's supporters plotted to use the military power still at their disposal to oust Mao in a coup.
1133:
10866:
7401:
7258:
5682:, occurred after the peak of the Revolution. Nevertheless, the most prominent medium of academic research in archaeology, the journal
18611:
18241:
18058:
13038:
6434:
6141:
2158:
became influential in 1972, and the Revolution continued until Mao's death in 1976, soon followed by the arrest of the Gang of Four.
1744:
1203:
961:
9282:
5524:
presented slogans, poems, commentary and graphics often posted on walls in public spaces, factories and communes. Mao wrote his own
3819:
Reflecting this, Lin was officially elevated to become the Party's preeminent figure outside of Mao, with his name written into the
3771:
potato. He was put on trial for "malicious slander", found guilty, paraded publicly throughout the town, and then shot in the head.
18551:
17317:
17297:
15328:
14932:; Sun, Warren (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era".
9654:
9157:
6331:
5940:
and elsewhere aimed to separate Mao's actions during the Cultural Revolution from his "heroic" revolutionary activities during the
5463:
5435:
3913:
2642:
114:
9561:
5326:
in both content and form, was promoted. Six operas and two ballets were produced in the first three years, most notably the opera
4393:
and the first Minister of National Defense, who was persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution was rehabilitated in 1978.
2389:(USSR) were the world's two largest communist states. Although initially they were mutually supportive, disagreements arose after
17349:
17337:
17332:
14586:
14513:
9355:
7719:"The Policy of the Military 'Supporting the Left' and the Spread of Factional Warfare in China's Countryside: Shaanxi, 1967–1968"
6439:
5896:
2274:
2074:
811:
11387:
7513:
4208:
Zhou's ally), and the prohibition against public mourning led to a rise in popular discontent against Mao and the Gang of Four.
18606:
17968:
16293:
15991:
6345:
5711:
5264:
manure, and more manure means more grain." Even a casual remark by Mao, "Sweet potato tastes good; I like it" became a slogan.
4690:
3247:
3230:
3217:
2820:
2511:, is dismissed by a corrupt emperor. While Mao initially praised the play, in February 1965, he secretly commissioned his wife
2431:, in which Mao charged that Khrushchev was a revisionist and risked capitalist restoration. Khrushchev's defeat by an internal
2174:
2139:
1138:
1093:
18016:
14811:
14787:
4999:
Concessions to minorities were abolished during the Cultural Revolution as part of the Red Guards' attack on the "Four Olds".
3827:
The report was heavily critical of Liu Shaoqi and other "counter-revolutionaries" and drew extensively from quotations in the
3250:" formed across the country and began expanding into factories and the countryside. In Shanghai, a young factory worker named
18536:
18217:
17681:
17612:
17224:
17043:
16715:
16201:
14989:
14964:
14919:
14897:
14862:
14836:
14776:
14722:
14623:
14477:
14450:
14190:
14063:
13786:
13667:
13563:
13501:
13408:
13073:
12959:
12909:
12853:
12811:
12752:
12622:
12594:
12549:
12171:
12136:
12090:
12008:
11366:
11116:
10999:
Brown, Kerry (1 July 2007). "The Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia 1967–1969: The Purge of the "Heirs of Genghis Khan"".
10897:
10554:
10493:
10440:
10333:
10284:
9886:
9835:
9499:
9062:
8569:
8473:
8393:
8349:
8301:
8263:
8224:
8185:
8146:
8100:
8008:
7696:
7665:
7549:
7327:
7171:
7134:
7065:
6953:
6905:
6375:
5755:
5275:
5181:
4261:
3325:, 1967. The banner in the center reads: "The People's Liberation Army firmly supports the proletarian revolutionary faction."
2977:
2129:
2070:
1695:
1098:
106:
Preservation of communism by purging capitalist and traditional elements, and power struggle between Maoists and pragmatists.
18265:
8307:
3291:
seized power from the party organization under his own leadership. Some leaders even wrote the CRG asking to be overthrown.
2653:. One of these documents, distributed on 16 May, was prepared with Mao's personal supervision and was particularly damning:
18581:
17459:
15430:
14283:
13438:
6676:
4974:
3950:, along with other high-ranking military conspirators, formed a coup apparatus in Shanghai and dubbed the plan to oust Mao
2401:. Mao and many other CCP members opposed these changes, believing that they would damage the worldwide communist movement.
1935:
1278:
971:
884:
31:
5674:
excavation and preservation after the destructive period were protected, and several significant discoveries, such as the
4514:. In 2003, Walder and Yang Su coauthored a paper along this approach, but with fewer county annals available at the time.
3371:
3317:
3022:
Tiananmen Square on 15 September 1966, the occasion of Chairman Mao's third of eight mass rallies with Red Guards in 1966.
18361:
18223:
17546:
17402:
16492:
16384:
15103:
10824:
10752:
8983:
6671:
Thornton, Patricia M. (2019). "Cultural Revolution". In Sorace, Christian; Franceschini, Ivan; Loubere, Nicholas (eds.).
6430:
6149:
5782:
5541:
visual style with specific conventions—for example, images of Mao were to be depicted as "red, smooth, and luminescent".
5332:. These operas were the only approved opera form. Other opera troupes were required to adopt or change their repertoire.
4946:
were labeled as part of the Four Olds, texts in ethnic languages were burned, and bilingual education was suppressed. In
4417:
4162:
3729:
on 5 August, who were stationed there to quiet strife among Red Guard factions. On 7 August, an article was published in
3707:
3274:
3239:
power; it required the PLA to support "the broad masses of the revolutionary leftists in their struggle to seize power."
3225:
2553:, head of Mao's security detail. Yang's dismissal likely emboldened Mao's allies to move against their factional rivals.
2334:
2135:
1285:
993:
879:
3572:, on August 10, 1967, a firefight caused a panicked commercial pilot to depart early, stranding 54 Japanese passengers.
18576:
18566:
17280:
15928:
15566:
15513:
15256:
15166:
15079:
13473:
13376:
13346:
13304:
13270:
13225:
13186:
13147:
13108:
12999:
12777:
12454:
12391:
12201:
12052:
11776:
11737:
11698:
11659:
11620:
11581:
11554:
11512:
11470:
11431:
11175:
Qingxia, Dai; Yan, Dong (March 2001). "The Historical Evolution of Bilingual Education for China's Ethnic Minorities".
10367:
10236:
9564:[The strange thing after the collapse of the Gang of Four: the wind of Cultural Revolution continued to blow].
9104:
8894:
8684:
8542:
7875:
7796:
7228:"Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution"
7211:
6071:
5340:, class position, and imperialism before liberating themselves through the discovery of internal strength and the CCP.
4653:
This figure was obtained by an AFP correspondent in Beijing, citing an unnamed but "usually reliable" source. In 1986,
4400:
and other leaders who had been purged during the Cultural Revolution were rehabilitated. Hu Yaobang became head of the
4240:
4187:, etc. By late 1975, however, Mao saw that Deng's economic restructuring might negate the CR's legacy and launched the
4137:
2420:
1836:
801:
15055:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). An autobiography that includes experiences during the Cultural Revolution
12299:
10264:
10037:
9543:
9380:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China."".
6412:
4629:, an unnamed bureaucrat in Beijing claimed that Ye made the statement in a 1982 CCP meeting, while he was the party's
3157:
A frieze damaged during the Cultural Revolution, originally from a garden house of a rich imperial official in Suzhou.
202:
18556:
18145:
18126:
17302:
15790:
15736:
14266:
14088:
13980:
13725:
13446:
12427:
11850:
9141:
8867:
7785:
Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964–1988
7367:
6684:
5840:
Red Guards also laid siege to the Soviet, French and Indonesian embassies and torched the Mongolian ambassador's car.
4558:", among which 9.4% (162,000) were CCP party members and 252,000 were intellectuals. The figures were extracted from
1784:
1258:
1103:
998:
931:
13395:
Li, Jie (2022). "Mobile Projectionists and the Things They Carried". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.).
12647:
10032:[Massacres and sexual violence recorded in the classified documents of the Cultural Revolution in Guangxi].
8624:
4740:, resulting in the deaths of more than 1,600 civilians, including 300 children, and the destruction of 4,400 homes.
3192:. The event was prompted by the colonial government's delays in approving a new wing for a CCP elementary school in
2619:
After 1968, most of these organizations ceased to exist, although their legacies were a topic of controversy later.
2419:
Mao publicly denounced revisionism in April 1960. Without pointing at the USSR, Mao criticized its Balkan ally, the
18621:
18199:
17417:
17180:
16595:
16338:
15868:
15840:
15759:
8926:
8725:
5988:
5445:
became common and were performed throughout the country by both professional cultural workers and ordinary people.
5301:
5078:
4333:
3784:
3490:
2946:, in charge of party personnel, virtually ceased to exist. The Cultural Revolution Group (CRG), Mao's ideological '
2328:
2222:
2086:
2029:
1273:
1033:
914:
859:
14536:[Manifesto to the CPC Members on the Eve of the National Day of the 55th Years of the Republic of China].
9356:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China"
18477:
18447:
17582:
16869:
16751:
16436:
16222:
15011:
6370:
3283:
2659:
2143:
1263:
1248:
924:
12353:
5914:
Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China
4510:
actual deaths, especially because some annals actively covered up deaths. Annal editors were supervised by the
4136:
In late 1973, to weaken Zhou's political position and to distance themselves from Lin's apparent betrayal, the "
3920:
Zhang, a staunch Maoist who embodied the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, over the evaluation of Mao's legacy.
2353:
2185:. Estimates of the death toll vary widely, typically ranging from 1–2 million. Red Guards sought to destroy the
18465:
18163:
17539:
17209:
17197:
17035:
16461:
16421:
15903:
15542:
15451:
15394:
15381:
15341:
15317:
15293:
15279:
15265:
15249:
15218:
15190:
15137:
15030:
13400:
12257:
10716:
10691:
10648:
6400:
4868:
4533:
3839:
3208:"join up,", and these groups joined various coalitions and held various cross-group congresses and assemblies.
2108:
had infiltrated the government and society with the aim of restoring capitalism. Mao called on young people to
1754:
966:
492:
374:
17587:
15046:(New York: Macmillan, 1973). Book chronicling a year in a rural Chinese village during the Cultural Revolution
6012:, which declared that "The Cultural Revolution was Good" and led to achievements such as "the building of the
5688:, did not publish. After the most violent phase, the attack on traditional culture continued in 1973 with the
5652:
intensified during this period, as religion was viewed in opposition to Marxist–Leninist and Maoist thinking.
5474:" were either written or became popular during this period. "The East Is Red", especially, became popular; it
3129:
was originally carved in stone, and was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. A metal replica is in its place.
2753:
decided to send in 'work teams'—effectively 'ideological guidance' squads of cadres—to the city's schools and
2296:
On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong declared the People's Republic of China, symbolically bringing the decades-long
18616:
18483:
18459:
18247:
18046:
17307:
16471:
16333:
16208:
14328:
7657:
6425:
5707:
5328:
3855:
2499:
2461:
981:
476:
30:
This article is about the movement in China. For events elsewhere also called the "Cultural Revolution", see
8886:
The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes – Debt Before Dishonour: Timetable of World Dominance 1400–2100
5574:
Tiananmen Square parades, and welcomed ceremoniously in rural communities. These news reels became known as
3613:, testing two "radioactive self-defense bombs" and two "radioactive self-defense mines" on August 6 and 11.
18626:
18526:
18373:
18271:
18095:
17229:
17103:
16648:
16562:
16288:
16278:
15845:
15783:
15650:
14842:
12555:
10622:
7227:
6449:
6340:
6134:
6013:
5770:
5230:
5074:
4918:
4828:
ammunition and even armored cars and tanks. Notable violent struggles include the battles in Chongqing, in
3264:
2942:
Along with the top leadership losing power the entire national Party bureaucracy was purged. The extensive
2479:
2457:
2437:
in 1964 contributed to Mao's fears, mainly because of his declining prestige after the Great Leap Forward.
1908:
1863:
1826:
1814:
1759:
864:
806:
776:
18297:
6077:
1960s onward remain classified. The Cultural Revolution is barely mentioned in historical exhibits at the
4836:. Researchers claimed that the nationwide death toll in violent struggles ranged from 300,000 to 500,000.
4505:
Examines the period between 1966 and 1971. Walder reviewed the reported deaths in 2,213 annals from every
18596:
18591:
18541:
17722:
17219:
16929:
12082:
9807:
9381:
8854:
7574:
7163:
6444:
5751:
5356:
5154:
4962:
were apparently burned. Muslim imams reportedly were paraded around with paint splashed on their bodies.
3867:
3850:
3565:, on August 13, 1967, two PLA units mistook each other for rebels and opened fire, killing seven people.
2549:, an organ that controlled internal communications—making unsubstantiated charges. He installed loyalist
2022:
1970:
1123:
264:
60:
18311:
12321:
10456:
8948:
8501:
4773:
alleged "systematic killing and cannibalization of individuals in the name of political revolution and '
3725:, in an apparent diplomatic gesture. Mao had his aide send the box of mangoes to his propaganda team at
3031:
18 August rally was filmed and shown to approximately 100 million people in its first month of release.
18571:
16623:
15442:
13808:
13804:"The economic factor in the Sino-Vietnamese split, 1972–75: An analysis of Vietnamese archival sources"
12703:
10165:
9088:
7688:
6937:
6466:
6360:
5964:) emerged, encouraged by the post-Mao government. Written mainly by educated youth such as Liu Xinhua,
5778:
5100:
scientists, was beaten to death by a mob in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution (1968). This caused
4943:
3590:
2576:
implications. However, Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan continued their denunciations. Meanwhile, Mao sacked
2448:, concerned that China's support would lead to the United States to seek out potential Chinese assets.
2424:
1848:
1843:
1178:
616:
332:
18277:
14005:
12483:
7204:
Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication
4820:, where 400–500 people killed in factional clashes are buried, out of a total of at least 1,700 deaths
4617:, of "683,000 deaths in the cities, 2.5 million deaths in the countryside, plus 123,700 deaths due to
18405:
18381:
18349:
18193:
17998:
17980:
17974:
17932:
17629:
17597:
17322:
17239:
16741:
16700:
16416:
15873:
15593:
14258:
13709:
12000:
11955:
A 1973 report on sent-down youth estimated that since 1969, there had been some 16,000 cases of rape.
11056:
10409:
9921:[Collective violence in political movements: a review of the "unnatural deaths" (1966–1976)]
9404:
7359:
7232:
7126:
6193:
6137:
to counter what he regarded as the destruction of traditional Chinese values by mainland Communists.
6081:
in Beijing. Despite inroads by prominent sinologists, independent scholarly research is discouraged.
5774:
5743:
5004:
4942:
The Cultural Revolution wrought havoc on minority cultures and ethnicities. Languages and customs of
4930:
4807:
4529:
4350:
3638:
3078:
2887:
2649:
and filled with meticulously prepared 'indictments' of recently ousted leaders such as Peng Zhen and
2101:
1955:
1749:
1707:
1253:
1143:
1078:
1070:
15732:
15709:
13062:
Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966)
11805:
9918:
9771:
4611:
4437:
3298:. The power-seizure movement was appearing in the military as well. In February, prominent generals
2782:
18211:
17795:
17770:
17712:
17592:
17566:
17312:
17059:
17051:
16675:
16466:
16258:
16194:
16004:
15938:
15727:
15237:
15042:
14055:
13803:
13651:
12419:
12128:
9659:
8587:""Turning One's Back on the Party and the People": Suicides during the Chinese Cultural Revolution"
6896:
6612:
6078:
5945:
5814:
5786:
5762:
5311:
5173:
5126:
4459:
4316:
was held in Beijing, officially naming (in ranking order) Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping,
3775:
in Beijing returned with mass-produced mango facsimiles, gaining media attention in the provinces.
3012:
2916:
2830:
2810:
2709:
that have poisoned the people of China for thousands of years, fostered by the exploiting classes".
2109:
1233:
1208:
1183:
1043:
976:
854:
826:
15088:
Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution
14493:
Blumi, Isa (1999). "Hoxha's Class War: The Cultural Revolution and State Reformation, 1961–1971".
13947:
Gurtov, Melvin (1969). "The Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs during the Cultural Revolution".
13778:
ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State
11397:. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. SIT Graduate Institute. pp. 8, 11. Paper 1074.
7452:
7419:
5657:
Several suggestions for the protection of cultural relics and books during the Cultural Revolution
4669:
3026:
On 18 August in Beijing, over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in and around
2161:
The Cultural Revolution was characterized by violence and chaos across Chinese society, including
18546:
18531:
18488:
17992:
17914:
17464:
17397:
17265:
17086:
17017:
16705:
16394:
15986:
15953:
15948:
15923:
15888:
12358:
10914:
8859:
6059:
5558:
5479:
5028:
4909:
4879:
4686:
4370:
4284:
4230:
4184:
4180:
3925:
3311:
2338:
2243:
2170:
1898:
1553:
1218:
1148:
1023:
15501:, English text prepared by Miriam London and Ta-Ling Lee. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1972).
12416:
People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
9732:"Finding a Place for the Victims: The Problem in Writing the History of the Cultural Revolution"
5490:" with an interest in broadcast technology frequently operated rural radio stations after 1968.
18441:
18417:
18133:
17717:
17690:
17661:
17656:
17187:
16406:
15820:
15695:
12024:
rapes. Often the victims took the blame, since they had worse class backgrounds than officials.
11913:
10682:
9210:
5952:
5901:
5701:
5601:
5482:" as the national anthem of China, though the latter was later restored to its previous place.
5467:
5349:
5336:
their leads and promoted Chinese state feminism. Their narratives begin with them oppressed by
4872:
4625:
and imprisonment, in addition to 557,000 people missing." In a 2012 interview with Hong Kong's
4537:
4354:
4337:
3586:
3580:
3544:
3537:, factory clashes killed 37, wounded 290, and led to 300 "prisoners of war", two of which were
2366:
1558:
1457:
1083:
919:
831:
15602:
Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution
13463:
13176:
13137:
13098:
12989:
12191:
11766:
11727:
11649:
11571:
11106:
10430:
10413:
10298:
10226:
9489:
8884:
8559:
8463:
8339:
7317:
6604:
5528:
at Beijing University on August 5, 1966, calling on the people to "Bombard the Headquarters".
4571:
endorsed the figures, yet he noted that peasants suffered far more in the GLF than in the CR.
4381:
was held. At the congress, Deng called for "a liberation of thoughts" and urged the party to "
18411:
18070:
17855:
17820:
17790:
17639:
17562:
16710:
16348:
16014:
15496:
15305:
14979:
14615:
14174:
13776:
13547:
13215:
13065:
12951:
12893:
12845:
12444:
11610:
11502:
11460:
11288:
Traditional minority designs and colourful lace were marked as "four olds" (sijiu) and burnt.
10544:
10510:
10483:
10319:
9691:"How Many Died? New Evidence Suggests Far Higher Numbers For the Victims of Mao Zedong's Era"
8532:
8383:
8255:
8216:
8177:
8138:
8092:
7682:
7120:
7057:
6041:
in 1999 when a segment of the population began to associate anti-Mao viewpoints with the US.
5992:
5649:
5645:
5604:
to China to film the achievements of the Cultural Revolution. Antonioni made the documentary
5594:
5459:
5008:
4935:
4886:
4713:
4382:
3204:
abdication of control over Macau, putting Macau on the path to eventual absorption by China.
3110:
2405:
2206:
1930:
1878:
1858:
1796:
1776:
1771:
1605:
1485:
1480:
1452:
1447:
1268:
1048:
144:
16874:
13294:
12230:
11688:
10948:
10596:
9772:"Typhoon Nina–Banqiao dam failure | 1975 Banqiao Dam Disaster, Chinese History | Britannica"
6228:
Some scholars challenge the mainstream portrayals and conceive it in a more positive light.
3824:
document drafted by hardliner leftists Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao under Mao's guidance.
18601:
18393:
18329:
18139:
17950:
17835:
17740:
17671:
17634:
17531:
17370:
17285:
17155:
17001:
16685:
16665:
16588:
16303:
16273:
16132:
15825:
15145:
Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation
14957:
Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of the Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution
14881:
12446:
A River Forever Flowing: Cross-cultural Lives and Identities in the Multicultural Landscape
10874:
9927:
9176:
7943:
Bridgham, Philip (1968). "Mao's Cultural Revolution in 1967: The Struggle to Seize Power".
7268:
6241:
6126:
5727:
5507:
ideology defined by the Party. The two main posters genres were the big-character poster (
5234:, with "revolution is no crime, to rebel is justified" written on a flag next to him, 1967.
5190:
4643:
3605:
samples, radioactive substances, poison gas, toxicants, and other dangerous substances. In
3346:
2733:
2680:
2409:
2094:
1888:
1883:
1665:
1642:
1543:
1495:
1442:
1437:
1406:
1295:
1158:
849:
781:
15025:
13262:
13028:
12803:
Revolution and counterrevolution : China's continuing class struggle since liberation
10156:[Fiftieth anniversary of the Cultural Revolution: It must be opposed once again].
9731:
9329:
8385:
Biography of a Chairman Mao Badge: The Creation and Mass Consumption of a Personality Cult
8057:
5458:
who was killed in 1967. Revolution-themed songs instead were promoted, and songs such as "
5397:
Only a few writers who gained permission or requalification under the new system, such as
2633:
936:
8:
18586:
18305:
18040:
17926:
17870:
17840:
17805:
17695:
17454:
17327:
17214:
17192:
17165:
16725:
16353:
16313:
16215:
15763:
15683:
14166:
13883:
Harold Munthe-Kaas; Pat Healy (23 August 1967). "Britain's Tough Diplomatist in Peking".
13598:
12747:. Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
10325:
10161:
9695:
9294:
8432:
6990:
6119:
6025:
5973:
5426:
5315:
5000:
4173:
3952:
3876:
3726:
3722:
3598:
3361:
the takeovers were unsuccessful. Violent clashes occurred in virtually all major cities.
3234:
PLA officers and soldiers reading books for the "Three Supports and Two Militaries", 1968
2628:
2305:
2270:
1992:
1965:
1918:
1903:
1739:
1717:
1712:
1670:
1600:
1318:
1028:
948:
943:
869:
11304:
10485:
The Killing Wind: A Chinese County's Descent Into Madness During the Cultural Revolution
9161:
7390:
7291:
5454:, which had already banned following the communist takeover, were persecuted, including
5164:
had been persecuted. More than 310 were disabled, over 40 committed suicide, and 5 were
4472:
of the overall death toll due to the Cultural Revolution usually include the following:
2213:, and many were persecuted. The country's schools and universities were closed, and the
1680:
18399:
18323:
18317:
17875:
17845:
17830:
17707:
17412:
17365:
17244:
17202:
17150:
16924:
16844:
16819:
16720:
16618:
16529:
16504:
16343:
16097:
15850:
15830:
15768:
15638:
15351:
15098:
14943:
14885:
14857:. Contemporary chines studies series. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
14681:
14673:
14421:
14413:
14212:
14196:
14145:
13975:
13952:
13825:
13731:
13681:
13673:
13625:
13569:
12915:
12384:
Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class
12326:
12294:
11946:
11938:
11893:
11336:
11307:
Anti-Drug Crusades in Twentieth-Century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building
11279:
11157:
11149:
11024:
10757:
10432:
Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building
10088:
10080:
10004:
9802:
9626:
9618:
9571:
9264:
9030:
9022:
8978:
8824:
8784:
8776:
8586:
7976:
7968:
7925:
7897:
7788:
7748:
7625:
7597:
7424:
7023:
7015:
6967:
6380:
6245:
6115:
5858:
5829:
5794:
5664:
5380:
5165:
5122:
4812:
4287:'s Special Unit 8341 had all members of the Gang of Four arrested in a bloodless coup.
4172:
At the time, Jiang and associates held effective control of mass media and the party's
3767:. Badges and wall posters featuring the mangoes and Mao were produced in the millions.
3675:
2719:
2676:
2494:
2487:
2346:
2322:
2210:
2090:
1987:
1923:
1873:
1831:
1801:
1789:
1727:
1702:
1690:
1675:
1660:
1615:
1505:
1490:
1344:
1339:
1313:
844:
816:
680:
672:
410:
402:
15753:
14578:
10390:[Collective killings in the Cultural Revolution: a study of three provinces].
8534:
Made In China: What Western Managers Can Learn from Trailblazing Chinese Entrepreneurs
6062:
was suspended for one month in response to its advocacy of a new Cultural Revolution.
699:
637:
429:
353:
18453:
18181:
18083:
17956:
17800:
17750:
17745:
17442:
17145:
17009:
16638:
16519:
16379:
16323:
15933:
15913:
15835:
15666:
15562:
15538:
15509:
15447:
15390:
15337:
15313:
15289:
15275:
15261:
15245:
15214:
15186:
15162:
15133:
15075:
14985:
14960:
14915:
14893:
14858:
14832:
14772:
14728:
14718:
14685:
14629:
14619:
14473:
14446:
14425:
14405:
14358:
14262:
14216:
14204:
14186:
14149:
14137:
14069:
14059:
13890:
13829:
13782:
13721:
13685:
13663:
13629:
13617:
13559:
13497:
13469:
13442:
13404:
13372:
13342:
13300:
13296:
Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China: Posters of the Cultural Revolution
13266:
13221:
13182:
13143:
13104:
13079:
13069:
12995:
12965:
12955:
12923:
12905:
12859:
12849:
12817:
12807:
12773:
12748:
12628:
12618:
12590:
12545:
12450:
12423:
12387:
12197:
12167:
12142:
12132:
12086:
12048:
12014:
12004:
11950:
11930:
11897:
11885:
11846:
11772:
11733:
11694:
11655:
11616:
11577:
11550:
11508:
11466:
11427:
11362:
11328:
11271:
11232:
11228:
11192:
11161:
11112:
11028:
11016:
10893:
10832:
10798:
10762:
10712:
10687:
10550:
10489:
10436:
10363:
10329:
10232:
10072:
10008:
9892:
9882:
9841:
9831:
9753:
9700:
9630:
9610:
9566:
9495:
9290:
9256:
9184:
9137:
9100:
9058:
9034:
8917:
8890:
8863:
8788:
8768:
8717:
8680:
8606:
8565:
8538:
8469:
8389:
8345:
8297:
8269:
8259:
8230:
8220:
8191:
8181:
8152:
8142:
8106:
8096:
8014:
8004:
7980:
7960:
7929:
7917:
7871:
7827:
7792:
7752:
7740:
7692:
7661:
7629:
7617:
7545:
7363:
7323:
7207:
7167:
7130:
7071:
7061:
7027:
7007:
6971:
6959:
6949:
6901:
6680:
6395:
6261:
6185:
5941:
5865:
5851:
overseas, the CCP launched various propaganda campaigns for Mao, such as sending the
5590:
5538:
5487:
4579:
4469:
4236:
4218:
3977:
3593:, were seized during conflicts, but not directly used. Citizens wrote letters to the
3511:
was destroyed in a battle involving tanks, mobile artillery, and anti-aircraft guns.
3508:
3303:
2900:
2895:
2729:
2701:
2670:
2536:
2520:
2390:
2380:
2301:
2297:
2166:
2151:
1975:
1945:
1913:
1853:
1685:
1580:
1570:
1500:
1475:
1349:
1060:
1053:
723:
600:
592:
453:
316:
308:
16859:
14116:""Liberating the Small Devils": Red Guard Newspapers and Radical Publics, 1966–1968"
13594:""Liberating the Small Devils": Red Guard Newspapers and Radical Publics, 1966–1968"
12096:
10092:
8976:[Jiang Qing at Mao's funeral: black veil on her head, expressionless face].
4179:
Much like the post-Great Leap restructuring led by Liu Shaoqi, Deng streamlined the
2824:
Mao waves to the crowd on the banks of the Yangtze before his swim across, July 1966
2814:
was widely recognized as targeting Liu, the purported "bourgeois" party headquarters
2433:
2427:. In 1963, CCP began to denounce the USSR, publishing nine polemics. One was titled
1548:
18471:
18387:
18367:
18187:
17850:
17775:
17602:
17508:
17496:
17437:
16985:
16939:
16633:
16628:
16298:
16283:
16263:
16236:
16019:
15999:
15981:
15210:
14929:
14795:
14752:
Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil
14665:
14442:
Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party
14397:
14178:
14127:
13817:
13713:
13655:
13607:
13551:
12897:
12582:
12262:
11922:
11877:
11320:
11263:
11224:
11184:
11141:
11008:
10653:
10064:
9996:
9872:
9748:
9743:
9602:
9506:
At least one million died, though some estimates of deaths go as high as 20 million
9248:
9129:
9092:
9014:
8760:
8629:
8598:
7994:
7952:
7909:
7730:
7609:
7537:
6999:
6941:
6323:
6309:
6055:
6044:
5660:
5430:
5422:
5213:
4993:
4966:
4913:
4803:
4799:
4764:
4748:
4729:
4682:
4622:
4618:
4497:
4442:
4385:" and abandon ideological dogma. The Plenum officially marked the beginning of the
4244:
number of slogans left at Tiananmen even attacked Mao and his Cultural Revolution.
4141:
4140:" campaign began under Jiang's leadership. Its stated goals were to purge China of
3576:
3515:
3331:
3221:
3185:
3094:
3027:
2947:
2932:
2441:
2229:
2162:
2147:
1950:
1868:
1766:
1734:
1610:
1334:
1243:
1173:
523:
229:
194:
148:
15578:, translated by Howard Goldblatt. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988).
15140:
An oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution
15043:
A Year In Upper Felicity: Life in a Chinese Village During the Cultural Revolution
14540:(in Traditional Chinese). 中正文教基金會 (Chungcheng Cultural and Educational Foundation)
13909:"The Cultural Revolution: All you need to know about China's political convulsion"
12193:
Chinese Politics: Fall of Hua Kuo-Feng (1980) to the Twelfth Party Congress (1982)
10789:"The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion"
3960:, with evidence suggesting that Lin Liguo was directly responsible for the draft.
3494:
Some locations of armed conflict between rebel factions during the summer of 1967.
2645:
was called in Beijing. The conference was laden with Maoist political rhetoric on
63:. The caption reads, "The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the great school of
18507:
18429:
18335:
18259:
18253:
17986:
17920:
17785:
17780:
17666:
17520:
17249:
16789:
16756:
16695:
16690:
16581:
16544:
16539:
16456:
16446:
16399:
16026:
15974:
15659:
15404:
15125:
14934:
14907:
14766:
14467:
14440:
13913:
13821:
13735:
13255:
12742:
12161:
11866:
Larson, Wendy (October 1999). "Never This Wild: Sexing the Cultural Revolution".
11132:
Schoenhals, Michael (March 1996). "The Central Case Examination Group, 1966–79".
11079:
8849:
8815:
8291:
7481:
7356:
Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China
6416:
6174:
6161:
6130:
5965:
5957:
5885:
5852:
5684:
5675:
5615:
5610:. When it was released in 1974, CCP leadership in China interpreted the film as
5606:
5570:
5160:
As of September 1971, more than 4,000 staff members of China's nuclear center in
5060:
4752:
4702:
4654:
4555:
4329:
3988:
3695:
3602:
2398:
2238:
2218:
2082:
2058:
2012:
1940:
1893:
1809:
1722:
1223:
1088:
909:
578:
294:
10735:
Acting the Right Part: Political Theatre and Popular Drama in Contemporary China
7820:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)"
6573:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)"
3097:
were forced to participate in the destruction of their monasteries at gunpoint.
2146:
in their place. These committees often split into rival factions, precipitating
18175:
18064:
18052:
17865:
17644:
17617:
17375:
17091:
16959:
16909:
16899:
16854:
16514:
16441:
16411:
16389:
16308:
16268:
16076:
15893:
15460:
15063:
14255:
Developmental Piece: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding
11881:
9534:[How many really died in the Cultural Revolution?——After reading Su Yang's
9078:
9018:
8764:
6037:
employment and welfare policies. These sentiments also increased following the
6034:
5766:
5372:
4947:
4774:
4506:
4082:
3982:
3357:
3350:
3126:
2927:
2646:
2531:
2413:
1637:
1538:
1528:
1038:
953:
821:
720:
558:
450:
278:
166:
14401:
14208:
14132:
14115:
13612:
13593:
12927:
12821:
12695:
12018:
11969:"A tragedy pushed to the shadows: the truth about China's Cultural Revolution"
11421:
11213:
Wu, Jiaping (May 2014). "The Rise of Ethnicity under China's Market Reforms".
11188:
11145:
11012:
10068:
9896:
9845:
9606:
8273:
8234:
8195:
8156:
8110:
8018:
7956:
7075:
7003:
6963:
5125:" and were widely persecuted. Many were sent to rural labor camps such as the
3854:
Mao (left) and Lin (right) in 1967, riding in the back of a vehicle during an
3763:
Approximately half a million people greeted the replicas when they arrived in
3609:, rebels working in geological institutes developed and tested the first ever
3597:
residence of government leaders, warning of attacks on facilities that stored
18520:
18355:
18341:
18151:
17880:
17860:
17755:
17234:
17175:
16904:
16864:
16814:
16680:
16524:
16318:
16117:
16062:
15883:
15878:
15626:
14732:
14633:
14409:
14141:
14073:
13894:
13621:
13083:
12969:
12632:
12146:
12069:
11934:
11926:
11889:
11547:
Tibetan Independence Movement: Political, Religious and Gandhian Perspectives
11332:
11275:
11267:
11236:
11196:
11020:
10836:
10802:
10766:
10076:
9962:
9757:
9704:
9614:
9485:
9260:
9188:
9120:
Ferdinand, Pete (8 July 2016) . McCauley, Martin M.; Carter, Stephen (eds.).
8772:
8721:
8610:
7964:
7921:
7831:
7744:
7735:
7718:
7621:
7237:
7011:
6499:
6385:
6213:
5864:
Many Chinese ambassadors and consuls were recalled. Senior officials such as
5806:
5798:
5442:
5169:
5157:
in Beijing, 131 were persecuted. Among the members of the academy, 229 died.
5153:. As of 1968, among the 171 senior members who worked at the headquarters of
5150:
5130:
5003:, previously only established in parts of Tibet, were established throughout
4959:
4786:
4782:
4674:
4346:
4305:
4272:
3892:
3260:
3189:
3062:
2936:
2750:
2550:
2542:
2504:
2445:
2370:
blaming bad weather for the decline in food output, took little or no action.
2194:
1632:
1565:
1228:
630:
346:
50:
15747:
15722:
14714:
Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history
14611:
Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history
14200:
13573:
12947:
Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history
12919:
12863:
12576:
11612:
Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine
10127:
10053:"The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact"
5626:
5256:
The remnants of a banner containing slogans from the Cultural Revolution in
5252:
5168:. During the CR, scientists tested the first missile, created China's first
4893:
alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were permanently disabled.
3750:
Subsequent articles also propagandized the mangoes, and another poem in the
2128:
throughout the country. A selection of Mao's sayings were compiled into the
17676:
17651:
17484:
17270:
16944:
16934:
16809:
16804:
16451:
16152:
16086:
16067:
15588:
15346:
15178:
14975:
13857:
13677:
13465:
Beijing Record: A Physical and Political History of Planning Modern Beijing
12801:
12586:
12349:
12189:
11973:
11868:
11768:
Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development, and Society in a Disputed Region
11729:
History As Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China
11354:
10793:
10256:
10197:
10029:
9876:
9825:
9531:
9158:"Basic Knowledge about the Communist Party of China: The Eleventh Congress"
9121:
9082:
8249:
8210:
8171:
8132:
8086:
7998:
7531:
7051:
6295:
6196:
6178:
6107:
5641:
5553:
5450:
5414:
5376:
5323:
5142:
5118:
4970:
4923:
4568:
4390:
4104:
4078:
4074:
4025:
3871:
3548:
3538:
3251:
3039:, the national police chief, often pardoned Red Guards for their "crimes".
2705:
on 1 June 1966, calling for the proletariat to "completely eradicate" the "
2386:
2362:
2155:
1365:
1213:
904:
689:
530:
419:
236:
174:
36:
List of cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions
14712:
14609:
14049:
12945:
12122:
10753:"Chaos of Cultural Revolution Echoes at a Lonely Cemetery, 50 Years Later"
9987:
Walder, Andrew G. (2014). "Rebellion and Repression in China, 1966–1971".
9133:
9096:
7541:
6945:
6636:
Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought
5578:("red treasure films"), analogous to how the Little Red Books were dubbed
4153:
the government, party, and military, then adding the additional titles of
17944:
17760:
17427:
16993:
16949:
16849:
16799:
16746:
16431:
16328:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16157:
16092:
16081:
15908:
15723:
Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)
15678:
15633:
15370:
15058:
14182:
14051:
The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
13555:
12901:
12839:
12354:"From Victory to Defeat – China's Socialist Road and Capitalist Reversal"
12124:
The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
11911:
Honig, Emily (2003). "Socialist Sex: The Cultural Revolution Revisited".
10862:
10540:
10355:
10025:
9527:
9237:"The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World"
7815:
7386:
7313:
6577:
6568:
6486:
6421:
6335:
6145:
5802:
5790:
5671:
5611:
5418:
5284:
5146:
5093:
5033:
4856:
4848:
4614:
4602:
4446:
4409:
4317:
4276:
4267:
Guofeng chaired the Funeral Committee and delivered the memorial speech.
4239:, a traditional day of mourning, thousands of people gathered around the
4213:
4201:
4086:
3937:
3594:
3342:
3307:
3299:
3288:
3256:
2650:
2516:
2471:
2233:
2198:
2105:
1960:
1238:
1153:
988:
836:
713:
443:
170:
17515:
14947:
13659:
12770:
Dealing with China : an insider unmasks the new economic superpower
11283:
10084:
10052:
10000:
9268:
9126:
Leadership and Succession in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China
8910:
8828:
8709:
7898:"Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State"
7598:"Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State"
4969:
areas of northeast China, language schools were destroyed. According to
3996:
According to the official narrative, on 13 September Lin Biao, his wife
3895:
in 1972, Mao hinted that Lin had opposed better relations with the U.S.
2374:
2007:
17815:
17810:
17449:
17170:
17140:
17098:
16954:
16914:
16884:
16879:
16794:
16784:
16779:
16497:
16369:
16162:
16147:
16127:
16071:
16052:
16047:
16042:
15969:
15645:
15571:
15533:
15528:
15477:
15456:
15437:
15425:
14791:
14677:
14234:
13100:
China on Film: A Century of Exploration, Confrontation, and Controversy
11942:
11340:
9405:"Beijing Revises 'Correct' Version of Party History Ahead of Centenary"
6461:
6170:
6166:
5848:
5722:
5715:
5545:
5384:
5134:
5101:
4989:
4985:
4744:
4737:
4706:
4450:
4365:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4090:
3701:
3648:
3610:
3523:
3519:
2959:
2911:
2891:
2801:
2725:
2588:
2556:
On 12 February 1966, the "Five Man Group" issued a report known as the
2530:
on the defensive. Peng, Wu Han's direct superior, was the head of the "
2512:
2190:
2125:
2117:
2078:
2066:
1982:
1575:
1414:
1128:
791:
609:
325:
162:
152:
124:
Economic activity impaired, historical and cultural material destroyed.
56:
15775:
15484:, translated by Chenxin Jiang (New York: New York Review Books, 2016).
15173:
Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution
14417:
14385:
13956:
13717:
11690:
Tibet's Last Stand?: The Tibetan Uprising of 2008 and China's Response
11153:
9622:
9236:
9026:
8780:
8748:
7972:
7160:
The Cultural Revolution and post-Mao reforms: a historical perspective
7019:
6413:
Destruction of Japanese cultural heritage during the Meiji restoration
5809:
by the 1970s, which cooled relations between the once allied nations.
5295:
4320:
and Wang Dongxing as new members of the Politburo Standing Committee.
4255:
3716:
A propaganda oil painting of Mao during the Cultural Revolution (1967)
2112:, and proclaimed that "to rebel is justified". Mass upheaval began in
18291:
18004:
17385:
16839:
16834:
16670:
16658:
16643:
16253:
16142:
16122:
16112:
16102:
15690:
15671:
15376:
15356:
15333:
15323:
15159:
The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village
13930:"Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution (Book Review)"
13885:
13853:
12615:
The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village
10210:文化大革命的非正常死亡人數只有大躍進的十分之一不到, 從農民觀點來看, 其錯誤之嚴重, 遠遠不如大躍進 ... 二千六百萬人慘死
9431:"The Chinese Communist Party is playing dangerous games with history"
9252:
8922:
7155:
6390:
6020:
5969:
5844:
5822:
5679:
5532:
5513:
5455:
5201:
5138:
4955:
4817:
4721:
3947:
3629:, tanks, armored vehicles and even warships were deployed in combat.
3626:
3618:
3606:
3530:
3500:
3481:
3465:
3401:
3052:
3036:
2706:
2592:
2581:
2527:
2429:
On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Historical Lessons for the World
2186:
1595:
1533:
1163:
651:
367:
15085:
14669:
13706:
Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War
12267:
11324:
10892:. A Lerner biography. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. p. 72.
10658:
9965:[The latest version of the Cultural Revolution death toll].
9461:"With whiffs of Cultural Revolution, Xi calls for struggle 50 times"
9177:"Hua Guofeng, Transitional Leader of China After Mao, Is Dead at 87"
8428:"How China came to worship the mango during the Cultural Revolution"
5995:, which have promoted economic growth and raised living standards."
18502:
18028:
17765:
17432:
17422:
17380:
16919:
16894:
16889:
16829:
16432:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
16137:
16057:
15742:
15554:
15197:
The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis
14756:
13339:
Chinese Posters: Art from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
12532:
12484:"China's 'lost generation' recall hardships of Cultural Revolution"
11608:
10980:
9881:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 143.
9636:
8602:
8003:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 172.
7913:
7654:
Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution
7613:
6229:
6111:
6005:
5833:
5368:
5337:
4951:
4864:
4793:
4280:
4204:
instead of a member of the Gang of Four or Deng to become Premier.
3555:
3449:
3433:
3090:
2969:
2791:
2757:
to restore some semblance of order and re-establish party control.
2746:
2611:
spring 1966 to summer 1968 (when most of the key events took place)
1627:
658:
544:
388:
250:
15152:
The Great Leap Backward: Forgetting and Representing the Mao Years
13435:
Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi
13369:
Painters and Politics in the People's Republic of China, 1949–1979
12075:
The Lessons of History: The Chinese people's Liberation Army at 75
9830:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 23.
8502:"The Mao Mango Cult of 1968 and the Rise of China's Working Class"
6673:
Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi
6165:
himself dropped his Marxist–Leninist mask, revealing its roots in
6019:
One of the student leaders of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests,
5310:
peasant paintings in rural China, for example, became one of the "
5176:
program. Significant achievements came in science and technology.
4144:
thinking and denounce Lin's actions as traitorous and regressive.
3666:
in September, and labelled the "headquarters of the bourgeoisie".
3558:, fighting during July and August 1967 killed six and wounded 68.
2120:
in 1966. Many young people, mainly students, responded by forming
16107:
15621:
15386:
10988:(in Chinese). Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center.
9536:
Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution
9334:
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
6009:
5984:
5398:
5360:
5345:
5305:, one of the Model Dramas promoted during the Cultural Revolution
5161:
5097:
5049:
4890:
4829:
4717:
4397:
3764:
3562:
3534:
3504:
3417:
3385:
3322:
3295:
3169:
3142:
3046:
2508:
2416:
and reneged on its pledge to supply China with a nuclear weapon.
2202:
2113:
1590:
1523:
696:
426:
15373:(Beijing: Chinese Literature / China Publications Centre, 1983).
14959:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
10259:[The nature of the Cultural Revolution: a great purge].
9235:
Legvold, Robert; Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2006).
4342:
3912:
succession would be institutionalized. The consensus within the
3294:
In Beijing, Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao targeted Vice-Premier
17825:
17407:
16824:
16604:
16487:
15944:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
15399:
15362:
15202:
13750:"When Pol Pot lounged by Mao's pool: how China exported Maoism"
11764:
10283:
Agence France Presse, Beijing, February 3, 1979; compiled into
10205:
10130:[Home report on the Cultural Revolution's death toll].
7108:] (in Simplified Chinese). Henan People's Publishing House.
6365:
5636:
5549:
5364:
4981:
4833:
4733:
4589:
4189:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
3997:
3622:
2214:
1585:
64:
17503:
12190:
James T. Myers; Jürgen Domes; Erik von Groeling, eds. (1995).
11298:
11296:
10321:
Ethics, Efficiency and Macroeconomics in China: From Mao to Xi
9593:
Pye, Lucian W. (1986). "Reassessing the Cultural Revolution".
6317:
5267:
Political slogans had three sources: Mao, Party media such as
5089:
4035:
3778:
3526:
factions, killing approximately 100 people and wounding 133.
2607:
The Cultural Revolution can be divided into two main periods:
2466:
728:
458:
18077:
17391:
15523:
Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
15518:
15408:, translated by Michael Berry (New York: Anchor Books, 2003).
14089:"Does a New Biography Tell the Whole Story on Deng Xiaoping?"
13292:
12806:(2nd ed.). Paris: Foreign languages press. p. 137.
5818:
5257:
4897:
4064:
3197:
3193:
2572:
discussion and aimed to distance Peng Zhen formally from any
2483:
2482:, the Cultural Revolution's precursor. Mao set the scene by "
2062:
1168:
704:
434:
96:
17561:
14825:
The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution
12538:
The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution
10623:"Interview: 'People Were Eaten by The Revolutionary Masses'"
9878:
Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution
9827:
Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution
8465:
Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution
8000:
Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution
6240:
guerrilla leader fighting an institutionalized bureaucracy.
6234:
The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution
5614:
and anti-Chinese. Viewing art through the principles of the
2142:
from local governments and party branches, establishing new
15525:, translated by Howard Goldblatt. (New York: Viking, 1995).
15242:
The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution
14692:
13882:
13468:. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. pp. 446–47.
12639:
11293:
10228:
China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
9491:
Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age
3082:
3057:
2972:
surrounded by rallying Red Guards in Beijing, December 1966
1622:
132:
Estimates vary from hundreds of thousands to millions (see
15754:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"
15733:
Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution
15491:, translated by Susan Wilf (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007).
15286:
The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics
14171:
Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise
13135:
12717:
11647:
11419:
11108:
China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party
9655:"Remembering the dark days of China's Cultural Revolution"
9576:粉碎"四人帮"之后,叶剑英在一次讲话中沉痛地说:"文化大革命"死了2000万人,整了1亿人,浪费了8000亿人民币。
8812:
8677:
The Culture of Power: Lin Biao and the Cultural Revolution
7391:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"
7292:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"
5212:
Many health personnel were deployed to the countryside as
3669:
3085:, and other historically significant tombs and artifacts.
2898:; (3) Students at No. 23 Middle School in Beijing reading
16573:
14288:
11997:
Red Memory: The Afterlives of China's Cultural Revolution
10300:
Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic
5765:
as well as communist ideologies to multiple countries in
5692:
as part of the struggle against moderate Party elements.
3898:
2996:
During the Red August of Beijing, on August 8, 1966, the
2209:. Intellectuals and scientists were considered to be the
677:
663:
407:
393:
379:
15482:
The Cowshed: Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
14981:
Prisoner of the State: the Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang
14855:
Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76
13494:
Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution
12045:
Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76
10571:"Chinese Red Guards Apologize, Reopening A Dark Chapter"
10546:
Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
7319:
Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
6256:
a mere power struggle to remove Mao's political rivals.
5472:
Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China
4147:
3662:
Liu was expelled from the CCP at the 12th Plenum of the
2440:
Other Soviet actions increased concerns about potential
2423:. In turn, the USSR criticized China's Balkan ally, the
2357:
Rural workers smelting iron during the nighttime in 1958
621:
337:
15743:
Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
15615:
15609:
Socialism Is Great!: A Worker's Memoir of the New China
15183:
The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong
13103:. Rowman & Littlefield Publisher. pp. 128–29.
11693:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 6.
11388:"Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman"
10306:
well have been higher. It is unlikely that it was less.
9175:
Bradsher, Keith; Wellman, William J. (20 August 2008).
9005:
Forster, Keith (1992). "China's Coup of October 1976".
8530:
6934:
Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China
5630:
Buddhist statues defaced during the Cultural Revolution
5589:
China rejected Hollywood films and most foreign films.
3551:
led the victorious faction, killed 18 and wounded 983.
2395:
denounced his predecessor Josef Stalin and his policies
18230:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
14469:
Old Hong Kong Photos and The Tales They Tell, Volume 3
14386:"Mao Zedong a Hundred Years On: The Legacy of a Ruler"
13648:
Agents of Disorder: Inside China's Cultural Revolution
12744:
Ethics and Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
11361:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 114–115.
10709:
Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China
9234:
7868:
Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution
7476:
7474:
5544:
Traditional themes were sidelined and artists such as
5104:
to order special protection for key technical experts.
4973:, "vents took a horrific turn in the frontier town of
4770:
Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China
18158:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
18011:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
15728:
Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977
15272:
Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics
14973:
14880:
14240:
12890:
Newborn Socialist Things: Materiality in Maoist China
11843:
China's Political System: Modernization and Tradition
11573:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama
10108:
10106:
10104:
10102:
9378:
11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
8557:
7684:
Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986-1999
6893:
6154:
Some Preliminary Ideas about the Cultural Revolution,
2375:
Impact of international tensions and anti-revisionism
597:
583:
563:
549:
535:
313:
299:
283:
269:
255:
241:
76:
16 May 1966 – 6 October 1976
27:
Period of sociopolitical turmoil in China (1966–1976)
11845:(3rd ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 289–91.
11216:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
10148:
10146:
10144:
9084:
The Chinese Debate about Soviet Socialism, 1978-1985
6285:
5706:
During the early period of the Cultural Revolution,
4323:
3696:
Mao's cult of personality and "mango fever" (August)
3162:
2953:
2493:
In late 1959, historian and deputy mayor of Beijing
2285:
2205:. Millions were persecuted for being members of the
15234:
edited by Anita Chan. (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1982).
15064:
Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution
10303:(2nd ed.). Free Press. pp. 371–372, 394.
9689:Strauss, Valerie; Southerl, Daniel (17 July 1994).
8558:MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2009).
7656:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis:
7471:
6894:MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006).
6262:
ideological rift between China and the Soviet Union
4256:
Death of Mao Zedong and the Gang of Four's downfall
642:
358:
15412:
15147:. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985).
15072:The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction
14521:. Vol. 4. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.
14296:
14284:"Chinese Reopen Debate Over Chairman Mao's Legacy"
13254:
12163:The Stinking Old Ninth: A Tale of The Coal Capital
11507:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 12–13.
11500:
11256:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
10099:
9348:
5870:Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China
5287:called the Cultural Revolution a "grave mistake".
4903:
3314:"—effectively silencing critics within the party.
2764:
16427:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
15585:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
15422:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
14892:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
13096:
12772:. New York: Grand Central Publishing. p. 4.
10418:(in Chinese). Hong Kong: 天地图书有限公司 (Cosmos Books).
10141:
8537:. Harvard Business School Press. pp. 17–18.
7525:
7523:
3992:, with his name (lower right) later scratched out
3522:gave orders allowing the PLA to fire on opposing
2595:. They accused Peng of opposing Mao, labeled the
665:mou4 caan2 gaai1 kap1 man4 faa3 daai6 gaak3 ming6
18518:
17068:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat
16510:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
15489:Confessions: An Innocent Life in Communist China
15052:Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution
14531:
14329:"At China's New Museum, History Toes Party Line"
14000:
13998:
13252:
13033:[Zhang Xiaofeng: My father and mother].
9057:. Washington (D.C.): The Brookings institution.
8337:
8293:Mao's Golden Mangoes and the Cultural Revolution
7712:
7710:
7708:
7122:Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution
7106:Great age of turmoil, a history of China 1949–89
6356:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
5408:The effect is similar in the film industry. The
5039:
4992:at the hands of the PLA in Yunnan, known as the
4794:Violent struggles, struggle sessions, and purges
4681:Massacres took place across China, including in
4610:Several sources have quoted a statement made by
2985:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
14874:Governing China: From Revolution Through Reform
14717:. Durham : Duke University Press. p. 117.
13336:
13064:. Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham:
11686:
10220:
10218:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9855:
9688:
9174:
8889:. Partridge Publishing Singapore. p. 490.
8468:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–22,
6640:Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos
5726:to publish newspapers, articles, speeches, and
5718:grew to an estimated number as high as 10,000.
5403:Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Art and Literature
3971:
2699:", an editorial published on the front page of
2228:In December 1978, Deng Xiaoping became the new
17909:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
17903:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
15739:of the subject available from the film's site.
13848:
13846:
13293:Harriet Evans; Stephanie Donald, eds. (1999).
12795:
12793:
12791:
12789:
11609:Kimberley Ens Manning; Felix Wemheuer (2011).
11040:
11038:
10857:
10855:
10853:
9982:
9980:
9806:(in Chinese). 3 September 2012. Archived from
8377:
8375:
8373:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8080:
8078:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7520:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
5352:. She did not resume writing until the 1980s.
4988:'s king was torched, and a massacre of Muslim
4453:, who had been labeled an "anti-party element"
4235:On 4 April 1976, on the eve of China's annual
3814:— Premier Zhou Enlai at the 9th Party Congress
3047:Destruction of the Four Olds (August–November)
2292:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
751:History of the People's Republic of China
18090:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
17897:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
17547:
16589:
15791:
15420:The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son
15185:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984).
13995:
13544:Cultural Revolution and Revolutionary Culture
13213:
13174:
12939:
12937:
12723:
12648:"The Sick Man of Asia. China's Health Crisis"
12185:
12183:
10737:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 30–31.
10679:
10534:
10532:
10381:
10379:
10350:
10348:
9649:
9647:
9560:Ling, Zhijun; Ma, Licheng (30 January 2011).
9522:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9514:
8344:. Harvard University Press. pp. 280–81.
8333:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8289:
8251:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
8212:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
8173:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
8134:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
8088:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
7987:
7705:
7053:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6039:US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
5448:During the Cultural Revolution, composers of
5180:most universities did not reopen until 1972.
4747:, Hunan, a total of 7,696 people were killed
4673:Quotations of Mao Zedong on a street wall of
4396:At the Fifth Plenum held in 1980, Peng Zhen,
3835:1968 because the CCRG held de facto control.
3145:were attacked during the Cultural Revolution.
3141:The remains of the 8th century Buddhist monk
2030:
1383:
497:
481:
199:
18212:Violence against Hindus in independent India
17343:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist
17276:National Democratic Front of the Philippines
15199:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014).
13520:. China Academic Journals Full-text Database
13487:
13485:
12991:A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature
12987:
12833:
12831:
12570:
12568:
12442:
11569:
10538:
10279:
10277:
10250:
10248:
10215:
10020:
10018:
9852:
9682:
9555:
9553:
8461:
8457:
8455:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8388:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 96–98.
8285:
8283:
7381:
7379:
7311:
6605:"Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project"
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
5172:and launched China's first satellite in the
4677:, one of the centers of the Guangxi Massacre
4641:
4360:Deng Xiaoping first proposed what he called
4159:Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
4117:(left) receiving Red Guards in Beijing with
4019:
3113:was attacked by Red Guards in November 1966.
2614:a tailing period that lasted until fall 1976
2393:took power in the USSR. In 1956, Khrushchev
2104:, Mao launched the Revolution and said that
34:. For revolutions in culture generally, see
18424:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
17939:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
17136:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
16230:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
15748:"William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution"
15232:A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution
15074:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
14876:(2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Campany.
14165:
14043:
14041:
14039:
14037:
14035:
14033:
14031:
14029:
14027:
13843:
13362:
13360:
13358:
13332:
13330:
13328:
13261:. University Press of Mississippi. p.
13136:Dingbo Wu; Patrick D. Murphy, eds. (1994).
12786:
12740:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12409:
12407:
12405:
12403:
11725:
11576:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. p. 345.
11035:
10992:
10850:
10746:
10744:
10449:
10208:: Linking Publishing Company. p. 817.
9977:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9942:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9494:. Princeton University Press. p. 198.
9055:China's second revolution: reform after Mao
8702:
8370:
8117:
8075:
7884:
7283:
7267:(in Chinese). 19 April 2006. Archived from
7034:
6983:
6981:
6498:This position, effectively China's de jure
5981:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
5890:
5721:Independent political groups could publish
5502:Posters from the Cultural Revolution period
5394:in an effort to rein in cultural politics.
5348:and her husband were sent to a tea farm in
3779:Down to the Countryside Movement (December)
2808:, over the work-teams issue. Mao's polemic
2697:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
2310:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
1004:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
797:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
17554:
17540:
17293:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
16596:
16582:
15798:
15784:
14914:(2nd ed.). New York, London: Norton.
14871:
14764:
14647:
14645:
14643:
14558:
13491:
13299:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–5.
12934:
12700:Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution
12449:. Information Age Publishing. p. 55.
12180:
11765:Barry Sautman; June Teufel Dreyer (2006).
11540:
11538:
11536:
11458:
11174:
11131:
11104:
11071:
10529:
10422:
10402:
10376:
10345:
10190:
9912:
9910:
9908:
9906:
9644:
9511:
9048:
9046:
9044:
8322:
6702:
5084:
4379:Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
2686:
2564:as sanctioned by the party center defined
2037:
2023:
1390:
1376:
18059:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
17026:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions
16976:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant
14928:
14559:Khrushchev, Nikita (1974). "Chapter 11".
14131:
13611:
13482:
12828:
12689:
12687:
12685:
12683:
12681:
12679:
12677:
12565:
12481:
11496:
11494:
10890:Deng Xiaoping: leader in a changing China
10615:
10563:
10317:
10274:
10245:
10015:
9747:
9550:
9119:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8838:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8452:
8414:
8280:
7734:
7564:
7558:
7376:
7305:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
6530:
6351:History of the People's Republic of China
6101:
4758:
4594:10,385,000, a range he deemed plausible.
4408:. In September, Hua Guofeng resigned and
4368:to power. Hu published an article in the
3211:
2745:respond. After seeking Mao's guidance in
2073:in 1976. Its stated goal was to preserve
18562:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
17298:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)
16535:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
15336:(New York: Knopf / Random House, 2001).
15329:Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress
15161:(New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008).
15094:"China's Cultural Revolution, Explained"
14954:
14765:Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgen (2006).
14698:
14561:Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament
14320:
14313:
14311:
14024:
13492:Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgen (2010).
13461:
13433:Sorace, Christian (2019). "Aesthetics".
13390:
13388:
13355:
13337:Cushing, Lincoln; Tompkins, Ann (2007).
13325:
12983:
12981:
12979:
12729:
12581:. University of British Columbia Press.
12574:
12400:
12377:
12375:
12373:
12298:(in Chinese). 2 May 2012. Archived from
12047:. University of British Columbia Press.
12038:
12036:
12034:
12032:
11994:
11966:
11732:. Oxford University Press. p. 142.
10825:"China's Cultural Revolution, Explained"
10786:
10741:
10588:
10050:
9939:
9581:
9369:
9322:
7942:
7865:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7716:
6978:
6931:
6670:
6332:Burning of books and burying of scholars
6212:however, Harvard University sociologist
5900:
5737:
5625:
5497:
5464:Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman
5294:
5251:
5223:
5107:
5088:
5048:
5022:
4929:
4917:
4811:
4668:
4436:
4341:
4109:
3981:
3902:
3849:
3741:
3711:
3642:
3316:
3277:of Red Guards marching in Shanghai, 1967
3269:
3229:
3056:
3017:
2963:
2926:
2890:making big-character posters denouncing
2819:
2690:
2641:In May 1966, an expanded session of the
2632:
2465:
2352:
18023:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
17338:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
17333:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement
15805:
15506:My Chinese Dream: From Red Guard to CEO
15434:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991).
15299:
15213:. (London: Chatto & Windus, 2002).
14771:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
14640:
14326:
14113:
13699:
13697:
13695:
13641:
13639:
13591:
13587:
13585:
13583:
13496:. Kegan Paul International, Routledge.
13366:
13217:Historical Dictionary of Chinese Cinema
13026:
12994:. Translated by Michael M. Day. Brill.
12887:
12883:
12881:
12879:
12877:
12875:
12873:
12841:The transformation of Chinese socialism
12767:
12527:
12525:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12511:
12509:
11834:
11815:. Memorial University of Newfoundland.
11533:
10942:
10940:
10887:
10750:
10296:
10231:. Transaction Publishers. p. 263.
9903:
9532:"文革中到底"非正常死亡"了多少人?——读苏扬的《文革中中国农村的集体屠杀》"
9052:
9041:
9004:
8882:
8746:
8381:
7651:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7533:The Spread of Tibetan Buddhism in China
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7112:
6440:Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union
5998:
5897:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
5219:
4217:published an article calling Zhou "the
3986:Graffiti of Lin Biao's foreword to the
3670:Mao meets with Red Guard leaders (July)
2846:full scale, Mao went on the offensive.
2333:The Great Leap Forward, similar to the
812:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
509:"Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution"
14:
18519:
17969:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
17271:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path
15274:(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980).
15244:(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977).
15207:The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices
14974:Zhao, Ziyang; Bao, Pu; Chiang, Renee;
14906:
14651:
14572:
14570:
14465:
14438:
14383:
14161:
14159:
14086:
13946:
13927:
13645:
13537:
13535:
13432:
13428:
13426:
13424:
13422:
13420:
13397:Material Contradictions in Mao's China
13027:Zhang 张, Xiaofeng 晓风 (12 March 2008).
12674:
12608:
12606:
12413:
12196:. University of South Carolina Press.
12067:
11865:
11840:
11822:from the original on 23 September 2013
11544:
11491:
11462:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
11385:
11353:
11253:
10974:
10972:
10673:
10224:
9986:
9871:
9823:
9559:
9484:
9077:
8848:
8835:
8795:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8652:
7993:
7895:
7810:
7808:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7680:
7595:
7417:
7407:from the original on 23 December 2018.
7206:. University of South Carolina Press.
7082:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6435:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
6346:History of the Chinese Communist Party
6084:
5690:Anti-Lin Biao, Anti-Confucius Campaign
5511:) and "commercial" propaganda poster (
5290:
5029:Sent-down youth § Sexual violence
4736:around the town of Shadian, targeting
4299:
4194:
3899:Restoration of State Chairman position
3575:Military control was imposed over the
3570:Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
3218:Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)
2497:published a historical drama entitled
679:
599:
409:
315:
18218:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
17535:
17044:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
16577:
15779:
15604:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
15576:Six Chapters from My Life "Downunder"
15472:The Little Red Guard: A Family Memoir
15091:
14831:(1st ed.). London: Pluto Press.
14812:Cultural Revolution? What Revolution?
14785:
14658:Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
14511:
14492:
14308:
14302:
14012:from the original on 13 December 2012
13852:
13774:
13541:
13385:
13059:
13020:
12976:
12799:
12741:Dittmer, Lowell; Chen, Ruoxi (1981).
12662:from the original on 13 November 2014
12645:
12494:from the original on 29 November 2014
12370:
12348:
12159:
12029:
11910:
11648:John Powers; David Templeman (2007).
11420:John Powers; David Templeman (2007).
11053:Hu Yaobang Historical Information Net
10998:
10822:
10726:
10706:
10508:
10360:文革大屠杀 (Cultural Revolution Massacres)
10287:-Chi 79.25 (February 5, 1979), p. E2.
9819:
9817:
8929:from the original on 14 December 2004
8637:from the original on 25 February 2024
8482:from the original on 28 February 2019
8440:from the original on 20 November 2015
8425:
8402:from the original on 28 February 2019
8358:from the original on 28 February 2019
8310:from the original on 28 February 2019
8247:
8208:
8169:
8130:
8084:
7850:
7529:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7049:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6376:Mass killings under communist regimes
6065:
5879:
5712:China's National Bureau of Statistics
4262:Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong
4224:
4148:Deng Xiaoping's rehabilitation (1975)
3891:Union. During his later meeting with
2316:
2236:. Deng and his allies introduced the
2217:were cancelled. Over 10 million
2215:National College Entrance Examination
2138:. In 1967, emboldened radicals began
2055:Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
730:Ù-sāng-găi-ngék ùng-huá dâi gáik-mêng
59:, above a group of soldiers from the
17460:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang
17318:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun
15616:Films set in the Cultural Revolution
15551:(New York: Arcade Publishing, 2012).
15508:(San Francisco: China Books, 2012).
15431:Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China
14852:
14710:
14607:
14339:from the original on 14 October 2011
14252:
14246:
14095:from the original on 22 October 2011
13801:
13692:
13646:Walder, Andrew G. (8 October 2019).
13636:
13580:
13542:Russo, Alessandro (28 August 2020).
13439:Australian National University Press
13041:from the original on 19 October 2017
12943:
12870:
12506:
12381:
12366:from the original on 10 August 2020.
12042:
11803:
11302:
11077:
10937:
10912:
10861:
10732:
10640:
10428:
10408:
10385:
10354:
10196:
10125:
10051:Walder, Andrew G.; Su, Yang (2003).
10024:
9729:
9526:
9428:
8512:from the original on 5 November 2019
7896:Walder, Andrew G. (1 January 2016).
7824:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
7814:
7636:
7596:Walder, Andrew G. (1 January 2016).
7385:
7336:
7289:
7154:
7143:
7099:
6987:
6677:Australian National University Press
6585:from the original on 14 January 2024
6567:
6144:, Communist leader and Chinese ally
5733:
4816:The Cultural Revolution Cemetery in
4538:Anti-May Sixteenth Elements Campaign
3793:
2904:during the "Resume Classes" campaign
2385:In the early 1950s, the PRC and the
1279:2020 Hong Kong national security law
972:Campaign against spiritual pollution
551:ㄨˊ ㄔㄢˇ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄐㄧˊ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ
32:Cultural Revolution (disambiguation)
18362:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
18312:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
18224:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
18017:Christianization of the Sámi people
17323:Serve the People – Communist League
14821:
14576:
14567:
14532:Chiang, Kai-Shek (9 October 1966).
14281:
14156:
14080:
13532:
13417:
13139:Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture
12837:
12612:
12603:
12531:
11967:Branigan, Tania (19 January 2023).
11303:Fung, Edmund S. K. (January 2001).
11168:
10969:
10925:from the original on 16 August 2017
10680:Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005).
10509:Jiang, Fangzhou (9 November 2012).
10481:
10267:from the original on 8 April 2022.
10254:
9960:
9916:
9592:
8674:
8649:
8584:
7805:
7759:
7681:Mendes, Carmen Amado (1 May 2013).
7450:
7432:from the original on 6 October 2016
7418:Melvin, Shelia (7 September 2011).
7118:
6645:
6431:Cultural and Ideological Revolution
6150:Cultural and Ideological Revolution
6127:pro-Communist, anti-colonial strike
5621:
5600:In 1972, Chinese officials invited
5597:developed mass audiences in China.
5410:Four Hundred Films to be Criticized
5073:The revolution aimed to eliminate "
4554:The 1.728 million were counted as "
4353:in 1978. He started the process of
3845:
3267:. Mao then expressed his approval.
3246:Spurred by the events in Beijing, "
3226:Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)
2829:days later a rally was held at the
2474:solidified the PLA's loyalty to Mao
2404:Mao believed that Khrushchev was a
2335:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
2169:, as well as massacres in Beijing,
994:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
706:Bû-sán-kai-kip bûn-hòa tōa kek-bēng
644:Vû-sán-kiê-kip vùn-fa thai-kiet-min
24:
17281:Communist Party of the Philippines
15929:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
15760:A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals
15718:History of The Cultural Revolution
15597:(Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1997).
15537:(New York: Pantheon Books, 1994).
15474:(New York: Riverhead Books, 2012).
15119:
15000:
14466:Bellis, David (16 December 2019).
14439:Austin, Curtis J. (1 March 2008).
14359:"China media: Mao Zedong's legacy"
14047:
13703:
13394:
13371:. University of California Press.
13234:from the original on 30 April 2016
13156:from the original on 29 April 2016
12693:
12617:. New York: Monthly Review Press.
12210:from the original on 28 April 2016
12120:
11746:from the original on 24 April 2016
11401:from the original on 9 August 2014
11212:
10711:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
10040:from the original on 22 June 2022.
9973:from the original on 29 June 2022.
9919:"政治運動中的集體暴力:「非正常死亡」再回顧(1966–1976)"
9814:
9546:from the original on 24 June 2022.
9441:from the original on 22 April 2021
9429:Cole, J. Michael (22 April 2021).
8531:Donald N. Sull; Yong Wang (2005).
7838:from the original on 25 April 2019
7783:Xu, Youwei; Wang, Y. Yvon (2022).
7490:from the original on 27 April 2016
7353:
7201:
7180:
6914:
6708:
6633:
6502:, was renamed "President" in 1982.
6248:, paint the movement as neither a
6203:
6072:Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum
5044:
4138:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
4125:, with each holding a copy of the
3907:Liu Shaoqi on his deathbed in 1969
3179:
3176:accelerated after the conference.
2421:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
2100:In May 1966, with the help of the
1139:South–North Water Transfer Project
1066:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy
962:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign
802:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
25:
18638:
18206:Violence against Muslims in India
18200:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
18146:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
17303:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
15703:
15611:(New York: Atlas & Co, 2007).
15049:Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum,
14589:from the original on 28 July 2011
14579:"HK's Tsang apologises for gaffe"
14501:(3): 303–26 – via ProQuest.
13518:"《Archaeology》 Publishing report"
12575:Peterson, Glen (1 October 2007).
11785:from the original on 16 June 2016
11590:from the original on 17 June 2016
11521:from the original on 17 June 2016
11386:Khalid, Zainab (4 January 2011).
9730:Wang, Youqin (15 December 2007).
9208:
8949:"Memorial speech by Hua Kuo-Feng"
8728:from the original on 23 June 2016
8499:
5436:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
5274:Dittmer and Ruoxi claim that the
4749:from 13 August to 17 October 1967
4324:Repudiation and reform under Deng
4103:later pejoratively dubbed as the
3474:
3458:
3394:
3163:Central Work Conference (October)
2954:Red August and the Sixteen Points
2724:—wife of Mao loyalist Kang Sheng—
2602:
2286:Creation of the People's Republic
2256:) or "ten years of havoc" (十年浩劫;
1104:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1099:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
999:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
585:Wú-chǎn-jie-jí wún-huà dà-gé-mìng
115:Chinese Communist Party Politburo
88:(10 years and 143 days)
18612:Political controversies in China
18501:
17514:
17502:
17490:
17478:
17181:Down to the Countryside Movement
16558:
16557:
16493:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
16339:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
15869:Down to the Countryside Movement
15841:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
15359:(New York: HarperCollins, 2002).
15310:Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party
15260:(New York: Viking Press, 1977).
15067:(New York: HarperCollins, 1997).
14704:
14601:
14552:
14525:
14505:
14486:
14459:
14445:. University of Arkansas Press.
14432:
14377:
14351:
14275:
14223:
14107:
13979:. 26 August 2010. Archived from
13963:
13940:
13921:
13901:
13876:
13795:
13768:
13742:
13510:
13455:
13313:from the original on 3 June 2016
13286:
13246:
13207:
13195:from the original on 3 June 2016
13168:
13142:. Greenwood Press. p. 207.
13129:
13117:from the original on 14 May 2016
13090:
13053:
13008:from the original on 27 May 2016
12761:
12713:– via search.worldcat.org.
12475:
12436:
12342:
12314:
12282:
12255:
12249:
12222:
12153:
12114:
12061:
11988:
11960:
11904:
11859:
11806:"Religious Persecution in Tibet"
11797:
11758:
11719:
11680:
11641:
11629:from the original on 18 May 2016
11602:
11563:
11479:from the original on 22 May 2016
11452:
11440:from the original on 22 May 2016
11413:
11379:
11347:
11247:
11229:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01179.x
11206:
11125:
11098:
11044:
10915:"文革中的"清理阶级队伍"运动 – 三千万人被斗,五十万人死亡"
10906:
10881:
10816:
10780:
10700:
10502:
10475:
10311:
10290:
9667:from the original on 9 June 2018
9128:. New York: Routledge: 194–204.
8625:"China: the Cultural Revolution"
7322:. Scarecrow Press. p. xxi.
6505:
6316:
6302:
6288:
5079:Down to the Countryside Movement
4587:Rummel included his estimate of
4334:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
4063:
4054:
4043:
4034:
3785:Down to the Countryside Movement
3708:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
3473:
3457:
3442:
3441:
3426:
3425:
3409:
3393:
3377:
3370:
3150:
3134:
3118:
3102:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2790:
2781:
2526:Yao's article put Beijing mayor
2345:This section is an excerpt from
2329:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
2223:Down to the Countryside Movement
2148:armed clashes among the radicals
2006:
1421:
1359:
915:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
860:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
758:
49:
18552:1976 disestablishments in China
18478:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
18448:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
16223:Six Articles of Public Security
15413:Memoirs by Chinese participants
15224:
14761:2003. Retrieved August 21, 2011
13367:Andrews, Julia Frances (1995).
13220:. Scarecrow Press. p. 41.
12463:from the original on 5 May 2016
12235:Chinese University of Hong Kong
12228:
11707:from the original on 6 May 2016
11668:from the original on 6 May 2016
11177:Chinese Education & Society
10955:Chinese University of Hong Kong
10946:
10751:Buckley, Chris (4 April 2016).
10646:
10601:Chinese University of Hong Kong
10457:"China's Puzzling Islam Policy"
10172:
10124:A different version appears in:
10044:
9790:
9764:
9723:
9711:from the original on 9 May 2019
9478:
9453:
9422:
9397:
9309:
9275:
9228:
9202:
9168:
9150:
9113:
9071:
8998:
8966:
8941:
8912:1976.9.10 毛主席逝世–中共中央等告全国人民书(附图)
8903:
8876:
8740:
8693:
8617:
8578:
8551:
8524:
8493:
8426:Moore, Malcolm (7 March 2013).
8296:. University of Chicago Press.
8241:
8202:
8163:
8050:
8025:
7936:
7870:. University of Hawai'i Press.
7674:
7589:
7502:
7457:Chinese University of Hong Kong
7444:
7411:
7251:
7220:
6492:
4904:Repression of ethnic minorities
4412:, another Deng ally, was named
4241:Monument to the People's Heroes
3838:In early 1970, the nationwide "
3632:
3410:
3378:
3263:", and formed in its place the
3188:, rioting broke out during the
2894:; (2) Big-characters posted at
2660:dictatorship of the proletariat
2622:
2523:, as the honest civil servant.
1264:China International Import Expo
729:
705:
678:
664:
643:
622:
570:an-chieh-chi wen-hua ta-ko-ming
459:
435:
408:
394:
380:
359:
338:
133:
18466:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
18436:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
18170:Communist Romanian persecution
17350:International Communist League
17036:A Critique of Soviet Economics
17018:On the Ten Major Relationships
16462:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
16422:Central Case Examination Group
15904:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
15171:Jie Li and Enhua Zhang, eds.,
15130:China: Alive in the Bitter Sea
14984:. London: Simon and Schuster.
13401:University of Washington Press
13253:E. Taylor Atkins, ed. (2004).
13181:. Routledge. pp. 219–20.
12330:(in Chinese). 21 November 2013
12231:"文革中的中科院:131位科学家被打倒,229人遭迫害致死"
11995:Branigan, Tania (9 May 2023).
11651:Historical Dictionary of Tibet
11423:Historical Dictionary of Tibet
11084:Independent Chinese PEN Center
10978:
10594:
10255:Dai, Kaiyuan (18 April 2016).
9749:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2593
9639:(Daily News), 26 10 1981, p. 3
8749:"China's Coup of October 1976"
6627:
6597:
6479:
6401:Poor and lower-middle peasants
5763:exported communist revolutions
5493:
5245:
5240:
4869:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
4534:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
3931:
3840:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
3746:Poster featuring mangoes, 1968
3349:, in what became known as the
2361:sociopolitical results of the
2252:
2134:, which became revered within
2081:and traditional elements from
967:Sino-British Joint Declaration
598:
584:
564:
550:
536:
498:
482:
314:
300:
284:
270:
256:
242:
200:
13:
1:
18607:Political and cultural purges
18484:2024 Istanbul church shooting
18460:Christchurch mosque shootings
18248:Religious violence in Nigeria
18242:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
17308:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party
16472:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
16334:Learn from Daqing in industry
16209:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
15389:(New York: Tor Books, 2014).
15092:Ramzy, Austin (14 May 2016).
15084:Morning Sun, "Bibliography,"
14327:Johnson, Ian (3 April 2011).
13802:Path, Kosal (18 April 2011).
12482:Tracy You (25 October 2012).
12386:. Stanford University Press.
11771:. ME Sharp. pp. 238–47.
11465:. Routledge. pp. 96–97.
10823:Ramzy, Austin (14 May 2016).
10787:Phillips, Tom (11 May 2016).
9961:Jin, Zhong (7 October 2012).
9393:– via www.marxists.org.
9293:. 1 June 1989. Archived from
8679:. Stanford University Press.
7866:Jiaqi, Yan; Gao, Gao (1996).
7658:University of Minnesota Press
6936:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
6518:
6426:Socialist Republic of Romania
6114:insurgency in India, various
5708:freedom of the press in China
5329:The Legend of the Red Lantern
5040:Cultural impact and influence
4871:and the campaign towards the
4432:
4427:
3259:in what became known as the "
2500:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
2462:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
2280:
1259:China–United States trade war
932:China–United States relations
623:Vutshaeciacih venho du kehmin
18537:1966 establishments in China
18374:War crimes in the Kosovo War
18164:Communist Polish persecution
18035:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
17963:Crusades against schismatics
17104:Chinese Communist Revolution
16649:Continuous revolution theory
16289:Continuous Revolution Theory
16279:Cow demons and snake spirits
16202:Quotations from Chairman Mao
15846:Socialist Education Movement
15561:(New York: Pantheon, 2006).
15499:: Journal of a Young Chinese
15367:A Small Town Called Hibiscus
15031:Resources in other libraries
14872:Lieberthal, Kenneth (2003).
14818:. Retrieved on June 15, 2011
14810:Fong Tak-ho. May 19, 2006. "
14768:Zhou Enlai: A Political Life
14563:. Little, Brown and Company.
14282:Lim, Louisa (22 June 2011).
13934:History Faculty Publications
13822:10.1080/01446193.2010.512497
12290:"文革对中国核基地的损害:4000人被审查 40人自尽"
12266:(in Chinese). Archived from
11841:Dreyer, June Teufel (2000).
11654:. Grove Press. p. 170.
11105:Schoenhals, Michael (1996).
11055:(in Chinese). Archived from
10873:(in Chinese). Archived from
10657:(in Chinese). Archived from
10549:. Rowman & Littlefield.
10435:. Rowman & Littlefield.
10318:Leightner, Jonathan (2017).
9570:(in Chinese). Archived from
9376:"6th Plenary Session of the
8982:(in Chinese). Archived from
8585:Yan, Fei (5 February 2024).
8564:. Harvard University Press.
6932:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020).
6900:. Harvard University Press.
6523:
6450:Cultural Revolution in Libya
6341:Chinese Cultural Renaissance
6252:war over ideological purity
6135:Chinese Cultural Renaissance
6116:political movements in Nepal
6014:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
5931:criticism and self-criticism
5231:Selected Works of Mao Zedong
5075:cow demons and snake spirits
4984:Province, the palace of the
4875:were launched in the 1970s.
4664:
4548:CCP History Research Center
4445:in September 1967 targeting
4294:
4077:", clockwise from top-left:
3972:Lin's flight and plane crash
3545:Shanghai Diesel Engine Plant
2935:targeting Liu Shaoqi's wife
2480:Socialist Education Movement
2458:Socialist Education Movement
2451:
2263:
2244:reforms and opening of China
2232:, replacing Mao's successor
1274:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
865:Socialist Education Movement
55:Propaganda poster depicting
7:
18582:Man-made disasters in China
17418:National Democracy Movement
17220:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
17210:New People's Army rebellion
14912:The Search for Modern China
14853:King, Richard, ed. (2010).
14786:Ewing, Kent (5 June 2011).
12166:. Independently Published.
12083:Strategic Studies Institute
11501:Ronald D. Schwartz (1996).
11426:. Grove Press. p. 35.
11111:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
10488:. Oxford University Press.
10183:. Hong Kong. October 1996.
10126:Ding, Shu (15 March 2004).
8855:The Search for Modern China
7717:Tanigawa, Shinichi (2018).
7530:Smyer, Dan (1 March 2013).
7420:"China's reluctant Emperor"
7164:University of Chicago Press
6445:Cultural Revolution in Iran
6281:
5302:The Red Detachment of Women
5228:A Red Guard holding up the
5155:Chinese Academy of Sciences
4418:Central Military Commission
4163:Central Military Commission
4161:, and vice-chairman of the
3581:Anshan Iron and Steel Plant
3579:in March 1967 and over the
3509:Chaotianmen harbor district
3001:revolution in our country:"
2886:From left: (1) Students at
2728:, a philosophy lecturer at
2681:eight non-Communist parties
537:Wúchǎnjiējí wénhuà dàgémìng
395:man4 faa3 daai6 gaak3 ming6
215:"Great Cultural Revolution"
18:Chinese cultural revolution
10:
18643:
17198:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
17109:People's Republic of China
16624:Antagonistic contradiction
16603:
15600:Weili Ye and Xiaodong Ma,
15443:Life and Death in Shanghai
15005:
14955:Thurston, Anne F. (1988).
14788:"Mao's Army on the Attack"
14743:
14654:"Actually Existing Maoism"
14384:Schram, Stuart R. (1994).
13928:Curran, Thomas D. (2000).
13097:Paul G. Pickowicz (2013).
12888:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
12768:Paulson, Henry M. (2015).
12704:Greenwood Publishing Group
12001:W. W. Norton & Company
11882:10.1177/009770049902500402
11078:Ding, Shu (8 April 2016).
9824:Walder, Andrew G. (2019).
9562:""四人帮"被粉碎后的怪事:"文革"之风仍在继续吹"
9089:Princeton University Press
9019:10.1177/009770049201800302
8765:10.1177/009770049201800302
8248:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
8209:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
8170:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
8131:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
8085:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
8058:"Liu Shaoqi rehabilitated"
7689:Hong Kong University Press
7565:Jeni Hung (5 April 2003).
7050:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
6938:Cambridge University Press
6467:List of destroyed heritage
6361:List of massacres in China
6069:
5993:reform and the open policy
5894:
5883:
5752:Sino-Soviet border clashes
5699:
5569:Mobile film units brought
5316:revolutionary model operas
5096:, one of China's foremost
5026:
4944:ethnic minorities in China
4907:
4797:
4621:and 115,500 deaths due to
4327:
4259:
4228:
4155:PLA General Chief of Staff
4023:
3975:
3935:
3856:International Workers' Day
3782:
3705:
3699:
3636:
3591:weapon of mass destruction
3306:, as well as Vice-Premier
3284:"Revolutionary committees"
3215:
3050:
2987:." The passage continues:
2957:
2626:
2515:and Shanghai propagandist
2478:In 1963, Mao launched the
2455:
2425:Party of Labour of Albania
2378:
2344:
2326:
2320:
2289:
2275:Soviet cultural revolution
2089:, in the aftermath of the
2065:(PRC). It was launched by
2063:People's Republic of China
29:
18577:Cultural history of China
18567:Cold War history of China
18498:
18406:South Thailand insurgency
18382:Walisongo school massacre
18350:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
17999:Expulsion of the Moriscos
17975:European wars of religion
17889:
17733:
17573:
17473:
17403:Mao's cult of personality
17358:
17345:Parties and Organizations
17258:
17240:Internal conflict in Peru
17079:
16968:
16772:
16734:
16611:
16553:
16480:
16417:Cultural Revolution Group
16362:
16246:
16186:
16035:
15962:
15874:Cleansing the Class Ranks
15861:
15813:
15713:. The Cultural Revolution
15594:A Leaf in the Bitter Wind
15446:(New York: Grove, 1987).
15132:(New York: Crown, 1990).
15026:Resources in your library
14711:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010).
14608:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010).
14402:10.1017/S0305741000034068
14259:Columbia University Press
14133:10.1017/S0305741021000424
14114:Volland, Nicolai (2021).
13775:Laura, Southgate (2019).
13710:Columbia University Press
13613:10.1017/S0305741021000424
13592:Volland, Nicolai (2021).
12944:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010).
12724:Chang & Halliday 2005
12694:Chen, G.; Ma, R. (eds.).
11615:. UBC Press. p. 23.
11189:10.2753/CED1061-193234027
11146:10.1017/S0305741000044143
11013:10.1080/03068370701349128
10888:Stewart, Whitney (2001).
10297:Meisner, Maurice (1986).
10120:. Hong Kong. August 1999.
10069:10.1017/S0009443903000068
9798:"75·8板桥水库溃坝 20世纪最大人类技术灾难"
9607:10.1017/S0305741000037085
9383:Resolution on CPC History
8382:Schrift, Melissa (2001).
8338:Andrew G. Walder (2015).
7957:10.1017/S0305741000014417
7360:Columbia University Press
7233:Marxists Internet Archive
7127:Stanford University Press
7004:10.1017/S0305741000049158
6511:Some claim 1.877 million.
6194:Hong Kong Chief Executive
5936:The official view in the
5843:With the help of Chinese
5744:Embassy of China, Jakarta
5182:University entrance exams
5005:Tibetan Autonomous Region
4926:during a struggle session
4808:Cleansing the Class Ranks
4559:
4530:Cleansing the Class Ranks
4512:CCP Propaganda Department
4351:paramount leader of China
4020:1972–76: The Gang of Four
3647:A rally in opposition to
3639:Cleansing the Class Ranks
3265:Shanghai People's Commune
2998:party's General Committee
2888:Beijing Normal University
2804:(right), then serving as
2503:. In the play, an honest
2397:, and began implementing
2247:
2230:paramount leader of China
2221:were relocated under the
2102:Cultural Revolution Group
2069:in 1966 and lasted until
1254:Xinjiang internment camps
1229:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou
1079:China Western Development
1071:Persecution of Falun Gong
740:
719:
712:
695:
688:
671:
657:
650:
636:
629:
615:
608:
591:
577:
557:
543:
529:
522:
517:
513:
505:
491:
475:
470:
449:
442:
425:
418:
401:
387:
381:Màhn-faa daaih-gaak-mihng
373:
366:
352:
345:
331:
324:
307:
293:
277:
263:
249:
235:
228:
223:
219:
211:
201:
193:
189:
184:
158:
140:
128:
120:
110:
102:
92:
72:
48:
18557:20th-century revolutions
17796:Extrajudicial punishment
17313:Communist Party of Burma
17230:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
17225:Death and funeral of Mao
17060:Bombard the Headquarters
17052:Historic Eight Documents
16676:Newborn socialist things
16467:May Seventh Cadre School
16259:Newborn socialist things
16195:Bombard the Headquarters
16005:Shaoyang County Massacre
15939:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
15467:(New York: Knopf, 1983).
15312:(New York: Holt, 2007).
15288:(New York: Holt, 1985).
14169:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).
14056:Harvard University Press
13971:"沉重的外交笑话:外国大使需挥舞《毛主席语录》"
13754:South China Morning Post
13652:Harvard University Press
13214:Tan Ye; Yun Zhu (2012).
13029:
12646:Huang, Yanzhong (2011).
12420:Cornell University Press
12414:Minami, Kazushi (2024).
12129:Harvard University Press
11927:10.1177/0097700402250735
11687:Warren W. Smith (2009).
11359:Maoism: A Global History
11268:10.1163/138548707X247392
11047:
10981:
10949:
10919:China News Digest (华夏文摘)
9660:South China Morning Post
9211:"History for the Masses"
8911:
7736:10.1177/0097700417714159
7264:
7259:
7101:
6613:University of Pittsburgh
6472:
6079:National Museum of China
5946:Second Sino-Japanese War
5891:Communist Party opinions
5769:, supporting parties in
5695:
5249:) affected many views.
5174:Two Bombs, One Satellite
5127:May Seventh Cadre School
4460:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
3723:Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada
2917:Bombard the Headquarters
2831:Great Hall of the People
2811:Bombard the Headquarters
2800:In 1966, Mao broke with
2766:Bombard the Headquarters
2144:revolutionary committees
2110:bombard the headquarters
2087:his political sidelining
2053:, formally known as the
1234:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit
1209:Belt and Road Initiative
1204:Anti-corruption campaign
1044:One country, two systems
977:Bourgeois liberalization
855:Two Bombs, One Satellite
827:Hundred Flowers Campaign
493:Traditional Chinese
61:People's Liberation Army
18622:Vandalized works of art
18489:Crocus City Hall attack
18236:Persecution of Tibetans
17993:French Wars of Religion
17915:Yellow Turban Rebellion
17465:Thought reform in China
17398:Left communism in China
17266:Chinese Communist Party
17087:Chinese Soviet Republic
16752:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
16706:Revolutionary base area
16437:Revolutionary committee
15987:Inner Mongolia incident
15954:1976 Tiananmen Incident
15924:Black Painting incident
15889:February Countercurrent
15711:Encyclopædia Britannica
14652:Walder, Andrew (1987).
14577:BBC (13 October 2007).
14495:East European Quarterly
13178:Chinese National Cinema
13060:Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016).
12359:Foreign Languages Press
11395:SIT Digital Collections
10429:Zhou, Yongming (1999).
9053:Harding, Harry (1987).
8860:W.W. Norton and Company
8747:Forster, Keith (1992).
8699:Hannam and Lawrence 3–4
7567:"Children of Confucius"
6371:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
6173:, roving gang, and the
5832:broke into the British
5791:Khmer Rouge in Cambodia
5789:and in particular, the
5564:
5480:March of the Volunteers
5085:Academics and education
4958:and other books of the
4910:Inner Mongolia incident
4880:Inner Mongolia incident
4285:Central Security Bureau
4231:1976 Tiananmen incident
3953:Outline for Project 571
3926:Beijing Military Region
3321:Red Guards marching in
3312:February Countercurrent
3073:"revolutionary" names.
2944:Organization Department
2687:Mass rallies (May–June)
2637:The 16 May Notification
2367:Anti-Rightist Campaigns
2136:his cult of personality
2077:by purging remnants of
2059:sociopolitical movement
1470:By other characteristic
1154:Three Links with Taiwan
1149:2008 Sichuan earthquake
1124:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
1024:Shanghai Stock Exchange
477:Simplified Chinese
18442:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
18418:Maspero demonstrations
18266:Huế Phật Đản shootings
17188:New Communist movement
16407:May Sixteenth elements
15821:Anti-Rightist Campaign
15696:In the Heat of the Sun
15382:The Three-Body Problem
14253:Meng, Wenting (2024).
13175:Yingjin Zhang (2004).
12800:Ching, Pao-Yu (2021).
12613:Han, Dongping (2008).
12587:10.59962/9780774854535
12382:Joel, Andreas (2009).
12043:King, Richard (2010).
10733:Chen, Xiaomei (2002).
10683:Mao: The Unknown Story
10362:. Hong Kong: 开放杂志出版社.
10225:Rummel, R. J. (1991).
10164:. 2016. Archived from
9989:Social Science History
9917:Yan, Fei (June 2016).
8883:Slatyer, Will (2015).
8290:Alfreda Murck (2013).
7100:Wang, Nianyi (1989).
6279:
6200:were later retracted.
6102:Outside mainland China
5907:
5747:
5702:Media history of China
5631:
5602:Michelangelo Antonioni
5503:
5350:Lushan County, Sichuan
5306:
5260:
5235:
5121:were regarded as the "
5114:
5105:
5055:
4939:
4927:
4873:May Sixteenth elements
4821:
4759:Cannibalism in Guangxi
4678:
4642:
4454:
4416:. Hua remained on the
4357:
4338:Reforms and Opening Up
4314:11th National Congress
4129:
3993:
3908:
3859:
3811:
3747:
3740:
3717:
3693:
3651:
3587:Unconventional weapons
3518:, on August 28, 1967,
3326:
3278:
3235:
3212:1967: Seizure of power
3066:
3023:
3008:
2994:
2973:
2939:
2825:
2710:
2665:
2638:
2547:party's General Office
2475:
2358:
2300:to a close. Remaining
2242:program and initiated
2219:youth from urban areas
2165:that included acts of
1291:2020–2021 reform spree
1249:Persecution of Uyghurs
1179:West–East Gas Pipeline
1084:Hainan Island incident
925:Special economic zones
920:Reforms and Opening Up
832:Anti-Rightist Campaign
18412:Boko Haram insurgency
18071:Pontic Greek genocide
17981:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
17791:Extrajudicial killing
17563:Religious persecution
16925:Muppala Lakshmana Rao
16742:Maoism–Third Worldism
16711:Seek truth from facts
16442:8341 Special Regiment
16349:Five Black Categories
16015:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
15949:1976 Nanjing incident
15651:Farewell My Concubine
15497:The Revenge of Heaven
15465:Son of the Revolution
15306:Ying Chang Compestine
15150:Lingchei Letty Chen,
14890:Mao's Last Revolution
14882:MacFarquhar, Roderick
14616:Duke University Press
14534:"中華民國五十五年國慶日前夕告中共黨人書"
14512:Hoxha, Enver (1982).
14175:Yale University Press
13889:. London. p. 6.
13704:Li, Hongshan (2024).
13548:Duke University Press
13066:Duke University Press
12988:Zicheng Hong (2009).
12952:Duke University Press
12894:Duke University Press
12846:Duke University Press
12443:Ming Fang He (2000).
11570:Thomas Laird (2007).
11545:Ardley, Jane (2002).
10543:; Zhou, Yuan (2015).
10482:Tan, Hecheng (2017).
10116:"兩百萬人含恨而終─文革死亡人數統計".
9134:10.4324/9781315494890
9097:10.1515/9781400858590
8974:"毛泽东葬礼上的江青:头戴黑纱 面无表情"
8561:Mao's Last Revolution
8462:Daniel Leese (2011),
8256:Duke University Press
8217:Duke University Press
8178:Duke University Press
8139:Duke University Press
8093:Duke University Press
7652:Simpson, Tim (2023).
7542:10.4324/9780203803431
7398:University of Chicago
7316:; Zhou, Yuan (2006).
7299:University of Chicago
7290:Wang, Youqin (2001).
7102:大动乱的年代:1949–1989 年的中国
7058:Duke University Press
6946:10.1017/9781108784788
6897:Mao's Last Revolution
6274:
5904:
5793:(responsible for the
5754:, Mao stated that in
5741:
5728:big-character posters
5700:Further information:
5650:Religious persecution
5646:great Confucian purge
5629:
5501:
5460:Ode to the Motherland
5298:
5255:
5227:
5111:
5092:
5052:
5027:Further information:
5023:Rape and sexual abuse
5009:1959 Tibetan uprising
4936:Sampho Tsewang Rigzin
4933:
4921:
4887:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
4815:
4728:In 1975, the PLA led
4714:Five Black Categories
4672:
4486:Deaths (in millions)
4440:
4383:seek truth from facts
4377:On 18 December 1978,
4355:reform and opening up
4345:
4113:
3985:
3906:
3853:
3806:
3800:9th National Congress
3745:
3735:
3715:
3688:
3664:8th Central Committee
3646:
3320:
3273:
3233:
3111:cemetery of Confucius
3060:
3021:
3003:
2989:
2967:
2930:
2852:Red Guards in Beijing
2840:8th Central Committee
2823:
2694:
2655:
2636:
2578:Propaganda Department
2470:The purge of General
2469:
2356:
2207:Five Black Categories
2163:a massacre in Guangxi
1772:Bulgarian unification
1448:Counter-revolutionary
1144:Qinghai–Tibet railway
1049:Handover of Hong Kong
460:Ùng-huá dâi gáik-mêng
257:ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ
145:Cemetery of Confucius
18617:Revolutions in China
18394:September 11 attacks
18330:1984 anti-Sikh riots
18194:Rawalpindi massacres
18140:White Terror (Spain)
17951:Massacre at Ayyadieh
17836:Population cleansing
17509:Socialism portal
17497:Communism portal
17371:Big-character poster
17156:Black Power movement
17002:On Guerrilla Warfare
16686:One Divides into Two
16375:Conservative Faction
16304:One Divides into Two
16274:Big-character poster
15826:Great Chinese Famine
15559:Feather in the Storm
15300:Fictional treatments
15070:Richard Curt Kraus,
14930:Teiwes, Frederick C.
14183:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k
14167:Marquis, Christopher
14054:. Cambridge, Mass.:
14048:Wu, Yiching (2014).
13556:10.2307/j.ctv15kxg2d
13437:. Acton, Australia:
12902:10.2307/j.ctv1r4xd0g
12127:. Cambridge, Mass.:
12121:Wu, Yiching (2014).
11726:John Powers (2004).
11357:(3 September 2019).
10871:China in Perspective
10392:Modern China Studies
10326:Taylor & Francis
9928:Twenty-First Century
9283:"胡耀邦同志领导平反"六十一人案"追记"
9081:(31 December 1987).
8925:. 12 November 2000.
8633:. 14 December 2016.
7516:on 25 December 2005.
6675:. Acton, Australia:
6242:Roderick MacFarquhar
6045:Contemporary Maoists
5999:Alternative opinions
5220:Slogans and rhetoric
5191:vocational education
4934:Struggle session of
4644:Agence France Presse
4283:, on October 6, the
3547:, a battle in which
3491:class=notpageimage|
3248:power seizure groups
2734:big-character poster
2095:Great Chinese Famine
1544:Contentious politics
1415:Political revolution
1296:2022 Winter Olympics
1197:2012–present: Xi era
1159:2008 Summer Olympics
1094:Accession to the WTO
1034:Deng's southern tour
1017:1989–2002: Jiang era
850:Great Chinese Famine
807:First five-year plan
782:Land Reform Movement
436:Bûn-hoà tāi-kek-bēng
360:Vùn-fa thai-kiet-min
18627:Communist terrorism
18527:Cultural Revolution
18306:Bangladesh genocide
18286:Cultural Revolution
18278:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
18041:Circassian genocide
17927:Rhineland massacres
17841:Population transfer
17806:Forced displacement
17613:Jehovah's Witnesses
17521:Politics portal
17455:Red Star Over China
17328:Black Panther Party
17215:Sino-Albanian split
17193:Cambodian Civil War
17166:16 May Notification
17161:Cultural Revolution
16726:Three Worlds Theory
16654:Cultural Revolution
16354:Five Red Categories
16216:May 16 Notification
15919:10th Party Congress
15807:Cultural Revolution
15764:Nicholas D. Kristof
15320:. Young adult novel
15017:Cultural Revolution
14908:Spence, Jonathan D.
14886:Schoenhals, Michael
14848:on 3 November 2012.
14390:The China Quarterly
14120:The China Quarterly
13949:The China Quarterly
13856:(6 December 2014).
13660:10.2307/j.ctvnjbhrb
13599:The China Quarterly
13341:. Chronicle Books.
12561:on 3 November 2012.
11459:Adam Jones (2006).
11134:The China Quarterly
10661:on 24 November 2020
10057:The China Quarterly
10030:"广西文革绝密档案中的大屠杀和性暴力"
10001:10.1017/ssh.2015.23
9696:The Washington Post
9595:The China Quarterly
9530:(11 October 2011).
9330:"关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议"
8433:The Daily Telegraph
8095:. pp. 205–06.
7945:The China Quarterly
7483:Asiaweek, Volume 10
6991:The China Quarterly
6120:Black Panther Party
6085:Mao Zedong's legacy
6026:Almost a Revolution
5974:historical nihilism
5357:Ministry of Culture
5291:Arts and literature
4476:
4387:economic reform era
4300:Transitional period
4195:Death of Zhou Enlai
3727:Tsinghua University
3599:pathogenic bacteria
3356:The Gang of Four's
3125:This statue of the
3079:Temple of Confucius
2629:16 May Notification
2271:May Fourth Movement
2051:Cultural Revolution
2013:Politics portal
1029:Pudong New District
949:Sino-Vietnamese War
944:Four Modernizations
898:1976–1989: Deng era
885:Richard Nixon visit
875:Cultural Revolution
185:Cultural Revolution
45:
44:Cultural Revolution
18597:Massacres in China
18592:Maoist terminology
18542:1966 introductions
18400:2002 Gujarat riots
18324:Cambodian genocide
18318:Lebanese Civil War
18096:Soviet persecution
17933:Jerusalem massacre
17846:Sectarian violence
17831:Political violence
17413:National communism
17366:Anarchism in China
17245:Nepalese Civil War
17203:Naxalbari uprising
17151:Great Leap Forward
16875:İbrahim Kaypakkaya
16845:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
16820:Charles Bettelheim
16721:Social imperialism
16701:Proletarian nation
16619:Agrarian socialism
16530:Morning Sun (film)
16505:Great Leap Forward
16395:Ultra-Left Faction
16344:Stinking Old Ninth
15992:Guangdong Massacre
15899:9th Party Congress
15851:Taoyuan Experience
15831:Great Leap Forward
15772:, January 6, 1993.
15769:The New York Times
15099:The New York Times
14822:Gao, Mobo (2008).
14701:, pp. 605–06.
14365:. 23 December 2013
14333:The New York Times
14087:Schiavenza, Matt.
12838:Lin, Chun (2006).
12578:The Power of Words
12327:Phoenix Television
12322:"中国"文革"科研仅两弹一星核潜艇"
12160:Jihui, Yu (2019).
12102:on 5 February 2012
11804:Schwartz, Ronald.
10913:Ding, Shu (2004).
10865:(September 2011).
10829:The New York Times
10758:The New York Times
10707:Zheng, Yi (1996).
10515:The New York Times
10463:. 26 November 2018
10388:"'文革' 中的集体屠杀:三省研究"
10181:Zhengming Magazine
10154:"文革五十周年:必须再来一次反文革"
9803:Phoenix Television
9778:. 1 September 2023
9776:www.britannica.com
9736:China Perspectives
9663:. 18 August 2012.
9319:, January 25, 1981
9317:The New York Times
9209:Barmé, Geremie R.
9181:The New York Times
9091:. pp. 63–68.
8986:on 6 December 2011
8979:Phoenix Television
7789:Palgrave MacMillan
7453:"红卫兵 "破四旧" 的文化与政治"
7451:Shi, Gang (2004).
7425:The New York Times
7260:"毛泽东八次接见红卫兵始末(上) "
7162:. Chicago/London:
7119:Gao, Yuan (1987).
6571:(25 August 2011).
6381:Morning Sun (film)
6246:Michael Schoenhals
6066:Contemporary China
5989:1992 Southern Tour
5908:
5880:Opinions and views
5872:, were persecuted.
5859:Chairman Mao badge
5795:Cambodian genocide
5748:
5746:after being burned
5632:
5595:North Korean films
5504:
5307:
5261:
5236:
5123:Stinking Old Ninth
5115:
5106:
5056:
4940:
4928:
4822:
4679:
4475:
4470:Literature reviews
4455:
4358:
4225:Tiananmen incident
4174:propaganda network
4130:
3994:
3909:
3860:
3821:party constitution
3748:
3718:
3676:Qinghua University
3652:
3334:between factions.
3327:
3279:
3236:
3067:
3024:
2974:
2940:
2826:
2711:
2677:Mao Zedong Thought
2639:
2568:as a constructive
2476:
2359:
2347:Great Leap Forward
2323:Great Leap Forward
2317:Great Leap Forward
2211:Stinking Old Ninth
2106:bourgeois elements
2091:Great Leap Forward
1988:Second Arab Spring
1134:Visit of Lien Chan
845:Great Leap Forward
817:Bandung Conference
770:1949–1976: Mao era
301:Wún-huà dà-gé-mìng
286:Wen-hua ta-ko-ming
271:Wenhuah dahgerminq
65:Mao Zedong Thought
43:
18572:Cultural genocide
18514:
18513:
18454:Rohingya genocide
18182:Direct Action Day
18134:Šahovići massacre
18084:Armenian genocide
18078:Assyrian genocide
17965:(13th–15th cent.)
17959:(12th–16th cent.)
17957:Northern Crusades
17801:Forced conversion
17751:Cultural genocide
17746:Communal violence
17623:post–Cold War era
17608:Eastern Orthodoxy
17529:
17528:
17286:New People's Army
17146:Sino-Soviet split
17010:On Protracted War
16978:Movement in Hunan
16969:Theoretical works
16639:Capitalist roader
16571:
16570:
16520:Sino-Soviet split
16380:Little Red Guards
16324:Capitalist roader
16314:Eight model plays
16011:Yunnan Massacres
15934:Hangzhou incident
15914:Lin Biao incident
15836:Lushan Conference
15667:Tian Zhuangzhuang
15012:Library resources
14991:978-1-4391-4938-6
14966:978-0-674-25375-9
14921:978-0-393-97351-8
14899:978-0-674-02332-1
14864:978-0-7748-1543-7
14838:978-0-7453-2780-8
14816:Asia Times Online
14792:Asia Times Online
14778:978-962-996-280-7
14724:978-0-8223-4780-4
14625:978-0-8223-4780-4
14479:978-988-78276-2-7
14452:978-1-61075-444-6
14243:, pp. 43–44.
14192:978-0-300-26883-6
14065:978-0-674-41985-8
13976:Phoenix New Media
13862:Ai Si Xiang (爱思想)
13788:978-1-5292-0221-2
13736:10.7312/li--20704
13718:10.7312/li--20704
13669:978-0-674-24363-7
13565:978-1-4780-1218-4
13503:978-0-7103-0458-2
13462:Jun Wang (2011).
13410:978-0-295-75085-9
13075:978-0-8223-7461-9
12961:978-0-8223-4780-4
12911:978-1-4780-2161-2
12855:978-0-8223-3785-0
12813:978-2-491182-89-2
12754:978-0-912966-47-2
12624:978-1-58367-180-1
12596:978-0-7748-5453-5
12551:978-0-7453-2780-8
12295:Phoenix New Media
12173:978-1-0721-7605-3
12138:978-0-674-41985-8
12092:978-1-58487-126-2
12010:978-1-324-05195-4
11504:Circle Of Protest
11368:978-0-525-65605-0
11313:The China Journal
11118:978-0-7656-3303-3
11048:– 个人的冤案和 – 个时代的冤案
10899:978-0-8225-4962-8
10867:"文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人?"
10556:978-1-4422-5172-4
10495:978-0-19-062252-7
10461:Stanford Politics
10442:978-0-8476-9598-0
10386:Yang, Su (2006).
10335:978-1-351-80583-4
10261:China News Digest
10179:"Title unknown".
10132:China News Digest
10034:China News Digest
9888:978-0-674-24363-7
9873:Walder, Andrew G.
9837:978-0-674-24363-7
9810:on 23 March 2020.
9574:on 22 June 2020.
9540:China News Digest
9501:978-0-691-02777-7
9315:Sterba, James P.
9297:on 3 January 2021
9064:978-0-8157-3462-8
8675:Jin, Qiu (1999).
8591:The China Journal
8571:978-0-674-04041-0
8506:Collectors Weekly
8475:978-1-139-49811-1
8395:978-0-8135-2937-0
8351:978-0-674-05815-6
8303:978-3-85881-732-7
8265:978-1-4780-1218-4
8226:978-1-4780-1218-4
8187:978-1-4780-1218-4
8148:978-1-4780-1218-4
8102:978-1-4780-1218-4
8037:www.sciencespo.fr
8010:978-0-674-24363-7
7995:Walder, Andrew G.
7902:The China Journal
7698:978-988-8139-00-2
7667:978-1-5179-0031-1
7602:The China Journal
7551:978-1-136-63375-1
7329:978-0-8108-6491-7
7202:Lu, Xing (2004).
7173:978-0-226-81514-5
7136:978-0-8047-6589-3
7067:978-1-4780-1218-4
6955:978-1-108-78478-8
6907:978-0-674-02332-1
6703:Lieberthal (2003)
6634:Lu, Xing (2004).
6396:New Life Movement
6186:Nikita Khrushchev
6160:In October 1966,
6118:, the U.S.-based
5942:Chinese Civil War
5756:foreign relations
5734:Foreign relations
5539:Socialist Realist
5488:Rusticated youths
5001:People's communes
4825:Violent struggles
4662:
4661:
4623:struggle sessions
4619:violent struggles
4580:Rudolph J. Rummel
4564:violent struggles
4532:, 200,000 during
4406:secretary-general
4402:party secretariat
4237:Qingming Festival
4219:capitalist roader
3978:Lin Biao incident
3794:1969–71: Lin Biao
3332:violent struggles
3095:Tibetan Buddhists
2896:Peking University
2749:, Liu Shaoqi and
2730:Peking University
2545:—director of the
2521:Lushan Conference
2391:Nikita Khrushchev
2381:Sino-Soviet split
2298:Chinese Civil War
2253:shí nián dòngluàn
2075:Chinese socialism
2047:
2046:
1581:Mass mobilization
1571:Guerrilla warfare
1400:
1399:
1286:COVID-19 pandemic
1117:2002–2012: Hu era
1054:Handover of Macau
937:Three Communiqués
880:UN representation
744:
743:
736:
735:
524:Standard Mandarin
466:
465:
375:Yale Romanization
230:Standard Mandarin
180:
179:
134:§ Death toll
16:(Redirected from
18634:
18506:
18505:
18472:2020 Delhi riots
18388:Kosheh massacres
18368:Bosnian genocide
18188:1946 Bihar riots
17851:Social cleansing
17776:Ethnic cleansing
17556:
17549:
17542:
17533:
17532:
17519:
17518:
17507:
17506:
17495:
17494:
17493:
17485:China portal
17483:
17482:
17481:
17072:
17064:
17056:
17048:
17040:
17032:
17028:Among the People
17022:
17014:
17006:
16998:
16990:
16986:On Contradiction
16982:
16940:Jose Maria Sison
16666:Marxism–Leninism
16634:Anti-revisionism
16629:Anti-imperialism
16598:
16591:
16584:
16575:
16574:
16561:
16560:
16299:Violent Struggle
16294:Seizure of power
16284:Bloodline theory
16264:Struggle session
16237:On Class Origins
16020:Shadian incident
16000:Daoxian massacre
15996:Hunan Massacres
15982:Guangxi Massacre
15800:
15793:
15786:
15777:
15776:
15470:Wenguang Huang,
15385:, translated by
15369:, translated by
15355:, translated by
15332:, translated by
15211:Esther Tyldesley
15209:, translated by
15115:
15113:
15111:
15102:. Archived from
14995:
14970:
14951:
14925:
14903:
14877:
14868:
14849:
14847:
14841:. Archived from
14830:
14807:
14805:
14803:
14794:. Archived from
14782:
14737:
14736:
14708:
14702:
14696:
14690:
14689:
14649:
14638:
14637:
14605:
14599:
14598:
14596:
14594:
14574:
14565:
14564:
14556:
14550:
14549:
14547:
14545:
14529:
14523:
14522:
14520:
14509:
14503:
14502:
14490:
14484:
14483:
14463:
14457:
14456:
14436:
14430:
14429:
14381:
14375:
14374:
14372:
14370:
14355:
14349:
14348:
14346:
14344:
14324:
14318:
14315:
14306:
14300:
14294:
14293:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14250:
14244:
14241:Zhao et al. 2009
14238:
14232:
14227:
14221:
14220:
14163:
14154:
14153:
14135:
14111:
14105:
14104:
14102:
14100:
14091:. Asia Society.
14084:
14078:
14077:
14045:
14022:
14021:
14019:
14017:
14002:
13993:
13992:
13990:
13988:
13967:
13961:
13960:
13944:
13938:
13937:
13925:
13919:
13918:
13905:
13899:
13898:
13880:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13869:
13850:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13836:
13809:Cold War History
13799:
13793:
13792:
13781:. Policy Press.
13772:
13766:
13765:
13763:
13761:
13746:
13740:
13739:
13708:. New York, NY:
13701:
13690:
13689:
13643:
13634:
13633:
13615:
13589:
13578:
13577:
13539:
13530:
13529:
13527:
13525:
13514:
13508:
13507:
13489:
13480:
13479:
13459:
13453:
13452:
13430:
13415:
13414:
13392:
13383:
13382:
13364:
13353:
13352:
13334:
13323:
13322:
13320:
13318:
13290:
13284:
13283:
13281:
13279:
13260:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13241:
13239:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13200:
13172:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13161:
13133:
13127:
13126:
13124:
13122:
13094:
13088:
13087:
13068:. pp. xix.
13057:
13051:
13050:
13048:
13046:
13024:
13018:
13017:
13015:
13013:
12985:
12974:
12973:
12941:
12932:
12931:
12885:
12868:
12867:
12835:
12826:
12825:
12797:
12784:
12783:
12765:
12759:
12758:
12738:
12727:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12691:
12672:
12671:
12669:
12667:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12610:
12601:
12600:
12572:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12554:. Archived from
12543:
12529:
12504:
12503:
12501:
12499:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12468:
12440:
12434:
12433:
12411:
12398:
12397:
12379:
12368:
12367:
12346:
12340:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12318:
12312:
12311:
12309:
12307:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12263:Yanhuang Chunqiu
12256:Wang, Jingheng.
12253:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12242:
12226:
12220:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12187:
12178:
12177:
12157:
12151:
12150:
12118:
12112:
12111:
12109:
12107:
12101:
12095:. Archived from
12080:
12065:
12059:
12058:
12040:
12027:
12026:
11992:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11981:
11964:
11958:
11957:
11908:
11902:
11901:
11863:
11857:
11856:
11838:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11827:
11821:
11810:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11762:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11723:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11684:
11678:
11677:
11675:
11673:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11606:
11600:
11599:
11597:
11595:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11542:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11498:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11445:
11417:
11411:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11392:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11309:. Zhou Yongming"
11300:
11291:
11290:
11251:
11245:
11244:
11210:
11204:
11203:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11129:
11123:
11122:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11091:
11075:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11045:Wang, Haiguang.
11042:
11033:
11032:
10996:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10976:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10962:
10944:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10885:
10879:
10878:
10859:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10843:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10784:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10748:
10739:
10738:
10730:
10724:
10722:
10704:
10698:
10697:
10677:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10654:Yanhuang Chunqiu
10644:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10619:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10608:
10597:"文革时期北京大兴县大屠杀调查"
10592:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10581:
10567:
10561:
10560:
10536:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10506:
10500:
10499:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10426:
10420:
10419:
10406:
10400:
10399:
10383:
10374:
10373:
10352:
10343:
10342:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10294:
10288:
10281:
10272:
10271:
10252:
10243:
10242:
10222:
10213:
10212:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10176:
10170:
10169:
10168:on 25 June 2020.
10150:
10139:
10135:
10121:
10110:
10097:
10096:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10028:(3 April 2017).
10022:
10013:
10012:
9995:(3–4): 513–539.
9984:
9975:
9974:
9958:
9937:
9936:
9924:
9914:
9901:
9900:
9869:
9850:
9849:
9821:
9812:
9811:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9783:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9751:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9686:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9672:
9651:
9642:
9641:
9601:(108): 597–612.
9590:
9579:
9578:
9557:
9548:
9547:
9524:
9509:
9508:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9471:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9373:
9367:
9366:
9360:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9326:
9320:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9253:10.2307/20031879
9232:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9164:on 24 June 2007.
9160:. Archived from
9154:
9148:
9147:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9050:
9039:
9038:
9002:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8953:www.marxists.org
8945:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8880:
8874:
8873:
8850:Spence, Jonathan
8846:
8833:
8832:
8810:
8793:
8792:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8706:
8700:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8672:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8630:Tufts University
8621:
8615:
8614:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8459:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8423:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8379:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8335:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8287:
8278:
8277:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8128:
8115:
8114:
8082:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8062:www.marxists.org
8054:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8029:
8023:
8022:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7893:
7882:
7881:
7863:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7812:
7803:
7802:
7780:
7757:
7756:
7738:
7714:
7703:
7702:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7649:
7634:
7633:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7577:on 21 March 2006
7573:. Archived from
7562:
7556:
7555:
7527:
7518:
7517:
7512:. Archived from
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7478:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7395:
7383:
7374:
7373:
7358:. New York, NY:
7354:Li, Jie (2023).
7351:
7334:
7333:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7296:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7199:
7178:
7177:
7152:
7141:
7140:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7097:
7080:
7079:
7047:
7032:
7031:
6985:
6976:
6975:
6929:
6912:
6911:
6891:
6706:
6700:
6691:
6690:
6668:
6643:
6642:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6609:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6565:
6512:
6509:
6503:
6496:
6490:
6483:
6326:
6324:Socialism portal
6321:
6320:
6312:
6310:Communism portal
6307:
6306:
6305:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6125:In Hong Kong, a
6056:Chinese New Left
5661:Temple of Heaven
5622:Historical sites
5423:Shangguan Yunzhu
5276:Chinese language
5247:
5242:
5214:barefoot doctors
4994:Shadian incident
4954:, copies of the
4914:Shadian incident
4804:Struggle session
4800:Violent Struggle
4780:
4765:Guangxi Massacre
4647:
4561:
4556:unnatural deaths
4498:Andrew G. Walder
4477:
4474:
4449:, the father of
4443:struggle session
4279:and party elder
4185:steel production
4142:New Confucianist
4067:
4058:
4047:
4038:
3885:military regions
3846:PLA encroachment
3815:
3577:Daqing Oil Field
3516:Wuzhong, Ningxia
3477:
3476:
3461:
3460:
3445:
3444:
3429:
3428:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3222:Violent struggle
3154:
3138:
3122:
3106:
3028:Tiananmen Square
2948:Praetorian Guard
2933:struggle session
2880:
2871:
2862:
2794:
2785:
2775:Mao–Liu conflict
2723:
2597:February Outline
2558:February Outline
2488:political allies
2442:fifth columnists
2410:Marxist–Leninist
2399:economic reforms
2254:
2249:
2152:fall of Lin Biao
2039:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2010:
1864:Hungarian (1956)
1696:Spanish American
1425:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1366:China portal
1364:
1363:
1362:
1244:9th BRICS summit
1174:Three Gorges Dam
762:
753:
746:
745:
732:
731:
708:
707:
684:
683:
682:
667:
666:
646:
645:
625:
624:
604:
603:
602:
587:
586:
573:
572:
571:
567:
553:
552:
539:
538:
515:
514:
501:
500:
487:
486:
485:
462:
461:
438:
437:
414:
413:
412:
397:
396:
383:
382:
362:
361:
341:
340:
320:
319:
318:
303:
302:
289:
288:
287:
273:
272:
259:
258:
245:
244:
221:
220:
207:
206:
205:
182:
181:
149:Temple of Heaven
87:
85:
81:
53:
46:
42:
21:
18642:
18641:
18637:
18636:
18635:
18633:
18632:
18631:
18517:
18516:
18515:
18510:
18500:
18494:
18430:Yazidi genocide
18336:Revival Process
18272:Thích Quảng Đức
18260:Buddhist crisis
18254:Istanbul pogrom
18122:1970–1987
18117:1958–1964
18112:1928–1941
18107:1921–1928
18102:1917–1921
17987:Goa Inquisition
17921:Battle of Tours
17911:(c.550–c. 1200)
17905:(c. 324–c. 491)
17885:
17786:Ethnic violence
17781:Ethnic conflict
17729:
17728:
17727:
17682:minority Muslim
17569:
17560:
17530:
17525:
17513:
17501:
17491:
17489:
17479:
17477:
17469:
17354:
17344:
17254:
17250:Chongqing model
17075:
17070:
17062:
17054:
17046:
17038:
17030:
17027:
17020:
17012:
17004:
16996:
16988:
16980:
16977:
16964:
16790:Louis Althusser
16768:
16757:Gonzalo Thought
16730:
16696:Probable defeat
16607:
16602:
16572:
16567:
16549:
16545:Scar literature
16540:Boluan Fanzheng
16476:
16457:Barefoot doctor
16447:Sent-down youth
16400:Xiaoyao Faction
16358:
16242:
16182:
16031:
16027:Ruijin Massacre
15975:Daxing Massacre
15958:
15857:
15809:
15804:
15706:
15660:Story of Qiu Ju
15618:
15487:Kang Zhengguo,
15415:
15352:One Man's Bible
15302:
15257:Chinese Shadows
15238:Pierre Ryckmans
15227:
15126:Fox Butterfield
15122:
15120:Specific topics
15109:
15107:
15037:
15036:
15035:
15020:
15019:
15015:
15008:
15003:
15001:Further reading
14998:
14992:
14967:
14935:Pacific Affairs
14922:
14900:
14865:
14845:
14839:
14828:
14801:
14799:
14779:
14746:
14741:
14740:
14725:
14709:
14705:
14697:
14693:
14670:10.2307/2158588
14650:
14641:
14626:
14618:. p. 119.
14606:
14602:
14592:
14590:
14575:
14568:
14557:
14553:
14543:
14541:
14530:
14526:
14518:
14510:
14506:
14491:
14487:
14480:
14464:
14460:
14453:
14437:
14433:
14396:(137): 125–43.
14382:
14378:
14368:
14366:
14357:
14356:
14352:
14342:
14340:
14325:
14321:
14316:
14309:
14301:
14297:
14280:
14276:
14269:
14251:
14247:
14239:
14235:
14228:
14224:
14193:
14164:
14157:
14112:
14108:
14098:
14096:
14085:
14081:
14066:
14046:
14025:
14015:
14013:
14004:
14003:
13996:
13986:
13984:
13969:
13968:
13964:
13945:
13941:
13926:
13922:
13914:TheGuardian.com
13907:
13906:
13902:
13881:
13877:
13867:
13865:
13851:
13844:
13834:
13832:
13800:
13796:
13789:
13773:
13769:
13759:
13757:
13748:
13747:
13743:
13728:
13702:
13693:
13670:
13644:
13637:
13590:
13581:
13566:
13550:. p. 148.
13540:
13533:
13523:
13521:
13516:
13515:
13511:
13504:
13490:
13483:
13476:
13460:
13456:
13449:
13431:
13418:
13411:
13393:
13386:
13379:
13365:
13356:
13349:
13335:
13326:
13316:
13314:
13307:
13291:
13287:
13277:
13275:
13273:
13251:
13247:
13237:
13235:
13228:
13212:
13208:
13198:
13196:
13189:
13173:
13169:
13159:
13157:
13150:
13134:
13130:
13120:
13118:
13111:
13095:
13091:
13076:
13058:
13054:
13044:
13042:
13031:
13025:
13021:
13011:
13009:
13002:
12986:
12977:
12962:
12954:. p. 148.
12942:
12935:
12912:
12886:
12871:
12856:
12836:
12829:
12814:
12798:
12787:
12780:
12766:
12762:
12755:
12739:
12730:
12722:
12718:
12708:
12706:
12692:
12675:
12665:
12663:
12652:Foreign Affairs
12644:
12640:
12625:
12611:
12604:
12597:
12573:
12566:
12558:
12552:
12544:. Pluto Press.
12541:
12530:
12507:
12497:
12495:
12480:
12476:
12466:
12464:
12457:
12441:
12437:
12430:
12412:
12401:
12394:
12380:
12371:
12347:
12343:
12333:
12331:
12320:
12319:
12315:
12305:
12303:
12288:
12287:
12283:
12273:
12271:
12270:on 14 July 2020
12254:
12250:
12240:
12238:
12227:
12223:
12213:
12211:
12204:
12188:
12181:
12174:
12158:
12154:
12139:
12131:. p. 145.
12119:
12115:
12105:
12103:
12099:
12093:
12085:. p. 198.
12078:
12066:
12062:
12055:
12041:
12030:
12011:
12003:. p. 166.
11993:
11989:
11979:
11977:
11965:
11961:
11909:
11905:
11864:
11860:
11853:
11839:
11835:
11825:
11823:
11819:
11808:
11802:
11798:
11788:
11786:
11779:
11763:
11759:
11749:
11747:
11740:
11724:
11720:
11710:
11708:
11701:
11685:
11681:
11671:
11669:
11662:
11646:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11623:
11607:
11603:
11593:
11591:
11584:
11568:
11564:
11557:
11543:
11534:
11524:
11522:
11515:
11499:
11492:
11482:
11480:
11473:
11457:
11453:
11443:
11441:
11434:
11418:
11414:
11404:
11402:
11390:
11384:
11380:
11369:
11352:
11348:
11325:10.2307/3182405
11301:
11294:
11252:
11248:
11211:
11207:
11173:
11169:
11140:(145): 87–111.
11130:
11126:
11119:
11103:
11099:
11089:
11087:
11080:"文革死亡人数统计为两百万人"
11076:
11072:
11062:
11060:
11059:on 22 June 2020
11049:
11043:
11036:
10997:
10993:
10985:
10983:
10977:
10970:
10960:
10958:
10951:
10945:
10938:
10928:
10926:
10911:
10907:
10900:
10886:
10882:
10877:on 13 May 2012.
10860:
10851:
10841:
10839:
10821:
10817:
10807:
10805:
10785:
10781:
10771:
10769:
10749:
10742:
10731:
10727:
10719:
10705:
10701:
10694:
10678:
10674:
10664:
10662:
10649:"我参与处理广西文革遗留问题"
10645:
10641:
10631:
10629:
10627:Radio Free Asia
10621:
10620:
10616:
10606:
10604:
10593:
10589:
10579:
10577:
10569:
10568:
10564:
10557:
10537:
10530:
10520:
10518:
10511:"发生在湖南道县的那场大屠杀"
10507:
10503:
10496:
10480:
10476:
10466:
10464:
10455:
10454:
10450:
10443:
10427:
10423:
10407:
10403:
10384:
10377:
10370:
10353:
10346:
10336:
10316:
10312:
10295:
10291:
10282:
10275:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10223:
10216:
10195:
10191:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10152:
10151:
10142:
10138:
10115:
10111:
10100:
10049:
10045:
10023:
10016:
9985:
9978:
9959:
9940:
9922:
9915:
9904:
9889:
9870:
9853:
9838:
9822:
9815:
9796:
9795:
9791:
9781:
9779:
9770:
9769:
9765:
9728:
9724:
9714:
9712:
9687:
9683:
9670:
9668:
9653:
9652:
9645:
9591:
9582:
9558:
9551:
9525:
9512:
9502:
9483:
9479:
9469:
9467:
9459:
9458:
9454:
9444:
9442:
9427:
9423:
9413:
9411:
9409:Radio Free Asia
9403:
9402:
9398:
9388:
9386:
9375:
9374:
9370:
9365:. 27 June 1981.
9358:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9339:
9337:
9328:
9327:
9323:
9314:
9310:
9300:
9298:
9281:
9280:
9276:
9241:Foreign Affairs
9233:
9229:
9219:
9217:
9207:
9203:
9193:
9191:
9173:
9169:
9156:
9155:
9151:
9144:
9118:
9114:
9107:
9079:Rozman, Gilbert
9076:
9072:
9065:
9051:
9042:
9003:
8999:
8989:
8987:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8955:
8947:
8946:
8942:
8932:
8930:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8881:
8877:
8870:
8847:
8836:
8816:Pacific Affairs
8811:
8796:
8745:
8741:
8731:
8729:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8698:
8694:
8687:
8673:
8650:
8640:
8638:
8623:
8622:
8618:
8583:
8579:
8572:
8556:
8552:
8545:
8529:
8525:
8515:
8513:
8498:
8494:
8485:
8483:
8476:
8460:
8453:
8443:
8441:
8424:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8396:
8380:
8371:
8361:
8359:
8352:
8341:China Under Mao
8336:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8304:
8288:
8281:
8266:
8258:. p. 211.
8246:
8242:
8227:
8219:. p. 217.
8207:
8203:
8188:
8180:. p. 210.
8168:
8164:
8149:
8141:. p. 206.
8129:
8118:
8103:
8083:
8076:
8066:
8064:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8041:
8039:
8031:
8030:
8026:
8011:
7992:
7988:
7941:
7937:
7894:
7885:
7878:
7864:
7851:
7841:
7839:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7781:
7760:
7715:
7706:
7699:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7650:
7637:
7594:
7590:
7580:
7578:
7563:
7559:
7552:
7528:
7521:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7493:
7491:
7480:
7479:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7449:
7445:
7435:
7433:
7416:
7412:
7404:
7393:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7352:
7337:
7330:
7310:
7306:
7294:
7288:
7284:
7274:
7272:
7271:on 6 March 2019
7266:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7200:
7181:
7174:
7153:
7144:
7137:
7117:
7113:
7103:
7098:
7083:
7068:
7060:. p. 148.
7048:
7035:
6986:
6979:
6956:
6930:
6915:
6908:
6892:
6709:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6669:
6646:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6566:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6497:
6493:
6485:No relation to
6484:
6480:
6475:
6417:Empire of Japan
6322:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6294:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6206:
6204:Academic debate
6175:Boxer Rebellion
6162:Chiang Kai-Shek
6131:Chiang Kai-shek
6104:
6087:
6074:
6068:
6058:internet forum
6001:
5966:Zhang Xianliang
5962:Shanghen Wenxue
5958:scar literature
5899:
5893:
5888:
5886:Boluan Fanzheng
5882:
5854:Little Red Book
5736:
5704:
5698:
5676:Terracotta Army
5624:
5607:Chung Kuo, Cina
5567:
5559:Black Paintings
5496:
5468:The East Is Red
5293:
5222:
5087:
5061:Chinese culture
5047:
5045:Red Guards riot
5042:
5031:
5025:
4916:
4906:
4810:
4798:Main articles:
4796:
4778:
4761:
4753:Daxing Massacre
4667:
4655:Maurice Meisner
4435:
4430:
4371:Guangming Daily
4362:Boluan Fanzheng
4340:
4330:Boluan Fanzheng
4326:
4302:
4297:
4275:, Vice Premier
4264:
4258:
4233:
4227:
4197:
4150:
4127:Little Red Book
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4028:
4022:
3989:Little Red Book
3980:
3974:
3940:
3934:
3901:
3848:
3829:Little Red Book
3817:
3813:
3796:
3787:
3781:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3672:
3641:
3635:
3603:poisonous plant
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3228:
3214:
3182:
3180:End of the year
3172:. Rebellion by
3165:
3158:
3155:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3061:The remains of
3055:
3049:
2979:Little Red Book
2962:
2956:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2717:
2689:
2631:
2625:
2605:
2584:, a Peng ally.
2464:
2454:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2350:
2339:Communist Party
2331:
2325:
2319:
2304:forces fled to
2294:
2288:
2283:
2266:
2258:shí nián hàojié
2239:Boluan Fanzheng
2131:Little Red Book
2083:Chinese society
2043:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1433:
1396:
1360:
1358:
1301:
1300:
1224:APEC China 2014
1199:
1189:
1188:
1184:High-speed rail
1119:
1109:
1108:
1089:APEC China 2001
1075:
1019:
1009:
1008:
958:
910:Boluan Fanzheng
900:
890:
889:
841:
772:
749:
579:Tongyong Pinyin
569:
565:
506:Literal meaning
483:
339:Venho du kehmin
295:Tongyong Pinyin
285:
265:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
243:Wénhuà dàgémìng
212:Literal meaning
141:Property damage
83:
79:
77:
68:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18640:
18630:
18629:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18547:1970s in China
18544:
18539:
18534:
18532:1960s in China
18529:
18512:
18511:
18499:
18496:
18495:
18493:
18492:
18486:
18481:
18475:
18469:
18463:
18457:
18456:(2016–ongoing)
18451:
18450:(2014–ongoing)
18445:
18439:
18438:(2014–ongoing)
18433:
18427:
18421:
18415:
18414:(2009–ongoing)
18409:
18408:(2004–ongoing)
18403:
18397:
18391:
18385:
18379:
18378:
18377:
18371:
18365:
18353:
18347:
18346:
18345:
18333:
18327:
18321:
18315:
18314:(1971–ongoing)
18309:
18303:
18302:
18301:
18295:
18283:
18282:
18281:
18275:
18269:
18257:
18251:
18250:(1953–ongoing)
18245:
18239:
18238:(1950–ongoing)
18233:
18232:(1949–ongoing)
18227:
18221:
18215:
18214:(1947–ongoing)
18209:
18208:(1947–ongoing)
18203:
18202:(1947–ongoing)
18197:
18191:
18185:
18179:
18176:Noakhali riots
18173:
18167:
18161:
18155:
18149:
18143:
18137:
18131:
18130:
18129:
18124:
18119:
18114:
18109:
18104:
18093:
18087:
18081:
18075:
18074:
18073:
18065:Greek genocide
18062:
18056:
18053:Adana massacre
18050:
18044:
18038:
18032:
18026:
18020:
18014:
18008:
18002:
17996:
17990:
17984:
17978:
17972:
17966:
17960:
17954:
17948:
17942:
17936:
17930:
17924:
17918:
17917:(c.184–c. 205)
17912:
17906:
17900:
17893:
17891:
17887:
17886:
17884:
17883:
17878:
17873:
17868:
17866:State religion
17863:
17858:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17798:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17778:
17773:
17771:Discrimination
17768:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17737:
17735:
17731:
17730:
17726:
17725:
17723:Zoroastrianism
17720:
17715:
17710:
17705:
17700:
17699:
17698:
17688:
17687:
17686:
17685:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17649:
17648:
17647:
17645:Untouchability
17642:
17632:
17627:
17626:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17595:
17590:
17585:
17579:
17578:
17577:
17575:
17571:
17570:
17567:discrimination
17559:
17558:
17551:
17544:
17536:
17527:
17526:
17524:
17523:
17511:
17499:
17487:
17474:
17471:
17470:
17468:
17467:
17462:
17457:
17452:
17447:
17446:
17445:
17440:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17376:Feudal fascism
17373:
17368:
17362:
17360:
17359:Related topics
17356:
17355:
17353:
17352:
17347:
17340:
17335:
17330:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17289:
17288:
17283:
17273:
17268:
17262:
17260:
17256:
17255:
17253:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17206:
17205:
17195:
17190:
17185:
17184:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17168:
17158:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17132:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17095:
17094:
17092:Jiangxi Soviet
17083:
17081:
17077:
17076:
17074:
17073:
17065:
17057:
17049:
17041:
17033:
17023:
17015:
17007:
16999:
16991:
16983:
16972:
16970:
16966:
16965:
16963:
16962:
16960:Zhang Chunqiao
16957:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16930:Narayan Sanyal
16927:
16922:
16917:
16912:
16910:Huey P. Newton
16907:
16902:
16900:Charu Majumdar
16897:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16860:Abimael Guzmán
16857:
16855:Norm Gallagher
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16776:
16774:
16770:
16769:
16767:
16766:
16765:
16764:
16762:Prachanda Path
16759:
16749:
16744:
16738:
16736:
16732:
16731:
16729:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16716:Self-criticism
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16651:
16646:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16615:
16613:
16609:
16608:
16601:
16600:
16593:
16586:
16578:
16569:
16568:
16566:
16565:
16554:
16551:
16550:
16548:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16515:Class struggle
16512:
16507:
16502:
16501:
16500:
16490:
16484:
16482:
16481:Related topics
16478:
16477:
16475:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16444:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16424:
16419:
16414:
16412:Five Man Group
16409:
16404:
16403:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16390:Scarlet Guards
16387:
16382:
16377:
16366:
16364:
16360:
16359:
16357:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16309:Democracy Wall
16306:
16301:
16296:
16291:
16286:
16281:
16276:
16271:
16269:Feudal fascism
16266:
16261:
16256:
16250:
16248:
16244:
16243:
16241:
16240:
16233:
16226:
16219:
16212:
16205:
16198:
16190:
16188:
16184:
16183:
16181:
16180:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16095:
16090:
16084:
16079:
16077:Zhang Chunqiao
16074:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16039:
16037:
16033:
16032:
16030:
16029:
16024:
16023:
16022:
16017:
16009:
16008:
16007:
16002:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15978:
15977:
15966:
15964:
15960:
15959:
15957:
15956:
15951:
15946:
15941:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15894:Wuhan incident
15891:
15886:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15865:
15863:
15859:
15858:
15856:
15855:
15854:
15853:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15817:
15815:
15811:
15810:
15803:
15802:
15795:
15788:
15780:
15774:
15773:
15757:
15756:by Youqin Wang
15751:
15745:
15740:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15705:
15704:External links
15702:
15701:
15700:
15688:
15676:
15664:
15655:
15643:
15631:
15617:
15614:
15613:
15612:
15605:
15598:
15586:
15579:
15569:
15567:978-0375424281
15552:
15545:
15526:
15516:
15514:978-0835100403
15502:
15492:
15485:
15475:
15468:
15461:Judith Shapiro
15454:
15435:
15423:
15418:Guanlong Cao,
15414:
15411:
15410:
15409:
15397:
15374:
15360:
15344:
15321:
15301:
15298:
15297:
15296:
15282:
15268:
15252:
15235:
15226:
15223:
15222:
15221:
15200:
15193:
15176:
15169:
15167:978-1583671801
15157:Dongping Han,
15155:
15148:
15141:
15121:
15118:
15117:
15116:
15106:on 14 May 2016
15089:
15086:Morningsun.org
15082:
15080:978-0199740550
15068:
15056:
15047:
15034:
15033:
15028:
15022:
15021:
15010:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14996:
14990:
14971:
14965:
14952:
14942:(2): 211–235.
14926:
14920:
14904:
14898:
14878:
14869:
14863:
14850:
14837:
14819:
14808:
14798:on 5 June 2011
14783:
14777:
14762:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14739:
14738:
14723:
14703:
14691:
14664:(18): 155–66.
14639:
14624:
14600:
14566:
14551:
14524:
14515:Selected Works
14504:
14485:
14478:
14458:
14451:
14431:
14376:
14350:
14319:
14307:
14295:
14274:
14267:
14245:
14233:
14222:
14191:
14155:
14106:
14079:
14064:
14023:
13994:
13983:on 8 June 2020
13962:
13951:(40): 65–102.
13939:
13920:
13917:. 11 May 2016.
13900:
13875:
13842:
13816:(4): 519–555.
13794:
13787:
13767:
13756:. 8 March 2019
13741:
13726:
13691:
13668:
13635:
13579:
13564:
13531:
13509:
13502:
13481:
13475:978-9814295727
13474:
13454:
13447:
13416:
13409:
13384:
13378:978-0520079816
13377:
13354:
13348:978-0811859462
13347:
13324:
13306:978-0847695119
13305:
13285:
13272:978-1578066094
13271:
13245:
13227:978-0810867796
13226:
13206:
13188:978-0415172905
13187:
13167:
13149:978-0313278082
13148:
13128:
13110:978-1442211797
13109:
13089:
13074:
13052:
13037:(in Chinese).
13019:
13001:978-9004173668
13000:
12975:
12960:
12933:
12910:
12869:
12854:
12827:
12812:
12785:
12779:978-1455504213
12778:
12760:
12753:
12728:
12716:
12673:
12638:
12623:
12602:
12595:
12564:
12550:
12505:
12474:
12456:978-1593110765
12455:
12435:
12428:
12418:. Ithaca, NY:
12399:
12393:978-0804760782
12392:
12369:
12362:. p. 45.
12341:
12313:
12302:on 8 June 2020
12281:
12248:
12221:
12203:978-1570030635
12202:
12179:
12172:
12152:
12137:
12113:
12091:
12060:
12054:978-0774815437
12053:
12028:
12009:
11987:
11959:
11921:(2): 143–175.
11903:
11876:(4): 423–450.
11858:
11851:
11833:
11796:
11778:978-0765631497
11777:
11757:
11739:978-0198038849
11738:
11718:
11700:978-0742566859
11699:
11679:
11661:978-0810868052
11660:
11640:
11622:978-0774859554
11621:
11601:
11583:978-1555846725
11582:
11562:
11556:978-0700715725
11555:
11532:
11514:978-8120813700
11513:
11490:
11472:978-0415353854
11471:
11451:
11433:978-0810868052
11432:
11412:
11378:
11374:revisionists!'
11367:
11346:
11292:
11262:(4): 399–424.
11246:
11223:(3): 967–984.
11205:
11167:
11124:
11117:
11097:
11070:
11034:
10991:
10968:
10936:
10921:(in Chinese).
10905:
10898:
10880:
10849:
10815:
10779:
10740:
10725:
10717:
10699:
10692:
10672:
10639:
10614:
10587:
10562:
10555:
10528:
10501:
10494:
10474:
10448:
10441:
10421:
10401:
10394:(in Chinese).
10375:
10369:978-9627934097
10368:
10344:
10334:
10328:. p. 27.
10310:
10289:
10273:
10263:(in Chinese).
10244:
10238:978-1412814003
10237:
10214:
10204:(in Chinese).
10189:
10171:
10140:
10137:
10136:
10122:
10112:
10098:
10063:(173): 74–99.
10043:
10014:
9976:
9938:
9902:
9887:
9851:
9836:
9813:
9789:
9763:
9722:
9681:
9643:
9580:
9567:People's Daily
9549:
9542:(in Chinese).
9510:
9500:
9486:Chirot, Daniel
9477:
9452:
9421:
9396:
9368:
9347:
9321:
9308:
9291:People's Daily
9289:(in Chinese).
9274:
9227:
9201:
9167:
9149:
9142:
9112:
9106:978-1400858590
9105:
9070:
9063:
9040:
9013:(3): 263–303.
8997:
8965:
8940:
8918:People's Daily
8902:
8896:978-1482829617
8895:
8875:
8868:
8834:
8794:
8759:(3): 263–303.
8739:
8701:
8692:
8686:978-0804735292
8685:
8648:
8616:
8603:10.1086/729112
8577:
8570:
8550:
8544:978-1591397151
8543:
8523:
8492:
8474:
8451:
8413:
8394:
8369:
8350:
8321:
8302:
8279:
8264:
8240:
8225:
8201:
8186:
8162:
8147:
8116:
8101:
8074:
8049:
8024:
8009:
7986:
7935:
7914:10.1086/683125
7883:
7877:978-0824816957
7876:
7849:
7804:
7798:978-3030996871
7797:
7758:
7704:
7697:
7691:. p. 34.
7673:
7666:
7635:
7614:10.1086/683125
7588:
7557:
7550:
7519:
7501:
7470:
7443:
7410:
7375:
7368:
7335:
7328:
7304:
7282:
7250:
7219:
7213:978-1570035432
7212:
7179:
7172:
7142:
7135:
7111:
7081:
7066:
7033:
6998:(38): 92–119.
6977:
6954:
6913:
6906:
6707:
6692:
6685:
6644:
6626:
6596:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6504:
6491:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6428:
6419:
6407:International:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6328:
6327:
6313:
6299:
6283:
6280:
6205:
6202:
6184:In the 1970s,
6133:initiated the
6103:
6100:
6086:
6083:
6067:
6064:
6035:iron rice bowl
6000:
5997:
5953:historiography
5929:and engage in
5895:Main article:
5892:
5889:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5862:
5841:
5838:
5815:Central Africa
5767:Southeast Asia
5735:
5732:
5697:
5694:
5672:archaeological
5623:
5620:
5591:Albanian films
5586:of socialism.
5571:Chinese cinema
5566:
5563:
5495:
5492:
5443:Loyalty dances
5312:newborn things
5292:
5289:
5269:People's Daily
5221:
5218:
5117:Academics and
5086:
5083:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5024:
5021:
4948:Inner Mongolia
4905:
4902:
4795:
4792:
4775:class struggle
4760:
4757:
4687:Inner Mongolia
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4648:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4560:《建国以来历次政治运动事实》
4552:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4325:
4322:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4257:
4254:
4229:Main article:
4226:
4223:
4196:
4193:
4181:railway system
4149:
4146:
4083:Zhang Chunqiao
4072:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:Main article:
4021:
4018:
3976:Main article:
3973:
3970:
3936:Main article:
3933:
3930:
3900:
3897:
3868:border clashes
3847:
3844:
3805:
3795:
3792:
3783:Main article:
3780:
3777:
3752:People's Daily
3731:People's Daily
3700:Main article:
3697:
3694:
3671:
3668:
3634:
3631:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3358:Zhang Chunqiao
3351:Wuhan Incident
3275:Rebel factions
3213:
3210:
3181:
3178:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3127:Yongle Emperor
3124:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3051:Main article:
3048:
3045:
3013:superstructure
2958:Main article:
2955:
2952:
2901:People's Daily
2885:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2755:People's Daily
2702:People's Daily
2688:
2685:
2671:People's Daily
2647:class struggle
2627:Main article:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2604:
2603:1966: Outbreak
2601:
2537:People's Daily
2532:Five Man Group
2453:
2450:
2414:United Nations
2379:Main article:
2376:
2373:
2351:
2343:
2321:Main article:
2318:
2315:
2290:Main article:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:of 1928–1931.
2265:
2262:
2171:Inner Mongolia
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Italian states
1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1638:Tax resistance
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Class conflict
1536:
1531:
1529:Civil disorder
1526:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Supercomputing
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1039:1992 consensus
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
985:
984:
974:
969:
964:
957:
956:
954:Beijing Spring
951:
946:
941:
940:
939:
929:
928:
927:
917:
912:
907:
901:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
822:Sufan movement
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:
768:
767:
764:
763:
755:
754:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
726:
717:
716:
710:
709:
702:
693:
692:
686:
685:
675:
669:
668:
661:
655:
654:
652:Yue: Cantonese
648:
647:
640:
634:
633:
627:
626:
619:
613:
612:
606:
605:
595:
589:
588:
581:
575:
574:
561:
555:
554:
547:
541:
540:
533:
527:
526:
520:
519:
518:Transcriptions
511:
510:
507:
503:
502:
495:
489:
488:
479:
473:
472:
468:
467:
464:
463:
456:
447:
446:
440:
439:
432:
423:
422:
416:
415:
405:
399:
398:
391:
385:
384:
377:
371:
370:
368:Yue: Cantonese
364:
363:
356:
350:
349:
343:
342:
335:
329:
328:
322:
321:
311:
305:
304:
297:
291:
290:
281:
275:
274:
267:
261:
260:
253:
247:
246:
239:
233:
232:
226:
225:
224:Transcriptions
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
197:
191:
190:
187:
186:
178:
177:
167:Zhang Chunqiao
160:
156:
155:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
74:
70:
69:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18639:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18543:
18540:
18538:
18535:
18533:
18530:
18528:
18525:
18524:
18522:
18509:
18504:
18497:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18479:
18476:
18473:
18470:
18467:
18464:
18461:
18458:
18455:
18452:
18449:
18446:
18443:
18440:
18437:
18434:
18431:
18428:
18425:
18422:
18419:
18416:
18413:
18410:
18407:
18404:
18401:
18398:
18395:
18392:
18389:
18386:
18383:
18380:
18375:
18372:
18369:
18366:
18363:
18360:
18359:
18357:
18356:Yugoslav Wars
18354:
18351:
18348:
18343:
18342:Big Excursion
18340:
18339:
18337:
18334:
18331:
18328:
18325:
18322:
18319:
18316:
18313:
18310:
18307:
18304:
18299:
18296:
18293:
18290:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18279:
18276:
18273:
18270:
18267:
18264:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18255:
18252:
18249:
18246:
18243:
18240:
18237:
18234:
18231:
18228:
18225:
18222:
18219:
18216:
18213:
18210:
18207:
18204:
18201:
18198:
18195:
18192:
18189:
18186:
18183:
18180:
18177:
18174:
18171:
18168:
18165:
18162:
18159:
18156:
18153:
18152:The Holocaust
18150:
18147:
18144:
18141:
18138:
18135:
18132:
18128:
18125:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18103:
18100:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18091:
18088:
18085:
18082:
18079:
18076:
18072:
18069:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18060:
18057:
18054:
18051:
18048:
18047:Dungan Revolt
18045:
18042:
18039:
18036:
18033:
18030:
18027:
18024:
18021:
18018:
18015:
18012:
18009:
18006:
18003:
18000:
17997:
17994:
17991:
17988:
17985:
17982:
17979:
17976:
17973:
17970:
17967:
17964:
17961:
17958:
17955:
17952:
17949:
17946:
17943:
17940:
17937:
17934:
17931:
17928:
17925:
17922:
17919:
17916:
17913:
17910:
17907:
17904:
17901:
17898:
17895:
17894:
17892:
17888:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17874:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17861:State atheism
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17769:
17767:
17764:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17756:Deprogramming
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17738:
17736:
17732:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17708:Protestantism
17706:
17704:
17701:
17697:
17694:
17693:
17692:
17689:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17659:
17658:
17655:
17654:
17653:
17650:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17637:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17618:LDS or Mormon
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17600:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17580:
17576:
17572:
17568:
17564:
17557:
17552:
17550:
17545:
17543:
17538:
17537:
17534:
17522:
17517:
17512:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17498:
17488:
17486:
17476:
17475:
17472:
17466:
17463:
17461:
17458:
17456:
17453:
17451:
17448:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17435:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17393:
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17363:
17361:
17357:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17278:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17263:
17261:
17259:Organizations
17257:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17235:Two Whatevers
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17204:
17201:
17200:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17189:
17186:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17176:January Storm
17174:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17164:
17163:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17111:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17093:
17090:
17089:
17088:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17078:
17069:
17066:
17061:
17058:
17053:
17050:
17045:
17042:
17037:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17016:
17011:
17008:
17003:
17000:
16995:
16992:
16987:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16973:
16971:
16967:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16905:Pierre Mulele
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16865:Harry Haywood
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16815:Afzal Bangash
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16777:
16775:
16771:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16754:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16739:
16737:
16733:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16681:New Democracy
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16660:
16657:
16656:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16616:
16614:
16610:
16606:
16599:
16594:
16592:
16587:
16585:
16580:
16579:
16576:
16564:
16556:
16555:
16552:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16525:Two Whatevers
16523:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16508:
16506:
16503:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16494:
16491:
16489:
16486:
16485:
16483:
16479:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16385:Rebel Faction
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16372:
16371:
16368:
16367:
16365:
16361:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16319:Loyalty dance
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16280:
16277:
16275:
16272:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16251:
16249:
16245:
16239:
16238:
16234:
16232:
16231:
16227:
16225:
16224:
16220:
16218:
16217:
16213:
16211:
16210:
16206:
16204:
16203:
16199:
16197:
16196:
16192:
16191:
16189:
16185:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16118:Wang Dongxing
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16091:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16063:Deng Xiaoping
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16040:
16038:
16034:
16028:
16025:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16012:
16010:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15997:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15976:
15973:
15972:
15971:
15968:
15967:
15965:
15961:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15900:
15897:
15895:
15892:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15884:January Storm
15882:
15880:
15879:12-3 incident
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15866:
15864:
15860:
15852:
15849:
15848:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15818:
15816:
15812:
15808:
15801:
15796:
15794:
15789:
15787:
15782:
15781:
15778:
15771:
15770:
15765:
15761:
15758:
15755:
15752:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15738:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15712:
15708:
15707:
15698:
15697:
15692:
15689:
15686:
15685:
15680:
15677:
15674:
15673:
15668:
15665:
15662:
15661:
15657:Zhang Yimou,
15656:
15653:
15652:
15647:
15644:
15641:
15640:
15635:
15632:
15629:
15628:
15627:Hibiscus Town
15623:
15620:
15619:
15610:
15607:Lijia Zhang,
15606:
15603:
15599:
15596:
15595:
15590:
15587:
15584:
15583:Spider Eaters
15580:
15577:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15564:
15560:
15556:
15553:
15550:
15546:
15544:
15540:
15536:
15535:
15530:
15527:
15524:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15511:
15507:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15493:
15490:
15486:
15483:
15479:
15476:
15473:
15469:
15466:
15462:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15449:
15445:
15444:
15439:
15436:
15433:
15432:
15427:
15424:
15421:
15417:
15416:
15407:
15406:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15392:
15388:
15384:
15383:
15378:
15375:
15372:
15368:
15364:
15361:
15358:
15354:
15353:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15339:
15335:
15331:
15330:
15325:
15322:
15319:
15315:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15295:
15291:
15287:
15283:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15269:
15267:
15263:
15259:
15258:
15253:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15239:
15236:
15233:
15229:
15228:
15220:
15216:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15201:
15198:
15194:
15192:
15188:
15184:
15180:
15177:
15174:
15170:
15168:
15164:
15160:
15156:
15153:
15149:
15146:
15142:
15139:
15135:
15131:
15127:
15124:
15123:
15105:
15101:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15087:
15083:
15081:
15077:
15073:
15069:
15066:
15065:
15060:
15057:
15054:
15053:
15048:
15045:
15044:
15039:
15038:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15023:
15018:
15013:
14993:
14987:
14983:
14982:
14977:
14976:Ignatius, Adi
14972:
14968:
14962:
14958:
14953:
14949:
14945:
14941:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14917:
14913:
14909:
14905:
14901:
14895:
14891:
14887:
14883:
14879:
14875:
14870:
14866:
14860:
14856:
14851:
14844:
14840:
14834:
14827:
14826:
14820:
14817:
14813:
14809:
14797:
14793:
14789:
14784:
14780:
14774:
14770:
14769:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14753:
14749:
14748:
14734:
14730:
14726:
14720:
14716:
14715:
14707:
14700:
14699:Thurston 1988
14695:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14675:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14655:
14648:
14646:
14644:
14635:
14631:
14627:
14621:
14617:
14613:
14612:
14604:
14588:
14584:
14580:
14573:
14571:
14562:
14555:
14539:
14535:
14528:
14517:
14516:
14508:
14500:
14496:
14489:
14481:
14475:
14471:
14470:
14462:
14454:
14448:
14444:
14443:
14435:
14427:
14423:
14419:
14415:
14411:
14407:
14403:
14399:
14395:
14391:
14387:
14380:
14364:
14360:
14354:
14338:
14334:
14330:
14323:
14314:
14312:
14304:
14299:
14291:
14290:
14285:
14278:
14270:
14268:9783838219073
14264:
14260:
14256:
14249:
14242:
14237:
14231:
14226:
14218:
14214:
14210:
14206:
14202:
14198:
14194:
14188:
14184:
14180:
14176:
14173:. New Haven:
14172:
14168:
14162:
14160:
14151:
14147:
14143:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14110:
14094:
14090:
14083:
14075:
14071:
14067:
14061:
14058:. p. 7.
14057:
14053:
14052:
14044:
14042:
14040:
14038:
14036:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14028:
14011:
14007:
14001:
13999:
13982:
13978:
13977:
13972:
13966:
13958:
13954:
13950:
13943:
13935:
13931:
13924:
13916:
13915:
13910:
13904:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13887:
13879:
13863:
13859:
13855:
13849:
13847:
13831:
13827:
13823:
13819:
13815:
13811:
13810:
13805:
13798:
13790:
13784:
13780:
13779:
13771:
13755:
13751:
13745:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13727:9780231207058
13723:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13707:
13700:
13698:
13696:
13687:
13683:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13665:
13661:
13657:
13653:
13649:
13642:
13640:
13631:
13627:
13623:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13600:
13595:
13588:
13586:
13584:
13575:
13571:
13567:
13561:
13557:
13553:
13549:
13545:
13538:
13536:
13519:
13513:
13505:
13499:
13495:
13488:
13486:
13477:
13471:
13467:
13466:
13458:
13450:
13448:9781760462499
13444:
13440:
13436:
13429:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13421:
13412:
13406:
13402:
13398:
13391:
13389:
13380:
13374:
13370:
13363:
13361:
13359:
13350:
13344:
13340:
13333:
13331:
13329:
13312:
13308:
13302:
13298:
13297:
13289:
13274:
13268:
13264:
13259:
13258:
13249:
13233:
13229:
13223:
13219:
13218:
13210:
13194:
13190:
13184:
13180:
13179:
13171:
13155:
13151:
13145:
13141:
13140:
13132:
13116:
13112:
13106:
13102:
13101:
13093:
13085:
13081:
13077:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13056:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13023:
13007:
13003:
12997:
12993:
12992:
12984:
12982:
12980:
12971:
12967:
12963:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12948:
12940:
12938:
12929:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12913:
12907:
12903:
12899:
12895:
12891:
12884:
12882:
12880:
12878:
12876:
12874:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12851:
12847:
12843:
12842:
12834:
12832:
12823:
12819:
12815:
12809:
12805:
12804:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12790:
12781:
12775:
12771:
12764:
12756:
12750:
12746:
12745:
12737:
12735:
12733:
12725:
12720:
12705:
12701:
12697:
12690:
12688:
12686:
12684:
12682:
12680:
12678:
12661:
12658:(6): 119–36.
12657:
12653:
12649:
12642:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12620:
12616:
12609:
12607:
12598:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12579:
12571:
12569:
12557:
12553:
12547:
12540:
12539:
12534:
12528:
12526:
12524:
12522:
12520:
12518:
12516:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12478:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12448:
12447:
12439:
12431:
12429:9781501774157
12425:
12421:
12417:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12395:
12389:
12385:
12378:
12376:
12374:
12365:
12361:
12360:
12355:
12351:
12350:Ching, Pao-yu
12345:
12329:
12328:
12323:
12317:
12301:
12297:
12296:
12291:
12285:
12269:
12265:
12264:
12259:
12252:
12236:
12232:
12225:
12209:
12205:
12199:
12195:
12194:
12186:
12184:
12175:
12169:
12165:
12164:
12156:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12134:
12130:
12126:
12125:
12117:
12098:
12094:
12088:
12084:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12070:Larry Wortzel
12064:
12056:
12050:
12046:
12039:
12037:
12035:
12033:
12025:
12020:
12016:
12012:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11991:
11976:
11975:
11970:
11963:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11915:
11907:
11899:
11895:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11875:
11871:
11870:
11862:
11854:
11852:0-333-91287-X
11848:
11844:
11837:
11818:
11814:
11807:
11800:
11784:
11780:
11774:
11770:
11769:
11761:
11745:
11741:
11735:
11731:
11730:
11722:
11706:
11702:
11696:
11692:
11691:
11683:
11667:
11663:
11657:
11653:
11652:
11644:
11628:
11624:
11618:
11614:
11613:
11605:
11589:
11585:
11579:
11575:
11574:
11566:
11558:
11552:
11549:. Routledge.
11548:
11541:
11539:
11537:
11520:
11516:
11510:
11506:
11505:
11497:
11495:
11478:
11474:
11468:
11464:
11463:
11455:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11425:
11424:
11416:
11400:
11396:
11389:
11382:
11375:
11370:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11355:Lovell, Julia
11350:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11308:
11299:
11297:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11250:
11243:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11217:
11209:
11202:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11178:
11171:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11128:
11120:
11114:
11110:
11109:
11101:
11085:
11081:
11074:
11058:
11054:
11050:
11041:
11039:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11007:(2): 173–87.
11006:
11002:
11001:Asian Affairs
10995:
10984:
10975:
10973:
10956:
10952:
10947:Bai, Yintai.
10943:
10941:
10924:
10920:
10916:
10909:
10901:
10895:
10891:
10884:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10819:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10795:
10790:
10783:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10747:
10745:
10736:
10729:
10720:
10714:
10710:
10703:
10695:
10689:
10685:
10684:
10676:
10660:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10643:
10628:
10624:
10618:
10602:
10598:
10591:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10558:
10552:
10548:
10547:
10542:
10535:
10533:
10516:
10512:
10505:
10497:
10491:
10487:
10486:
10478:
10462:
10458:
10452:
10444:
10438:
10434:
10433:
10425:
10417:
10416:
10415:天地翻覆—中国文化大革命史
10411:
10410:Yang, Jisheng
10405:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10382:
10380:
10371:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10351:
10349:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10322:
10314:
10307:
10302:
10301:
10293:
10286:
10280:
10278:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10257:"文革的本质:一场大清洗"
10251:
10249:
10240:
10234:
10230:
10229:
10221:
10219:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10202:中國共產革命七十年 (下)
10199:
10198:Chen, Yung-fa
10193:
10186:
10182:
10175:
10167:
10163:
10162:Consensus Net
10159:
10155:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10134:(in Chinese).
10133:
10129:
10128:"文革死亡人数的一家之言"
10123:
10119:
10118:Open Magazine
10114:
10113:
10109:
10107:
10105:
10103:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10047:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10021:
10019:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9983:
9981:
9972:
9969:. Hong Kong.
9968:
9967:Open Magazine
9964:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9934:
9930:
9929:
9920:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9884:
9880:
9879:
9874:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9856:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9820:
9818:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9793:
9777:
9773:
9767:
9759:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9741:
9738:(in French).
9737:
9733:
9726:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9697:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9650:
9648:
9640:
9638:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9563:
9556:
9554:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9507:
9503:
9497:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9481:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9425:
9410:
9406:
9400:
9385:
9384:
9379:
9372:
9364:
9363:Wilson Center
9357:
9351:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9318:
9312:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9231:
9216:
9212:
9205:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9171:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9145:
9143:9781315494890
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9116:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9074:
9066:
9060:
9056:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9001:
8985:
8981:
8980:
8975:
8969:
8954:
8950:
8944:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8906:
8898:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8879:
8871:
8869:0-393-97351-4
8865:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8830:
8826:
8823:(2): 211–35.
8822:
8818:
8817:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8743:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8714:The Economist
8711:
8710:"Yao Wenyuan"
8705:
8696:
8688:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8620:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8581:
8573:
8567:
8563:
8562:
8554:
8546:
8540:
8536:
8535:
8527:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8496:
8481:
8477:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8458:
8456:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8334:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8309:
8305:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8286:
8284:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8252:
8244:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8166:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8135:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8081:
8079:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7990:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7879:
7873:
7869:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7700:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7592:
7576:
7572:
7571:The Spectator
7568:
7561:
7553:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7536:. Routledge.
7535:
7534:
7526:
7524:
7515:
7511:
7510:"murdoch edu"
7505:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7477:
7475:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7414:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7380:
7371:
7369:9780231206273
7365:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7331:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7308:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7270:
7262:
7254:
7239:
7238:Peking Review
7235:
7234:
7229:
7223:
7215:
7209:
7205:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7175:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7115:
7107:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6984:
6982:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6704:
6699:
6697:
6688:
6686:9781760462499
6682:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6641:
6638:. p. 2.
6637:
6630:
6615:
6614:
6606:
6600:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6529:
6508:
6501:
6500:head of state
6495:
6488:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6386:Neo-Stalinism
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6300:
6297:
6286:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6232:, writing in
6231:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:Andrew Walder
6209:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6190:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6110:of Peru, the
6109:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6082:
6080:
6073:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6007:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5903:
5898:
5887:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5807:South Vietnam
5804:
5800:
5799:North Vietnam
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5745:
5740:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:hong bao pian
5572:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5500:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5392:State Council
5388:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5297:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5233:
5232:
5226:
5217:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5170:hydrogen bomb
5167:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:Zhao Jiuzhang
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5131:Xiong Qinglai
5128:
5124:
5120:
5119:intellectuals
5110:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5051:
5037:
5035:
5030:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4967:ethnic Korean
4963:
4961:
4960:Uyghur people
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4788:
4787:Wuxuan County
4784:
4783:Zhuang people
4776:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4705:, as well as
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4675:Wuxuan County
4671:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:Vice Chairman
4628:
4627:Open Magazine
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:Deng Xiaoping
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4306:Two Whatevers
4292:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:Wang Dongxing
4268:
4263:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4121:(center) and
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4057:
4046:
4037:
4027:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3893:Richard Nixon
3888:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3483:
3467:
3451:
3435:
3419:
3403:
3387:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:January Storm
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:12-3 incident
3187:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3063:Wanli Emperor
3059:
3054:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2937:Wang Guangmei
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2784:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:Deng Xiaoping
2748:
2742:
2738:
2737:revisionism.
2735:
2732:, authored a
2731:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2551:Wang Dongxing
2548:
2544:
2543:Yang Shangkun
2539:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:civil servant
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2446:North Vietnam
2443:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:Deng Xiaoping
2193:, as well as
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2154:in 1971, the
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:seizing power
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Strike action
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Direct action
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:Demonstration
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Space program
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
938:
935:
934:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
899:
894:
893:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
766:
765:
761:
757:
756:
752:
748:
747:
739:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
703:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
681:
676:
674:
670:
662:
660:
656:
653:
649:
641:
639:
635:
632:
628:
620:
618:
614:
611:
607:
601:
596:
594:
590:
582:
580:
576:
562:
560:
556:
548:
546:
542:
534:
532:
528:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
469:
457:
455:
452:
448:
445:
441:
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
411:
406:
404:
400:
392:
390:
386:
378:
376:
372:
369:
365:
357:
355:
351:
348:
344:
336:
334:
330:
327:
323:
317:
312:
310:
306:
298:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
268:
266:
262:
254:
252:
248:
240:
238:
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18358:(1991–2001)
18338:(1984–1989)
18298:Famen Temple
18288:(1966–1976)
18285:
18098:(1922–1991)
18067:(1913–1922)
17598:Christianity
17588:Baháʼí Faith
17390:
17160:
17129:2002–present
16945:Wang Hongwen
16935:Siraj Sikder
16810:Mohan Baidya
16805:Alain Badiou
16691:People's war
16653:
16452:61 Renegades
16235:
16228:
16221:
16214:
16207:
16200:
16193:
16153:Yang Chengwu
16087:Wang Hongwen
16068:Gang of Four
15862:Major events
15806:
15767:
15750:by Dave Pugh
15710:
15694:
15682:
15670:
15658:
15649:
15637:
15625:
15608:
15601:
15592:
15589:Ting-Xing Ye
15582:
15575:
15558:
15548:
15532:
15522:
15505:
15495:
15488:
15481:
15471:
15464:
15441:
15429:
15419:
15403:
15380:
15366:
15350:
15347:Gao Xingjian
15327:
15309:
15285:
15271:
15255:
15241:
15231:
15230:Guokai Liu,
15225:Commentaries
15206:
15196:
15195:Yiching Wu,
15182:
15179:Ross Terrill
15172:
15158:
15151:
15144:
15129:
15108:. Retrieved
15104:the original
15097:
15071:
15062:
15050:
15041:
15016:
14980:
14956:
14939:
14933:
14911:
14889:
14873:
14854:
14843:the original
14824:
14815:
14800:. Retrieved
14796:the original
14767:
14755:
14713:
14706:
14694:
14661:
14657:
14610:
14603:
14591:. Retrieved
14582:
14560:
14554:
14542:. Retrieved
14537:
14527:
14514:
14507:
14498:
14494:
14488:
14468:
14461:
14441:
14434:
14393:
14389:
14379:
14367:. Retrieved
14362:
14353:
14341:. Retrieved
14332:
14322:
14298:
14287:
14277:
14254:
14248:
14236:
14229:
14225:
14201:j.ctv3006z6k
14170:
14123:
14119:
14109:
14097:. Retrieved
14082:
14050:
14014:. Retrieved
13985:. Retrieved
13981:the original
13974:
13965:
13948:
13942:
13933:
13923:
13912:
13903:
13884:
13878:
13866:. Retrieved
13864:(in Chinese)
13861:
13833:. Retrieved
13813:
13807:
13797:
13777:
13770:
13758:. Retrieved
13753:
13744:
13705:
13647:
13603:
13597:
13574:j.ctv15kxg2d
13543:
13522:. Retrieved
13512:
13493:
13464:
13457:
13434:
13396:
13368:
13338:
13315:. Retrieved
13295:
13288:
13276:. Retrieved
13256:
13248:
13236:. Retrieved
13216:
13209:
13197:. Retrieved
13177:
13170:
13158:. Retrieved
13138:
13131:
13119:. Retrieved
13099:
13092:
13061:
13055:
13043:. Retrieved
13034:
13022:
13010:. Retrieved
12990:
12946:
12920:j.ctv1r4xd0g
12889:
12840:
12802:
12769:
12763:
12743:
12719:
12707:. Retrieved
12699:
12664:. Retrieved
12655:
12651:
12641:
12614:
12577:
12556:the original
12537:
12496:. Retrieved
12487:
12477:
12465:. Retrieved
12445:
12438:
12415:
12383:
12357:
12344:
12332:. Retrieved
12325:
12316:
12304:. Retrieved
12300:the original
12293:
12284:
12272:. Retrieved
12268:the original
12261:
12251:
12239:. Retrieved
12237:(in Chinese)
12234:
12224:
12212:. Retrieved
12192:
12162:
12155:
12123:
12116:
12104:. Retrieved
12097:the original
12074:
12063:
12044:
12022:
11996:
11990:
11978:. Retrieved
11974:The Guardian
11972:
11962:
11954:
11918:
11914:Modern China
11912:
11906:
11873:
11869:Modern China
11867:
11861:
11842:
11836:
11824:. Retrieved
11813:www.tibet.ca
11812:
11799:
11787:. Retrieved
11767:
11760:
11750:30 September
11748:. Retrieved
11728:
11721:
11711:30 September
11709:. Retrieved
11689:
11682:
11672:30 September
11670:. Retrieved
11650:
11643:
11631:. Retrieved
11611:
11604:
11594:30 September
11592:. Retrieved
11572:
11565:
11546:
11525:30 September
11523:. Retrieved
11503:
11483:30 September
11481:. Retrieved
11461:
11454:
11444:30 September
11442:. Retrieved
11422:
11415:
11403:. Retrieved
11394:
11381:
11372:
11358:
11349:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11287:
11259:
11255:
11249:
11240:
11220:
11214:
11208:
11200:
11180:
11176:
11170:
11137:
11133:
11127:
11107:
11100:
11088:. Retrieved
11086:(in Chinese)
11083:
11073:
11061:. Retrieved
11057:the original
11052:
11004:
11000:
10994:
10979:Ba, Yantai.
10959:. Retrieved
10957:(in Chinese)
10954:
10927:. Retrieved
10918:
10908:
10889:
10883:
10875:the original
10870:
10863:Song, Yongyi
10840:. Retrieved
10828:
10818:
10806:. Retrieved
10794:The Guardian
10792:
10782:
10770:. Retrieved
10756:
10734:
10728:
10708:
10702:
10681:
10675:
10663:. Retrieved
10659:the original
10652:
10647:Yan, Lebin.
10642:
10630:. Retrieved
10626:
10617:
10605:. Retrieved
10603:(in Chinese)
10600:
10595:Yu, Luowen.
10590:
10578:. Retrieved
10574:
10565:
10545:
10541:Song, Yongyi
10519:. Retrieved
10517:(in Chinese)
10514:
10504:
10484:
10477:
10465:. Retrieved
10460:
10451:
10431:
10424:
10414:
10404:
10395:
10391:
10359:
10356:Song, Yongyi
10339:
10320:
10313:
10304:
10299:
10292:
10268:
10260:
10227:
10209:
10201:
10192:
10184:
10180:
10174:
10166:the original
10157:
10131:
10117:
10060:
10056:
10046:
10033:
10026:Song, Yongyi
9992:
9988:
9966:
9935:: 64–65, 74.
9932:
9926:
9877:
9826:
9808:the original
9801:
9792:
9780:. Retrieved
9775:
9766:
9739:
9735:
9725:
9713:. Retrieved
9694:
9684:
9676:
9669:. Retrieved
9658:
9634:
9598:
9594:
9575:
9572:the original
9565:
9539:
9535:
9528:Song, Yongyi
9505:
9490:
9480:
9468:. Retrieved
9464:
9455:
9443:. Retrieved
9434:
9424:
9412:. Retrieved
9408:
9399:
9387:. Retrieved
9382:
9371:
9362:
9350:
9338:. Retrieved
9336:(in Chinese)
9333:
9324:
9316:
9311:
9299:. Retrieved
9295:the original
9287:www.hybsl.cn
9286:
9277:
9244:
9240:
9230:
9218:. Retrieved
9214:
9204:
9192:. Retrieved
9180:
9170:
9162:the original
9152:
9125:
9115:
9083:
9073:
9054:
9010:
9007:Modern China
9006:
9000:
8988:. Retrieved
8984:the original
8977:
8968:
8956:. Retrieved
8952:
8943:
8931:. Retrieved
8916:
8905:
8885:
8878:
8853:
8820:
8814:
8756:
8753:Modern China
8752:
8742:
8730:. Retrieved
8713:
8704:
8695:
8676:
8639:. Retrieved
8628:
8619:
8594:
8590:
8580:
8560:
8553:
8533:
8526:
8514:. Retrieved
8505:
8500:Marks, Ben.
8495:
8486:29 September
8484:, retrieved
8464:
8442:. Retrieved
8431:
8406:29 September
8404:. Retrieved
8384:
8362:29 September
8360:. Retrieved
8340:
8314:29 September
8312:. Retrieved
8292:
8250:
8243:
8211:
8204:
8172:
8165:
8133:
8087:
8065:. Retrieved
8061:
8052:
8040:. Retrieved
8036:
8027:
7999:
7989:
7951:(34): 6–37.
7948:
7944:
7938:
7905:
7901:
7867:
7840:. Retrieved
7823:
7816:Song, Yongyi
7784:
7729:(1): 35–67.
7726:
7723:Modern China
7722:
7683:
7676:
7653:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7579:. Retrieved
7575:the original
7570:
7560:
7532:
7514:the original
7504:
7492:. Retrieved
7482:
7461:. Retrieved
7459:(in Chinese)
7456:
7446:
7434:. Retrieved
7423:
7413:
7397:
7387:Wang, Youqin
7355:
7318:
7314:Song, Yongyi
7307:
7301:. p. 5.
7298:
7285:
7273:. Retrieved
7269:the original
7253:
7241:. Retrieved
7231:
7222:
7203:
7159:
7121:
7114:
7105:
7052:
6995:
6989:
6933:
6895:
6672:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6617:. Retrieved
6611:
6599:
6587:. Retrieved
6576:
6569:Song, Yongyi
6507:
6494:
6481:
6455:
6454:
6406:
6405:
6296:China portal
6275:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6238:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6210:
6207:
6197:Donald Tsang
6191:
6183:
6181:'s actions.
6179:Adolf Hitler
6159:
6153:
6139:
6124:
6108:Shining Path
6105:
6096:
6092:Global Times
6091:
6088:
6075:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6031:
6024:
6023:, author of
6018:
6002:
5978:
5961:
5950:
5937:
5935:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5912:
5909:
5861:to citizens.
5853:
5811:
5760:
5749:
5720:
5705:
5689:
5683:
5669:
5656:
5654:
5642:Qin Shihuang
5633:
5616:Yan'an Talks
5605:
5599:
5588:
5584:
5580:hong bao shu
5579:
5575:
5568:
5554:Pan Tianshou
5543:
5533:Xuanchuanhua
5531:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5514:xuanchuanhua
5512:
5508:
5505:
5484:
5478:supplanted "
5475:
5451:Yellow Music
5449:
5447:
5441:
5434:
5415:Cai Chusheng
5409:
5407:
5396:
5389:
5377:Li Guangtian
5354:
5342:
5334:
5327:
5324:Peking opera
5320:
5308:
5300:
5281:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5246:zàofǎn yǒulǐ
5244:
5237:
5229:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5178:
5159:
5143:Wu Dingliang
5116:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5057:
5032:
5017:
5013:
4998:
4979:
4971:Julia Lovell
4964:
4941:
4938:and his wife
4924:Panchen Lama
4895:
4885:In Yunnan's
4884:
4877:
4861:
4853:
4849:running dogs
4846:
4842:
4838:
4824:
4823:
4768:
4762:
4742:
4727:
4711:
4709:in Beijing.
4680:
4626:
4588:
4569:Chen Yung-fa
4563:
4468:
4464:
4456:
4422:
4395:
4391:ten marshals
4376:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4310:
4303:
4289:
4269:
4265:
4250:
4246:
4234:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4178:
4171:
4167:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4105:Gang of Four
4101:
4097:
4079:Wang Hongwen
4075:Gang of Four
4026:Gang of Four
4014:
4009:National Day
4006:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3889:
3881:
3872:Ussuri River
3865:
3861:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3788:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3736:
3730:
3719:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3633:1968: Purges
3615:
3589:, including
3585:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3549:Wang Hongwen
3542:
3539:buried alive
3528:
3513:
3498:
3363:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3293:
3280:
3252:Wang Hongwen
3245:
3241:
3237:
3206:
3201:
3183:
3174:party cadres
3166:
3087:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3015:of society.
3009:
3004:
2995:
2990:
2978:
2975:
2941:
2922:
2915:
2910:On July 28,
2909:
2899:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2809:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2743:
2739:
2712:
2700:
2669:
2666:
2656:
2640:
2623:Notification
2617:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2535:
2525:
2498:
2492:
2477:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2403:
2387:Soviet Union
2384:
2332:
2295:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2237:
2227:
2160:
2156:Gang of Four
2150:. After the
2130:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2048:
1899:People Power
1819:
1616:Disobedience
1309:Constitution
905:Gang of Four
874:
787:Proclamation
690:Southern Min
617:Romanization
531:Hanyu Pinyin
420:Southern Min
333:Romanization
237:Hanyu Pinyin
175:Wang Hongwen
111:Organized by
40:
18602:Politicides
18444:(2014–2017)
18432:(2014–2017)
18426:(2013–2016)
18364:(1992–1996)
18326:(1975–1979)
18320:(1975–1990)
18226:(1948–1980)
18172:(1945–1989)
18166:(1945–1989)
18160:(1941–1945)
18154:(1939–1945)
18142:(1936–1975)
18127:legislation
18092:(1917–1990)
18086:(1915–1923)
18080:(1914–1924)
18061:(1912–1913)
18049:(1862–1877)
18031:(1857–1858)
18025:(1789–1801)
18013:(1683–1922)
18007:(1673–1829)
18001:(1609–1614)
17995:(1562–1598)
17989:(1561–1812)
17983:(1526–1791)
17977:(1522–1712)
17971:(1500–1526)
17947:(1184–1908)
17945:Inquisition
17856:Segregation
17821:Intolerance
17761:Desecration
17703:Neopaganism
17696:Persecution
17657:Persecution
17640:Persecution
17603:Catholicism
17428:Nazi-Maoism
17055:(1965—1966)
16994:On Practice
16950:Yao Wenyuan
16850:Saroj Dutta
16800:Bob Avakian
16747:Mao-spontex
16329:Yiku sitian
16178:Ye Jianying
16173:Hua Guofeng
16168:Mao Yuanxin
16158:Chen Zaidao
16093:Peng Dehuai
16082:Yao Wenyuan
16036:Key figures
15909:Project 571
15737:photographs
15679:Zhang Yimou
15639:Red Sorghum
15634:Zhang Yimou
15371:Gladys Yang
15143:Anit Chan,
15110:28 November
15059:Ji-li Jiang
15040:Jack Chen,
14802:19 November
14614:. Durham :
14230:AsiaNews.it
14016:27 December
13858:"文革时期的荒诞外交"
13678:j.ctvnjbhrb
13399:. Seattle:
13257:Jazz Planet
12950:. Durham :
12844:. Durham :
12709:19 November
12666:12 November
12498:15 November
12334:23 February
12306:23 February
12258:"青海核武基地的劫难"
12241:23 February
11183:(2): 7–53.
11090:16 February
11063:30 December
10842:16 February
10808:16 February
10772:16 February
10665:29 November
10632:30 November
10607:15 February
10580:14 February
10539:Jian, Guo;
10467:27 December
9963:"最新版文革死亡人數"
9671:29 November
9465:Nikkei Asia
9389:19 November
9301:17 February
9215:Morning Sun
8516:28 February
8436:. Beijing.
7436:15 February
7312:Jian, Guo;
6705:, p. .
6619:28 November
6589:27 December
6578:Sciences Po
6487:Peng Dehuai
6422:July Theses
6336:Qin dynasty
6146:Enver Hoxha
5723:broadsheets
5612:reactionary
5494:Visual arts
5419:Zheng Junli
5299:The ballet
5285:Jiang Zemin
5147:Yao Tongbin
5094:Yao Tongbin
4878:During the
4615:Ye Jianying
4603:Ye Jianying
4447:Xi Zhongxun
4410:Zhao Ziyang
4349:became the
4318:Li Xiannian
4277:Li Xiannian
4214:Wen Hui Bao
4202:Hua Guofeng
4087:Yao Wenyuan
3938:Project 571
3932:Project 571
3877:Third Front
3595:Zhongnanhai
3583:in August.
3343:Chen Zaidao
3308:Tan Zhenlin
3300:Ye Jianying
3289:Pan Fusheng
3257:Chen Pixian
2718: [
2651:Luo Ruiqing
2517:Yao Wenyuan
2472:Luo Ruiqing
2434:coup d'état
2408:, altering
2406:revisionist
2234:Hua Guofeng
2199:Peng Dehuai
2167:cannibalism
1961:Arab Spring
1559:Human chain
1549:Coup d'état
1458:Proletarian
1061:1998 floods
989:863 Program
870:Third Front
837:Canton Fair
714:Eastern Min
638:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
471:Formal name
444:Eastern Min
354:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
171:Yao Wenyuan
18587:Mao Zedong
18521:Categories
17941:(643–1526)
17816:Iconoclasm
17811:Hate crime
17741:Censorship
17630:Falun Gong
17450:Red Guards
17171:Red August
17141:Korean War
17099:Long March
16955:Akram Yari
16915:Nie Yuanzi
16885:Kang Sheng
16880:Jiang Qing
16795:Samir Amin
16785:Faiz Ahmad
16780:Mao Zedong
16498:Mango cult
16370:Red Guards
16163:Kang Sheng
16148:Qiu Huizuo
16128:Ji Dengkui
16072:Jiang Qing
16053:Zhou Enlai
16048:Liu Shaoqi
16043:Mao Zedong
15970:Red August
15646:Chen Kaige
15581:Rae Yang,
15572:Yang Jiang
15549:Red Sorrow
15543:1400096987
15534:Red Azalea
15529:Anchee Min
15504:Liu Ping,
15494:Ken Ling,
15478:Ji Xianlin
15457:Liang Heng
15452:0394555481
15438:Nien Cheng
15426:Jung Chang
15395:0765377063
15342:037541309X
15318:0805082077
15294:0030050634
15280:0805280693
15266:0670219185
15250:0850312086
15219:0701173459
15191:0804729220
15138:0812918657
14538:總統蔣公思想言論總集
14343:31 October
14303:Ewing 2011
14257:. Ibidem.
14209:1348572572
14099:30 October
13854:Huang, Hua
13524:31 January
13030:张晓风:我的父亲母亲
12928:1250021710
12892:. Durham:
12822:1325647379
12106:11 January
12019:1377558716
11980:20 January
11826:5 December
11242:destroyed.
10961:5 December
10929:13 January
10718:081332615X
10693:0679422714
10521:5 December
9897:1120781893
9846:1120781893
9782:12 October
9247:(1): 158.
8444:28 January
8274:1156439609
8254:. Durham:
8235:1156439609
8215:. Durham:
8196:1156439609
8176:. Durham:
8157:1156439609
8137:. Durham:
8111:1156439609
8091:. Durham:
8019:1120781893
7156:Tsou, Tang
7076:1156439609
7056:. Durham:
6964:1145096137
6519:References
6462:Iconoclasm
6171:Li Zicheng
6167:Huang Chao
6070:See also:
5979:After the
5938:Resolution
5927:Resolution
5923:Resolution
5884:See also:
5868:, the 2nd
5849:consulates
5830:Red Guards
5716:Red Guards
5665:Ming Tombs
5546:Feng Zikai
5385:Zhao Shuli
5137:, Wu Han,
5135:Jian Bozan
5102:Zhou Enlai
4990:Hui people
4986:Dai people
4908:See also:
4781:among the
4745:Dao County
4738:Hui people
4730:a massacre
4707:Red August
4451:Xi Jinping
4433:Death toll
4428:Atrocities
4366:Hu Yaobang
4328:See also:
4260:See also:
4123:Kang Sheng
4119:Zhou Enlai
4115:Jiang Qing
4091:Jiang Qing
3946:Lin's son
3733:, saying:
3706:See also:
3702:Mango cult
3649:Liu Shaoqi
3637:See also:
3611:dirty bomb
3524:Hui Muslim
3520:Kang Sheng
3216:See also:
2960:Red August
2892:Liu Shaoqi
2802:Liu Shaoqi
2726:Nie Yuanzi
2589:Kang Sheng
2513:Jiang Qing
2456:See also:
2327:See also:
2302:Republican
2281:Background
2191:Liu Shaoqi
2126:Red Guards
2118:Red August
2079:capitalist
2067:Mao Zedong
1983:Euromaidan
1931:Bolivarian
1879:Nicaraguan
1859:Guatemalan
1797:Young Turk
1777:Philippine
1606:Nonviolent
1601:Resistance
1576:Insurgency
1486:Nonviolent
1481:From above
1453:Democratic
1129:Shenzhou 5
982:Opposition
792:Korean War
777:Revolution
559:Wade–Giles
279:Wade–Giles
163:Jiang Qing
153:Ming tombs
84:1976-10-06
80:1966-05-16
57:Mao Zedong
18292:Four Olds
18005:Test Acts
17871:Terrorism
17713:Rastafari
17662:Ahmadiyya
17386:Guevarism
17124:1989–2002
17119:1976–1989
17114:1949–1976
16840:Chin Peng
16835:Chen Boda
16671:Mass line
16659:Four Olds
16644:Comprador
16254:Four Olds
16187:Documents
16143:Wu Faxian
16123:Xie Fuzhi
16113:Chen Boda
16103:Peng Zhen
15963:Massacres
15691:Jiang Wen
15672:Blue Kite
15377:Liu Cixin
15357:Mabel Lee
15334:Ina Rilke
15324:Dai Sijie
14733:503828045
14686:156609951
14634:503828045
14544:6 October
14472:. Gwulo.
14426:154770001
14410:0305-7410
14217:253067190
14150:235452119
14142:0305-7410
14074:881183403
13895:0140-0460
13886:The Times
13830:155036059
13686:241177426
13630:235452119
13622:0305-7410
13084:932368688
12970:503828045
12633:227930948
12533:Gao, Mobo
12229:Cao, Pu.
12147:881183403
11951:143436282
11935:0097-7004
11898:144491731
11890:0097-7004
11789:1 October
11633:1 October
11333:1324-9347
11276:1385-4879
11237:0309-1317
11197:1061-1932
11162:154681969
11029:153348414
11021:0306-8374
10950:"内人党"冤案前后
10837:0362-4331
10803:0261-3077
10767:0362-4331
10686:. Knopf.
10077:0305-7410
10009:143087356
9758:2070-3449
9705:0190-8286
9631:153730706
9615:0305-7410
9435:iPolitics
9261:0015-7120
9189:0362-4331
9035:143387271
8789:143387271
8773:0097-7004
8722:0013-0613
8611:1324-9347
8597:: 67–88.
8042:1 January
7981:145582720
7965:0305-7410
7930:146977237
7922:1324-9347
7832:1961-9898
7753:148920995
7745:0097-7004
7630:146977237
7622:1324-9347
7028:154449798
7012:0305-7410
6972:218936313
6524:Citations
6391:Stalinism
6250:bona fide
6148:began a "
6021:Shen Tong
5970:Liu Xinwu
5845:embassies
5823:Indonesia
5771:Indonesia
5680:Mawangdui
5456:Li Jinhui
5427:Wang Ying
5381:Yang Shuo
5202:Zhanjiang
5139:Rao Yutai
4832:, and in
4818:Chongqing
4722:Guangdong
4691:Guangdong
4665:Massacres
4522:Ding Shu
4295:Aftermath
3948:Lin Liguo
3914:Politburo
3627:Changchun
3619:Chongqing
3607:Changchun
3531:Zhengzhou
3501:Chongqing
3482:Guangzhou
3466:Chongqing
3402:Zhengzhou
3053:Four Olds
3037:Xie Fuzhi
2912:Red Guard
2806:President
2715:Cao Yi'ou
2707:Four Olds
2643:Politburo
2593:Chen Boda
2582:Lu Dingyi
2580:director
2574:political
2528:Peng Zhen
2484:cleansing
2452:Precursor
2264:Etymology
2187:Four Olds
2175:Guangdong
2071:his death
1936:Bulldozer
1889:Carnation
1884:Argentine
1827:1917–1923
1815:Communist
1760:Hungarian
1596:Rebellion
1534:Civil war
1496:Permanent
1443:Communist
1438:Bourgeois
1345:Geography
1340:Education
1214:Chang'e 3
1164:Expo 2010
499:無產階級文化大革命
484:无产阶级文化大革命
18508:Religion
18029:Utah War
17899:(64–313)
17876:Violence
17766:Domicide
17718:Yazidism
17635:Hinduism
17593:Buddhism
17574:By group
17443:Japanese
17433:New Left
17423:Naxalite
17381:Hoxhaism
16920:Qi Benyu
16895:Lin Biao
16890:Li Minqi
16870:Ted Hill
16830:Bo Xilai
16735:Variants
16612:Concepts
16563:Category
16247:Concepts
16138:Qi Benyu
16058:Lin Biao
15735:and the
15555:Emily Wu
15547:Nanchu,
14978:(2009).
14948:40022499
14910:(1999).
14888:(2008).
14757:AsiaNews
14587:Archived
14583:BBC News
14363:BBC News
14337:Archived
14093:Archived
14010:Archived
13835:19 March
13311:Archived
13232:Archived
13193:Archived
13154:Archived
13115:Archived
13039:Archived
13006:Archived
12864:63178961
12660:Archived
12535:(2008).
12492:Archived
12461:Archived
12364:Archived
12352:(2019).
12208:Archived
12072:(eds.).
11817:Archived
11783:Archived
11744:Archived
11705:Archived
11666:Archived
11627:Archived
11588:Archived
11519:Archived
11477:Archived
11438:Archived
11399:Archived
11284:24675396
10923:Archived
10723:, p. 198
10412:(2017).
10358:(2002).
10265:Archived
10200:(1998).
10158:胡耀邦史料信息网
10093:43671719
10085:20058959
10038:Archived
9971:Archived
9875:(2019).
9709:Archived
9665:Archived
9637:Ming Bao
9544:Archived
9488:(1996).
9439:Archived
9340:23 April
9269:20031879
9220:16 March
9194:16 March
8933:21 March
8927:Archived
8852:(1999).
8829:40022499
8726:Archived
8641:16 March
8635:Archived
8510:Archived
8480:archived
8438:Archived
8400:Archived
8356:Archived
8308:Archived
7997:(2019).
7842:25 April
7836:Archived
7818:(2011).
7488:Archived
7486:. 1984.
7430:Archived
7402:Archived
7389:(2001).
7158:(1988).
6583:Archived
6456:General:
6282:See also
6230:Mobo Gao
6192:In 2007
6112:Naxalite
6006:Xianyang
5944:and the
5857:and the
5834:Legation
5805:against
5775:Malaysia
5678:and the
5476:de facto
5369:Deng Tuo
5338:misogyny
5166:executed
4952:Xinjiang
4865:lynching
4607:3.42–20
4536:and the
4502:1.1–1.6
4489:Remarks
4281:Chen Yun
3556:Lianyuan
3450:Lianyuan
3434:Shanghai
3202:de facto
3091:Buddhism
2970:Lin Biao
2968:Mao and
2747:Hangzhou
2570:academic
2225:policy.
2093:and the
2057:, was a
1993:Sudanese
1971:Egyptian
1966:Tunisian
1919:Romanian
1820:Cultural
1806:Chinese
1781:Iranian
1750:February
1671:American
1666:Atlantic
1655:Examples
1628:Samizdat
1432:By class
1407:a series
1405:Part of
1350:Politics
1319:Shanghai
1239:Xiong'an
659:Jyutping
545:Bopomofo
389:Jyutping
251:Bopomofo
93:Location
82: –
73:Duration
18262:(1963)
18019:(1700s)
17734:Methods
17691:Judaism
17677:Sunnism
17667:Shi'ism
17583:Atheism
17438:Chinese
17080:History
16133:Wang Li
16108:Tao Zhu
15814:Prelude
15684:To Live
15622:Xie Jin
15405:To Live
15387:Ken Liu
15006:General
14744:Sources
14678:2158588
14593:1 April
14126:: 355.
13987:1 April
13868:1 April
13760:1 April
13606:: 367.
13317:27 June
13278:27 June
13238:27 June
13199:27 June
13160:27 June
13121:27 June
13012:27 June
12467:27 June
12274:14 July
12214:27 June
11943:3181306
11405:25 July
11341:3182405
11319:: 162.
10269:Note 12
9538:].
9122:"China"
8067:10 June
7908:: 103.
7608:: 119.
7581:4 March
7494:27 June
7463:10 June
7275:2 March
7243:5 March
6142:Albania
6010:Shaanxi
5985:Li Peng
5866:Chen Yi
5801:in its
5787:Myanmar
5779:Vietnam
5526:dazibao
5522:dazibao
5509:dazibao
5470:" and "
5399:Hao Ran
5361:Lao She
5346:Mei Zhi
5162:Qinghai
5098:missile
5034:Suiming
4975:Yanbian
4965:In the
4891:Kunming
4830:Sichuan
4763:In the
4718:Guangxi
4683:Guangxi
4612:Marshal
4483:Source
4414:premier
4404:as its
4398:He Long
3965:Outline
3958:Outline
3870:on the
3765:Chengdu
3563:Wenzhou
3535:Kaifeng
3507:alone.
3505:Chengdu
3418:Kaifeng
3386:Wuzhong
3347:Wang Li
3323:Guizhou
3304:Chen Yi
3296:Tao Zhu
3170:Jiangxi
3143:Huineng
2566:Hai Rui
2562:Outline
2509:Hai Rui
2273:or the
2203:He Long
2114:Beijing
2061:in the
1924:Singing
1874:Rwandan
1849:Spanish
1844:Siamese
1832:Russian
1802:Mexican
1728:Belgian
1703:Serbian
1691:Haitian
1676:Brabant
1661:English
1591:Protest
1524:Boycott
1518:Methods
1491:Passive
1335:Economy
1330:Culture
1314:Beijing
697:Hokkien
568:ʻ
427:Hokkien
195:Chinese
159:Arrests
121:Outcome
78: (
18491:(2024)
18480:(2023)
18474:(2020)
18468:(2019)
18462:(2019)
18420:(2011)
18402:(2002)
18396:(2001)
18390:(2000)
18384:(2000)
18376:(1999)
18370:(1995)
18352:(1990)
18344:(1989)
18332:(1984)
18308:(1971)
18300:(1966)
18294:(1966)
18280:(1963)
18274:(1963)
18268:(1963)
18256:(1955)
18244:(1950)
18220:(1948)
18196:(1947)
18190:(1946)
18184:(1946)
18178:(1946)
18148:(1933)
18136:(1924)
18055:(1909)
18043:(1864)
18037:(1860)
17953:(1191)
17935:(1099)
17929:(1096)
17890:Events
17826:Pogrom
17672:Sufism
17408:Nanjie
17071:(1983)
17063:(1966)
17047:(1964)
17039:(1960)
17031:(1957)
17021:(1956)
17013:(1938)
17005:(1937)
16997:(1937)
16989:(1937)
16981:(1927)
16825:Biplav
16773:People
16605:Maoism
16488:Maoism
16363:Groups
16098:Wu Han
15699:(1994)
15687:(1993)
15675:(1993)
15663:(1992)
15654:(1992)
15642:(1987)
15630:(1984)
15565:
15541:
15512:
15450:
15400:Yu Hua
15393:
15363:Gu Hua
15340:
15316:
15292:
15278:
15264:
15248:
15217:
15203:Xinran
15189:
15165:
15136:
15078:
15014:about
14988:
14963:
14946:
14918:
14896:
14861:
14835:
14775:
14731:
14721:
14684:
14676:
14632:
14622:
14476:
14449:
14424:
14418:655689
14416:
14408:
14369:18 May
14265:
14215:
14207:
14199:
14189:
14148:
14140:
14072:
14062:
13957:651980
13955:
13893:
13828:
13785:
13734:
13724:
13684:
13676:
13666:
13628:
13620:
13572:
13562:
13500:
13472:
13445:
13407:
13375:
13345:
13303:
13269:
13224:
13185:
13146:
13107:
13082:
13072:
12998:
12968:
12958:
12926:
12918:
12908:
12862:
12852:
12820:
12810:
12776:
12751:
12631:
12621:
12593:
12548:
12453:
12426:
12390:
12200:
12170:
12145:
12135:
12089:
12051:
12017:
12007:
11949:
11941:
11933:
11896:
11888:
11849:
11775:
11736:
11697:
11658:
11619:
11580:
11553:
11511:
11469:
11430:
11365:
11339:
11331:
11282:
11274:
11235:
11195:
11160:
11154:655646
11152:
11115:
11027:
11019:
10982:挖肃灾难实录
10896:
10835:
10801:
10765:
10715:
10690:
10553:
10492:
10439:
10366:
10332:
10235:
10206:Taipei
10091:
10083:
10075:
10007:
9895:
9885:
9844:
9834:
9756:
9703:
9629:
9623:653530
9621:
9613:
9498:
9470:20 May
9445:20 May
9414:20 May
9267:
9259:
9187:
9140:
9103:
9061:
9033:
9027:189334
9025:
8893:
8866:
8827:
8787:
8781:189334
8779:
8771:
8732:22 May
8720:
8683:
8609:
8568:
8541:
8472:
8392:
8348:
8300:
8272:
8262:
8233:
8223:
8194:
8184:
8155:
8145:
8109:
8099:
8017:
8007:
7979:
7973:651368
7971:
7963:
7928:
7920:
7874:
7830:
7795:
7751:
7743:
7695:
7664:
7628:
7620:
7548:
7366:
7326:
7210:
7170:
7133:
7074:
7064:
7026:
7020:652308
7018:
7010:
6970:
6962:
6952:
6904:
6683:
6366:Maoism
6098:rule.
6060:Utopia
5968:, and
5837:there.
5761:China
5670:Later
5637:feudal
5552:, and
5550:Shi Lu
5431:Xu Lai
5429:, and
5365:Fu Lei
5113:Line".
4982:Yunnan
4956:Qur'an
4857:Pufang
4834:Xuzhou
4806:, and
4734:Yunnan
4703:Ruijin
4701:, and
4695:Yunnan
4590:Laogai
4584:7.731
4551:1.728
4507:county
4336:, and
3998:Ye Qun
3858:parade
3625:, and
3623:Xiamen
3224:, and
2768:(July)
2560:. The
2495:Wu Han
2363:Soviet
2306:Taiwan
2201:, and
2181:, and
2179:Yunnan
2122:cadres
1976:Yemeni
1956:Kyrgyz
1946:Orange
1914:Velvet
1909:Yogurt
1854:August
1837:German
1810:Xinhai
1790:Second
1767:Eureka
1755:German
1686:French
1643:Terror
1586:Mutiny
1501:Social
1476:Colour
721:Fuzhou
451:Fuzhou
173:, and
129:Deaths
103:Motive
17923:(732)
17652:Islam
17392:Juche
15519:Ma Bo
14944:JSTOR
14846:(PDF)
14829:(PDF)
14682:S2CID
14674:JSTOR
14519:(PDF)
14422:S2CID
14414:JSTOR
14213:S2CID
14197:JSTOR
14146:S2CID
13953:JSTOR
13826:S2CID
13732:JSTOR
13682:S2CID
13674:JSTOR
13626:S2CID
13570:JSTOR
13045:3 May
12916:JSTOR
12559:(PDF)
12542:(PDF)
12100:(PDF)
12079:(PDF)
11947:S2CID
11939:JSTOR
11894:S2CID
11820:(PDF)
11809:(PDF)
11391:(PDF)
11337:JSTOR
11280:JSTOR
11158:S2CID
11150:JSTOR
11025:S2CID
10986:(PDF)
10089:S2CID
10081:JSTOR
10005:S2CID
9923:(PDF)
9742:(4).
9715:9 May
9627:S2CID
9619:JSTOR
9359:(PDF)
9265:JSTOR
9031:S2CID
9023:JSTOR
8990:7 May
8958:7 May
8825:JSTOR
8785:S2CID
8777:JSTOR
7977:S2CID
7969:JSTOR
7926:S2CID
7749:S2CID
7626:S2CID
7405:(PDF)
7394:(PDF)
7295:(PDF)
7104:[
7024:S2CID
7016:JSTOR
6968:S2CID
6608:(PDF)
6473:Notes
5906:Mao."
5819:Ghana
5696:Media
5685:Kaogu
5373:Baren
5258:Anhui
4898:Hebei
4699:Hunan
4638:1979
4599:1982
4576:1991
4545:1996
4519:1999
4494:2014
4480:Time
4073:The "
3198:melee
3194:Taipa
3186:Macau
2722:]
2183:Hunan
2116:with
1951:Tulip
1869:Cuban
1785:First
1735:Texas
1708:Greek
1681:Liège
1611:Civil
1169:BRICS
631:Hakka
566:Wu-ch
347:Hakka
203:文化大革命
97:China
17565:and
15563:ISBN
15539:ISBN
15510:ISBN
15459:and
15448:ISBN
15391:ISBN
15338:ISBN
15314:ISBN
15290:ISBN
15276:ISBN
15262:ISBN
15246:ISBN
15215:ISBN
15187:ISBN
15163:ISBN
15134:ISBN
15112:2023
15076:ISBN
14986:ISBN
14961:ISBN
14916:ISBN
14894:ISBN
14859:ISBN
14833:ISBN
14804:2023
14773:ISBN
14729:OCLC
14719:ISBN
14630:OCLC
14620:ISBN
14595:2011
14546:2023
14474:ISBN
14447:ISBN
14406:ISSN
14371:2021
14345:2011
14317:Fong
14263:ISBN
14205:OCLC
14187:ISBN
14138:ISSN
14101:2011
14070:OCLC
14060:ISBN
14018:2012
13989:2020
13891:ISSN
13870:2020
13837:2023
13783:ISBN
13762:2020
13722:ISBN
13664:ISBN
13618:ISSN
13560:ISBN
13526:2017
13498:ISBN
13470:ISBN
13443:ISBN
13405:ISBN
13373:ISBN
13343:ISBN
13319:2015
13301:ISBN
13280:2015
13267:ISBN
13240:2015
13222:ISBN
13201:2015
13183:ISBN
13162:2015
13144:ISBN
13123:2015
13105:ISBN
13080:OCLC
13070:ISBN
13047:2017
13035:Sina
13014:2015
12996:ISBN
12966:OCLC
12956:ISBN
12924:OCLC
12906:ISBN
12860:OCLC
12850:ISBN
12818:OCLC
12808:ISBN
12774:ISBN
12749:ISBN
12711:2023
12668:2014
12629:OCLC
12619:ISBN
12591:ISBN
12546:ISBN
12500:2014
12469:2015
12451:ISBN
12424:ISBN
12388:ISBN
12336:2020
12308:2020
12276:2020
12243:2020
12216:2015
12198:ISBN
12168:ISBN
12143:OCLC
12133:ISBN
12108:2022
12087:ISBN
12049:ISBN
12015:OCLC
12005:ISBN
11982:2023
11931:ISSN
11886:ISSN
11847:ISBN
11828:2018
11791:2015
11773:ISBN
11752:2015
11734:ISBN
11713:2015
11695:ISBN
11674:2015
11656:ISBN
11635:2015
11617:ISBN
11596:2015
11578:ISBN
11551:ISBN
11527:2015
11509:ISBN
11485:2015
11467:ISBN
11446:2015
11428:ISBN
11407:2014
11363:ISBN
11329:ISSN
11272:ISSN
11233:ISSN
11193:ISSN
11113:ISBN
11092:2020
11065:2019
11017:ISSN
10963:2019
10931:2020
10894:ISBN
10844:2020
10833:ISSN
10810:2020
10799:ISSN
10774:2020
10763:ISSN
10713:ISBN
10688:ISBN
10667:2019
10634:2019
10609:2020
10582:2020
10551:ISBN
10523:2019
10490:ISBN
10469:2019
10437:ISBN
10364:ISBN
10330:ISBN
10285:FBIS
10233:ISBN
10073:ISSN
9893:OCLC
9883:ISBN
9842:OCLC
9832:ISBN
9784:2023
9754:ISSN
9740:2007
9717:2019
9701:ISSN
9673:2019
9611:ISSN
9496:ISBN
9472:2021
9447:2021
9416:2021
9391:2023
9342:2020
9303:2020
9257:ISSN
9222:2022
9196:2022
9185:ISSN
9138:ISBN
9101:ISBN
9059:ISBN
8992:2020
8960:2020
8935:2007
8923:Sina
8891:ISBN
8864:ISBN
8769:ISSN
8734:2016
8718:ISSN
8681:ISBN
8643:2024
8607:ISSN
8566:ISBN
8539:ISBN
8518:2019
8488:2019
8470:ISBN
8446:2016
8408:2019
8390:ISBN
8364:2019
8346:ISBN
8316:2019
8298:ISBN
8270:OCLC
8260:ISBN
8231:OCLC
8221:ISBN
8192:OCLC
8182:ISBN
8153:OCLC
8143:ISBN
8107:OCLC
8097:ISBN
8069:2020
8044:2024
8015:OCLC
8005:ISBN
7961:ISSN
7918:ISSN
7872:ISBN
7844:2019
7828:ISSN
7793:ISBN
7741:ISSN
7693:ISBN
7662:ISBN
7618:ISSN
7583:2007
7546:ISBN
7496:2015
7465:2020
7438:2017
7364:ISBN
7324:ISBN
7277:2019
7265:新闻午报
7245:2024
7208:ISBN
7168:ISBN
7131:ISBN
7072:OCLC
7062:ISBN
7008:ISSN
6960:OCLC
6950:ISBN
6902:ISBN
6681:ISBN
6621:2023
6591:2019
6244:and
5951:CCP
5847:and
5821:and
5783:Laos
5742:The
5663:and
5593:and
5565:Film
5520:The
5466:", "
5462:", "
5383:and
5241:造反有理
5149:and
4922:The
4912:and
4720:and
4650:0.4
3963:The
3798:The
3533:and
3302:and
3109:The
3083:Qufu
2976:The
2591:and
2460:and
2248:十年动乱
2049:The
1941:Rose
1904:1989
1894:Saur
1740:1848
1723:July
1718:1830
1713:1820
1623:Riot
1506:Wave
17881:War
15762:by
15284:——
15270:——
15254:——
14754:."
14666:doi
14398:doi
14394:137
14289:NPR
14179:doi
14128:doi
14124:246
13818:doi
13714:doi
13656:doi
13608:doi
13604:246
13552:doi
13263:226
12898:doi
12583:doi
12488:CNN
11923:doi
11878:doi
11321:doi
11264:doi
11225:doi
11185:doi
11142:doi
11138:145
11009:doi
10575:NPR
10065:doi
10061:173
9997:doi
9933:155
9744:doi
9603:doi
9599:108
9249:doi
9130:doi
9093:doi
9015:doi
8761:doi
8599:doi
7953:doi
7910:doi
7731:doi
7610:doi
7538:doi
7263:.
7000:doi
6942:doi
6254:nor
6140:In
5960:" (
5803:war
5644:'s
5561:".
5517:).
4980:In
4896:In
4785:in
4743:In
4732:in
3568:At
3561:In
3554:In
3543:At
3529:In
3514:In
3499:In
3184:In
3081:in
2663:us.
2260:).
2124:of
724:BUC
700:POJ
673:IPA
593:IPA
454:BUC
430:POJ
403:IPA
309:IPA
18523::
15766:.
15693:,
15681:,
15669:,
15648:,
15636:,
15624:,
15591:,
15574:,
15557:,
15531:,
15521:,
15480:,
15463:,
15440:,
15428:,
15402:,
15379:,
15365:,
15349:,
15326:,
15308:,
15240:,
15205:,
15181:,
15128:.
15096:.
15061:,
14940:77
14938:.
14884:;
14814:"
14790:.
14727:.
14680:.
14672:.
14662:18
14660:.
14656:.
14642:^
14628:.
14585:.
14581:.
14569:^
14499:33
14497:.
14420:.
14412:.
14404:.
14392:.
14388:.
14361:.
14335:.
14331:.
14310:^
14286:.
14261:.
14211:.
14203:.
14195:.
14185:.
14177:.
14158:^
14144:.
14136:.
14122:.
14118:.
14068:.
14026:^
14008:.
13997:^
13973:.
13932:.
13911:.
13860:.
13845:^
13824:.
13814:11
13812:.
13806:.
13752:.
13730:.
13720:.
13712:.
13694:^
13680:.
13672:.
13662:.
13654:.
13650:.
13638:^
13624:.
13616:.
13602:.
13596:.
13582:^
13568:.
13558:.
13546:.
13534:^
13484:^
13441:.
13419:^
13403:.
13387:^
13357:^
13327:^
13309:.
13265:.
13230:.
13191:.
13152:.
13113:.
13078:.
13004:.
12978:^
12964:.
12936:^
12922:.
12914:.
12904:.
12896:.
12872:^
12858:.
12848:.
12830:^
12816:.
12788:^
12731:^
12702:.
12698:.
12676:^
12656:90
12654:.
12650:.
12627:.
12605:^
12589:.
12567:^
12508:^
12490:.
12486:.
12459:.
12422:.
12402:^
12372:^
12356:.
12324:.
12292:.
12260:.
12233:.
12206:.
12182:^
12141:.
12081:.
12031:^
12021:.
12013:.
11999:.
11971:.
11953:.
11945:.
11937:.
11929:.
11919:29
11917:.
11892:.
11884:.
11874:25
11872:.
11811:.
11781:.
11742:.
11703:.
11664:.
11625:.
11586:.
11535:^
11517:.
11493:^
11475:.
11436:.
11393:.
11371:.
11335:.
11327:.
11317:45
11315:.
11311:.
11295:^
11286:.
11278:.
11270:.
11260:14
11258:.
11239:.
11231:.
11221:38
11219:.
11199:.
11191:.
11181:34
11179:.
11156:.
11148:.
11136:.
11082:.
11051:.
11037:^
11023:.
11015:.
11005:38
11003:.
10971:^
10953:.
10939:^
10917:.
10869:.
10852:^
10831:.
10827:.
10797:.
10791:.
10761:.
10755:.
10743:^
10651:.
10625:.
10599:.
10573:.
10531:^
10513:.
10459:.
10378:^
10347:^
10338:.
10324:.
10276:^
10247:^
10217:^
10160:.
10143:^
10101:^
10087:.
10079:.
10071:.
10059:.
10055:.
10036:.
10017:^
10003:.
9993:38
9991:.
9979:^
9941:^
9931:.
9925:.
9905:^
9891:.
9854:^
9840:.
9816:^
9800:.
9774:.
9752:.
9734:.
9707:.
9699:.
9693:.
9675:.
9657:.
9646:^
9633:.
9625:.
9617:.
9609:.
9597:.
9583:^
9552:^
9513:^
9504:.
9463:.
9437:.
9433:.
9407:.
9361:.
9332:.
9285:.
9263:.
9255:.
9245:85
9243:.
9239:.
9213:.
9183:.
9179:.
9136:.
9124:.
9099:.
9087:.
9043:^
9029:.
9021:.
9011:18
9009:.
8951:.
8921:.
8915:.
8862:.
8858:.
8837:^
8821:77
8819:.
8797:^
8783:.
8775:.
8767:.
8757:18
8755:.
8751:.
8724:.
8716:.
8712:.
8651:^
8627:.
8605:.
8595:91
8593:.
8589:.
8508:.
8504:.
8478:,
8454:^
8430:.
8416:^
8398:.
8372:^
8354:.
8324:^
8306:.
8282:^
8268:.
8229:.
8190:.
8151:.
8119:^
8105:.
8077:^
8060:.
8035:.
8013:.
7975:.
7967:.
7959:.
7949:34
7947:.
7924:.
7916:.
7906:75
7904:.
7900:.
7886:^
7852:^
7834:.
7826:.
7822:.
7807:^
7791:.
7787:.
7761:^
7747:.
7739:.
7727:44
7725:.
7721:.
7707:^
7687:.
7660:.
7638:^
7624:.
7616:.
7606:75
7604:.
7600:.
7569:.
7544:.
7522:^
7473:^
7455:.
7428:.
7422:.
7400:.
7396:.
7378:^
7362:.
7338:^
7297:.
7236:.
7230:.
7182:^
7166:.
7145:^
7129:.
7125:.
7084:^
7070:.
7036:^
7022:.
7014:.
7006:.
6996:38
6994:.
6980:^
6966:.
6958:.
6948:.
6940:.
6916:^
6710:^
6695:^
6679:.
6647:^
6610:.
6581:.
6575:.
6532:^
6433:,
6424:,
6415:,
6334:,
6169:,
6122:,
6008:,
5976:.
5825:.
5817:,
5785:,
5781:,
5777:,
5773:,
5648:.
5548:,
5439:.
5425:,
5421:,
5417:,
5387:.
5379:,
5375:,
5371:,
5367:,
5363:,
5318:.
5243:;
5145:,
5141:,
5133:,
5063:.
4802:,
4697:,
4693:,
4689:,
4685:,
4540:.
4525:2
4441:A
4332:,
4183:,
4165:.
4157:,
4107:.
4089:,
4085:,
4081:,
3928:.
3621:,
3601:,
3220:,
2931:A
2720:zh
2683:.
2507:,
2490:.
2341:.
2250:;
2197:,
2177:,
2173:,
2097:.
1409:on
610:Wu
326:Wu
169:,
165:,
151:,
147:,
67:".
17555:e
17548:t
17541:v
16597:e
16590:t
16583:v
16089:)
16070:(
15799:e
15792:t
15785:v
15114:.
14994:.
14969:.
14950:.
14924:.
14902:.
14867:.
14806:.
14781:.
14759:.
14750:"
14735:.
14688:.
14668::
14636:.
14597:.
14548:.
14482:.
14455:.
14428:.
14400::
14373:.
14347:.
14305:.
14292:.
14271:.
14219:.
14181::
14152:.
14130::
14103:.
14076:.
14020:.
13991:.
13959:.
13936:.
13897:.
13872:.
13839:.
13820::
13791:.
13764:.
13738:.
13716::
13688:.
13658::
13632:.
13610::
13576:.
13554::
13528:.
13506:.
13478:.
13451:.
13413:.
13381:.
13351:.
13321:.
13282:.
13242:.
13203:.
13164:.
13125:.
13086:.
13049:.
13016:.
12972:.
12930:.
12900::
12866:.
12824:.
12782:.
12757:.
12726:.
12670:.
12635:.
12599:.
12585::
12502:.
12471:.
12432:.
12396:.
12338:.
12310:.
12278:.
12245:.
12218:.
12176:.
12149:.
12110:.
12057:.
11984:.
11925::
11900:.
11880::
11855:.
11830:.
11793:.
11754:.
11715:.
11676:.
11637:.
11598:.
11559:.
11529:.
11487:.
11448:.
11409:.
11343:.
11323::
11305:"
11266::
11227::
11187::
11164:.
11144::
11121:.
11094:.
11067:.
11031:.
11011::
10965:.
10933:.
10902:.
10846:.
10812:.
10776:.
10721:.
10696:.
10669:.
10636:.
10611:.
10584:.
10559:.
10525:.
10498:.
10471:.
10445:.
10398:.
10396:3
10372:.
10241:.
10095:.
10067::
10011:.
9999::
9899:.
9848:.
9786:.
9760:.
9746::
9719:.
9605::
9474:.
9449:.
9418:.
9344:.
9305:.
9271:.
9251::
9224:.
9198:.
9146:.
9132::
9109:.
9095::
9067:.
9037:.
9017::
8994:.
8962:.
8937:.
8899:.
8872:.
8831:.
8791:.
8763::
8736:.
8689:.
8645:.
8613:.
8601::
8574:.
8547:.
8520:.
8448:.
8410:.
8366:.
8318:.
8276:.
8237:.
8198:.
8159:.
8113:.
8071:.
8046:.
8021:.
7983:.
7955::
7932:.
7912::
7880:.
7846:.
7801:.
7755:.
7733::
7701:.
7670:.
7632:.
7612::
7585:.
7554:.
7540::
7498:.
7467:.
7440:.
7372:.
7332:.
7279:.
7247:.
7216:.
7176:.
7139:.
7078:.
7030:.
7002::
6974:.
6944::
6910:.
6689:.
6623:.
6593:.
6489:.
5956:"
5486:"
5239:(
4779:"
4777:'
2983:"
2695:"
2349:.
2038:e
2031:t
2024:v
1391:e
1384:t
1377:v
136:)
86:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.