Cultural Revolution

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of the bourgeoisie ... to change the mental outlook of the whole of society. At present, our objective is to struggle against and overthrow those persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic "authorities" and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to transform education, literature and art and all other parts of the superstructure not in correspondence with the socialist economic base, so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist system.

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Japan; Provided China perseveres in the War of Resistance and in the united front, the old Japan will surely be transformed into a new Japan and the old China into a new China, and people and everything else in both China and Japan will be transformed during and after the war. The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you ... The world belongs to you. China's future belongs to you.

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Thurston wrote that it "led to loss of culture, and of spiritual values; loss of hope and ideals; loss of time, truth and of life". Barnouin and Yu summarized the Cultural Revolution as "a political movement that produced unprecedented social divisions, mass mobilization, hysteria, upheavals, arbitrary cruelty, torture, killings, and even civil war", calling Mao "one of the most tyrannical despots of the twentieth century". According to historian Chun Lin, despite these human tragedies, individual freedoms and political self-organization expanded rapidly.

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captivity under a Zhou initiative to decorate hotels and railway stations defaced by Red Guard slogans. Zhou said that the artworks were meant for foreigners, therefore were "outer" art and not under the obligations and restrictions placed on "inner" art meant for Chinese citizens. He claimed that landscape paintings should not be considered one of the "Four Olds". However, Zhou was weakened by cancer, and in 1974, the Jiang faction seized these and other paintings and mounted exhibitions in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities denouncing the artworks as "

5077:", that is, the class enemies who promoted bourgeois ideas, as well as those from an exploitative family background or who belonged to one of the Five Black Categories. Large numbers of people perceived to be "monsters and demons" regardless of guilt or innocence were publicly denounced, humiliated, and beaten. In their revolutionary fervor, students especially the Red Guards denounced their teachers, and children denounced their parents. Many died from ill-treatment or committed suicide. In 1968, youths were mobilized to go to the countryside in the 4813: 2365:'s development strategy." Mao ambitiously sought an increase in rural grain production and an increase in industrial activity. Mao was dismissive of technical experts and basic economic principles, which meant that industrialization of the countryside would solely be dependent on the peasants. Grain quotas were introduced with the idea of having peasants provide grains for themselves and support urban areas. Output from the industrial activities such as steel was also supposed to be used for urban growth. Local officials were fearful of 3372: 2246:, which gradually dismantled the ideology of Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the Communist Party publicly acknowledged numerous failures of the Cultural Revolution, declaring it "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the people, the country, and the party since the founding of the People's Republic." Given its broad scope and social impact, memories and perspectives of the Cultural Revolution are varied and complex in contemporary China. It is often referred to as the "ten years of chaos" ( 6693: 3842:" was launched by Mao and the Communist Party Central, aiming to consolidate the new organs of power by targeting counterrevolutionary thoughts and actions. A large number of "minor criminals" were executed or forced to commit suicide between 1970 and 1972. According to government statistics released after the Cultural Revolution, during the campaign 1.87 million people were persecuted as traitors, spies, and counterrevolutionaries, and over 284,800 were arrested or killed from February to November 1970 alone. 6157:

culture they call proletarian, should be created." He further stated that, "It is difficult for us to call this revolution, as the 'Red Guards' are carrying it out, a Proletarian Cultural Revolution... the enemies could and should be captured by the organs of the dictatorship on the basis of the law, and if the enemies have wormed their way into the party committees, let them be purged through party channels. Or in the final analysis, arm the working class and attack the committees, but not with children."

4562:; 'Facts on the Successive Political Movements since the Founding of the PRC', a book by the party's History Research Center, which states that "according to CCP internal investigations in 1978 and 1984 ... 21.44 million were investigated, 125 million got implicated in these investigations; 4.2 million were detained (by Red Guards and other non-police), 1.3 million were arrested by police, 1.728 million of unnatural deaths; 135,000 were executed for crimes of counter-revolution; during 3983: 2928: 5627: 17492: 6304: 3738:

enthusiastically and sang with wild abandonment. Tears swelled up in their eyes, and they again and again sincerely wished that our most beloved Great Leader lived ten thousand years without bounds ... They all made phone calls to their own work units to spread this happy news; and they also organised all kinds of celebratory activities all night long, and arrived at Zhongnanhai despite the rain to report the good news, and to express their loyalty to the Great Leader Chairman Mao.

5253: 4851:", "revisionists", or coming from a suspect class (including those related to former landlords or rich peasants) were subject to beating, imprisonment, rape, torture, sustained and systematic harassment and abuse, seizure of property, denial of medical attention, and erasure of social identity. Intellectuals were also targeted. Many survivors and observers suggest that almost anyone with skills over that of the average person was made the target of political "struggle" in some way. 3136: 17516: 5271:, and the Red Guards. Mao often offered vague, yet powerful directives that divided the Red Guards. These directives could be interpreted to suit personal interests, in turn aiding factions' goals in claiming loyalty to Mao. Red Guard slogans were violent, advancing themes such as "Strike the enemy down on the floor and step on him with a foot", "Long live the red terror!" and "Those who are against Chairman Mao will have their dog skulls smashed into pieces." 2008: 16559: 2792: 2337:, was Mao Zedong's proposal to make the newly created People's Republic of China an industrial superpower. Beginning in 1958, the Great Leap Forward did produce, at least on the surface, incredible industrialization, but also caused some of the worst famines in modern history, while still falling short of projected goals. The Great Leap Forward soon came to be seen as one of Mao's greatest mistakes, eventually costing him some of his official status in the 5296: 18498: 4420:, but formal power was transferred to a new generation of pragmatic reformers, who reversed Cultural Revolution policies to a large extent. Within a few years, Deng and Hu helped rehabilitate over 3 million "unjust, false, erroneous" cases. In particular, the trial of the Gang of Four took place in Beijing from 1980 to 1981, and the court stated that 729,511 people had been persecuted by the Gang, of whom 34,800 were said to have died. 3803:

an election by party members, delegates for this Congress were effectively selected by Revolutionary Committees. Representation of the military increased by a large margin from the previous Congress, reflected in the election of more PLA members to the new Central Committee—over 28%. Many officers now elevated to senior positions were loyal to PLA Marshal Lin Biao, which would open a new rift between the military and civilian leadership.

51: 5050: 4919: 4343: 17504: 6318: 6029:, has a positive view of some aspects of the CR. According to Shen, the trigger for the Tiananmen hunger-strikes was a big-character poster, a form of public political discussion that gained prominence during the Cultural Revolution. Shen remarked that the travel of students from across the country to Beijing on trains and the hospitality they received from residents was reminiscent of the experiences of Red Guards. 3956:—in the original Mandarin, the phrase sounds similar to the term for 'military uprising'. It is disputed whether Lin Biao was directly involved in this process. While official sources maintain that Lin did plan and execute the coup attempt, scholars such as Jin Qiu portray Lin as passive, cajoled by elements among his family and supporters. Qiu contests that Lin Biao was ever personally involved in drafting the 3903: 4036: 4252:

its way into several government buildings surrounding the square. Many of those arrested were later sentenced to prison. Similar incidents occurred in other major cities. Jiang and her allies attacked Deng as the incident's 'mastermind', and issued reports on official media to that effect. Deng was formally stripped of all positions inside and outside the Party on 7 April. This marked Deng's second purge.

13517: 5498: 4176:, while Zhou and Deng held control of most government organs. On some decisions, Mao sought to mitigate the Gang's influence, but on others, he acquiesced to their demands. The Gang of Four's political and media control did not prevent Deng from enacting his economic policies. Deng emphatically opposed Party factionalism, and his policies aimed to promote unity to restore economic productivity. 3475: 3459: 3395: 3443: 3427: 2599:"evidence of Peng Zhen's revisionism", and grouped him with three other disgraced officials as part of the "Peng-Luo-Lu-Yang Anti-Party Clique". On 16 May, the Politburo formalized the decisions by releasing an official document condemning Peng and his "anti-party allies" in the strongest terms, disbanding his "Five Man Group", and replacing it with the Maoist Cultural Revolution Group (CRG). 3411: 3379: 4133:

officials. The party's core became heavily dominated by Cultural Revolution beneficiaries and radicals, whose focus remained ideological purity over economic productivity. The economy remained mostly Zhou's domain, one of the few remaining moderates. Zhou attempted to restore the economy, but was resented by the Gang of Four, who identified him as their primary political succession threat.

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the movement was "manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing," who caused its worst excesses. The Resolution affirmed that the Cultural Revolution "brought serious disaster and turmoil to the Communist Party and the Chinese people." These themes of "turmoil" and "disaster" underlie historical and popular understanding of the Cultural Revolution. The 1981

4000:, Lin Liguo, and members of his staff attempted to flee to the USSR ostensibly to seek political asylum. En route, Lin's plane crashed in Mongolia, killing all on board. The plane apparently ran out of fuel. A Soviet investigative team was not able to determine the cause of the crash but hypothesized that the pilot was flying low to evade radar and misjudged the plane's altitude. 3243:"support industry". The "two Militaries" referred to "military management" and "military training". The policy of supporting the left failed to define "leftists" at a time when almost all mass organizations claimed to be "leftist" or "revolutionary". PLA commanders had developed close working relations with the party establishment, leading many military units to repress radicals. 4308:, namely, "Whatever policy originated from Chairman Mao, we must continue to support," and "Whatever directions were given to us from Chairman Mao, we must continue to follow." Like Deng, Hua wanted to reverse the CR's damage; but unlike Deng, who wanted new economic models for China, Hua intended to move the Chinese economic and political system towards Soviet-style planning. 4840:

neither trained nor committed fighters and therefore casualties remained relatively low. The peak of collective violence in summer 1967 dropped sharply after August, when Mao became concerned about rebel attacks on local army units and thereafter made clear that his prior calls to "drag out" army commanders was a mistake and he would instead support besieged army commands.

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school rose from 15% to over two-thirds. Educational opportunities for rural children expanded, while education of the urban elite were restricted by anti-elitist policies.Industrial Universities were established in factories to supply technical and engineering programs for industrial workers. These study programs were inspired by Mao's July 1968 remarks advocating

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graduates. In the late 1970s, these students returned to their home cities. Many students who were previously Red Guard supported the movement and Mao's vision. This movement was thus in part a means of moving Red Guards from the cities to the countryside, where they would cause less social disruption. It also served to spread revolutionary ideology geographically.

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coherence of rebel factions, and their growing access to military weaponry" another important factor was that "he longer that local factional warfare continued without the prospect of an equitable political settlement, the greater the stakes for the participants and the more intense the collective violence as factions fought to avoid the consequence of losing."

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with the decline of revolutionary spirit and the potential rise of a new class-stratified society arising as the popular revolutionary movement transformed into a socialist bureaucracy. Historian Rebecca Karl writes that for Mao, the pursuit of power was never an end in itself, but rather the seizure of state power was to be used in making the revolution.

4389:, as Deng rose to become the #2 leader of China. Hua Guofeng engaged in self-criticism and called his "Two Whatevers" a mistake. Mao's trusted ally Wang Dongxing was also criticized. At the Plenum, the Party reversed its verdict on the Tiananmen Incident. Former Chinese president Liu Shaoqi was given a belated state funeral. Peng Dehuai, one of China's 4374:, making clever use of Mao's quotations, while lauding Deng's ideas. Following this article, Hua began to shift his tone in support of Deng. On 1 July, Deng publicized Mao's self-criticism report of 1962 regarding the failure of the Great Leap Forward. As his power base expanded, in September Deng began openly attacking Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers". 5019:

border regions. In the late 1960s, China experienced a period of strained relations with some of its neighbors, notably with the Soviet Union and India. Many of the Cultural Revolution's goals in minority areas were simply unreasonable. The return to pluralism, and therefore the end of the worst period, coincided with Lin Biao's removal from power.

6016:, the creation of hybrid rice crops and the rise of people's consciousness." The worker was eventually sentenced to ten years in prison, where he died soon after "without any apparent cause". Since the late 1980s, China has experienced "at first a fitful and then a nationwide revival in Mao Zedong", including aspects of the Cultural Revolution. 3678:, where a few thousand hardliners of two factions continued to fight. At Mao's initiative, on 27 July 1968, tens of thousands of workers entered the Qinghua campus shouting slogans in opposition to the violence. Red Guards attacked the workers, who remained peaceful. Ultimately, the workers disarmed the students and occupied the campus. 3682:

response to a Red Guard leader's telegram sent prior to the meeting, which claimed that some "Black Hand" had maneuvered the workers against the Red Guards, Mao told the student leaders, "The Black Hand is nobody else but me! ... I asked how to solve the armed fighting in the universities, and told them to go there to have a look."

2534:", a committee commissioned by Mao to study the potential for a cultural revolution. Peng Zhen, aware that he would be implicated if Wu indeed wrote an "anti-Mao" play, wished to contain Yao's influence. Yao's article was initially published only in select local newspapers. Peng forbade its publication in the nationally distributed 5618:, particularly the concept that there is no such thing as art-for-art's-sake, party leadership construed Antonioni's aesthetic choices as politically motivated and banned the film. Since its 2004 release in China, the film has been well-regarded by Chinese audiences, especially for its beautiful depictions of a more simple time. 3863:

National Congress marked a temporary victory for the CR. Furthermore, despite Mao's efforts to put on a show of unity at the Congress, the factional divide between Lin's PLA camp and the Jiang-led radical camp was intensifying. Indeed, a personal dislike of Jiang drew many civilian leaders, including Chen, closer to Lin.

5948:. It also separated Mao's personal mistakes from the correctness of the theory that he created, going as far as to rationalize that the Cultural Revolution contravened the spirit of Mao Zedong Thought, which remains the official guiding ideology. Deng famously summed this up with the phrase "Mao was 70% good, 30% bad." 4751:, in addition to 1,397 forced to commit suicide, and 2,146 becoming permanently disabled. During Red August, official sources in 1980 revealed that at least 1,772 people were killed by Red Guards, including teachers and principals of many schools. 33,695 homes were ransacked and 85,196 families were forced to flee. The 2444:. As a result of the tensions following the Sino-Soviet split, Soviet leaders authorized radio broadcasts into China stating that the Soviet Union would assist "genuine communists" who overthrew Mao and his "erroneous course". Chinese leadership also feared the increasing military conflict between the United States and 5667:, showed extensive damage. Of the 80 cultural heritage sites in Beijing under municipal protection, 30 were destroyed, and of the 6,843 cultural sites under protection by Beijing government decision in 1958, 4,922 were damaged or destroyed. Numerous valuable old books, paintings, and other cultural relics were burnt. 3968:

made against Mao in Shanghai, from September 8 to 10, 1971. Perceived risks to Mao's safety were allegedly relayed to the chairman. One internal report alleged that Lin had planned to bomb a bridge that Mao was to cross to reach Beijing; Mao reportedly avoided this bridge after receiving intelligence reports.

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and handbills, as well as leaders' speeches and meeting transcripts which would normally have been considered highly classified. From 1966 to 1969, at least 5,000 new broadsheets by independent political groups were published. Several Red Guard organizations also operated independent printing presses

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From 1965 to 1976, the number of film projection units in China quadrupled, total film audiences nearly tripled, and the national film attendance rate doubled. The Cultural Revolution Group drastically reduced ticket prices which, in its view, would allow film to better serve the needs of workers and

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The model operas were broadcast on the radio, made into films, blared from public loudspeakers, taught to students in schools and workers in factories, and became ubiquitous as a form of popular entertainment and were the only theatrical entertainment for millions. Most model dramas featured women as

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The Cultural Revolution affected almost everyone in China, either directly or indirectly. Much economic activity was halted, with "revolution", regardless of interpretation, becoming the primary objective. Mao Zedong Thought became the central operative guide. The Red Guards' authority surpassed that

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Many monks and nuns were killed, and the general population was subjected to physical and psychological torture. An estimated 600,000 monks and nuns lived in Tibet in 1950, but by 1979, most were dead, imprisoned or had disappeared. The Tibetan government in exile claimed that many Tibetans died from

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It became increasingly clear to Hua, that without Deng, it was difficult to continue daily affairs of state. On October 10, Deng wrote a letter to Hua asking to be transferred back to state and party affairs; party elders also called for Deng's return. With increasing pressure from all sides, Premier

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The speed of Deng's rehabilitation took the radical camp by surprise. Mao wanted to use Deng as a counterweight to the military faction in government to suppress former Lin loyalists. In addition, Mao had also lost confidence in the Gang of Four and saw Deng as the alternative. Leaving the country in

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By 1971, the diverging interests of the civilian and military leaders was apparent. Mao was troubled by the PLA's newfound prominence, and the purge of Chen marked the beginning of a gradual scaling-down of the PLA's political involvement. According to official sources, sensing the reduction of Lin's

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The prospect of war elevated the PLA to greater prominence in domestic politics, increasing Lin's stature at Mao's expense. Some evidence suggests that Mao was pushed to seek closer relations with the US as a means to avoid PLA dominance that would result from a military confrontation with the Soviet

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Lin, Chen, and Kang were all beneficiaries of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou, who was demoted in rank, voiced his unequivocal support for Lin at the Congress. Mao restored the function of some formal party institutions, such as the operations of the Politburo, which ceased functioning between 1966 and

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as his "closest comrade-in-arms" and "universally recognized successor". At the time, no other Communist parties or governments anywhere in the world had adopted the practice of enshrining a successor to the current leader into their constitutions. Lin delivered the keynote address at the Congress: a

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was held in April 1969. It served as a means to "revitalize" the party with fresh thinking—as well as new cadres, after much of the old guard had been destroyed in the struggles of the preceding years. The party framework established two decades earlier broke down almost entirely: rather than through

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for an audience with the chairman. Mao mingled with Red Guards and encouraged them, donning a Red Guard armband. Lin also took centre stage, denouncing perceived enemies in society that were impeding the "progress of the revolution". Subsequently, violence escalated in Beijing and quickly spread. The

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Mao promptly endorsed Nie's poster as "the first Marxist big-character poster in China". Approved by Mao, the poster rippled across educational institutions. Students began to revolt against their school's party establishments. Classes were cancelled in Beijing primary and secondary schools, followed

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and they competed to fulfill or over-fulfill quotas which were based on Mao's exaggerated claims, collecting non-existent "surpluses" and leaving farmers to starve to death. Higher officials did not dare to report the economic disaster which was being caused by these policies, and national officials,

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remarked that the Cultural Revolution represented the 'dangers of democracy', remarking "People can go to the extreme like what we saw during the Cultural Revolution , when people take everything into their own hands, then you cannot govern the place." The remarks caused controversy in Hong Kong and

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Critics of Mao Zedong look at the actions that occurred under his leadership from the point of view that "he was better at conquering power than at ruling the country and developing a socialist economy". Mao went to extreme measures on his path to power, costing millions of lives then and during his

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became more organized in the internet era, partially as a response to academic criticisms of Mao. One Maoist website collected thousands of signatures demanding punishment for those who publicly criticize Mao. Along with the call for legal action, this movement demanded the establishment of agencies

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Although the Chinese Communist Party officially condemns the Cultural Revolution, many Chinese people hold more positive views, particularly amongst the working class, who benefited most from its policies. People in rural areas tend to view the Cultural Revolution more positively given the expansion

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The Resolution frankly noted Mao's leadership role in the movement, stating that "chief responsibility for the grave 'Left' error of the 'Cultural Revolution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed lie with Comrade Mao Zedong." It diluted blame by asserting that

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Up to two million people may have visited Tiananmen Square on 4 April. All levels of society, from the most impoverished peasants to high-ranking PLA officers and the children of high-ranking cadres, were represented in the activities. Those who participated were motivated by a mixture of anger over

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Although in early 1967 popular insurgencies were limited outside of the biggest cities, local governments began collapsing all across China. Revolutionaries dismantled ruling government and party organizations, because power seizures lacked centralized leadership, it was no longer clear who believed

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In October 1966, Mao convened a "Central Work Conference", mostly to enlist party leaders who had not yet adopted the latest ideology. Liu and Deng were prosecuted and begrudgingly offered self-criticism. After the conference, Liu, once a powerful moderate pundit, was placed under house arrest, then

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The campaign included incidents of torture, murder, and public humiliation. Many people who were indicted as counter-revolutionaries died by suicide. During Red August 1,772 people were murdered in Beijing; many of the victims were teachers who were attacked or killed by their own students. Shanghai

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In July, Mao, in Wuhan, crossed the Yangtze River, showing his vigor. He then returned from Wuhan to Beijing and criticized party leadership for its handling of the work-teams issue. Mao accused the work teams of undermining the student movement, calling for their full withdrawal on July 24. Several

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suspicion as thwarting revolutionary fervor. Party leadership subsequently became divided over whether or not work teams should continue. Liu Shaoqi insisted on continuing work-team involvement and suppressing the movement's most radical elements, fearing that the movement would spin out of control.

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But the city girls, naive and far from their families, were easy prey for peasants and especially cadres. Though fright and shame deterred many from reporting abuses, thousands of cases were recorded in a single year. The problem was pronounced enough that the centre kept threatening punishment for

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Li's estimate for Guangdong is roughly consistent with a widely accepted nationwide figure of 400,000 Cultural Revolution deaths, a number first reported in 1979 by the Agence France Presse correspondent in Peking based on estimates of unofficial but "usually reliable" Chinese sources. The toll may

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Walder argued that the failures of the Cultural Revolution did not come from poor implementation, bureaucratic sabotage, disloyalty, or lingering class antagonisms. If things turned out differently than Mao expected, Walder concluded, this was "probably due to the fact that Mao did not know what he

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criticizing it. He said that "the cult of Mao was raised to the skies in a sickening and artificial manner" and added that, in reading its purported objectives, "you have the impression that everything old in Chinese and world culture should be rejected without discrimination and a new culture, the

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The overall failure of the Red Guards' and radical assimilationists' goals was mostly due to two factors. It was felt that pushing minority groups too hard would compromise China's border defenses. This was especially important as minorities make up a large percentage of the population that live in

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in the decades since, the discrepancies are due in large part to the totalistic nature of the Revolution itself: it is a significant challenge for historians to discern whether and in what ways discrete events that took place during the Cultural Revolution should be ascribed to it. For example, the

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Fatality estimates vary across different sources, ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions, or even tens of millions. In addition to various regimes of secrecy and obfuscation concerning the Revolution, both top-down as perpetuated by authorities, as well as laterally among the Chinese public

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Shortly before dying, Mao had allegedly written the message "With you in charge, I'm at ease," to Hua. Hua used this message to substantiate his position as successor. Hua had been widely considered to be lacking in political skill and ambitions, and seemingly posed no serious threat to the Gang of

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On 9 September 1976, Mao Zedong died. To Mao's supporters, his death symbolized the loss of China's revolutionary foundation. His death was announced on 9 September. The nation descended into grief and mourning, with people weeping in the streets and public institutions closing for over a week. Hua

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The Gang of Four grew apprehensive that spontaneous, large-scale popular support for Zhou could turn the political tide against them. They acted through the media to impose restrictions on public displays of mourning for Zhou. Years of resentment over the CR, the public persecution of Deng (seen as

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With a fragile economy and Zhou falling ill to cancer, Deng Xiaoping returned to the political scene, assuming the post of Vice-Premier in March 1973, in the first of a series of Mao-approved promotions. After Zhou withdrew from active politics in January 1975, Deng was effectively put in charge of

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allegedly consisted mainly of plans for aerial bombardments through use of the Air Force. It initially targeted Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, but evolved to include Mao. If the plan succeeded, Lin would arrest his political rivals and assume power. Assassination attempts were alleged to have been

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Factional rivalries intensified at the Second Plenum of the Ninth Congress in Lushan held in late August 1970. Chen, now aligned with the PLA faction loyal to Lin, galvanized support for the restoration of the office of President of China, despite Mao's wishes. Moreover, Chen launched an assault on

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It has been claimed that Mao used the mangoes to express support for the workers who would go to whatever lengths necessary to end the factional fighting among students, and a "prime example of Mao's strategy of symbolic support." Through early 1969, participants of Mao Zedong Thought study classes

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said: "Seeing that golden mango/Was as if seeing the great leader Chairman Mao ... Again and again touching that golden mango/the golden mango was so warm." Few people at this time had ever seen a mango before, and a mango was seen as "a fruit of extreme rarity, like Mushrooms of Immortality."

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You have been involved in the Cultural Revolution for two years: struggle-criticism-transformation. Now, first, you're not struggling; second, you're not criticizing; and third, you're not transforming. Or rather, you are struggling, but it's an armed struggle. The people are not happy, the workers

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admitted that the most crucial factor in the Cultural Revolution was not the Red Guards or the CRG or the "rebel worker" organisations, but the PLA. When the PLA local garrison supported Mao's radicals, they were able to take over the local government successfully, but if they were not cooperative,

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In March 1967, the policy was adapted into the "Three Supports and Two Militaries" initiative, in which PLA troops were sent to schools and work units across the country to stabilize political tumult and end factional warfare. The three "Supports" were to "support the left", "support the interior",

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Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to use the old ideas, culture, customs and habits of the exploiting classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds and endeavour to stage a comeback. The proletariat must do the exact opposite: it must meet head-on every challenge

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Revolutionary war is an antitoxin which not only eliminates the enemy's poison but also purges us of our filth. Every just, revolutionary war is endowed with tremendous power and can transform many things or clear the way for their transformation. The Sino-Japanese war will transform both China and

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For several days, Mao repeatedly insinuated that the party's leadership had contravened his revolutionary vision. Mao's line of thinking received a lukewarm reception from conference attendees. Sensing that the largely obstructive party elite was unwilling to embrace his revolutionary ideology on a

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When the dismissal of Peng and the municipal party leadership became public in early June, confusion was widespread. The public and foreign missions were kept in the dark on the reason for Peng's ousting. Top Party leadership was caught off guard by the sudden protest wave and struggled with how to

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along with other leftists and posted it to a public bulletin. Nie attacked the university's party administration and its leader Lu Ping. Nie insinuated that the university leadership, much like Peng, were trying to contain revolutionary fervor in a "sinister" attempt to oppose the party and advance

2189:(old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits), which often took the form of destroying historical artifacts, cultural and religious sites, and targeting others deemed to be representative of the Four Olds. Tens of millions were persecuted, including senior officials: most notably, president 6267:

Varying academic focuses on power conflicts or clashes of personalities as underlying Mao's motivations, or alternatively on ideological reasons for launching the Cultural Revolution, are not necessarily conflicting. Mao's suspicions of those in power around him reflected his longstanding concerns

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to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of culture during this period, particularly including revolutionary model operas. During the Cultural Revolution's early years, mobile film teams traveled to rural areas with news reels of Mao meeting with Red Guards and

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Drastic changes in art and culture took place. Before this period, few cultural productions reflected the lives of peasants and workers. The struggles of workers, peasants, and revolutionary soldiers became frequent artistic subjects, often created by peasants and workers themselves. The spread of

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Dittmer and Chen argued that the emphasis on politics made language into effective propaganda, but "also transformed it into a jargon of stereotypes—pompous, repetitive, and boring." To distance itself from the era, Deng's government cut back on political slogans. During a eulogy for Deng's death,

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The revolution aimed to destroy the Four Olds and establish the corresponding Four News, which ranged from changing of names and cutting of hair to ransacking homes, vandalizing cultural treasures, and desecrating temples. Countless ancient buildings, artifacts, antiques, books, and paintings were

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and interpreted the annals' vague language in the most conservative manner. For instance, "some died" and "a couple died" were interpreted as zero death, while "death in the scale of tens/hundreds/thousands" were interpreted as "ten/a hundred/a thousand died". The reported deaths underestimate the

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The Central Committee, under the leadership of Jiang Qing, labelled the event 'counter-revolutionary' and cleared the square of memorial items shortly after midnight on April 6. Attempts to suppress the mourners led to a riot. Police cars were set on fire, and a crowd of over 100,000 people forced

3923:

The attacks on Zhang found favour with many Plenum attendees and may have been construed by Mao as an indirect attack on the CR. Mao confronted Chen openly, denouncing him as a "false Marxist", and removed him from the Politburo Standing Committee. In addition to the purge of Chen, Mao asked Lin's

3770:

The fruit was shared among all institutions that had been a part of the propaganda team, and large processions were organized in support of the "precious gift", as the mangoes were known. A dentist in a small town, Dr. Han, saw the mango and said it was nothing special and looked just like a sweet

3207:

By the beginning of 1967, a wide variety of grassroots political organizations had formed. Beyond Red Guard and student rebel groups, these included poor peasant associations, workers' pickets, and Mao Zedong Thought study societies, among others. Communist Party leaders encouraged these groups to

6211:

In the 1960s, while many scholars dismissed Mao's initiatives as ideological and destructive, others sympathized with his goals. They saw Maoism as a populist insistence on mass participation, mass criticism and the right to rebel, and a determination to wipe out a new ruling class. By the 1980s,

6032:

Since the advent of the Internet, people inside and outside China have argued online that the Cultural Revolution had many benefits. Some hold that the Cultural Revolution 'cleansed' China from superstitions, religious dogma, and outdated traditions in a 'modernist transformation' that later made

5506:

Some of the most enduring images come from poster arts. Propaganda in posters was used as a mass communication device and often served as the people's leading source of information. They were produced in large numbers and widely disseminated, and were used by the government and Red Guards to push

5188:

During the Cultural Revolution, basic education was emphasized and expanded. While schooling years were reduced and education standard fell, the proportion of Chinese children who completed primary education increased from less than half to almost all, and the fraction who completed junior middle

5179:

In the CR's early months, schools and universities were closed. Secondary school classes of 1966, 1967, and 1968 were unable to graduate on time later and became known as the Old Three cohort. Primary and middle schools gradually reopened, but colleges and universities were closed until 1970, and

4839:

The recorded rate of violence rose in 1967, reaching a peak that summer before dropping suddenly. During 1967, casualties were relatively low as the weapons used were primarily clubs, spears, and rocks until late July. Although firearms and heavier weapons began to spread during summer, most were

3762:

Several months of "mango fever" followed as the fruit became a focus of a "boundless loyalty" campaign for Mao. More replica mangoes were created, and the replicas were sent on tour around Beijing and elsewhere. Many revolutionary committees visited the mangoes in Beijing from outlying provinces.

3758:

One mango was sent to the Beijing Textile Factory, whose revolutionary committee organized a rally in its honor. Workers read quotations from Mao and celebrated the gift. Altars prominently displayed the fruit. When the mango began to rot after a few days, the fruit was peeled and boiled. Workers

2923:

Although no names were mentioned, this provocative statement has been interpreted as a direct indictment of the party establishment under Liu and Deng—the purported "bourgeois headquarters" of China. The personnel changes at the Plenum reflected a radical re-design of the party hierarchy. Liu and

2618:

The early phase was characterized by mass movement and political pluralization. Virtually anyone could create a political organization, even without party approval. Known as Red Guards, these organizations originally arose in schools and universities and later in factories and other institutions.

6276:

Since the early 1980s, there have been concerted efforts to reduce the extraordinary complexity of the Cultural Revolution to the simplicity almost exclusively of barbarism, violence, and human suffering. Flattening historical memory of the Cultural Revolution through moralistic condemnation and

6164:

criticized the Cultural Revolution as a synonym for Mao Zedong's method in the name of proletarian revolution after failures of Proletarian Revolution General Route, Great Leap Forward, People's commune and the Three Red Flags. He claimed that Maoism lost its origins in Marxism–Leninism. And Mao

6076:

Public discussion is still limited. The Chinese government continues to prohibit news organizations from mentioning details, and online discussions and books about the topic are subject to official scrutiny. Textbooks abide by the "official view" of the events. Many government documents from the

5343:

In 1966, Jiang advanced the Theory of the Dictatorship of the Black Line. Those perceived to be bourgeois, anti-socialist or anti-Mao (black line) should be cast aside, and called for the creation of new literature and arts. Disseminators of the "old culture" would be eradicated. The majority of

5263:

Huang asserted that slogans were ubiquitous in people's lives, printed onto everyday items such as bus tickets, cigarette packets, and mirror tables. Workers were supposed to "grasp revolution and promote productions", while peasants were supposed to raise more pigs because "more pigs means more

4827:

were factional conflicts (mostly among Red Guards and "rebel groups") that began in Shanghai and then spread to other areas in 1967. They brought the country to a state of civil war. Weapons used included some 18.77 million guns, 2.72 million grenades, 14,828 cannons, millions of other

4243:

in Tiananmen Square to commemorate Zhou. They honored Zhou by laying wreaths, banners, poems, placards, and flowers at the foot of the Monument. The most apparent purpose of this memorial was to eulogize Zhou, but the Gang of Four were also attacked for their actions against the Premier. A small

4102:

Jiang's position strengthened after Lin's flight. She held tremendous influence with the radical camp. With Mao's health on the decline, Jiang's political ambitions began to emerge. She allied herself with Wang and propaganda specialists Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, forming a political clique

3862:

Mao's efforts at re-organizing party and state institutions generated mixed results. The situation in some of the provinces remained volatile, even as the political situation in Beijing stabilized. Factional struggles, many violent, continued at a local level despite the declaration that the 9th

2268:

The terminology of cultural revolution appeared in communist party discourses and newspapers prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China. During this period, the term was used interchangeably with "cultural construction" and referred to eliminating illiteracy in order to widen public

5556:

were persecuted. Many of the artists were assigned to manual labour, and artists were expected to depict subjects that glorified the Cultural Revolution related to their labour. In 1971, in part to alleviate their suffering, several leading artists were recalled from manual labour or freed from

5208:

Though the Cultural Revolution was disastrous for millions, positive outcomes advanced some groups, such as those in rural areas. For example, the upheavals and the hostility to the intellectual elite is widely seen to have damaged education, especially at the upper end of the education system.

4843:

The greatest number of casualties occurred during the process of restoring order in 1968, although the overall number of violent conflicts was lower. Walder stated that while "rising casualties from a smaller number of insurgent conflicts surely reflected the increasing scale and organizational

3737:

In the afternoon of the fifth, when the great happy news of Chairman Mao giving mangoes to the Capital Worker and Peasant Mao Zedong Thought Propaganda Team reached the Tsinghua University campus, people immediately gathered around the gift given by the Great Leader Chairman Mao. They cried out

3681:

On July 28, 1968, Mao and the Central Group met with the five most important remaining Beijing Red Guard leaders to address the movement's excessive violence and political exhaustion. It was the only time during the Cultural Revolution that Mao met and addressed the student leaders directly. In

3238:

Mass organizations coalesced into two hostile factions, the radicals who backed Mao's purge of the Communist party, and the conservatives who backed the moderate party establishment. The "support the left" policy was established in January 1967. Mao's policy was to support the rebels in seizing

6239:

Academic interest focused on the movement's relationship with Mao's personality. Mao envisioned himself as a wartime guerrilla leader, which made him wary of the bureaucratic nature of peacetime governance. With the Cultural Revolution Mao was simply "returning to form", once again acting as a

6224:

The debate continues because the movement contains many contradictions: led by an all-powerful omnipresent leader, it was mainly driven by a series of grassroots popular uprisings. Many English-language books published since the 1980s paint a negative picture of the movement. Historian Anne F.

4015:

The event caught the party leadership off guard: the concept that Lin could betray Mao de-legitimized a vast body of Cultural Revolution political rhetoric and by extension, Mao's absolute authority. For several months following the incident, the party information apparatus struggled to find a

3789:

In December 1968, Mao began the Down to the Countryside Movement. During this movement, which lasted for the following decade, young bourgeoisie living in cities were ordered to go to the countryside to experience working life. The term "young intellectuals" was used to refer to recent college

3658:

On 27 July, the Red Guards' power over the PLA was officially ended, and the establishment sent in units to besiege areas that remained untouched by the Guards. A year later, the Red Guard factions were dismantled entirely; Mao predicted that the chaos might begin running its own agenda and be

2312:

to eliminate these soldiers left behind, as well as elements of Chinese society viewed as potentially dangerous to Mao's new government. This was one of the earliest examples of mass arrests, detainments, and killings across all of China that would later be mirrored in the Cultural Revolution.

4132:

By 1973, round after round of political struggles had left many lower-level institutions, including local government, factories, and railways, short of competent staff to carry out basic functions. China's economy had fallen into disarray, which led to the rehabilitation of purged lower-level

3911:

After Lin was confirmed as Mao's successor, his supporters focused on the restoration of the position of State Chairman, which had been abolished by Mao after Liu's purge. They hoped that by allowing Lin to ease into a constitutionally sanctioned role, whether Chairman or vice-chairman, Lin's

3072:

At the rallies, Lin called for the destruction of the "Four Olds"; namely, old customs, culture, habits, and ideas. Some changes associated with the "Four Olds" campaign were mainly benign, such as assigning new names to city streets, places, and even people; millions of babies were born with

4098:

Mao became depressed and reclusive after the Lin incident. With Lin gone, Mao had no answer for who would succeed him. Sensing a sudden loss of direction, Mao reached out to old comrades whom he had denounced in the past. Meanwhile, in September 1972, Mao transferred a 38-year-old cadre from

2760:

The work teams had a poor understanding of student sentiment. Unlike the political movement of the 1950s that squarely targeted intellectuals, the new movement was focused on established party cadres, many of whom were part of the work teams. As a result, the work teams came under increasing

6188:

criticized the Cultural Revolution in his memoir. He saw Chinese people repeatedly recite Mao's quotations and felt sick after he saw human dignity trampled. He argued that Mao is not supernatural, but upended his country, and that the Cultural Revolution was actually counter-revolutionary.

5196:

In the Down to the Countryside Movement's initial stages, most of the youth who took part volunteered. Later on, the government forced them to move. Between 1968 and 1979, 17 million urban youth left for the countryside. Living in the rural areas deprived them of higher education. This

5059:

of the PLA, local police authorities, and the law in general. Traditional arts and ideas were publicly attacked, replaced by praise for Mao. People were encouraged to criticize cultural institutions and to question their parents and teachers, which had been strictly forbidden in traditional

4199:

On 8 January 1976, Zhou Enlai died of bladder cancer. On 15 January, Deng delivered Zhou's eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou. After Zhou's death, Mao selected the relatively unknown

3000:

passed its "Decision Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," later to be known as the "Sixteen Points". This decision defined the Cultural Revolution as "a great revolution that touches people to their very souls and constitutes a new stage in the development of the socialist

5278:

had historically been defined by subtlety, delicacy, moderation, and honesty, as well as the cultivation of a "refined and elegant literary style". This changed during the CR. Mao wanted an army of bellicose people in his crusade, so rhetoric at the time was reduced to militant and violent

4593:

camp deaths in this figure. He estimated that 5% of the 10 million people in the Laogai camps died each year of the 12-year period, and that this amounts to roughly 6 million. He estimated that another 1.613 million were killed outright, a middle-ground figure he picked between 285,000 and

2360:

The Great Leap Forward stemmed from multiple factors, including "the purge of intellectuals, the surge of less-educated radicals, the need to find new ways to generate domestic capital, rising enthusiasm about the potential results mass mobilization might produce, and reaction against the

11373:

Events took a horrific turn in the frontier town of Yanbian, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny

5053:

A 1968 map of Beijing showing streets and landmarks renamed during the Cultural Revolution. Andingmen Inner Street became "Great Leap Forward Road", Taijichang Street became the "Road for Eternal Revolution", Dongjiaominxiang was renamed "Anti-Imperialist Road", Beihai Park was renamed

3831:. The Congress solidified the central role of Maoism within the party, re-introducing Maoism as the official guiding ideology in the party constitution. The Congress elected a new Politburo with Mao, Lin, Chen, Zhou Enlai and Kang as the members of the new Politburo Standing Committee. 3345:, the Army general in charge of the area, forcibly repressed the anti-establishment demonstrators. Mao flew to Wuhan with a large entourage of central officials in an attempt to secure military loyalty in the area. On July 20, 1967, local agitators in response kidnapped Mao's emissary 4065: 4724:

were among the most serious. In Guangxi, the official annals of at least 43 counties have records of massacres, with 15 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 county annals record massacres, with 6 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000.

5913: 2982:

was the mechanism that led the Red Guards to commit to their objective as China's future. Quotes directly from Mao led to actions by the Red Guards in the views of other Maoist leaders. By December 1967, 350 million copies had been printed. One of these quotes was the famous line

5015:

famines in 1961–1964 and 1968–1973 as a result of forced collectivization, however the number of Tibetan deaths or whether famines, in fact, took place in these periods is disputed. Despite persecution, some local leaders and minority ethnic practices survived in remote regions.

5209:

Radical policies provided many in rural communities with middle school education for the first time, which is thought to have facilitated rural economic development. Rural infrastructure developed during CR, facilitated by the political changes that empowered ordinary rurals.

6004:

of rural infrastructure and agricultural development that occurred. During Deng's ascendancy, the government arrested and imprisoned figures who took a strongly pro-Cultural Revolution stance. For instance, in 1985, a young shoe-factory worker put up a poster at a factory in

5485:

Quotation songs, in which Mao's quotations were set to music, were particularly popular during the early years of the Cultural Revolution. Records of quotation songs were played over loudspeakers, their primary distribution, as the use of transistor radios lagged until 1976.

4044: 5112:

A classroom at Beijing No. 23 Middle School in 1967. At the time, students were commanded to return to schools and "resume classes while carrying out the revolution". On the blackboard at the back is the text "Conference to Complaint and Criticize the Revisionist Education

3643: 11241:

Campaigns of 'class eradication' became more radical during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and had a disastrous effect on ethnic culture. Ethnic traditions were seen as part of the 'four olds' (old ideas, customs, culture and habits; in Chinese, sijiu) that had to be

5238:

Huang claimed that the Cultural Revolution had massive effects on Chinese society because of the extensive use of political slogans. He claimed that slogans played a central role in rallying Party leadership and citizens. For example, the slogan "to rebel is justified"

3882:

In October 1969, the Party attempted to focus more on war preparedness and less on suppressing factions. That month, senior leaders were evacuated from Beijing. Amidst the tension, Lin issued what appeared to be an executive order to prepare for war to the PLA's eleven

3010:

The implications of the Sixteen Points were far-reaching. It elevated what was previously a student movement to a nationwide mass campaign that would galvanize workers, farmers, soldiers and lower-level party functionaries to rise, challenge authority, and re-shape the

5193:. Mao had given the instruction to emulate the model of the Shanghai Machine Tool Factory university. Factories around the country therefore established their own educational programs for technicians and engineers. By 1976, there were 15,000 such July 21 Universities. 5797:). It is estimated that at least 90% of the Khmer Rouge's foreign aid came from China. In 1975 alone at least US$ 1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid and US$ 20 million came from China. China's economic malaise impacted China's ability to assist 5634:

China's historical sites, artifacts and archives suffered devastating damage, as they were thought to be at the root of "old ways of thinking". Artifacts were seized, museums and private homes ransacked, and any item found that was thought to represent bourgeois or

3254:

organized a far-reaching revolutionary coalition, one that displaced existing Red Guard groups. On January 3, 1967, with support from CRG heavyweights Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, the group of firebrand activists overthrew the Shanghai municipal government under

4423:

In 1981, the Chinese Communist Party passed a resolution and declared that the Cultural Revolution was "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic."

3874:

in March 1969 as Chinese leaders prepared for all-out war. In June 1969, the PLA's enforcement of political discipline and suppression of the factions that had emerged during the Cultural Revolution became intertwined with the central Party's efforts to accelerate

9708: 3337:

Tension grew between mass organizations and the military. In response, Lin Biao issued a directive for the army to aid the radicals. At the same time, the army took control of some provinces and locales that were deemed incapable of handling the power transition.

3281:

Shanghai's was the first provincial level government overthrown. Provincial governments and many parts of the state and party bureaucracy were affected, with power seizures taking place. In the next three weeks, 24 more province-level governments were overthrown.

2679:." While the party leadership was relatively united in approving Mao's agenda, many Politburo members were not enthusiastic, or simply confused about the direction. The charges against party leaders such as Peng disturbed China's intellectual community and the 4462:, considered by some to be the greatest technological catastrophe of the 20th century, itself resulted in between 26,600 and 240,000 deaths. The scope of the collapse, which occurred near the end of the CR, was covered up by authorities until at least 1989. 4854:

Some people were not able to stand the torture and committed suicide. Researchers claimed that at least 100,000 to 200,000 people committed suicide during the early CR. One of the most famous cases of apparent attempted suicide involved Deng Xiaoping's son

3742: 6277:

exhortation, these narratives not only deprive an immensely important and complex episode of Chinese history of its multilayered historicity, but also provide the discursive ground for delegitimizing China's revolutionary history of the twentieth century.

4290:

After Mao's death, people characterized as 'beating-smashing-looting elements', who were seen as having disturbed the social order during the CR, were purged or punished. "Beating-smashing-looting elements" had typically been aligned with rebel factions.

6216:

wrote that the "public opinion in the field had changed markedly". Most in the field now "seem convinced that the Cultural Revolution was a human disaster, even a historical crime, something on the order of Hitler's holocaust and Stalin's great terror."

5036:, Honig, and others documented that rape and sexual abuse of sent-down women were common during the CR's height. Branigan documented that women raped tended to be from educated urban backgrounds while their rapists were poor peasants or local officials. 17342: 6051:

In 2012, Chinese web portal and social media platform Tencent conducted an online survey focused on combatting "the unhealthy trend of Cultural Revolution nostalgia." Seventy-eight percent of survey participants expressed Cultural Revolution nostalgia.

4950:, some 790,000 people were persecuted during the Inner Mongolia incident. Of these, 22,900 were beaten to death, and 120,000 were maimed, during a witch hunt to find members of the alleged separatist New Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. In 2674:

on 17 May 1967. Effectively it implied that enemies of the Communist cause could be found within the Party: class enemies who "wave the red flag to oppose the red flag." The only way to identify these people was through "the telescope and microscope of

2657:

Those representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, the army, and various spheres of culture are a bunch of counter-revolutionary revisionists. Once conditions are ripe, they will seize political power and turn the

6264:, Khrushchev's ouster, and Great Leap Forward catastrophe. They conclude that the movement was, at least in part, a legacy project to cement Mao's place in history, aimed to boost his prestige while he was alive and preserve his ideas after his death. 2920:, rallying people to target the "command centre (i.e., Headquarters) of counterrevolution." Mao wrote that despite having undergone a communist revolution, a "bourgeois" elite was still thriving in "positions of authority" in the government and Party. 5344:

writers and artists were seen as "black line figures" and "reactionary literati", and were persecuted, and subjected to "criticism and denunciation" where they could be humiliated and ravaged, and be imprisoned or sent to hard labour. For instance,

4882:, official sources in 1980 stated that 346,000 people were wrongly arrested, over 16,000 were persecuted to death or executed, and over 81,000 were permanently disabled. However, academics instead estimated fatalities as between 20,000 and 100,000. 3034:

On 22 August, a central directive was issued to prevent police intervention in Red Guard activities, and those in the police force who defied this notice were labeled counter-revolutionaries. Central officials lifted restraints on violent behavior.

5639:

ideas was destroyed. Few records relate how much was destroyed—Western observers suggest that much of China's thousands of years of history was in effect destroyed, or, later, smuggled abroad for sale. Chinese historians compare the suppression to

5314:" celebrated in a socialist society. In poor and remote areas, movies and operas were shown for free. Mobile film units brought cinema to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of culture, particularly including 5991:, Deng Xiaoping characterized the Cultural Revolution as civil war and contrasting it with the contemporary situation: "Why was it that our country could remain stable after the June 4th Incident? It was precisely because we had carried out the 5836:

in Beijing and assaulted three diplomats and a secretary, before setting it ablaze. PRC authorities refused to condemn the action. British officials in Shanghai were attacked in a separate incident, as authorities attempted to close the office

4977:, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny revisionists!'" 3691:

are not happy, city residents are not happy, most people in schools are not happy, most of the students even in your schools are not happy. Even within the faction that supports you, there are unhappy people. Is this the way to unify the world?

5972:, scar literature depicted the Revolution negatively, based on their own perspectives and experiences. Movies criticizing Cultural Revolution hardliners were prevalent from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, although they were later banned as 2924:

Deng kept their seats on the Politburo Standing Committee, but were sidelined from day-to-day party affairs. Lin Biao was elevated to become the CCP's number-two; Liu's rank went from second to eighth and was no longer Mao's heir apparent.

2662:

into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Some of them we have already seen through; others we have not. Some are still trusted by us and are being trained as our successors, persons like Khrushchev for example, who are still nestling beside

3286:

were subsequently established, in place of local governments and branches of the Communist Party. For example, in Beijing, three separate revolutionary groups declared power seizures on the same day. In Heilongjiang, local party secretary

5812:

Among the over 40 countries that had established diplomatic or diplomatic half-relations with China at the time, around 30 countries went into diplomatic disputes with China—some countries terminated their diplomatic relations, including

3076:

Other aspects were more destructive, particularly in the realms of culture and religion. Historical sites throughout the country were destroyed. The damage was particularly pronounced in the capital, Beijing. Red Guards laid siege to the

3088:

Libraries of historical and foreign texts were destroyed; books were burned. Temples, churches, mosques, monasteries, and cemeteries were closed and sometimes converted to other uses, or looted and destroyed. Marxist propaganda depicted

4657:

referred to this number as a "widely accepted nationwide figure", but also said "The toll may well have been higher. It is unlikely that it was less." Jonathan Leightner asserted that the number is "perhaps one of the best estimates".

6048:

similar to Cultural Revolution-era "neighborhood committees", in which "citizens" would report anti-Maoists to local public security bureaus. Maoist rhetoric and mass mobilization methods were resurgent in Chongqing during the 2000s.

3119: 5011:. The destruction of nearly all of its over 6,000 monasteries, which began before the Cultural Revolution, were often conducted with the complicity of local ethnic Tibetan Red Guards. Only eight were intact by the end of the 1970s. 3808:

We do not only feel boundless joy because we have as our great leader the greatest Marxist–Leninist of our era, Chairman Mao, but also great joy because we have Vice Chairman Lin as Chairman Mao's universally recognized successor.

2837:

The work-teams issue marked a decisive defeat for Liu; it also signaled that disagreement over how to handle the CR's unfolding events would irreversibly split Mao from the party leadership. On 1 August, the Eleventh Plenum of the

6259:

While Mao's personal motivations were undoubtedly pivotal, they reasoned that other factors contributed to the way events unfolded. These include China's relationship with the global Communist movement, geopolitical concerns, the

4011:

celebration events the following day. The Central Committee did not release news of Lin's death to the public until two months later. Many Lin supporters sought refuge in Hong Kong. Those who remained on the mainland were purged.

5910:

To make sense of the chaos caused by Mao's leadership without undermining the CCP's authority and legitimacy, Mao's successors needed to provide a "proper" historical judgment. On June 27, 1981, the Central Committee adopted the

4889:, more than 1.387 million people were implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the province's population. From 1968 to 1969, more than 17,000 people died in massacres and 61,000 people were crippled for life; in 6582: 6089:

Mao Zedong's legacy remains in some dispute. During the anniversary of his birth, many people viewed Mao as a godlike figure and referred to him as "the people's great savior". Contemporary discussions in newspapers such as the

4169:

grinding poverty would damage the positive legacy of the CR, which Mao worked hard to protect. Deng's return set the scene for a protracted factional struggle between the radical Gang of Four and moderates led by Zhou and Deng.

4465:

Most deaths occurred after the mass movements ended, when organized campaigns attempted to consolidate order in workplaces and communities. As Walder summarizes, "The cure for factional warfare was far worse than the disease."

4003:

The official account was questioned by foreign scholars, who raised doubts over Lin's choice of the USSR as a destination, the plane's route, the identity of the passengers, and whether or not a coup was actually taking place.

4767:, the official record shows an estimated death toll from 100,000 to 150,000 between January and April 1968 in Guangxi, in one of the worst violent struggles of the Revolution, before Zhou sent the PLA to intervene. Zheng Yi's 3364:

In response to the Wuhan Incident, Mao and Jiang began establishing a "workers' armed self-defense force", a "revolutionary armed force of mass character" to counter what he saw as rightism in "75% of the PLA officer corps."

5204:

had literacy rates as low as 59% 20 years after the revolution. China's leaders denied illiteracy problems. This was amplified by the elimination of qualified teachers—many districts were forced to rely on students to teach.

2667:

Later known as the "16 May Notification", this document summarized Mao's ideological justification for CR. Initially kept secret, distributed only among high-ranking party members, it was later declassified and published in

7835: 2741:

by a decision on 13 June to expand the class suspension nationwide. By early June, throngs of young demonstrators lined the capital's major thoroughfares holding giant portraits of Mao, beating drums, and shouting slogans.

9690: 3924:

principal generals to write self-criticisms on their political positions as a warning to Lin. Mao also inducted several of his supporters to the Central Military Commission and placed loyalists in leadership roles of the

3616:

Nationwide, a total of 18.77 million firearms, 14,828 artillery pieces, 2,719,545 grenades ended up in civilian hands. They were used in the course of violent struggles, which mostly took place from 1967 to 1968. In

5955:

characterizes the Cultural Revolution as an aberration and a period of chaos. The official view is the dominant framework for historiography of the period; alternative are discouraged. A new genre of literature known as

5321:

Jiang took control of the stage and introduced revolutionary operas under her direct supervision. Traditional operas were banned as they were considered feudalistic and bourgeois, but revolutionary opera, which modified

5536:

were artworks produced by the government and sold cheaply in stores to be displayed in homes or workplaces. The artists for these posters might be amateurs or uncredited professionals, and the posters were largely in a

4566:

237,000 were killed and 7.03 million became disabled". While these internal investigations were never mentioned or published in any other official documents, the scholarly consensus found these figures very reasonable.

4191:, a campaign to oppose "rehabilitating the case for the rightists," alluding to Deng as the country's foremost "rightist". Mao directed Deng to write self-criticisms in November 1975, a move lauded by the Gang of Four. 2833:

to announce the decision and reveal the tone of the movement to teachers and students. At the rally, Party leaders encouraged the masses to 'not be afraid' and take charge of the movement, free of Party interference.

5184:

were cancelled after 1966, replaced by a system whereby students were recommended by factories, villages and military units. Entrance exams were not restored until 1977 under Deng. Traditional values were abandoned.

4789:

during that period. Zheng was criticized for reliance on unpublished interviews and for the negative portrayal of a Chinese ethnic minority, although senior party historians corroborated allegations of cannibalism.

4271:

Four in the race for succession. However, the Gang's radical ideas also clashed with influential elders and many Party reformers. With army backing and the support of Marshal Ye Jianying, Director of Central Office

2540:

and other major newspapers under his control, instructing them to write exclusively about "academic discussion", and not pay heed to Yao's petty politics. While the "literary battle" against Peng raged, Mao fired

5412:

booklet was distributed, and film directors and actors/actresses were criticized with some tortured and imprisoned. These included many of Jiang's rivals and former friends. Those who died in the period included

16534: 5905:

The central section of this wall shows the faint remnant marks of a propaganda slogan that was added during the Cultural Revolution, but has since been removed. The slogan read "Boundless faith that in Chairman

4378: 4016:"correct way" to frame the incident for public consumption, but as the details came to light, the majority of the Chinese public felt disillusioned and realised they had been manipulated for political purposes. 8437: 3685:

During the meeting, Mao and the Central Group for the Cultural Revolution stated, "e want cultural struggle, we do not want armed struggle" and "The masses do not want civil war." Mao told the student leaders:

3654:

In May 1968, Mao launched a massive political purge. Many people were sent to the countryside to work in reeducation camps. Generally, the campaign targeted rebels from the CR's earlier, more populist, phase.

6271:

Professor Yiching Wu argues that the typical historiography of the Cultural Revolution as an "era of madness" is simpleminded but writes that such narratives have a "remarkably tenacious ideological power:"

3200:. On December 3, 1966, two days of rioting occurred in which hundreds were injured and six to eight were killed, leading to a total clampdown by the Portuguese government. The event set in motion Portugal's 5405:" became dogmatized. The literary situation eased after 1972, as more were allowed to write, and many provincial literary periodicals resumed publication, but the majority of writers still could not work. 4862:

At the same time, many "unjust, false, and mistaken" cases appeared due to political purges. In addition to those who died in massacres, a large number of people died or became permanently disabled due to

3720:

In the spring of 1968, a massive campaign aimed at enhancing Mao's reputation began. A notable example was the "mango fever". On 4 August, Mao was presented with mangoes by the Pakistani foreign minister

4110: 4055: 10340:

There is no agreement on how many people died during the Cultural Revolution. Perhaps one of the best estimates is 400,000, made by a Beijing correspondent for Agence France-Presse (Meisner 1999: 354).

4221:

inside the Party wanted to help the unrepentant capitalist roader regain his power." These propaganda efforts at smearing Zhou's image, however, only strengthened public attachment to Zhou's memory.

35: 6698: 6696: 5279:

vocabulary. These slogans were an effective method of "thought reform", mobilizing millions in a concerted attack upon the subjective world, "while at the same time reforming their objective world."

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sent to a detention camp, where he was denied medical treatment and died in 1969. Deng was sent away for a period of re-education three times and was eventually sent to work in an engine factory in

3151: 4996:, reportedly claimed over 1,600 lives in 1975. After the Cultural Revolution, the government gave reparations for the Shadian Incident, including the erection of a Martyr's Memorial in Shadian. 14751: 5007:

in 1966, removing Tibet's exemption from China's land reform, and reimposed in other minority areas. The effect on Tibet was particularly severe as it came following the repression after the

1389: 15154:(New York: Cambria Press, 2020). Scholarly studies on memory writings and documentaries of the Mao years, victimhood narratives, perpetrator studies, ethics of bearing witness to atrocities 9677:

According to a working conference of the Communist Party's Central Committee in 1978, 20 million Chinese died in the revolution, 100 million were persecuted and 800 billion yuan was wasted.

5714:, the number of newspapers dropped from 343 in 1965, to 49 in 1966, and then to a 20th-century low of 43 in 1967. At the same time, the number of publications by mass organizations such as 6094:

continue to glorify Mao. Rather than focus on consequences, newspapers claim that revolutions typically have a brutal side and are unable to be viewed from the "humanitarian perspective".

5216:. Some farmers were given informal medical training, and health-care centers were established in rural communities. This process led to a marked improvement in health and life expectancy. 3330:

in Mao's revolutionary vision and who was exploiting the chaos for their own gain. The formation of rival revolutionary groups and manifestations of long-established local feuds, led to

8032: 6572: 3043:

experienced 704 suicides and 534 deaths in September. In Wuhan, 62 suicides and 32 murders occurred during the same period. Peng Dehuai was brought to Beijing to be publicly ridiculed.

15175:(Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2016). Scholarly studies on cultural legacies and continuities from the Maoist era in art, architecture, literature, performance, film, etc. 5655:

The destruction of historical relics was never formally sanctioned by the Party, whose official policy was instead to protect such items. On May 14, 1967, the Central Committee issued

3069:

Between August and November 1966, eight mass rallies were held, drawing in 12 million people, most of whom were Red Guards. The government bore the travel expenses of Red Guards.

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to publish an article criticizing it. Yao described the play as an allegory attacking Mao; flagging Mao as the emperor, and Peng Dehuai, who had previously questioned Mao during the

17957: 5933:. People were urged to root out followers of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, those seriously impacted by factional ideas, and the "smashers and grabbers" of the Cultural Revolution. 3093:

as superstition, and religion was looked upon as a means of hostile foreign infiltration, as well as an instrument of the ruling class. Clergy were arrested and sent to camps; many

7819: 4211:

Official attempts to enforce the mourning restrictions included removing public memorials and tearing down posters commemorating Zhou's achievements. On March 25, 1976, Shanghai's

9438: 4312:

Hua named Deng Vice-Premier in July 1977, and later promoted him to various other positions, effectively elevating Deng to be China's second-most powerful figure. In August, the

17128: 15943: 5129:. The prosecution of the Gang of Four revealed that 142,000 cadres and teachers in the education circles were persecuted. Academics, scientists, and educators who died included 4188: 2914:

representatives wrote to Mao, calling for rebellion and upheaval to safeguard the revolution. Mao then responded to the letters by writing his own big-character poster entitled

1196: 1116: 6106:

In the world at large, Mao Zedong emerged as a symbol of anti-establishment, grassroots populism, and self-determination. His revolutionary philosophies found adherents in the

4755:

caused the deaths of 325 people from August 27 to September 1, 1966; those killed ranged from 80 years old to a 38-day old baby, with 22 families being completely wiped out.

3674:

As the Red Guard movement had waned over the preceding year, violence by the remaining Red Guards increased on some Beijing campuses. Violence was particularly pronounced at

10185:中共一九七八年和一九八四年的内部调查 ...「两千一百四十四万余人受到审查、冲击；一亿两千五百余万人受到牵连、影响」...「四百二十余万人曾被关押、隔离审查；一百三十余万人曾被公安机关拘留、逮捕；一百七十二万八千余人非正常死亡 ...「十三万五千余人被以现行反革命罪判为死刑；在武斗中有二十三万七千余人死亡，七十三万余人伤残」 9664: 5582:("red treasure books"). The release of the filmed versions of the revolutionary model operas resulted in a re-organization and expansion of China's film exhibition network. 5108: 4528:

Ding's figures include 100,000 killed in the Red Terror during 1966, with 200,000 forced to commit suicide, plus 300,000–500,000 killed in violent struggles, 500,000 during

4099:

Shanghai, Wang Hongwen, to Beijing and made him Party vice-chairman. Wang, a former factory worker from a peasant background, was seemingly getting groomed for succession.

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work. Those who did not return to work would be viewed as engaging in 'schismatic activity' which risked undermining preparations to defend China from potential invasion.

1016: 897: 769: 3353:. Subsequently, Chen was sent to Beijing and tried by Jiang Qing and the rest of the CRG. Chen's resistance was the last major open display of opposition within the PLA. 16975: 5730:. For example, the largest student organization in Shanghai, the Red Revolutionaries, established a newspaper that had a print run of 800,000 copies by the end of 1966. 4900:, Li Chuli, the former deputy director of Organization Department, was purged in 1968 and in turn reported around 80,000 people, 2,955 of whom were persecuted to death. 4867:

or other forms of persecution. From 1968 to 1969, the Cleansing the Class Ranks purge caused the deaths of at least 500,000 people. Purges of similar nature such as the

4007:

On 13 September, the Politburo met in an emergency session to discuss Lin. His death was confirmed in Beijing only on 30 September, which led to the cancellation of the

1308: 8427: 3103: 759: 17025: 4712:

These massacres were mainly led and organized by local revolutionary committees, Communist Party branches, militia, and the military. Most victims were members of the

3916:

was that Mao should assume the office with Lin as vice-chairman; but perhaps wary of Lin's ambitions or for other unknown reasons, Mao voiced his explicit opposition.

2713:

After the purge of Peng Zhen, the Beijing Party Committee effectively ceased to function, paving the way for disorder in the capital. On 25 May, under the guidance of

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as well as their children, or members of "rebel groups". Chinese scholars have estimated that at least 300,000 people died in these massacres. Collective killings in

2842:

was convened to advance Mao's radical agenda. At the plenum, Mao showed outright disdain for Liu, repeatedly interrupting him as he delivered his opening day speech.

18017: 5390:

In 1970, the communist party came to view the Ministry of Culture as so disruptive that it decided to dissolve the Ministry and establish a Culture Group within the

5355:

Documents released in 1980 regarding the prosecution of the Gang of Four show that more than 2,600 people in the field of arts and literature were persecuted by the

3866:

Between 1966 and 1968, China was isolated internationally, having declared its enmity towards both the USSR and the US. The friction with the USSR intensified after

3135: 15093: 6033:

Deng's economic reforms possible. The popular revival of Mao in the late 1990s coincided with the government's increasing privatization and its dismantling of its

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was at its peak. While the number of newspapers declined in this period, the number of independent publications by mass political organizations grew. According to

5471: 5401:

and some writers of worker or farmer background, could have their work published or reprinted. The principles for cultural production laid out by Mao in the 1942 "

5197:

generation is referred to as the 'lost generation'. In the post-Mao period, many of those forcibly moved attacked the policy as a violation of their human rights.

3712: 3659:

tempted to turn against revolutionary ideology. Their purpose had been largely fulfilled; Mao and his radical colleagues had largely overturned established power.

3503:, an arms manufacturing center, during August 1967, battles involved close to 10,000 combatants, killed or wounded close to 1,000, and created 180,000 refugees in 2308:, and continued to resist the People's Republic in various ways. Many soldiers of the Chinese Republicans were left in mainland China, and Mao Zedong launched the 5659:. Despite this, enormous damage was inflicted on China's cultural heritage. For example, a survey in 1972 in Beijing of 18 cultural heritage sites, including the 4304:

Although Hua publicly denounced the Gang of Four in 1976, he continued to invoke Mao's name to justify Mao-era policies. Hua spearheaded what became known as the

3065:

at the Ming tombs. Red Guards dragged the remains of the Wanli Emperor and Empresses to the front of the tomb, where they were posthumously "denounced" and burned

2486:" powerful Beijing officials of questionable loyalty. His approach was not transparent, executed via newspaper articles, internal meetings, and by his network of 12289: 6177:, destroying Chinese Culture, purging intellectuals, destroying modern civilization, and used his "people's war" to attempt to rule Asia and the world following 6129:

inspired by the Cultural Revolution was launched in 1967. Its excesses damaged the credibility of these activists in the eyes of Hong Kong residents. In Taiwan,

5875:

Several foreign guests were "mandated" to stand in front of the statue of Mao Zedong, holding the Little Red Book and "reporting" to Mao as Chinese citizens did.

14092: 13970: 2269:

participation in civic matters. This usage of "cultural revolution" continued through the 1950s and into the 1960s, and often involved drawing parallels to the

18224: 17622: 14653: 14533: 12659: 5433:. No feature films were produced in mainland China for seven years apart from a few approved "Model dramas" and highly ideological films. A notable example is 4769: 2943: 5200:

The Cultural Revolution's impact on accessible education varied across regions. Formal literacy measurements did not resume until the 1980s. Some counties in

18152: 18005: 15918: 9377: 5869: 4313: 1375: 13929: 18096: 15898: 12363: 11215: 5925:

was followed by a three-year campaign to "totally negate" the Cultural Revolution. The communist party called on individuals and cooperatives to study the

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on October 18 without going through Mao. This drew the ire of the chairman, who saw it as evidence that his declared successor was usurping his authority.

3799: 3663: 3196:. The school board illegally began construction, but the colonial government sent police to stop the workers. Several people were injured in the resulting 2839: 2577: 2178: 1290: 9460: 13749: 5930: 4698: 3884: 3270: 2964: 2182: 16761: 14336: 13114: 11587: 5402: 5391: 5066:

The Cultural Revolution brought huge numbers of Red Guards to Beijing, with expenses paid by the government, and the railway system fell into turmoil.

4859:, who was paralyzed when he fell out of a four-story building after he was interrogated by Red Guards. It is disputed whether he jumped or was pushed. 4248:

Zhou's treatment, revolt against the Cultural Revolution and apprehension for China's future. The event did not appear to have coordinated leadership.

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Lu's removal gave Maoists unrestricted access to the press. Mao delivered his final blow to Peng at a high-profile Politburo meeting through loyalists

14823: 14006:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (Chinese Communism Subject Archive)" 12536: 8973: 7487: 18556: 18029: 16426: 11626: 11518: 11437: 6221:

wanted, or that he did know what he was doing, or both ... the outcomes are what one should have expected, given the Maoist doctrine and aims."

4008: 2291: 1422: 786: 11968: 10570: 9797: 7566: 6988:

Baum, Richard (1969). "Revolution and Reaction in the Chinese Countryside: The Socialist Education Movement in Cultural Revolutionary Perspective".

2085:. Though it failed to achieve its main objectives, the Cultural Revolution marked the effective return of Mao to the center of power in China after 17067: 16509: 15051: 8509: 6355: 4405: 3341:

In Wuhan, as in many other cities, two major revolutionary organizations emerged, one supporting and one attacking the conservative establishment.

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concepts, which Mao claimed would give capitalists control of the USSR. Relations soured. The USSR refused to support China's case for joining the

15717: 10153: 8813:

Frederick Teiwes; Warren Sun (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era".

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so they may learn from the peasantry, and the departure of millions from the cities helped end the most violent phase of the Cultural Revolution.

5070:

destroyed by Red Guards. The status of traditional Chinese culture and institutions within China was severely damaged, and many customs weakened.

17553: 12491: 6038: 5917:, an official assessment of major historical events since 1949. This document became the key official interpretation of the Cultural Revolution. 3569: 2394: 14009: 11046: 5224: 4364:

in September 1977 in order to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution. In May 1978, Deng seized the opportunity to elevate his protégé

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Ethnic languages were repudiated as one of the "four olds" and large numbers of books and documents pertaining to ethnic languages were burned.

5983:, both liberals and conservatives within the CCP accused each other of excesses that they claimed were reminiscent of the Cultural Revolution. 4847:

In addition to violent struggles, millions of Chinese were violently persecuted, especially via struggle sessions. Those identified as spies, "

4633:. Several sources have also quoted that Marshal Ye estimated the death toll to be 20 million during a CCP working conference in December 1978. 2805: 2714: 12073: 11254:

Chunli, Xia (2007). "From Discourse Politics to Rule of Law: A Constructivist Framework for Understanding Regional Ethnic Autonomy in China".

8033:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network" 5750:

The functions of China's embassies abroad were disrupted during the early part of the Cultural Revolution. In a March 22, 1969 meeting on the

5054:"Worker-Peasant-Soldier Park" and Jingshan Park became "Red Guard Park". Most of the Cultural Revolution-era name changes were later reversed. 18200: 18116: 18084: 17891: 15797: 6208:

Scholars and academics debate the origin, the events, Mao's role, and its legacy. These debates evolved as researchers explored new sources.

2950:', was catapulted to prominence. The top officials in the Propaganda Department were sacked, with many of its functions folded into the CRG. 2546: 1065: 10922: 10387: 7429: 3759:

then filed by and each was given a spoonful of mango water. The revolutionary committee made a wax replica and displayed it in the factory.

18164: 18111: 18106: 18101: 17275: 17108: 6350: 4630: 4413: 4158: 2036: 1329: 750: 12068:

Stokes, Mark A. (July 2003). "The People's Liberation Army and China's Space and Missile Development". In Laurie Burkitt; Andrew Scobell;

9635:

See, for example, Huo-cheng, Li, "Chinese Communists reveal for the first time the number 20 million deaths for the Cultural Revolution,"

6152:" organized along the same lines as the Cultural Revolution. Hoxha delivered a speech to a plenum of the CC of the Party of Labour titled 18418: 17933: 17135: 16229: 13192: 13153: 13005: 12696:"The power of words : political slogans as leverage in conflict and conflict management during China's cultural revolution movement" 12207: 11782: 11743: 11665: 8479: 8355: 5980: 5758:, China was "now isolated" and "we need to relax a little". Later that year, China began to restore its embassies to normal functioning. 3820: 3173: 2696: 2309: 2121: 1003: 796: 17: 13231: 12460: 11476: 8399: 5359:. Many died: the names of 200 writers and artists who were persecuted to death were commemorated in 1979. These include writers such as 2868: 18230: 17607: 16374: 13310: 11704: 9970: 9430: 4401: 3943:

power base and his declining health, Lin's supporters plotted to use the military power still at their disposal to oust Mao in a coup.

1133: 10866: 7401: 7258: 5682:, occurred after the peak of the Revolution. Nevertheless, the most prominent medium of academic research in archaeology, the journal 18606: 18236: 18053: 13038: 6434: 6141: 2158:

became influential in 1972, and the Revolution continued until Mao's death in 1976, soon followed by the arrest of the Gang of Four.

1744: 1203: 961: 9282: 5524:

presented slogans, poems, commentary and graphics often posted on walls in public spaces, factories and communes. Mao wrote his own

3819:

Reflecting this, Lin was officially elevated to become the Party's preeminent figure outside of Mao, with his name written into the

3771:

potato. He was put on trial for "malicious slander", found guilty, paraded publicly throughout the town, and then shot in the head.

18546: 17317: 17297: 15328: 14932:; Sun, Warren (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". 9654: 9157: 6331: 5940:

and elsewhere aimed to separate Mao's actions during the Cultural Revolution from his "heroic" revolutionary activities during the

5463: 5435: 3913: 2642: 114: 9561: 5326:

in both content and form, was promoted. Six operas and two ballets were produced in the first three years, most notably the opera

4393:

and the first Minister of National Defense, who was persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution was rehabilitated in 1978.

2389:(USSR) were the world's two largest communist states. Although initially they were mutually supportive, disagreements arose after 17349: 17337: 17332: 14586: 14513: 9355: 7719:"The Policy of the Military 'Supporting the Left' and the Spread of Factional Warfare in China's Countryside: Shaanxi, 1967–1968" 6439: 5896: 2274: 2074: 811: 11387: 7513: 4208:

Zhou's ally), and the prohibition against public mourning led to a rise in popular discontent against Mao and the Gang of Four.

18601: 17963: 16293: 15991: 6345: 5711: 5264:

manure, and more manure means more grain." Even a casual remark by Mao, "Sweet potato tastes good; I like it" became a slogan.

4690: 3247: 3230: 3217: 2820: 2511:, is dismissed by a corrupt emperor. While Mao initially praised the play, in February 1965, he secretly commissioned his wife 2431:, in which Mao charged that Khrushchev was a revisionist and risked capitalist restoration. Khrushchev's defeat by an internal 2174: 2139: 1138: 1093: 18011: 14811: 14787: 4999:

Concessions to minorities were abolished during the Cultural Revolution as part of the Red Guards' attack on the "Four Olds".

3827:

The report was heavily critical of Liu Shaoqi and other "counter-revolutionaries" and drew extensively from quotations in the

3250:" formed across the country and began expanding into factories and the countryside. In Shanghai, a young factory worker named 18531: 18212: 17612: 17224: 17043: 16715: 16201: 14989: 14964: 14919: 14897: 14862: 14836: 14776: 14722: 14623: 14477: 14450: 14190: 14063: 13786: 13667: 13563: 13501: 13408: 13073: 12959: 12909: 12853: 12811: 12752: 12622: 12594: 12549: 12171: 12136: 12090: 12008: 11366: 11116: 10999:

Brown, Kerry (1 July 2007). "The Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia 1967–1969: The Purge of the "Heirs of Genghis Khan"".

10897: 10554: 10493: 10440: 10333: 10284: 9886: 9835: 9499: 9062: 8569: 8473: 8393: 8349: 8301: 8263: 8224: 8185: 8146: 8100: 8008: 7696: 7665: 7549: 7327: 7171: 7134: 7065: 6953: 6905: 6375: 5755: 5275: 5181: 4261: 3325:, 1967. The banner in the center reads: "The People's Liberation Army firmly supports the proletarian revolutionary faction." 2977: 2129: 2070: 1695: 1098: 106:

Preservation of communism by purging capitalist and traditional elements, and power struggle between Maoists and pragmatists.

18260: 8307: 3291:

seized power from the party organization under his own leadership. Some leaders even wrote the CRG asking to be overthrown.

2653:. One of these documents, distributed on 16 May, was prepared with Mao's personal supervision and was particularly damning: 18576: 17459: 15430: 14283: 13438: 6676: 4974: 3950:, along with other high-ranking military conspirators, formed a coup apparatus in Shanghai and dubbed the plan to oust Mao 2401:. Mao and many other CCP members opposed these changes, believing that they would damage the worldwide communist movement. 1935: 1278: 971: 884: 31: 5674:

excavation and preservation after the destructive period were protected, and several significant discoveries, such as the

4514:. In 2003, Walder and Yang Su coauthored a paper along this approach, but with fewer county annals available at the time. 3371: 3317: 3022:

Tiananmen Square on 15 September 1966, the occasion of Chairman Mao's third of eight mass rallies with Red Guards in 1966.

18356: 18218: 17546: 17402: 16492: 16384: 15103: 10824: 10752: 8983: 6671:

Thornton, Patricia M. (2019). "Cultural Revolution". In Sorace, Christian; Franceschini, Ivan; Loubere, Nicholas (eds.).

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visual style with specific conventions—for example, images of Mao were to be depicted as "red, smooth, and luminescent".

5332:. These operas were the only approved opera form. Other opera troupes were required to adopt or change their repertoire. 4946:

were labeled as part of the Four Olds, texts in ethnic languages were burned, and bilingual education was suppressed. In

4417: 4162: 3729:

on 5 August, who were stationed there to quiet strife among Red Guard factions. On 7 August, an article was published in

3707: 3274: 3239:

power; it required the PLA to support "the broad masses of the revolutionary leftists in their struggle to seize power."

3225: 2553:, head of Mao's security detail. Yang's dismissal likely emboldened Mao's allies to move against their factional rivals. 2334: 2135: 1285: 993: 879: 3572:, on August 10, 1967, a firefight caused a panicked commercial pilot to depart early, stranding 54 Japanese passengers. 18571: 18561: 17280: 15928: 15566: 15513: 15256: 15166: 15079: 13473: 13376: 13346: 13304: 13270: 13225: 13186: 13147: 13108: 12999: 12777: 12454: 12391: 12201: 12052: 11776: 11737: 11698: 11659: 11620: 11581: 11554: 11512: 11470: 11431: 11175:

Qingxia, Dai; Yan, Dong (March 2001). "The Historical Evolution of Bilingual Education for China's Ethnic Minorities".

10367: 10236: 9564:[The strange thing after the collapse of the Gang of Four: the wind of Cultural Revolution continued to blow]. 9104: 8894: 8684: 8542: 7875: 7796: 7228:"Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" 7211: 6071: 5340:, class position, and imperialism before liberating themselves through the discovery of internal strength and the CCP. 4653:

This figure was obtained by an AFP correspondent in Beijing, citing an unnamed but "usually reliable" source. In 1986,

4400:

and other leaders who had been purged during the Cultural Revolution were rehabilitated. Hu Yaobang became head of the

4240: 4187:, etc. By late 1975, however, Mao saw that Deng's economic restructuring might negate the CR's legacy and launched the 4137: 2420: 1836: 801: 15055:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). An autobiography that includes experiences during the Cultural Revolution 12299: 10264: 10037: 9543: 9380:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China."". 6412: 4629:, an unnamed bureaucrat in Beijing claimed that Ye made the statement in a 1982 CCP meeting, while he was the party's 3157:

A frieze damaged during the Cultural Revolution, originally from a garden house of a rich imperial official in Suzhou.

202: 18551: 18140: 18121: 17302: 15790: 15736: 14266: 14088: 13980: 13725: 13446: 12427: 11850: 9141: 8867: 7785:

Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964–1988

7367: 6684: 5840:

Red Guards also laid siege to the Soviet, French and Indonesian embassies and torched the Mongolian ambassador's car.

4558:", among which 9.4% (162,000) were CCP party members and 252,000 were intellectuals. The figures were extracted from 1784: 1258: 1103: 998: 931: 13395:

Li, Jie (2022). "Mobile Projectionists and the Things They Carried". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.).

12647: 10032:[Massacres and sexual violence recorded in the classified documents of the Cultural Revolution in Guangxi]. 8624: 4740:, resulting in the deaths of more than 1,600 civilians, including 300 children, and the destruction of 4,400 homes. 3192:. The event was prompted by the colonial government's delays in approving a new wing for a CCP elementary school in 2619:

After 1968, most of these organizations ceased to exist, although their legacies were a topic of controversy later.

2419:

Mao publicly denounced revisionism in April 1960. Without pointing at the USSR, Mao criticized its Balkan ally, the

18616: 18194: 17417: 17180: 16595: 16338: 15868: 15840: 15759: 8926: 8725: 5988: 5445:

became common and were performed throughout the country by both professional cultural workers and ordinary people.

5301: 5078: 4333: 3784: 3490: 2946:, in charge of party personnel, virtually ceased to exist. The Cultural Revolution Group (CRG), Mao's ideological ' 2328: 2222: 2086: 2029: 1273: 1033: 914: 859: 14536:[Manifesto to the CPC Members on the Eve of the National Day of the 55th Years of the Republic of China]. 9356:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China" 18472: 18442: 17582: 16869: 16751: 16436: 16222: 15011: 6370: 3283: 2659: 2143: 1263: 1248: 924: 12353: 5914:

Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China

4510:

actual deaths, especially because some annals actively covered up deaths. Annal editors were supervised by the

4136:

In late 1973, to weaken Zhou's political position and to distance themselves from Lin's apparent betrayal, the "

3920:

Zhang, a staunch Maoist who embodied the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, over the evaluation of Mao's legacy.

2353: 2185:. Estimates of the death toll vary widely, typically ranging from 1–2 million. Red Guards sought to destroy the 18460: 18158: 17539: 17209: 17197: 17035: 16461: 16421: 15903: 15542: 15451: 15394: 15381: 15341: 15317: 15293: 15279: 15265: 15249: 15218: 15190: 15137: 15030: 13400: 12257: 10716: 10691: 10648: 6400: 4868: 4533: 3839: 3208:"join up,", and these groups joined various coalitions and held various cross-group congresses and assemblies. 2108:

had infiltrated the government and society with the aim of restoring capitalism. Mao called on young people to

1754: 966: 492: 374: 17587: 15046:(New York: Macmillan, 1973). Book chronicling a year in a rural Chinese village during the Cultural Revolution 6012:, which declared that "The Cultural Revolution was Good" and led to achievements such as "the building of the 5688:, did not publish. After the most violent phase, the attack on traditional culture continued in 1973 with the 5652:

intensified during this period, as religion was viewed in opposition to Marxist–Leninist and Maoist thinking.

5474:" were either written or became popular during this period. "The East Is Red", especially, became popular; it 3129:

was originally carved in stone, and was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. A metal replica is in its place.

2753:

decided to send in 'work teams'—effectively 'ideological guidance' squads of cadres—to the city's schools and

2296:

On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong declared the People's Republic of China, symbolically bringing the decades-long

18611: 18478: 18454: 18242: 18041: 17307: 16471: 16333: 16208: 14328: 7657: 6425: 5707: 5328: 3855: 2499: 2461: 981: 476: 30:

This article is about the movement in China. For events elsewhere also called the "Cultural Revolution", see

8886:

The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes – Debt Before Dishonour: Timetable of World Dominance 1400–2100

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Tiananmen Square parades, and welcomed ceremoniously in rural communities. These news reels became known as

3613:, testing two "radioactive self-defense bombs" and two "radioactive self-defense mines" on August 6 and 11. 18621: 18521: 18368: 18266: 18090: 17229: 17103: 16648: 16562: 16288: 16278: 15845: 15783: 15650: 14842: 12555: 10622: 7227: 6449: 6340: 6134: 6013: 5770: 5230: 5074: 4918: 4828:

ammunition and even armored cars and tanks. Notable violent struggles include the battles in Chongqing, in

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Along with the top leadership losing power the entire national Party bureaucracy was purged. The extensive

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in 1964 contributed to Mao's fears, mainly because of his declining prestige after the Great Leap Forward.

1908: 1863: 1826: 1814: 1759: 864: 806: 776: 18292: 6077:

1960s onward remain classified. The Cultural Revolution is barely mentioned in historical exhibits at the

4836:. Researchers claimed that the nationwide death toll in violent struggles ranged from 300,000 to 500,000. 4505:

Examines the period between 1966 and 1971. Walder reviewed the reported deaths in 2,213 annals from every

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were apparently burned. Muslim imams reportedly were paraded around with paint splashed on their bodies.

3867: 3850: 3565:, on August 13, 1967, two PLA units mistook each other for rebels and opened fire, killing seven people. 2549:, an organ that controlled internal communications—making unsubstantiated charges. He installed loyalist 2022: 1970: 1123: 264: 60: 18306: 12321: 10456: 8948: 8501: 4773:

alleged "systematic killing and cannibalization of individuals in the name of political revolution and '

3725:, in an apparent diplomatic gesture. Mao had his aide send the box of mangoes to his propaganda team at 3031:

18 August rally was filmed and shown to approximately 100 million people in its first month of release.

18566: 16623: 15442: 13808: 13804:"The economic factor in the Sino-Vietnamese split, 1972–75: An analysis of Vietnamese archival sources" 12703: 10165: 9088: 7688: 6937: 6466: 6360: 5964:) emerged, encouraged by the post-Mao government. Written mainly by educated youth such as Liu Xinhua, 5778: 5100:

scientists, was beaten to death by a mob in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution (1968). This caused

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implications. However, Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan continued their denunciations. Meanwhile, Mao sacked

2448:, concerned that China's support would lead to the United States to seek out potential Chinese assets. 2424: 1848: 1843: 1178: 616: 332: 18272: 14005: 12483: 7204:

Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication

4820:, where 400–500 people killed in factional clashes are buried, out of a total of at least 1,700 deaths 4617:, of "683,000 deaths in the cities, 2.5 million deaths in the countryside, plus 123,700 deaths due to 18400: 18376: 18344: 18188: 17993: 17975: 17969: 17927: 17629: 17597: 17322: 17239: 16741: 16700: 16416: 15873: 15593: 14258: 13709: 12000: 11955:

A 1973 report on sent-down youth estimated that since 1969, there had been some 16,000 cases of rape.

11056: 10409: 9921:[Collective violence in political movements: a review of the "unnatural deaths" (1966–1976)] 9404: 7359: 7232: 7126: 6193: 6137:

to counter what he regarded as the destruction of traditional Chinese values by mainland Communists.

6081:

in Beijing. Despite inroads by prominent sinologists, independent scholarly research is discouraged.

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The Cultural Revolution wrought havoc on minority cultures and ethnicities. Languages and customs of

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and filled with meticulously prepared 'indictments' of recently ousted leaders such as Peng Zhen and

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Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966)

11805: 9918: 9771: 4611: 4437: 3298:. The power-seizure movement was appearing in the military as well. In February, prominent generals 2782: 18206: 17790: 17765: 17707: 17592: 17566: 17312: 17059: 17051: 16675: 16466: 16258: 16194: 16004: 15938: 15727: 15237: 15042: 14055: 13803: 13651: 12419: 12128: 9659: 8587:""Turning One's Back on the Party and the People": Suicides during the Chinese Cultural Revolution" 6896: 6612: 6078: 5945: 5814: 5786: 5762: 5311: 5173: 5126: 4459: 4316:

was held in Beijing, officially naming (in ranking order) Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping,

3775:

in Beijing returned with mass-produced mango facsimiles, gaining media attention in the provinces.

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that have poisoned the people of China for thousands of years, fostered by the exploiting classes".

2109: 1233: 1208: 1183: 1043: 976: 854: 826: 15088:

Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution

14493:

Blumi, Isa (1999). "Hoxha's Class War: The Cultural Revolution and State Reformation, 1961–1971".

13947:

Gurtov, Melvin (1969). "The Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs during the Cultural Revolution".

13778:

ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State

11397:. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. SIT Graduate Institute. pp. 8, 11. Paper 1074. 7452: 7419: 5657:

Several suggestions for the protection of cultural relics and books during the Cultural Revolution

4669: 3026:

On 18 August in Beijing, over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in and around

2161:

The Cultural Revolution was characterized by violence and chaos across Chinese society, including

18541: 18526: 18483: 17987: 17909: 17464: 17397: 17265: 17086: 17017: 16705: 16394: 15986: 15953: 15948: 15923: 15888: 12358: 10914: 8859: 6059: 5558: 5479: 5028: 4909: 4879: 4686: 4370: 4284: 4230: 4184: 4180: 3925: 3311: 2338: 2243: 2170: 1898: 1553: 1218: 1148: 1023: 15501:, English text prepared by Miriam London and Ta-Ling Lee. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1972). 12416:

People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

9732:"Finding a Place for the Victims: The Problem in Writing the History of the Cultural Revolution" 5490:" with an interest in broadcast technology frequently operated rural radio stations after 1968. 18436: 18412: 18128: 17712: 17685: 17661: 17656: 17187: 16406: 15820: 15695: 12024:

rapes. Often the victims took the blame, since they had worse class backgrounds than officials.

11913: 10682: 9210: 5952: 5901: 5701: 5601: 5482:" as the national anthem of China, though the latter was later restored to its previous place. 5467: 5349: 5336:

their leads and promoted Chinese state feminism. Their narratives begin with them oppressed by

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and imprisonment, in addition to 557,000 people missing." In a 2012 interview with Hong Kong's

4537: 4354: 4337: 3586: 3580: 3544: 3537:, factory clashes killed 37, wounded 290, and led to 300 "prisoners of war", two of which were 2366: 1558: 1457: 1083: 919: 831: 15602:

Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution

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at Beijing University on August 5, 1966, calling on the people to "Bombard the Headquarters".

4571:

endorsed the figures, yet he noted that peasants suffered far more in the GLF than in the CR.

4381:

was held. At the congress, Deng called for "a liberation of thoughts" and urged the party to "

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Traditional minority designs and colourful lace were marked as "four olds" (sijiu) and burnt.

10544: 10510: 10483: 10319: 9691:"How Many Died? New Evidence Suggests Far Higher Numbers For the Victims of Mao Zedong's Era" 8532: 8383: 8255: 8216: 8177: 8138: 8092: 7682: 7120: 7057: 6041:

in 1999 when a segment of the population began to associate anti-Mao viewpoints with the US.

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to China to film the achievements of the Cultural Revolution. Antonioni made the documentary

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abdication of control over Macau, putting Macau on the path to eventual absorption by China.

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Some scholars challenge the mainstream portrayals and conceive it in a more positive light.

3824:

document drafted by hardliner leftists Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao under Mao's guidance.

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Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation

14957:

Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of the Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution

14881: 12446:

A River Forever Flowing: Cross-cultural Lives and Identities in the Multicultural Landscape

10874: 9927: 9176: 7943:

Bridgham, Philip (1968). "Mao's Cultural Revolution in 1967: The Struggle to Seize Power".

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ideology defined by the Party. The two main posters genres were the big-character poster (

5234:, with "revolution is no crime, to rebel is justified" written on a flag next to him, 1967. 5190: 4643: 3605:

samples, radioactive substances, poison gas, toxicants, and other dangerous substances. In

3346: 2733: 2680: 2409: 2094: 1888: 1883: 1665: 1642: 1543: 1495: 1442: 1437: 1406: 1295: 1158: 849: 781: 15025: 13262: 13028: 12803:

Revolution and counterrevolution : China's continuing class struggle since liberation

10156:[Fiftieth anniversary of the Cultural Revolution: It must be opposed once again]. 9731: 9329: 8385:

Biography of a Chairman Mao Badge: The Creation and Mass Consumption of a Personality Cult

8057: 5458:

who was killed in 1967. Revolution-themed songs instead were promoted, and songs such as "

5397:

Only a few writers who gained permission or requalification under the new system, such as

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Harold Munthe-Kaas; Pat Healy (23 August 1967). "Britain's Tough Diplomatist in Peking".

13598: 12747:. Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. 10325: 10161: 9695: 9294: 8432: 6990: 6119: 6025: 5973: 5426: 5315: 5000: 4173: 3952: 3876: 3726: 3722: 3598: 3361:

the takeovers were unsuccessful. Violent clashes occurred in virtually all major cities.

3234:

PLA officers and soldiers reading books for the "Three Supports and Two Militaries", 1968

2628: 2305: 2270: 1992: 1965: 1918: 1903: 1739: 1717: 1712: 1670: 1600: 1318: 1028: 948: 943: 869: 11304: 10485:

The Killing Wind: A Chinese County's Descent Into Madness During the Cultural Revolution

9161: 7390: 7291: 5454:, which had already banned following the communist takeover, were persecuted, including 5164:

had been persecuted. More than 310 were disabled, over 40 committed suicide, and 5 were

4472:

of the overall death toll due to the Cultural Revolution usually include the following:

2213:, and many were persecuted. The country's schools and universities were closed, and the 1680: 18394: 18318: 18312: 17870: 17840: 17825: 17702: 17412: 17365: 17244: 17202: 17150: 16924: 16844: 16819: 16720: 16618: 16529: 16504: 16343: 16097: 15850: 15830: 15768: 15638: 15351: 15098: 14943: 14885: 14857:. Contemporary chines studies series. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 14681: 14673: 14421: 14413: 14212: 14196: 14145: 13975: 13952: 13825: 13731: 13681: 13673: 13625: 13569: 12915: 12384:

Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class

12326: 12294: 11946: 11938: 11893: 11336: 11307:

Anti-Drug Crusades in Twentieth-Century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building

11279: 11157: 11149: 11024: 10757: 10432:

Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building

10088: 10080: 10004: 9802: 9626: 9618: 9571: 9264: 9030: 9022: 8978: 8824: 8784: 8776: 8586: 7976: 7968: 7925: 7897: 7788: 7748: 7625: 7597: 7424: 7023: 7015: 6967: 6380: 6245: 6115: 5858: 5829: 5794: 5664: 5380: 5165: 5122: 4812: 4287:'s Special Unit 8341 had all members of the Gang of Four arrested in a bloodless coup. 4172:

At the time, Jiang and associates held effective control of mass media and the party's

3767:. Badges and wall posters featuring the mangoes and Mao were produced in the millions. 3675: 2719: 2676: 2494: 2487: 2346: 2322: 2210: 2090: 1987: 1923: 1873: 1831: 1801: 1789: 1727: 1702: 1690: 1675: 1660: 1615: 1505: 1490: 1344: 1339: 1313: 844: 816: 680: 672: 410: 402: 15753: 14578: 10390:[Collective killings in the Cultural Revolution: a study of three provinces]. 8534:

Made In China: What Western Managers Can Learn from Trailblazing Chinese Entrepreneurs

6062:

was suspended for one month in response to its advocacy of a new Cultural Revolution.

699: 637: 429: 353: 18448: 18176: 18078: 17951: 17795: 17745: 17740: 17442: 17145: 17009: 16638: 16519: 16379: 16323: 15933: 15913: 15835: 15666: 15562: 15538: 15509: 15447: 15390: 15337: 15313: 15289: 15275: 15261: 15245: 15214: 15186: 15162: 15133: 15075: 14985: 14960: 14915: 14893: 14858: 14832: 14772: 14728: 14718: 14685: 14629: 14619: 14473: 14446: 14425: 14405: 14358: 14262: 14216: 14204: 14186: 14149: 14137: 14069: 14059: 13890: 13829: 13782: 13721: 13685: 13663: 13629: 13617: 13559: 13497: 13469: 13442: 13404: 13372: 13342: 13300: 13296:

Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China: Posters of the Cultural Revolution

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overseas, the CCP launched various propaganda campaigns for Mao, such as sending the

5590: 5538: 5487: 4579: 4469: 4236: 4218: 3977: 3593:, were seized during conflicts, but not directly used. Citizens wrote letters to the 3511:

was destroyed in a battle involving tanks, mobile artillery, and anti-aircraft guns.

3508: 3303: 2900: 2895: 2729: 2701: 2670: 2536: 2520: 2390: 2380: 2301: 2297: 2166: 2151: 1975: 1945: 1913: 1853: 1685: 1580: 1570: 1500: 1475: 1349: 1060: 1053: 723: 600: 592: 453: 316: 308: 16859: 14116:""Liberating the Small Devils": Red Guard Newspapers and Radical Publics, 1966–1968" 13594:""Liberating the Small Devils": Red Guard Newspapers and Radical Publics, 1966–1968" 12096: 10092: 8976:[Jiang Qing at Mao's funeral: black veil on her head, expressionless face]. 4179:

Much like the post-Great Leap restructuring led by Liu Shaoqi, Deng streamlined the

2824:

Mao waves to the crowd on the banks of the Yangtze before his swim across, July 1966

2814:

was widely recognized as targeting Liu, the purported "bourgeois" party headquarters

2433: 2427:. In 1963, CCP began to denounce the USSR, publishing nine polemics. One was titled 1548: 18466: 18382: 18362: 18182: 17845: 17770: 17602: 17508: 17496: 17437: 16985: 16939: 16633: 16628: 16298: 16283: 16263: 16236: 16019: 15999: 15981: 15210: 14929: 14795: 14752:

Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil

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Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party

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At least one million died, though some estimates of deaths go as high as 20 million

9248: 9129: 9092: 9014: 8760: 8629: 8598: 7994: 7952: 7909: 7730: 7609: 7537: 6999: 6941: 6323: 6309: 6055: 6044: 5660: 5430: 5422: 5213: 4993: 4966: 4913: 4803: 4799: 4764: 4748: 4729: 4682: 4622: 4618: 4497: 4442: 4385:" and abandon ideological dogma. The Plenum officially marked the beginning of the 4244:

number of slogans left at Tiananmen even attacked Mao and his Cultural Revolution.

4141: 4140:" campaign began under Jiang's leadership. Its stated goals were to purge China of 3576: 3515: 3331: 3221: 3185: 3094: 3027: 2947: 2932: 2441: 2229: 2162: 2147: 1950: 1868: 1766: 1734: 1610: 1334: 1243: 1173: 523: 229: 194: 148: 15578:, translated by Howard Goldblatt. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988). 15140:

An oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution

15043:

A Year In Upper Felicity: Life in a Chinese Village During the Cultural Revolution

14540:(in Traditional Chinese). 中正文教基金會 (Chungcheng Cultural and Educational Foundation) 13909:"The Cultural Revolution: All you need to know about China's political convulsion" 12193:

Chinese Politics: Fall of Hua Kuo-Feng (1980) to the Twelfth Party Congress (1982)

10789:"The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion" 3960:, with evidence suggesting that Lin Liguo was directly responsible for the draft. 3494:

Some locations of armed conflict between rebel factions during the summer of 1967.

2645:

was called in Beijing. The conference was laden with Maoist political rhetoric on

63:. The caption reads, "The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the great school of 18502: 18424: 18330: 18254: 18248: 17981: 17915: 17780: 17775: 17666: 17520: 17249: 16789: 16756: 16695: 16690: 16581: 16544: 16539: 16456: 16446: 16399: 16026: 15974: 15659: 15404: 15125: 14934: 14907: 14766: 14467: 14440: 13913: 13821: 13735: 13255: 12742: 12161: 11866:

Larson, Wendy (October 1999). "Never This Wild: Sexing the Cultural Revolution".

11132:

Schoenhals, Michael (March 1996). "The Central Case Examination Group, 1966–79".

11079: 8849: 8815: 8291: 7481: 7356:

Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China

6416: 6174: 6161: 6130: 5965: 5957: 5885: 5852: 5684: 5675: 5615: 5610:. When it was released in 1974, CCP leadership in China interpreted the film as 5606: 5570: 5160:

As of September 1971, more than 4,000 staff members of China's nuclear center in

5060: 4752: 4702: 4654: 4555: 4329: 3988: 3695: 3602: 2398: 2238: 2218: 2082: 2058: 2012: 1940: 1893: 1809: 1722: 1223: 1088: 909: 578: 294: 10735:

Acting the Right Part: Political Theatre and Popular Drama in Contemporary China

7820:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)" 6573:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)" 3097:

were forced to participate in the destruction of their monasteries at gunpoint.

2146:

in their place. These committees often split into rival factions, precipitating

18170: 18059: 18047: 17860: 17644: 17617: 17375: 17091: 16959: 16909: 16899: 16854: 16514: 16441: 16411: 16389: 16308: 16268: 16076: 15893: 15460: 15063: 14255:

Developmental Piece: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding

11881: 9534:[How many really died in the Cultural Revolution?——After reading Su Yang's 9078: 9018: 8764: 6037:

employment and welfare policies. These sentiments also increased following the

6034: 5766: 5372: 4947: 4774: 4506: 4082: 3982: 3357: 3350: 3126: 2927: 2646: 2531: 2413: 1637: 1538: 1528: 1038: 953: 821: 720: 558: 450: 278: 166: 14401: 14208: 14132: 14115: 13612: 13593: 12927: 12821: 12695: 12018: 11969:"A tragedy pushed to the shadows: the truth about China's Cultural Revolution" 11421: 11213:

Wu, Jiaping (May 2014). "The Rise of Ethnicity under China's Market Reforms".

11188: 11145: 11012: 10068: 9896: 9845: 9606: 8273: 8234: 8195: 8156: 8110: 8018: 7956: 7075: 7003: 6963: 5125:" and were widely persecuted. Many were sent to rural labor camps such as the 3854:

Mao (left) and Lin (right) in 1967, riding in the back of a vehicle during an

3763:

Approximately half a million people greeted the replicas when they arrived in

3609:, rebels working in geological institutes developed and tested the first ever 3597:

residence of government leaders, warning of attacks on facilities that stored

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Tibetan Independence Movement: Political, Religious and Gandhian Perspectives

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Ferdinand, Pete (8 July 2016) . McCauley, Martin M.; Carter, Stephen (eds.).

8772: 8721: 8610: 7964: 7921: 7831: 7744: 7735: 7718: 7621: 7237: 7011: 6499: 6385: 6213: 5864:

Many Chinese ambassadors and consuls were recalled. Senior officials such as

5806: 5798: 5442: 5169: 5157:

in Beijing, 131 were persecuted. Among the members of the academy, 229 died.

5153:. As of 1968, among the 171 senior members who worked at the headquarters of 5150: 5130: 5003:, previously only established in parts of Tibet, were established throughout 4959: 4786: 4782: 4674: 4346: 4305: 4272: 3892: 3260: 3189: 3062: 2936: 2750: 2550: 2542: 2504: 2445: 2370:

blaming bad weather for the decline in food output, took little or no action.

2194: 1632: 1565: 1228: 630: 346: 50: 15747: 15722: 14714:

Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history

14611:

Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history

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Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history

12919: 12863: 12576: 11612:

Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine

10127: 10053:"The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact" 5626: 5256:

The remnants of a banner containing slogans from the Cultural Revolution in

5252: 5168:. During the CR, scientists tested the first missile, created China's first 4893:

alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were permanently disabled.

3750:

Subsequent articles also propagandized the mangoes, and another poem in the

2128:

throughout the country. A selection of Mao's sayings were compiled into the

17676: 17651: 17484: 17270: 16944: 16934: 16809: 16804: 16451: 16152: 16086: 16067: 15588: 15346: 15178: 14975: 13857: 13677: 13465:

Beijing Record: A Physical and Political History of Planning Modern Beijing

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Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development, and Society in a Disputed Region

11729:

History As Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China

11354: 10793: 10256: 10197: 10029: 9876: 9825: 9531: 9158:"Basic Knowledge about the Communist Party of China: The Eleventh Congress" 9121: 9082: 8249: 8210: 8171: 8132: 8086: 7998: 7531: 7051: 6295: 6196: 6178: 6107: 5641: 5553: 5450: 5414: 5376: 5323: 5142: 5118: 4970: 4923: 4568: 4390: 4104: 4078: 4074: 4025: 3871: 3548: 3538: 3251: 3039:, the national police chief, often pardoned Red Guards for their "crimes". 2705:

on 1 June 1966, calling for the proletariat to "completely eradicate" the "

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List of cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions

14712: 14609: 14049: 12945: 12122: 10753:"Chaos of Cultural Revolution Echoes at a Lonely Cemetery, 50 Years Later" 9987:

Walder, Andrew G. (2014). "Rebellion and Repression in China, 1966–1971".

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Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought

5578:("red treasure films"), analogous to how the Little Red Books were dubbed 4153:

the government, party, and military, then adding the additional titles of

17939: 17755: 17427: 16993: 16949: 16849: 16799: 16746: 16431: 16328: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16157: 16092: 16081: 15908: 15723:

Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)

15678: 15633: 15370: 15058: 14182: 14051:

The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis

13555: 12901: 12839: 12354:"From Victory to Defeat – China's Socialist Road and Capitalist Reversal" 12124:

The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis

11911:

Honig, Emily (2003). "Socialist Sex: The Cultural Revolution Revisited".

10862: 10540: 10355: 10025: 9527: 9237:"The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World" 7815: 7386: 7313: 6577: 6568: 6486: 6421: 6335: 6145: 5802: 5790: 5671: 5611: 5418: 5284: 5146: 5093: 5033: 4856: 4848: 4614: 4602: 4446: 4409: 4317: 4276: 4267:

Guofeng chaired the Funeral Committee and delivered the memorial speech.

4239:, a traditional day of mourning, thousands of people gathered around the 4213: 4201: 4086: 3937: 3594: 3342: 3307: 3299: 3288: 3256: 2650: 2516: 2471: 2233: 2198: 2105: 1960: 1238: 1153: 988: 836: 713: 443: 170: 17515: 14947: 13659: 12770:

Dealing with China : an insider unmasks the new economic superpower

11283: 10084: 10052: 10000: 9268: 9126:

Leadership and Succession in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China

8910: 8828: 8709: 7898:"Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State" 7598:"Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State" 4969:

areas of northeast China, language schools were destroyed. According to

3996:

According to the official narrative, on 13 September Lin Biao, his wife

3895:

in 1972, Mao hinted that Lin had opposed better relations with the U.S.

2374: 2007: 17810: 17805: 17449: 17170: 17140: 17098: 16954: 16914: 16884: 16879: 16794: 16784: 16779: 16497: 16369: 16162: 16147: 16127: 16071: 16052: 16047: 16042: 15969: 15645: 15571: 15533: 15528: 15477: 15456: 15437: 15425: 14791: 14677: 14234: 13100:

China on Film: A Century of Exploration, Confrontation, and Controversy

11942: 11340: 9405:"Beijing Revises 'Correct' Version of Party History Ahead of Centenary" 6461: 6170: 6166: 5848: 5722: 5715: 5545: 5384: 5134: 5101: 4989: 4985: 4744: 4737: 4706: 4450: 4365: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4090: 3701: 3648: 3610: 3523: 3519: 2959: 2911: 2891: 2801: 2725: 2588: 2556:

On 12 February 1966, the "Five Man Group" issued a report known as the

2530:

on the defensive. Peng, Wu Han's direct superior, was the head of the "

2512: 2190: 2125: 2117: 2078: 2066: 1982: 1575: 1414: 1128: 791: 609: 325: 162: 152: 124:

Economic activity impaired, historical and cultural material destroyed.

56: 15775: 15484:, translated by Chenxin Jiang (New York: New York Review Books, 2016). 15173:

Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution

14417: 14385: 13956: 13717: 11690:

Tibet's Last Stand?: The Tibetan Uprising of 2008 and China's Response

11153: 9622: 9236: 9026: 8780: 8748: 7972: 7160:

The Cultural Revolution and post-Mao reforms: a historical perspective

7019: 6413:

Destruction of Japanese cultural heritage during the Meiji restoration

5809:

by the 1970s, which cooled relations between the once allied nations.

5295: 4320:

and Wang Dongxing as new members of the Politburo Standing Committee.

4255: 3716:

A propaganda oil painting of Mao during the Cultural Revolution (1967)

2112:, and proclaimed that "to rebel is justified". Mass upheaval began in 18286: 17999: 17385: 16839: 16834: 16670: 16658: 16643: 16253: 16142: 16122: 16112: 16102: 15690: 15671: 15376: 15356: 15333: 15323: 15159:

The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village

13930:"Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution (Book Review)" 13885: 13853: 12615:

The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village

10210:文化大革命的非正常死亡人數只有大躍進的十分之一不到, 從農民觀點來看, 其錯誤之嚴重, 遠遠不如大躍進 ... 二千六百萬人慘死 9431:"The Chinese Communist Party is playing dangerous games with history" 9252: 8922: 7155: 6390: 6020: 5969: 5844: 5822: 5679: 5532: 5513: 5455: 5201: 5138: 4955: 4817: 4721: 3947: 3629:, tanks, armored vehicles and even warships were deployed in combat. 3626: 3618: 3606: 3530: 3500: 3481: 3465: 3401: 3052: 3036: 2706: 2592: 2581: 2527: 2429:

On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Historical Lessons for the World

2186: 1595: 1533: 1163: 651: 367: 15085: 14669: 13706:

Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War

12267: 11324: 10892:. A Lerner biography. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. p. 72. 10658: 9965:[The latest version of the Cultural Revolution death toll]. 9461:"With whiffs of Cultural Revolution, Xi calls for struggle 50 times" 9177:"Hua Guofeng, Transitional Leader of China After Mao, Is Dead at 87" 8428:"How China came to worship the mango during the Cultural Revolution" 5995:, which have promoted economic growth and raised living standards." 18497: 18023: 17760: 17432: 17422: 17380: 16919: 16894: 16889: 16829: 16432:

Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee

16137: 16057: 15742: 15554: 15197:

The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis

14756: 13339:

Chinese Posters: Art from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

12532: 12484:"China's 'lost generation' recall hardships of Cultural Revolution" 11608: 10980: 9881:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 143. 9636: 8602: 8003:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 172. 7913: 7654:

Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution

7613: 6229: 6111: 6005: 5833: 5368: 5337: 4951: 4864: 4793: 4280: 4204:

instead of a member of the Gang of Four or Deng to become Premier.

3555: 3449: 3433: 3090: 2969: 2791: 2757:

to restore some semblance of order and re-establish party control.

2746: 2611:

spring 1966 to summer 1968 (when most of the key events took place)

1627: 658: 544: 388: 250: 15152:

The Great Leap Backward: Forgetting and Representing the Mao Years

13435:

Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi

13369:

Painters and Politics in the People's Republic of China, 1949–1979

12075:

The Lessons of History: The Chinese people's Liberation Army at 75

9830:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 23. 8502:"The Mao Mango Cult of 1968 and the Rise of China's Working Class" 6673:

Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi

6165:

himself dropped his Marxist–Leninist mask, revealing its roots in

6019:

One of the student leaders of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests,

5310:

peasant paintings in rural China, for example, became one of the "

5176:

program. Significant achievements came in science and technology.

4144:

thinking and denounce Lin's actions as traitorous and regressive.

3666:

in September, and labelled the "headquarters of the bourgeoisie".

3558:, fighting during July and August 1967 killed six and wounded 68. 2120:

in 1966. Many young people, mainly students, responded by forming

16107: 15621: 15386: 10988:(in Chinese). Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. 9536:

Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution

9334:

The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China

6009: 5984: 5398: 5360: 5345: 5305:, one of the Model Dramas promoted during the Cultural Revolution 5161: 5097: 5049: 4890: 4829: 4717: 4397: 3764: 3562: 3534: 3504: 3417: 3385: 3322: 3295: 3169: 3142: 3046: 2508: 2416:

and reneged on its pledge to supply China with a nuclear weapon.

2202: 2113: 1590: 1523: 696: 426: 15373:(Beijing: Chinese Literature / China Publications Centre, 1983). 14959:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 10259:[The nature of the Cultural Revolution: a great purge]. 9235:

Legvold, Robert; Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2006).

4342: 3912:

succession would be institutionalized. The consensus within the

3294:

In Beijing, Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao targeted Vice-Premier

17820: 17407: 16824: 16604: 16487: 15944:

Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend

15399: 15362: 15202: 13750:"When Pol Pot lounged by Mao's pool: how China exported Maoism" 11764: 10283:

Agence France Presse, Beijing, February 3, 1979; compiled into

10205: 10130:[Home report on the Cultural Revolution's death toll]. 7108:] (in Simplified Chinese). Henan People's Publishing House. 6365: 5636: 5549: 5364: 4981: 4833: 4733: 4589: 4189:

Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend

3997: 3622: 2214: 1585: 64: 17503: 12190:

James T. Myers; Jürgen Domes; Erik von Groeling, eds. (1995).

11298: 11296: 10321:

Ethics, Efficiency and Macroeconomics in China: From Mao to Xi

9593:

Pye, Lucian W. (1986). "Reassessing the Cultural Revolution".

6317: 5267:

Political slogans had three sources: Mao, Party media such as

5089: 4035: 3778: 3526:

factions, killing approximately 100 people and wounding 133.

2607:

The Cultural Revolution can be divided into two main periods:

2466: 728: 458: 18072: 17391: 15523:

Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

15518: 15408:, translated by Michael Berry (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). 14089:"Does a New Biography Tell the Whole Story on Deng Xiaoping?" 13292: 12806:(2nd ed.). Paris: Foreign languages press. p. 137. 5818: 5257: 4897: 4064: 3197: 3193: 2572:

discussion and aimed to distance Peng Zhen formally from any

2483: 2482:, the Cultural Revolution's precursor. Mao set the scene by " 2062: 1168: 704: 434: 96: 17561: 14825:

The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

12538:

The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

10623:"Interview: 'People Were Eaten by The Revolutionary Masses'" 9878:

Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution

9827:

Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution

8465:

Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution

8000:

Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution

6240:

guerrilla leader fighting an institutionalized bureaucracy.

6234:

The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

5614:

and anti-Chinese. Viewing art through the principles of the

2142:

from local governments and party branches, establishing new

15525:, translated by Howard Goldblatt. (New York: Viking, 1995). 15242:

The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

14692: 13882: 13468:. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. pp. 446–47. 12639: 11293: 10228:

China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

9491:

Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age

3082: 3057: 2972:

surrounded by rallying Red Guards in Beijing, December 1966

1622: 132:

Estimates vary from hundreds of thousands to millions (see

15754:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" 15733:

Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution

15491:, translated by Susan Wilf (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007). 15286:

The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics

14171:

Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise

13135: 12717: 11647: 11419: 11108:

China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party

9655:"Remembering the dark days of China's Cultural Revolution" 9576:粉碎"四人帮"之后，叶剑英在一次讲话中沉痛地说："文化大革命"死了2000万人，整了1亿人，浪费了8000亿人民币。 8812: 8677:

The Culture of Power: Lin Biao and the Cultural Revolution

7391:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" 7292:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" 5212:

Many health personnel were deployed to the countryside as

3669: 3085:, and other historically significant tombs and artifacts. 2898:; (3) Students at No. 23 Middle School in Beijing reading 16573: 14288: 11997:

Red Memory: The Afterlives of China's Cultural Revolution

10300:

Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic

5765:

as well as communist ideologies to multiple countries in

5692:

as part of the struggle against moderate Party elements.

3898: 2996:

During the Red August of Beijing, on August 8, 1966, the

2209:. Intellectuals and scientists were considered to be the 677: 663: 407: 393: 379: 15482:

The Cowshed: Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

14981:

Prisoner of the State: the Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang

14855:

Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76

13494:

Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution

12045:

Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76

10571:"Chinese Red Guards Apologize, Reopening A Dark Chapter" 10546:

Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

7319:

Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

6256:

a mere power struggle to remove Mao's political rivals.

5472:

Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China

4147: 3662:

Liu was expelled from the CCP at the 12th Plenum of the

2440:

Other Soviet actions increased concerns about potential

2423:. In turn, the USSR criticized China's Balkan ally, the 2357:

Rural workers smelting iron during the nighttime in 1958

621: 337: 15743:

Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

15615: 15609:

Socialism Is Great!: A Worker's Memoir of the New China

15183:

The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong

13103:. Rowman & Littlefield Publisher. pp. 128–29. 11693:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 6. 11388:"Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman" 10306:

well have been higher. It is unlikely that it was less.

9175:

Bradsher, Keith; Wellman, William J. (20 August 2008).

9005:

Forster, Keith (1992). "China's Coup of October 1976".

8530: 6934:

Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China

5630:

Buddhist statues defaced during the Cultural Revolution

5589:

China rejected Hollywood films and most foreign films.

3551:

led the victorious faction, killed 18 and wounded 983.

2395:

denounced his predecessor Josef Stalin and his policies

18225:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

14469:

Old Hong Kong Photos and The Tales They Tell, Volume 3

14386:"Mao Zedong a Hundred Years On: The Legacy of a Ruler" 13648:

Agents of Disorder: Inside China's Cultural Revolution

12744:

Ethics and Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

11361:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 114–115. 10709:

Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China

9234: 7868:

Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution

7476: 7474: 5544:

Traditional themes were sidelined and artists such as

5104:

to order special protection for key technical experts.

4973:, "vents took a horrific turn in the frontier town of 4770:

Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China

18153:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

18006:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

15728:

Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977

15272:

Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics

14973: 14880: 14240: 12890:

Newborn Socialist Things: Materiality in Maoist China

11843:

China's Political System: Modernization and Tradition

11573:

The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama

10108: 10106: 10104: 10102: 9378:

11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

8557: 7684:

Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986-1999

6893: 6154:

Some Preliminary Ideas about the Cultural Revolution,

2375:

Impact of international tensions and anti-revisionism

597: 583: 563: 549: 535: 313: 299: 283: 269: 255: 241: 76:

16 May 1966 – 6 October 1976

27:

Period of sociopolitical turmoil in China (1966–1976)

11845:(3rd ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 289–91. 11216:

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

10148: 10146: 10144: 9084:

The Chinese Debate about Soviet Socialism, 1978-1985

6285: 5706:

During the early period of the Cultural Revolution,

4323: 3696:

Mao's cult of personality and "mango fever" (August)

3162: 2953: 2493:

In late 1959, historian and deputy mayor of Beijing

2285: 2205:. Millions were persecuted for being members of the 15234:

edited by Anita Chan. (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1982).

15064:

Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution

10303:(2nd ed.). Free Press. pp. 371–372, 394. 9689:Strauss, Valerie; Southerl, Daniel (17 July 1994). 8558:MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2009). 7656:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: 7471: 6894:MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). 6262:

ideological rift between China and the Soviet Union

4256:

Death of Mao Zedong and the Gang of Four's downfall

642: 358: 15412: 15147:. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985). 15072:The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction 14521:. Vol. 4. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 14296: 14284:"Chinese Reopen Debate Over Chairman Mao's Legacy" 13254: 12163:The Stinking Old Ninth: A Tale of The Coal Capital 11507:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 12–13. 11500: 11256:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 10099: 9348: 5870:Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China 5287:called the Cultural Revolution a "grave mistake". 4903: 3314:"—effectively silencing critics within the party. 2764: 16427:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group 15585:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). 15422:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). 14892:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. 13096: 12772:. New York: Grand Central Publishing. p. 4. 10418:(in Chinese). Hong Kong: 天地图书有限公司 (Cosmos Books). 10141: 8537:. Harvard Business School Press. pp. 17–18. 7525: 7523: 3992:, with his name (lower right) later scratched out 3522:gave orders allowing the PLA to fire on opposing 2595:. They accused Peng of opposing Mao, labeled the 665:mou4 caan2 gaai1 kap1 man4 faa3 daai6 gaak3 ming6 18513: 17068:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat 16510:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 15489:Confessions: An Innocent Life in Communist China 15052:Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution 14531: 14329:"At China's New Museum, History Toes Party Line" 14000: 13998: 13252: 13033:[Zhang Xiaofeng: My father and mother]. 9057:. Washington (D.C.): The Brookings institution. 8337: 8293:Mao's Golden Mangoes and the Cultural Revolution 7712: 7710: 7708: 7122:Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution 7106:Great age of turmoil, a history of China 1949–89 6356:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 5408:The effect is similar in the film industry. The 5039: 4992:at the hands of the PLA in Yunnan, known as the 4794:Violent struggles, struggle sessions, and purges 4681:Massacres took place across China, including in 4610:Several sources have quoted a statement made by 2985:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun 14874:Governing China: From Revolution Through Reform 14717:. Durham : Duke University Press. p. 117. 13336: 13064:. Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: 11686: 10220: 10218: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9688: 9174: 8889:. Partridge Publishing Singapore. p. 490. 8468:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–22, 6640:Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos 5726:to publish newspapers, articles, speeches, and 5718:grew to an estimated number as high as 10,000. 5403:Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Art and Literature 3971: 2699:", an editorial published on the front page of 2228:In December 1978, Deng Xiaoping became the new 17904:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 17898:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 15739:of the subject available from the film's site. 13848: 13846: 13293:Harriet Evans; Stephanie Donald, eds. (1999). 12795: 12793: 12791: 12789: 11609:Kimberley Ens Manning; Felix Wemheuer (2011). 11040: 11038: 10857: 10855: 10853: 9982: 9980: 9806:(in Chinese). 3 September 2012. Archived from 8377: 8375: 8373: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8080: 8078: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7520: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 5352:. She did not resume writing until the 1980s. 4988:'s king was torched, and a massacre of Muslim 4453:, who had been labeled an "anti-party element" 4235:On 4 April 1976, on the eve of China's annual 3814:— Premier Zhou Enlai at the 9th Party Congress 3047:Destruction of the Four Olds (August–November) 2292:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 751:History of the People's Republic of China 18085:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 17892:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 17547: 16589: 15791: 15420:The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son 15185:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984). 13995: 13544:Cultural Revolution and Revolutionary Culture 13213: 13174: 12939: 12937: 12723: 12648:"The Sick Man of Asia. China's Health Crisis" 12185: 12183: 10737:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 30–31. 10679: 10534: 10532: 10381: 10379: 10350: 10348: 9649: 9647: 9560:Ling, Zhijun; Ma, Licheng (30 January 2011). 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 8344:. Harvard University Press. pp. 280–81. 8333: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8289: 8251:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8212:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8173:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8134:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8088:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 7987: 7705: 7053:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6039:US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade 5448:During the Cultural Revolution, composers of 5180:most universities did not reopen until 1972. 4747:, Hunan, a total of 7,696 people were killed 4673:Quotations of Mao Zedong on a street wall of 4396:At the Fifth Plenum held in 1980, Peng Zhen, 3835:1968 because the CCRG held de facto control. 3145:were attacked during the Cultural Revolution. 3141:The remains of the 8th century Buddhist monk 2030: 1383: 497: 481: 199: 18207:Violence against Hindus in independent India 17343:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist 17276:National Democratic Front of the Philippines 15199:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014). 13520:. China Academic Journals Full-text Database 13487: 13485: 12991:A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature 12987: 12833: 12831: 12570: 12568: 12442: 11569: 10538: 10279: 10277: 10250: 10248: 10215: 10020: 10018: 9852: 9682: 9555: 9553: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8388:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 96–98. 8285: 8283: 7381: 7379: 7311: 6605:"Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project" 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 5172:and launched China's first satellite in the 4677:, one of the centers of the Guangxi Massacre 4641: 4360:Deng Xiaoping first proposed what he called 4159:Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 4117:(left) receiving Red Guards in Beijing with 4019: 3113:was attacked by Red Guards in November 1966. 2614:a tailing period that lasted until fall 1976 2393:took power in the USSR. In 1956, Khrushchev 2104:, Mao launched the Revolution and said that 34:. For revolutions in culture generally, see 18419:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 17934:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 17136:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 16230:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits 15748:"William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution" 15232:A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution 15074:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). 14876:(2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Campany. 14165: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14027: 13843: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13261:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 13136:Dingbo Wu; Patrick D. Murphy, eds. (1994). 12786: 12740: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12403: 11725: 11576:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. p. 345. 11035: 10992: 10850: 10746: 10744: 10449: 10208:: Linking Publishing Company. p. 817. 9977: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9494:. Princeton University Press. p. 198. 9055:China's second revolution: reform after Mao 8702: 8370: 8117: 8075: 7884: 7283: 7267:(in Chinese). 19 April 2006. Archived from 7034: 6983: 6981: 6498:This position, effectively China's de jure 5981:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5890: 5721:Independent political groups could publish 5502:Posters from the Cultural Revolution period 5394:in an effort to rein in cultural politics. 5348:and her husband were sent to a tea farm in 3779:Down to the Countryside Movement (December) 2808:, over the work-teams issue. Mao's polemic 2697:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits 2310:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 1004:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 797:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 17554: 17540: 17293:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 16596: 16582: 15798: 15784: 14914:(2nd ed.). New York, London: Norton. 14871: 14764: 14647: 14645: 14643: 14558: 13491: 13299:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–5. 12934: 12700:Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution 12449:. Information Age Publishing. p. 55. 12180: 11765:Barry Sautman; June Teufel Dreyer (2006). 11540: 11538: 11536: 11458: 11174: 11131: 11104: 11071: 10529: 10422: 10402: 10376: 10345: 10190: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9644: 9511: 9048: 9046: 9044: 8322: 6702: 5084: 4379:Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee 2686: 2564:as sanctioned by the party center defined 2037: 2023: 1390: 1376: 18054:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 17026:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions 16976:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant 14928: 14559:Khrushchev, Nikita (1974). 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In 1967, emboldened radicals began 2055:Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 730:Ù-sāng-găi-ngék ùng-huá dâi gáik-mêng 59:, above a group of soldiers from the 17460:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 17318:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun 15616:Films set in the Cultural Revolution 15551:(New York: Arcade Publishing, 2012). 15508:(San Francisco: China Books, 2012). 15431:Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China 14852: 14710: 14607: 14339:from the original on 14 October 2011 14252: 14246: 14095:from the original on 22 October 2011 13801: 13692: 13646:Walder, Andrew G. 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Yvon (2022). 7490:from the original on 27 April 2016 7353: 7201: 7180: 6914: 6708: 6633: 6502:, was renamed "President" in 1982. 6248:, paint the movement as neither a 6203: 6072:Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum 5044: 4138:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius 4125:, with each holding a copy of the 3907:Liu Shaoqi on his deathbed in 1969 3179: 3176:accelerated after the conference. 2421:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 2100:In May 1966, with the help of the 1139:South–North Water Transfer Project 1066:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy 962:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign 802:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 25: 18633: 18201:Violence against Muslims in India 18195:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 18141:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 17303:Communist Party of India (Maoist) 15703: 15611:(New York: Atlas & Co, 2007). 15049:Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum, 14589:from the original on 28 July 2011 14579:"HK's Tsang apologises for gaffe" 14501:(3): 303–26 – via ProQuest. 13518:"《Archaeology》 Publishing report" 12575:Peterson, Glen (1 October 2007). 11785:from the original on 16 June 2016 11590:from the original on 17 June 2016 11521:from the original on 17 June 2016 11386:Khalid, Zainab (4 January 2011). 9730:Wang, Youqin (15 December 2007). 9208: 8949:"Memorial speech by Hua Kuo-Feng" 8728:from the original on 23 June 2016 8499: 5436:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy 5274:Dittmer and Ruoxi claim that the 4749:from 13 August to 17 October 1967 4324:Repudiation and reform under Deng 4103:later pejoratively dubbed as the 3474: 3458: 3394: 3163:Central Work Conference (October) 2954:Red August and the Sixteen Points 2724:—wife of Mao loyalist Kang Sheng— 2602: 2286:Creation of the People's Republic 2256:) or "ten years of havoc" (十年浩劫; 1104:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 1099:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation 999:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration 585:Wú-chǎn-jie-jí wún-huà dà-gé-mìng 115:Chinese Communist Party Politburo 88:(10 years and 143 days) 18607:Political controversies in China 18496: 17514: 17502: 17490: 17478: 17181:Down to the Countryside Movement 16558: 16557: 16493:Mao Zedong's cult of personality 16339:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture 15869:Down to the Countryside Movement 15841:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 15359:(New York: HarperCollins, 2002). 15310:Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party 15260:(New York: Viking Press, 1977). 15067:(New York: HarperCollins, 1997). 14704: 14601: 14552: 14525: 14505: 14486: 14459: 14445:. 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Retrieved on June 15, 2011 14810:Fong Tak-ho. May 19, 2006. " 14768:Zhou Enlai: A Political Life 14563:. Little, Brown and Company. 14282:Lim, Louisa (22 June 2011). 13934:History Faculty Publications 13822:10.1080/01446193.2010.512497 12290:"文革对中国核基地的损害：4000人被审查 40人自尽" 12266:(in Chinese). Archived from 11841:Dreyer, June Teufel (2000). 11654:. Grove Press. p. 170. 11105:Schoenhals, Michael (1996). 11055:(in Chinese). Archived from 10873:(in Chinese). Archived from 10657:(in Chinese). Archived from 10549:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10435:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10318:Leightner, Jonathan (2017). 9570:(in Chinese). Archived from 9376:"6th Plenary Session of the 8982:(in Chinese). Archived from 8585:Yan, Fei (5 February 2024). 8564:. Harvard University Press. 6932:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). 6900:. Harvard University Press. 6523: 6450:Cultural Revolution in Libya 6341:Chinese Cultural Renaissance 6252:war over ideological purity 6135:Chinese Cultural Renaissance 6116:political movements in Nepal 6014:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 5931:criticism and self-criticism 5231:Selected Works of Mao Zedong 5075:cow demons and snake spirits 4984:Province, the palace of the 4875:were launched in the 1970s. 4664: 4548:CCP History Research Center 4445:in September 1967 targeting 4294: 4077:", clockwise from top-left: 3972:Lin's flight and plane crash 3545:Shanghai Diesel Engine Plant 2935:targeting Liu Shaoqi's wife 2480:Socialist Education Movement 2458:Socialist Education Movement 2451: 2263: 2244:reforms and opening of China 2232:, replacing Mao's successor 1274:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 865:Socialist Education Movement 55:Propaganda poster depicting 7: 18577:Man-made disasters in China 17418:National Democracy Movement 17220:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 17210:New People's Army rebellion 14912:The Search for Modern China 14853:King, Richard, ed. (2010). 14786:Ewing, Kent (5 June 2011). 12166:. Independently Published. 12083:Strategic Studies Institute 11501:Ronald D. Schwartz (1996). 11426:. Grove Press. p. 35. 11111:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. 10488:. Oxford University Press. 10183:. Hong Kong. October 1996. 10126:Ding, Shu (15 March 2004). 8855:The Search for Modern China 7717:Tanigawa, Shinichi (2018). 7530:Smyer, Dan (1 March 2013). 7420:"China's reluctant Emperor" 7164:University of Chicago Press 6445:Cultural Revolution in Iran 6281: 5302:The Red Detachment of Women 5228:A Red Guard holding up the 5155:Chinese Academy of Sciences 4418:Central Military Commission 4163:Central Military Commission 4161:, and vice-chairman of the 3581:Anshan Iron and Steel Plant 3579:in March 1967 and over the 3509:Chaotianmen harbor district 3001:revolution in our country:" 2886:From left: (1) Students at 2728:, a philosophy lecturer at 2681:eight non-Communist parties 537:Wúchǎnjiējí wénhuà dàgémìng 395:man4 faa3 daai6 gaak3 ming6 215:"Great Cultural Revolution" 18:Chinese Cultural Revolution 10: 18638: 17198:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 17109:People's Republic of China 16624:Antagonistic contradiction 16603: 15600:Weili Ye and Xiaodong Ma, 15443:Life and Death in Shanghai 15005: 14955:Thurston, Anne F. (1988). 14788:"Mao's Army on the Attack" 14743: 14654:"Actually Existing Maoism" 14384:Schram, Stuart R. (1994). 13928:Curran, Thomas D. (2000). 13097:Paul G. Pickowicz (2013). 12888:Coderre, Laurence (2021). 12768:Paulson, Henry M. (2015). 12704:Greenwood Publishing Group 12001:W. W. Norton & Company 11882:10.1177/009770049902500402 11078:Ding, Shu (8 April 2016). 9824:Walder, Andrew G. (2019). 9562:""四人帮"被粉碎后的怪事："文革"之风仍在继续吹" 9089:Princeton University Press 9019:10.1177/009770049201800302 8765:10.1177/009770049201800302 8248:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8209:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8170:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8131:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8085:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8058:"Liu Shaoqi rehabilitated" 7689:Hong Kong University Press 7565:Jeni Hung (5 April 2003). 7050:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 6938:Cambridge University Press 6467:List of destroyed heritage 6361:List of massacres in China 6069: 5993:reform and the open policy 5894: 5883: 5752:Sino-Soviet border clashes 5699: 5569:Mobile film units brought 5316:revolutionary model operas 5096:, one of China's foremost 5026: 4944:ethnic minorities in China 4907: 4797: 4621:and 115,500 deaths due to 4327: 4259: 4228: 4155:PLA General Chief of Staff 4023: 3975: 3935: 3856:International Workers' Day 3782: 3705: 3699: 3636: 3591:weapon of mass destruction 3306:, as well as Vice-Premier 3284:"Revolutionary committees" 3215: 3050: 2987:." The passage continues: 2957: 2626: 2515:and Shanghai propagandist 2478:In 1963, Mao launched the 2455: 2425:Party of Labour of Albania 2378: 2344: 2326: 2320: 2289: 2275:Soviet cultural revolution 2089:, in the aftermath of the 2065:(PRC). It was launched by 2063:People's Republic of China 29: 18572:Cultural history of China 18562:Cold War history of China 18493: 18401:South Thailand insurgency 18377:Walisongo school massacre 18345:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 17994:Expulsion of the Moriscos 17970:European wars of religion 17884: 17728: 17573: 17473: 17403:Mao's cult of personality 17358: 17345:Parties and Organizations 17258: 17240:Internal conflict in Peru 17079: 16968: 16772: 16734: 16611: 16553: 16480: 16417:Cultural Revolution Group 16362: 16246: 16186: 16035: 15962: 15874:Cleansing the Class Ranks 15861: 15813: 15713:. The Cultural Revolution 15594:A Leaf in the Bitter Wind 15446:(New York: Grove, 1987). 15132:(New York: Crown, 1990). 15026:Resources in your library 14711:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 14608:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 14402:10.1017/S0305741000034068 14259:Columbia University Press 14133:10.1017/S0305741021000424 14114:Volland, Nicolai (2021). 13775:Laura, Southgate (2019). 13710:Columbia University Press 13613:10.1017/S0305741021000424 13592:Volland, Nicolai (2021). 12944:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 12724:Chang & Halliday 2005 12694:Chen, G.; Ma, R. (eds.). 11615:. UBC Press. p. 23. 11189:10.2753/CED1061-193234027 11146:10.1017/S0305741000044143 11013:10.1080/03068370701349128 10888:Stewart, Whitney (2001). 10297:Meisner, Maurice (1986). 10120:. Hong Kong. August 1999. 10069:10.1017/S0009443903000068 9798:"75·8板桥水库溃坝 20世纪最大人类技术灾难" 9607:10.1017/S0305741000037085 9383:Resolution on CPC History 8382:Schrift, Melissa (2001). 8338:Andrew G. Walder (2015). 7957:10.1017/S0305741000014417 7360:Columbia University Press 7233:Marxists Internet Archive 7127:Stanford University Press 7004:10.1017/S0305741000049158 6511:Some claim 1.877 million. 6194:Hong Kong Chief Executive 5936:The official view in the 5843:With the help of Chinese 5744:Embassy of China, Jakarta 5182:University entrance exams 5005:Tibetan Autonomous Region 4926:during a struggle session 4808:Cleansing the Class Ranks 4559: 4530:Cleansing the Class Ranks 4512:CCP Propaganda Department 4351:paramount leader of China 4020:1972–76: The Gang of Four 3647:A rally in opposition to 3639:Cleansing the Class Ranks 3265:Shanghai People's Commune 2998:party's General Committee 2888:Beijing Normal University 2804:(right), then serving as 2503:. In the play, an honest 2397:, and began implementing 2247: 2230:paramount leader of China 2221:were relocated under the 2102:Cultural Revolution Group 2069:in 1966 and lasted until 1254:Xinjiang internment camps 1229:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou 1079:China Western Development 1071:Persecution of Falun Gong 740: 719: 712: 695: 688: 671: 657: 650: 636: 629: 615: 608: 591: 577: 557: 543: 529: 522: 517: 513: 505: 491: 475: 470: 449: 442: 425: 418: 401: 387: 381:Màhn-faa daaih-gaak-mihng 373: 366: 352: 345: 331: 324: 307: 293: 277: 263: 249: 235: 228: 223: 219: 211: 201: 193: 189: 184: 158: 140: 128: 120: 110: 102: 92: 72: 48: 18552:20th-century revolutions 17791:Extrajudicial punishment 17313:Communist Party of Burma 17230:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 17225:Death and funeral of Mao 17060:Bombard the Headquarters 17052:Historic Eight Documents 16676:Newborn socialist things 16467:May Seventh Cadre School 16259:Newborn socialist things 16195:Bombard the Headquarters 16005:Shaoyang County Massacre 15939:1975 Banqiao Dam failure 15467:(New York: Knopf, 1983). 15312:(New York: Holt, 2007). 15288:(New York: Holt, 1985). 14169:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). 14056:Harvard University Press 13971:"沉重的外交笑话：外国大使需挥舞《毛主席语录》" 13754:South China Morning Post 13652:Harvard University Press 13214:Tan Ye; Yun Zhu (2012). 13029: 12646:Huang, Yanzhong (2011). 12420:Cornell University Press 12414:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 12129:Harvard University Press 11927:10.1177/0097700402250735 11687:Warren W. Smith (2009). 11359:Maoism: A Global History 11268:10.1163/138548707X247392 11047: 10981: 10949: 10919:China News Digest (华夏文摘) 9660:South China Morning Post 9211:"History for the Masses" 8911: 7736:10.1177/0097700417714159 7264: 7259: 7101: 6613:University of Pittsburgh 6472: 6079:National Museum of China 5946:Second Sino-Japanese War 5891:Communist Party opinions 5769:, supporting parties in 5695: 5249:) affected many views. 5174:Two Bombs, One Satellite 5127:May Seventh Cadre School 4460:1975 Banqiao Dam failure 3723:Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada 2917:Bombard the Headquarters 2831:Great Hall of the People 2811:Bombard the Headquarters 2800:In 1966, Mao broke with 2766:Bombard the Headquarters 2144:revolutionary committees 2110:bombard the headquarters 2087:his political sidelining 2053:, formally known as the 1234:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit 1209:Belt and Road Initiative 1204:Anti-corruption campaign 1044:One country, two systems 977:Bourgeois liberalization 855:Two Bombs, One Satellite 827:Hundred Flowers Campaign 493:Traditional Chinese 61:People's Liberation Army 18617:Vandalized works of art 18484:Crocus City Hall attack 18231:Persecution of Tibetans 17988:French Wars of Religion 17910:Yellow Turban Rebellion 17465:Thought reform in China 17398:Left communism in China 17266:Chinese Communist Party 17087:Chinese Soviet Republic 16752:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 16706:Revolutionary base area 16437:Revolutionary committee 15987:Inner Mongolia incident 15954:1976 Tiananmen Incident 15924:Black Painting incident 15889:February Countercurrent 15711:Encyclopædia Britannica 14652:Walder, Andrew (1987). 14577:BBC (13 October 2007). 14495:East European Quarterly 13178:Chinese National Cinema 13060:Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). 12359:Foreign Languages Press 11395:SIT Digital Collections 10429:Zhou, Yongming (1999). 9053:Harding, Harry (1987). 8860:W.W. Norton and Company 8747:Forster, Keith (1992). 8699:Hannam and Lawrence 3–4 7567:"Children of Confucius" 6371:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 6173:, roving gang, and the 5832:broke into the British 5791:Khmer Rouge in Cambodia 5789:and in particular, the 5564: 5480:March of the Volunteers 5085:Academics and education 4958:and other books of the 4910:Inner Mongolia incident 4880:Inner Mongolia incident 4285:Central Security Bureau 4231:1976 Tiananmen incident 3953:Outline for Project 571 3926:Beijing Military Region 3321:Red Guards marching in 3312:February Countercurrent 3073:"revolutionary" names. 2944:Organization Department 2687:Mass rallies (May–June) 2637:The 16 May Notification 2367:Anti-Rightist Campaigns 2136:his cult of personality 2077:by purging remnants of 2059:sociopolitical movement 1470:By other characteristic 1154:Three Links with Taiwan 1149:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1124:2002–2004 SARS outbreak 1024:Shanghai Stock Exchange 477:Simplified Chinese 18437:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 18413:Maspero demonstrations 18261:Huế Phật Đản shootings 17188:New Communist movement 16407:May Sixteenth elements 15821:Anti-Rightist Campaign 15696:In the Heat of the Sun 15382:The Three-Body Problem 14253:Meng, Wenting (2024). 13175:Yingjin Zhang (2004). 12800:Ching, Pao-Yu (2021). 12613:Han, Dongping (2008). 12587:10.59962/9780774854535 12382:Joel, Andreas (2009). 12043:King, Richard (2010). 10733:Chen, Xiaomei (2002). 10683:Mao: The Unknown Story 10362:. Hong Kong: 开放杂志出版社. 10225:Rummel, R. J. (1991). 10164:. 2016. Archived from 9989:Social Science History 9917:Yan, Fei (June 2016). 8883:Slatyer, Will (2015). 8290:Alfreda Murck (2013). 7100:Wang, Nianyi (1989). 6279: 6200:were later retracted. 6102:Outside mainland China 5907: 5747: 5702:Media history of China 5631: 5602:Michelangelo Antonioni 5503: 5350:Lushan County, Sichuan 5306: 5260: 5235: 5121:were regarded as the " 5114: 5105: 5055: 4939: 4927: 4873:May Sixteenth elements 4821: 4759:Cannibalism in Guangxi 4678: 4642: 4454: 4416:. Hua remained on the 4357: 4338:Reforms and Opening Up 4314:11th National Congress 4129: 3993: 3908: 3859: 3811: 3747: 3740: 3717: 3693: 3651: 3587:Unconventional weapons 3518:, on August 28, 1967, 3326: 3278: 3235: 3212:1967: Seizure of power 3066: 3023: 3008: 2994: 2973: 2939: 2825: 2710: 2665: 2638: 2547:party's General Office 2475: 2358: 2300:to a close. Remaining 2242:program and initiated 2219:youth from urban areas 2165:that included acts of 1291:2020–2021 reform spree 1249:Persecution of Uyghurs 1179:West–East Gas Pipeline 1084:Hainan Island incident 925:Special economic zones 920:Reforms and Opening Up 832:Anti-Rightist Campaign 18407:Boko Haram insurgency 18066:Pontic Greek genocide 17976:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 17786:Extrajudicial killing 17563:Religious persecution 16925:Muppala Lakshmana Rao 16742:Maoism–Third Worldism 16711:Seek truth from facts 16442:8341 Special Regiment 16349:Five Black Categories 16015:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case 15949:1976 Nanjing incident 15651:Farewell My Concubine 15497:The Revenge of Heaven 15465:Son of the Revolution 15306:Ying Chang Compestine 15150:Lingchei Letty Chen, 14890:Mao's Last Revolution 14882:MacFarquhar, Roderick 14616:Duke University Press 14534:"中華民國五十五年國慶日前夕告中共黨人書" 14512:Hoxha, Enver (1982). 14175:Yale University Press 13889:. London. p. 6. 13704:Li, Hongshan (2024). 13548:Duke University Press 13066:Duke University Press 12988:Zicheng Hong (2009). 12952:Duke University Press 12894:Duke University Press 12846:Duke University Press 12443:Ming Fang He (2000). 11570:Thomas Laird (2007). 11545:Ardley, Jane (2002). 10543:; Zhou, Yuan (2015). 10482:Tan, Hecheng (2017). 10116:"兩百萬人含恨而終─文革死亡人數統計". 9134:10.4324/9781315494890 9097:10.1515/9781400858590 8974:"毛泽东葬礼上的江青：头戴黑纱面无表情" 8561:Mao's Last Revolution 8462:Daniel Leese (2011), 8256:Duke University Press 8217:Duke University Press 8178:Duke University Press 8139:Duke University Press 8093:Duke University Press 7652:Simpson, Tim (2023). 7542:10.4324/9780203803431 7398:University of Chicago 7316:; Zhou, Yuan (2006). 7299:University of Chicago 7290:Wang, Youqin (2001). 7102:大动乱的年代：1949–1989 年的中国 7058:Duke University Press 6946:10.1017/9781108784788 6897:Mao's Last Revolution 6274: 5904: 5793:(responsible for the 5754:, Mao stated that in 5741: 5728:big-character posters 5700:Further information: 5650:Religious persecution 5646:great Confucian purge 5629: 5501: 5460:Ode to the Motherland 5298: 5255: 5227: 5111: 5092: 5052: 5027:Further information: 5023:Rape and sexual abuse 5009:1959 Tibetan uprising 4936:Sampho Tsewang Rigzin 4933: 4921: 4887:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case 4815: 4728:In 1975, the PLA led 4714:Five Black Categories 4672: 4486:Deaths (in millions) 4440: 4383:seek truth from facts 4377:On 18 December 1978, 4355:reform and opening up 4345: 4113: 3985: 3906: 3853: 3806: 3800:9th National Congress 3745: 3735: 3715: 3688: 3664:8th Central Committee 3646: 3320: 3273: 3233: 3111:cemetery of Confucius 3060: 3021: 3003: 2989: 2967: 2930: 2852:Red Guards in Beijing 2840:8th Central Committee 2823: 2694: 2655: 2636: 2578:Propaganda Department 2470:The purge of General 2469: 2356: 2207:Five Black Categories 2163:a massacre in Guangxi 1772:Bulgarian unification 1448:Counter-revolutionary 1144:Qinghai–Tibet railway 1049:Handover of Hong Kong 460:Ùng-huá dâi gáik-mêng 257:ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ 145:Cemetery of Confucius 18612:Revolutions in China 18389:September 11 attacks 18325:1984 anti-Sikh riots 18189:Rawalpindi massacres 18135:White Terror (Spain) 17946:Massacre at Ayyadieh 17831:Population cleansing 17509:Socialism portal 17497:Communism portal 17371:Big-character poster 17156:Black Power movement 17002:On Guerrilla Warfare 16686:One Divides into Two 16375:Conservative Faction 16304:One Divides into Two 16274:Big-character poster 15826:Great Chinese Famine 15559:Feather in the Storm 15300:Fictional treatments 15070:Richard Curt Kraus, 14930:Teiwes, Frederick C. 14183:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k 14167:Marquis, Christopher 14054:. Cambridge, Mass.: 14048:Wu, Yiching (2014). 13556:10.2307/j.ctv15kxg2d 13437:. Acton, Australia: 12902:10.2307/j.ctv1r4xd0g 12127:. Cambridge, Mass.: 12121:Wu, Yiching (2014). 11726:John Powers (2004). 11357:(3 September 2019). 10871:China in Perspective 10392:Modern China Studies 10326:Taylor & Francis 9928:Twenty-First Century 9283:"胡耀邦同志领导平反"六十一人案"追记" 9081:(31 December 1987). 8925:. 12 November 2000. 8633:. 14 December 2016. 7516:on 25 December 2005. 6675:. Acton, Australia: 6242:Roderick MacFarquhar 6045:Contemporary Maoists 5999:Alternative opinions 5220:Slogans and rhetoric 5191:vocational education 4934:Struggle session of 4644:Agence France Presse 4283:, on October 6, the 3547:, a battle in which 3491:class=notpageimage| 3248:power seizure groups 2734:big-character poster 2095:Great Chinese Famine 1544:Contentious politics 1415:Political revolution 1296:2022 Winter Olympics 1197:2012–present: Xi era 1159:2008 Summer Olympics 1094:Accession to the WTO 1034:Deng's southern tour 1017:1989–2002: Jiang era 850:Great Chinese Famine 807:First five-year plan 782:Land Reform Movement 436:Bûn-hoà tāi-kek-bēng 360:Vùn-fa thai-kiet-min 18622:Communist terrorism 18522:Cultural Revolution 18301:Bangladesh genocide 18281:Cultural Revolution 18273:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 18036:Circassian genocide 17922:Rhineland massacres 17836:Population transfer 17801:Forced displacement 17613:Jehovah's Witnesses 17521:Politics portal 17455:Red Star Over China 17328:Black Panther Party 17215:Sino-Albanian split 17193:Cambodian Civil War 17166:16 May Notification 17161:Cultural Revolution 16726:Three Worlds Theory 16654:Cultural Revolution 16354:Five Red Categories 16216:May 16 Notification 15919:10th Party Congress 15807:Cultural Revolution 15764:Nicholas D. Kristof 15320:. Young adult novel 15017:Cultural Revolution 14908:Spence, Jonathan D. 14886:Schoenhals, Michael 14848:on 3 November 2012. 14390:The China Quarterly 14120:The China Quarterly 13949:The China Quarterly 13856:(6 December 2014). 13660:10.2307/j.ctvnjbhrb 13599:The China Quarterly 13341:. Chronicle Books. 12561:on 3 November 2012. 11459:Adam Jones (2006). 11134:The China Quarterly 10661:on 24 November 2020 10057:The China Quarterly 10030:"广西文革绝密档案中的大屠杀和性暴力" 10001:10.1017/ssh.2015.23 9696:The Washington Post 9595:The China Quarterly 9530:(11 October 2011). 9330:"关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议" 8433:The Daily Telegraph 8095:. pp. 205–06. 7945:The China Quarterly 7483:Asiaweek, Volume 10 6991:The China Quarterly 6120:Black Panther Party 6085:Mao Zedong's legacy 6026:Almost a Revolution 5974:historical nihilism 5357:Ministry of Culture 5291:Arts and literature 4476: 4387:economic reform era 4300:Transitional period 4195:Death of Zhou Enlai 3727:Tsinghua University 3599:pathogenic bacteria 3356:The Gang of Four's 3125:This statue of the 3079:Temple of Confucius 2629:16 May Notification 2271:May Fourth Movement 2051:Cultural Revolution 2013:Politics portal 1029:Pudong New District 949:Sino-Vietnamese War 944:Four Modernizations 898:1976–1989: Deng era 885:Richard Nixon visit 875:Cultural Revolution 185:Cultural Revolution 45: 44:Cultural Revolution 18592:Massacres in China 18587:Maoist terminology 18537:1966 introductions 18395:2002 Gujarat riots 18319:Cambodian genocide 18313:Lebanese Civil War 18091:Soviet persecution 17928:Jerusalem massacre 17841:Sectarian violence 17826:Political violence 17413:National communism 17366:Anarchism in China 17245:Nepalese Civil War 17203:Naxalbari uprising 17151:Great Leap Forward 16875:İbrahim Kaypakkaya 16845:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 16820:Charles Bettelheim 16721:Social imperialism 16701:Proletarian nation 16619:Agrarian socialism 16530:Morning Sun (film) 16505:Great Leap Forward 16395:Ultra-Left Faction 16344:Stinking Old Ninth 15992:Guangdong Massacre 15899:9th Party Congress 15851:Taoyuan Experience 15831:Great Leap Forward 15772:, January 6, 1993. 15769:The New York Times 15099:The New York Times 14822:Gao, Mobo (2008). 14701:, pp. 605–06. 14365:. 23 December 2013 14333:The New York Times 14087:Schiavenza, Matt. 12838:Lin, Chun (2006). 12578:The Power of Words 12327:Phoenix Television 12322:"中国"文革"科研仅两弹一星核潜艇" 12160:Jihui, Yu (2019). 12102:on 5 February 2012 11804:Schwartz, Ronald. 10913:Ding, Shu (2004). 10865:(September 2011). 10829:The New York Times 10758:The New York Times 10707:Zheng, Yi (1996). 10515:The New York Times 10463:. 26 November 2018 10388:"'文革' 中的集体屠杀：三省研究" 10181:Zhengming Magazine 10154:"文革五十周年：必须再来一次反文革" 9803:Phoenix Television 9778:. 1 September 2023 9776:www.britannica.com 9736:China Perspectives 9663:. 18 August 2012. 9319:, January 25, 1981 9317:The New York Times 9209:Barmé, Geremie R. 9181:The New York Times 9091:. pp. 63–68. 8986:on 6 December 2011 8979:Phoenix Television 7789:Palgrave MacMillan 7453:"红卫兵 "破四旧" 的文化与政治" 7451:Shi, Gang (2004). 7425:The New York Times 7260:"毛泽东八次接见红卫兵始末(上) " 7162:. Chicago/London: 7119:Gao, Yuan (1987). 6571:(25 August 2011). 6381:Morning Sun (film) 6246:Michael Schoenhals 6066:Contemporary China 5989:1992 Southern Tour 5908: 5880:Opinions and views 5872:, were persecuted. 5859:Chairman Mao badge 5795:Cambodian genocide 5748: 5746:after being burned 5632: 5595:North Korean films 5504: 5307: 5261: 5236: 5123:Stinking Old Ninth 5115: 5106: 5056: 4940: 4928: 4822: 4679: 4475: 4470:Literature reviews 4455: 4358: 4225:Tiananmen incident 4174:propaganda network 4130: 3994: 3909: 3860: 3821:party constitution 3748: 3718: 3676:Qinghua University 3652: 3334:between factions. 3327: 3279: 3236: 3067: 3024: 2974: 2940: 2826: 2711: 2677:Mao Zedong Thought 2639: 2568:as a constructive 2476: 2359: 2347:Great Leap Forward 2323:Great Leap Forward 2317:Great Leap Forward 2211:Stinking Old Ninth 2106:bourgeois elements 2091:Great Leap Forward 1988:Second Arab Spring 1134:Visit of Lien Chan 845:Great Leap Forward 817:Bandung Conference 770:1949–1976: Mao era 301:Wún-huà dà-gé-mìng 286:Wen-hua ta-ko-ming 271:Wenhuah dahgerminq 65:Mao Zedong Thought 43: 18567:Cultural genocide 18509: 18508: 18449:Rohingya genocide 18177:Direct Action Day 18129:Šahovići massacre 18079:Armenian genocide 18073:Assyrian genocide 17960:(13th–15th cent.) 17954:(12th–16th cent.) 17952:Northern Crusades 17796:Forced conversion 17746:Cultural genocide 17741:Communal violence 17623:post–Cold War era 17608:Eastern Orthodoxy 17529: 17528: 17286:New People's Army 17146:Sino-Soviet split 17010:On Protracted War 16978:Movement in Hunan 16969:Theoretical works 16639:Capitalist roader 16571: 16570: 16520:Sino-Soviet split 16380:Little Red Guards 16324:Capitalist roader 16314:Eight model plays 16011:Yunnan Massacres 15934:Hangzhou incident 15914:Lin Biao incident 15836:Lushan Conference 15667:Tian Zhuangzhuang 15012:Library resources 14991:978-1-4391-4938-6 14966:978-0-674-25375-9 14921:978-0-393-97351-8 14899:978-0-674-02332-1 14864:978-0-7748-1543-7 14838:978-0-7453-2780-8 14816:Asia Times Online 14792:Asia Times Online 14778:978-962-996-280-7 14724:978-0-8223-4780-4 14625:978-0-8223-4780-4 14479:978-988-78276-2-7 14452:978-1-61075-444-6 14243:, pp. 43–44. 14192:978-0-300-26883-6 14065:978-0-674-41985-8 13976:Phoenix New Media 13862:Ai Si Xiang (爱思想) 13788:978-1-5292-0221-2 13736:10.7312/li--20704 13718:10.7312/li--20704 13669:978-0-674-24363-7 13565:978-1-4780-1218-4 13503:978-0-7103-0458-2 13462:Jun Wang (2011). 13410:978-0-295-75085-9 13075:978-0-8223-7461-9 12961:978-0-8223-4780-4 12911:978-1-4780-2161-2 12855:978-0-8223-3785-0 12813:978-2-491182-89-2 12754:978-0-912966-47-2 12624:978-1-58367-180-1 12596:978-0-7748-5453-5 12551:978-0-7453-2780-8 12295:Phoenix New Media 12173:978-1-0721-7605-3 12138:978-0-674-41985-8 12092:978-1-58487-126-2 12010:978-1-324-05195-4 11504:Circle Of Protest 11368:978-0-525-65605-0 11313:The China Journal 11118:978-0-7656-3303-3 11048:– 个人的冤案和 – 个时代的冤案 10899:978-0-8225-4962-8 10867:"文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？" 10556:978-1-4422-5172-4 10495:978-0-19-062252-7 10461:Stanford Politics 10442:978-0-8476-9598-0 10386:Yang, Su (2006). 10335:978-1-351-80583-4 10261:China News Digest 10179:"Title unknown". 10132:China News Digest 10034:China News Digest 9888:978-0-674-24363-7 9873:Walder, Andrew G. 9837:978-0-674-24363-7 9810:on 23 March 2020. 9574:on 22 June 2020. 9540:China News Digest 9501:978-0-691-02777-7 9315:Sterba, James P. 9297:on 3 January 2021 9064:978-0-8157-3462-8 8675:Jin, Qiu (1999). 8591:The China Journal 8571:978-0-674-04041-0 8506:Collectors Weekly 8475:978-1-139-49811-1 8395:978-0-8135-2937-0 8351:978-0-674-05815-6 8303:978-3-85881-732-7 8265:978-1-4780-1218-4 8226:978-1-4780-1218-4 8187:978-1-4780-1218-4 8148:978-1-4780-1218-4 8102:978-1-4780-1218-4 8037:www.sciencespo.fr 8010:978-0-674-24363-7 7995:Walder, Andrew G. 7902:The China Journal 7698:978-988-8139-00-2 7667:978-1-5179-0031-1 7602:The China Journal 7551:978-1-136-63375-1 7329:978-0-8108-6491-7 7202:Lu, Xing (2004). 7173:978-0-226-81514-5 7136:978-0-8047-6589-3 7067:978-1-4780-1218-4 6955:978-1-108-78478-8 6907:978-0-674-02332-1 6703:Lieberthal (2003) 6634:Lu, Xing (2004). 6396:New Life Movement 6186:Nikita Khrushchev 6160:In October 1966, 6118:, the U.S.-based 5942:Chinese Civil War 5756:foreign relations 5734:Foreign relations 5539:Socialist Realist 5488:Rusticated youths 5001:People's communes 4825:Violent struggles 4662: 4661: 4623:struggle sessions 4619:violent struggles 4580:Rudolph J. Rummel 4564:violent struggles 4532:, 200,000 during 4406:secretary-general 4402:party secretariat 4237:Qingming Festival 4219:capitalist roader 3978:Lin Biao incident 3794:1969–71: Lin Biao 3332:violent struggles 3095:Tibetan Buddhists 2896:Peking University 2749:, Liu Shaoqi and 2730:Peking University 2545:—director of the 2521:Lushan Conference 2391:Nikita Khrushchev 2381:Sino-Soviet split 2298:Chinese Civil War 2253:shí nián dòngluàn 2075:Chinese socialism 2047: 2046: 1581:Mass mobilization 1571:Guerrilla warfare 1400: 1399: 1286:COVID-19 pandemic 1117:2002–2012: Hu era 1054:Handover of Macau 937:Three Communiqués 880:UN representation 744: 743: 736: 735: 524:Standard Mandarin 466: 465: 375:Yale Romanization 230:Standard Mandarin 180: 179: 134:§ Death toll 16:(Redirected from 18629: 18501: 18500: 18467:2020 Delhi riots 18383:Kosheh massacres 18363:Bosnian genocide 18183:1946 Bihar riots 17846:Social cleansing 17771:Ethnic cleansing 17556: 17549: 17542: 17533: 17532: 17519: 17518: 17507: 17506: 17495: 17494: 17493: 17485:China portal 17483: 17482: 17481: 17072: 17064: 17056: 17048: 17040: 17032: 17028:Among the People 17022: 17014: 17006: 16998: 16990: 16986:On Contradiction 16982: 16940:Jose Maria Sison 16666:Marxism–Leninism 16634:Anti-revisionism 16629:Anti-imperialism 16598: 16591: 16584: 16575: 16574: 16561: 16560: 16299:Violent Struggle 16294:Seizure of power 16284:Bloodline theory 16264:Struggle session 16237:On Class Origins 16020:Shadian incident 16000:Daoxian massacre 15996:Hunan Massacres 15982:Guangxi Massacre 15800: 15793: 15786: 15777: 15776: 15470:Wenguang Huang, 15385:, translated by 15369:, translated by 15355:, translated by 15332:, translated by 15211:Esther Tyldesley 15209:, translated by 15115: 15113: 15111: 15102:. 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Asia Society. 14084: 14078: 14077: 14045: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14002: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13967: 13961: 13960: 13944: 13938: 13937: 13925: 13919: 13918: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13880: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13869: 13850: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13836: 13809:Cold War History 13799: 13793: 13792: 13781:. Policy Press. 13772: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13761: 13746: 13740: 13739: 13708:. 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Zhou Yongming" 11300: 11291: 11290: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11045:Wang, Haiguang. 11042: 11033: 11032: 10996: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10976: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10944: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10859: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10748: 10739: 10738: 10730: 10724: 10722: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10654:Yanhuang Chunqiu 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10597:"文革时期北京大兴县大屠杀调查" 10592: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10536: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10383: 10374: 10373: 10352: 10343: 10342: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10272: 10271: 10252: 10243: 10242: 10222: 10213: 10212: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10168:on 25 June 2020. 10150: 10139: 10135: 10121: 10110: 10097: 10096: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10028:(3 April 2017). 10022: 10013: 10012: 9995:(3–4): 513–539. 9984: 9975: 9974: 9958: 9937: 9936: 9924: 9914: 9901: 9900: 9869: 9850: 9849: 9821: 9812: 9811: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9751: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9672: 9651: 9642: 9641: 9601:(108): 597–612. 9590: 9579: 9578: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9524: 9509: 9508: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9360: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9326: 9320: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9253:10.2307/20031879 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9164:on 24 June 2007. 9160:. 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New York, NY: 7354:Li, Jie (2023). 7351: 7334: 7333: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7199: 7178: 7177: 7152: 7141: 7140: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7097: 7080: 7079: 7047: 7032: 7031: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6929: 6912: 6911: 6891: 6706: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6668: 6643: 6642: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6565: 6512: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6483: 6326: 6324:Socialism portal 6321: 6320: 6312: 6310:Communism portal 6307: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6125:In Hong Kong, a 6056:Chinese New Left 5661:Temple of Heaven 5622:Historical sites 5423:Shangguan Yunzhu 5276:Chinese language 5247: 5242: 5214:barefoot doctors 4994:Shadian incident 4954:, copies of the 4914:Shadian incident 4804:Struggle session 4800:Violent Struggle 4780: 4765:Guangxi Massacre 4647: 4561: 4556:unnatural deaths 4498:Andrew G. Walder 4477: 4474: 4449:, the father of 4443:struggle session 4279:and party elder 4185:steel production 4142:New Confucianist 4067: 4058: 4047: 4038: 3885:military regions 3846:PLA encroachment 3815: 3577:Daqing Oil Field 3516:Wuzhong, Ningxia 3477: 3476: 3461: 3460: 3445: 3444: 3429: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3397: 3396: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3222:Violent struggle 3154: 3138: 3122: 3106: 3028:Tiananmen Square 2948:Praetorian Guard 2933:struggle session 2880: 2871: 2862: 2794: 2785: 2775:Mao–Liu conflict 2723: 2597:February Outline 2558:February Outline 2488:political allies 2442:fifth columnists 2410:Marxist–Leninist 2399:economic reforms 2254: 2249: 2152:fall of Lin Biao 2039: 2032: 2025: 2011: 2010: 1864:Hungarian (1956) 1696:Spanish American 1425: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1385: 1378: 1366:China portal 1364: 1363: 1362: 1244:9th BRICS summit 1174:Three Gorges Dam 762: 753: 746: 745: 732: 731: 708: 707: 684: 683: 682: 667: 666: 646: 645: 625: 624: 604: 603: 602: 587: 586: 573: 572: 571: 567: 553: 552: 539: 538: 515: 514: 501: 500: 487: 486: 485: 462: 461: 438: 437: 414: 413: 412: 397: 396: 383: 382: 362: 361: 341: 340: 320: 319: 318: 303: 302: 289: 288: 287: 273: 272: 259: 258: 245: 244: 221: 220: 207: 206: 205: 182: 181: 149:Temple of Heaven 87: 85: 81: 53: 46: 42: 21: 18637: 18636: 18632: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18627: 18626: 18512: 18511: 18510: 18505: 18495: 18489: 18425:Yazidi genocide 18331:Revival Process 18267:Thích Quảng Đức 18255:Buddhist crisis 18249:Istanbul pogrom 18117:1970–1987 18112:1958–1964 18107:1928–1941 18102:1921–1928 18097:1917–1921 17982:Goa Inquisition 17916:Battle of Tours 17906:(c.550–c. 1200) 17900:(c. 324–c. 491) 17880: 17781:Ethnic violence 17776:Ethnic conflict 17724: 17723: 17722: 17569: 17560: 17530: 17525: 17513: 17501: 17491: 17489: 17479: 17477: 17469: 17354: 17344: 17254: 17250:Chongqing model 17075: 17070: 17062: 17054: 17046: 17038: 17030: 17027: 17020: 17012: 17004: 16996: 16988: 16980: 16977: 16964: 16790:Louis Althusser 16768: 16757:Gonzalo Thought 16730: 16696:Probable defeat 16607: 16602: 16572: 16567: 16549: 16545:Scar literature 16540:Boluan Fanzheng 16476: 16457:Barefoot doctor 16447:Sent-down youth 16400:Xiaoyao Faction 16358: 16242: 16182: 16031: 16027:Ruijin Massacre 15975:Daxing Massacre 15958: 15857: 15809: 15804: 15706: 15660:Story of Qiu Ju 15618: 15487:Kang Zhengguo, 15415: 15352:One Man's Bible 15302: 15257:Chinese Shadows 15238:Pierre Ryckmans 15227: 15126:Fox Butterfield 15122: 15120:Specific topics 15109: 15107: 15037: 15036: 15035: 15020: 15019: 15015: 15008: 15003: 15001:Further reading 14998: 14992: 14967: 14935:Pacific Affairs 14922: 14900: 14865: 14845: 14839: 14828: 14801: 14799: 14779: 14746: 14741: 14740: 14725: 14709: 14705: 14697: 14693: 14670:10.2307/2158588 14650: 14641: 14626: 14618:. p. 119. 14606: 14602: 14592: 14590: 14575: 14568: 14557: 14553: 14543: 14541: 14530: 14526: 14518: 14510: 14506: 14491: 14487: 14480: 14464: 14460: 14453: 14437: 14433: 14396:(137): 125–43. 14382: 14378: 14368: 14366: 14357: 14356: 14352: 14342: 14340: 14325: 14321: 14316: 14309: 14301: 14297: 14280: 14276: 14269: 14251: 14247: 14239: 14235: 14228: 14224: 14193: 14164: 14157: 14112: 14108: 14098: 14096: 14085: 14081: 14066: 14046: 14025: 14015: 14013: 14004: 14003: 13996: 13986: 13984: 13969: 13968: 13964: 13945: 13941: 13926: 13922: 13914:TheGuardian.com 13907: 13906: 13902: 13881: 13877: 13867: 13865: 13851: 13844: 13834: 13832: 13800: 13796: 13789: 13773: 13769: 13759: 13757: 13748: 13747: 13743: 13728: 13702: 13693: 13670: 13644: 13637: 13590: 13581: 13566: 13550:. p. 148. 13540: 13533: 13523: 13521: 13516: 13515: 13511: 13504: 13490: 13483: 13476: 13460: 13456: 13449: 13431: 13418: 13411: 13393: 13386: 13379: 13365: 13356: 13349: 13335: 13326: 13316: 13314: 13307: 13291: 13287: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13251: 13247: 13237: 13235: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13198: 13196: 13189: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13157: 13150: 13134: 13130: 13120: 13118: 13111: 13095: 13091: 13076: 13058: 13054: 13044: 13042: 13031: 13025: 13021: 13011: 13009: 13002: 12986: 12977: 12962: 12954:. p. 148. 12942: 12935: 12912: 12886: 12871: 12856: 12836: 12829: 12814: 12798: 12787: 12780: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12739: 12730: 12722: 12718: 12708: 12706: 12692: 12675: 12665: 12663: 12652:Foreign Affairs 12644: 12640: 12625: 12611: 12604: 12597: 12573: 12566: 12558: 12552: 12544:. Pluto Press. 12541: 12530: 12507: 12497: 12495: 12480: 12476: 12466: 12464: 12457: 12441: 12437: 12430: 12412: 12401: 12394: 12380: 12371: 12347: 12343: 12333: 12331: 12320: 12319: 12315: 12305: 12303: 12288: 12287: 12283: 12273: 12271: 12270:on 14 July 2020 12254: 12250: 12240: 12238: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12204: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12158: 12154: 12139: 12131:. p. 145. 12119: 12115: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12085:. p. 198. 12078: 12066: 12062: 12055: 12041: 12030: 12011: 12003:. p. 166. 11993: 11989: 11979: 11977: 11965: 11961: 11909: 11905: 11864: 11860: 11853: 11839: 11835: 11825: 11823: 11819: 11808: 11802: 11798: 11788: 11786: 11779: 11763: 11759: 11749: 11747: 11740: 11724: 11720: 11710: 11708: 11701: 11685: 11681: 11671: 11669: 11662: 11646: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11623: 11607: 11603: 11593: 11591: 11584: 11568: 11564: 11557: 11543: 11534: 11524: 11522: 11515: 11499: 11492: 11482: 11480: 11473: 11457: 11453: 11443: 11441: 11434: 11418: 11414: 11404: 11402: 11390: 11384: 11380: 11369: 11352: 11348: 11325:10.2307/3182405 11301: 11294: 11252: 11248: 11211: 11207: 11173: 11169: 11140:(145): 87–111. 11130: 11126: 11119: 11103: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11080:"文革死亡人数统计为两百万人" 11076: 11072: 11062: 11060: 11059:on 22 June 2020 11049: 11043: 11036: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10983: 10977: 10970: 10960: 10958: 10951: 10945: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10886: 10882: 10877:on 13 May 2012. 10860: 10851: 10841: 10839: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10785: 10781: 10771: 10769: 10749: 10742: 10731: 10727: 10719: 10705: 10701: 10694: 10678: 10674: 10664: 10662: 10649:"我参与处理广西文革遗留问题" 10645: 10641: 10631: 10629: 10627:Radio Free Asia 10621: 10620: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10593: 10589: 10579: 10577: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10537: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10511:"发生在湖南道县的那场大屠杀" 10507: 10503: 10496: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10464: 10455: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10427: 10423: 10407: 10403: 10384: 10377: 10370: 10353: 10346: 10336: 10316: 10312: 10295: 10291: 10282: 10275: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10223: 10216: 10195: 10191: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10152: 10151: 10142: 10138: 10115: 10111: 10100: 10049: 10045: 10023: 10016: 9985: 9978: 9959: 9940: 9922: 9915: 9904: 9889: 9870: 9853: 9838: 9822: 9815: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9781: 9779: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9728: 9724: 9714: 9712: 9687: 9683: 9670: 9668: 9653: 9652: 9645: 9591: 9582: 9558: 9551: 9525: 9512: 9502: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9467: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9444: 9442: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9409:Radio Free Asia 9403: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9386: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9365:. 27 June 1981. 9358: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9281: 9280: 9276: 9241:Foreign Affairs 9233: 9229: 9219: 9217: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9173: 9169: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9144: 9118: 9114: 9107: 9079:Rozman, Gilbert 9076: 9072: 9065: 9051: 9042: 9003: 8999: 8989: 8987: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8881: 8877: 8870: 8847: 8836: 8816:Pacific Affairs 8811: 8796: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8673: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8556: 8552: 8545: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8513: 8498: 8494: 8485: 8483: 8476: 8460: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8424: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8396: 8380: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8352: 8341:China Under Mao 8336: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8304: 8288: 8281: 8266: 8258:. p. 211. 8246: 8242: 8227: 8219:. p. 217. 8207: 8203: 8188: 8180:. p. 210. 8168: 8164: 8149: 8141:. p. 206. 8129: 8118: 8103: 8083: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8011: 7992: 7988: 7941: 7937: 7894: 7885: 7878: 7864: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7781: 7760: 7715: 7706: 7699: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7650: 7637: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7528: 7521: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7393: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7352: 7337: 7330: 7310: 7306: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7271:on 6 March 2019 7266: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7200: 7181: 7174: 7153: 7144: 7137: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7098: 7083: 7068: 7060:. p. 148. 7048: 7035: 6986: 6979: 6956: 6930: 6915: 6908: 6892: 6709: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6669: 6646: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6566: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6485:No relation to 6484: 6480: 6475: 6417:Empire of Japan 6322: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6206: 6204:Academic debate 6175:Boxer Rebellion 6162:Chiang Kai-Shek 6131:Chiang Kai-shek 6104: 6087: 6074: 6068: 6058:internet forum 6001: 5966:Zhang Xianliang 5962:Shanghen Wenxue 5958:scar literature 5899: 5893: 5888: 5886:Boluan Fanzheng 5882: 5854:Little Red Book 5736: 5704: 5698: 5676:Terracotta Army 5624: 5607:Chung Kuo, Cina 5567: 5559:Black Paintings 5496: 5468:The East Is Red 5293: 5222: 5087: 5061:Chinese culture 5047: 5045:Red Guards riot 5042: 5031: 5025: 4916: 4906: 4810: 4798:Main articles: 4796: 4778: 4761: 4753:Daxing Massacre 4667: 4655:Maurice Meisner 4435: 4430: 4371:Guangming Daily 4362:Boluan Fanzheng 4340: 4330:Boluan Fanzheng 4326: 4302: 4297: 4275:, Vice Premier 4264: 4258: 4233: 4227: 4197: 4150: 4127:Little Red Book 4096: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4028: 4022: 3989:Little Red Book 3980: 3974: 3940: 3934: 3901: 3848: 3829:Little Red Book 3817: 3813: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3672: 3641: 3635: 3603:poisonous plant 3497: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3228: 3214: 3182: 3180:End of the year 3172:. Rebellion by 3165: 3158: 3155: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3123: 3114: 3107: 3061:The remains of 3055: 3049: 2979:Little Red Book 2962: 2956: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2717: 2689: 2631: 2625: 2605: 2584:, a Peng ally. 2464: 2454: 2383: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2350: 2339:Communist Party 2331: 2325: 2319: 2304:forces fled to 2294: 2288: 2283: 2266: 2258:shí nián hàojié 2239:Boluan Fanzheng 2131:Little Red Book 2083:Chinese society 2043: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1433: 1396: 1360: 1358: 1301: 1300: 1224:APEC China 2014 1199: 1189: 1188: 1184:High-speed rail 1119: 1109: 1108: 1089:APEC China 2001 1075: 1019: 1009: 1008: 958: 910:Boluan Fanzheng 900: 890: 889: 841: 772: 749: 579:Tongyong Pinyin 569: 565: 506:Literal meaning 483: 339:Venho du kehmin 295:Tongyong Pinyin 285: 265:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 243:Wénhuà dàgémìng 212:Literal meaning 141:Property damage 83: 79: 77: 68: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18635: 18625: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18542:1970s in China 18539: 18534: 18529: 18527:1960s in China 18524: 18507: 18506: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18488: 18487: 18481: 18476: 18470: 18464: 18458: 18452: 18451:(2016–ongoing) 18446: 18445:(2014–ongoing) 18440: 18434: 18433:(2014–ongoing) 18428: 18422: 18416: 18410: 18409:(2009–ongoing) 18404: 18403:(2004–ongoing) 18398: 18392: 18386: 18380: 18374: 18373: 18372: 18366: 18360: 18348: 18342: 18341: 18340: 18328: 18322: 18316: 18310: 18309:(1971–ongoing) 18304: 18298: 18297: 18296: 18290: 18278: 18277: 18276: 18270: 18264: 18252: 18246: 18245:(1953–ongoing) 18240: 18234: 18233:(1950–ongoing) 18228: 18227:(1949–ongoing) 18222: 18216: 18210: 18209:(1947–ongoing) 18204: 18203:(1947–ongoing) 18198: 18197:(1947–ongoing) 18192: 18186: 18180: 18174: 18171:Noakhali riots 18168: 18162: 18156: 18150: 18144: 18138: 18132: 18126: 18125: 18124: 18119: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18088: 18082: 18076: 18070: 18069: 18068: 18060:Greek genocide 18057: 18051: 18048:Adana massacre 18045: 18039: 18033: 18027: 18021: 18015: 18009: 18003: 17997: 17991: 17985: 17979: 17973: 17967: 17961: 17955: 17949: 17943: 17937: 17931: 17925: 17919: 17913: 17912:(c.184–c. 205) 17907: 17901: 17895: 17888: 17886: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17861:State religion 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17766:Discrimination 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17725: 17721: 17720: 17718:Zoroastrianism 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17694: 17693: 17683: 17682: 17681: 17680: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17649: 17648: 17647: 17645:Untouchability 17642: 17632: 17627: 17626: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17579: 17578: 17577: 17575: 17571: 17570: 17567:discrimination 17559: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17536: 17527: 17526: 17524: 17523: 17511: 17499: 17487: 17474: 17471: 17470: 17468: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17446: 17445: 17440: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17376:Feudal fascism 17373: 17368: 17362: 17360: 17359:Related topics 17356: 17355: 17353: 17352: 17347: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17289: 17288: 17283: 17273: 17268: 17262: 17260: 17256: 17255: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17206: 17205: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17184: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17132: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17092:Jiangxi Soviet 17083: 17081: 17077: 17076: 17074: 17073: 17065: 17057: 17049: 17041: 17033: 17023: 17015: 17007: 16999: 16991: 16983: 16972: 16970: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16962: 16960:Zhang Chunqiao 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16930:Narayan Sanyal 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16910:Huey P. Newton 16907: 16902: 16900:Charu Majumdar 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16860:Abimael Guzmán 16857: 16855:Norm Gallagher 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16776: 16774: 16770: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16762:Prachanda Path 16759: 16749: 16744: 16738: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16716:Self-criticism 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16662: 16661: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16615: 16613: 16609: 16608: 16601: 16600: 16593: 16586: 16578: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16554: 16551: 16550: 16548: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16515:Class struggle 16512: 16507: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16490: 16484: 16482: 16481:Related topics 16478: 16477: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16412:Five Man Group 16409: 16404: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16390:Scarlet Guards 16387: 16382: 16377: 16366: 16364: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16309:Democracy Wall 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16269:Feudal fascism 16266: 16261: 16256: 16250: 16248: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16240: 16233: 16226: 16219: 16212: 16205: 16198: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16084: 16079: 16077:Zhang Chunqiao 16074: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16039: 16037: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16024: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16009: 16008: 16007: 16002: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15894:Wuhan incident 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15865: 15863: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15810: 15803: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15780: 15774: 15773: 15757: 15756:by Youqin Wang 15751: 15745: 15740: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15705: 15704:External links 15702: 15701: 15700: 15688: 15676: 15664: 15655: 15643: 15631: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15612: 15605: 15598: 15586: 15579: 15569: 15567:978-0375424281 15552: 15545: 15526: 15516: 15514:978-0835100403 15502: 15492: 15485: 15475: 15468: 15461:Judith Shapiro 15454: 15435: 15423: 15418:Guanlong Cao, 15414: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15397: 15374: 15360: 15344: 15321: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15282: 15268: 15252: 15235: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15200: 15193: 15176: 15169: 15167:978-1583671801 15157:Dongping Han, 15155: 15148: 15141: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15116: 15106:on 14 May 2016 15089: 15086:Morningsun.org 15082: 15080:978-0199740550 15068: 15056: 15047: 15034: 15033: 15028: 15022: 15021: 15010: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14996: 14990: 14971: 14965: 14952: 14942:(2): 211–235. 14926: 14920: 14904: 14898: 14878: 14869: 14863: 14850: 14837: 14819: 14808: 14798:on 5 June 2011 14783: 14777: 14762: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14723: 14703: 14691: 14664:(18): 155–66. 14639: 14624: 14600: 14566: 14551: 14524: 14515:Selected Works 14504: 14485: 14478: 14458: 14451: 14431: 14376: 14350: 14319: 14307: 14295: 14274: 14267: 14245: 14233: 14222: 14191: 14155: 14106: 14079: 14064: 14023: 13994: 13983:on 8 June 2020 13962: 13951:(40): 65–102. 13939: 13920: 13917:. 11 May 2016. 13900: 13875: 13842: 13816:(4): 519–555. 13794: 13787: 13767: 13756:. 8 March 2019 13741: 13726: 13691: 13668: 13635: 13579: 13564: 13531: 13509: 13502: 13481: 13475:978-9814295727 13474: 13454: 13447: 13416: 13409: 13384: 13378:978-0520079816 13377: 13354: 13348:978-0811859462 13347: 13324: 13306:978-0847695119 13305: 13285: 13272:978-1578066094 13271: 13245: 13227:978-0810867796 13226: 13206: 13188:978-0415172905 13187: 13167: 13149:978-0313278082 13148: 13128: 13110:978-1442211797 13109: 13089: 13074: 13052: 13037:(in Chinese). 13019: 13001:978-9004173668 13000: 12975: 12960: 12933: 12910: 12869: 12854: 12827: 12812: 12785: 12779:978-1455504213 12778: 12760: 12753: 12728: 12716: 12673: 12638: 12623: 12602: 12595: 12564: 12550: 12505: 12474: 12456:978-1593110765 12455: 12435: 12428: 12418:. Ithaca, NY: 12399: 12393:978-0804760782 12392: 12369: 12362:. p. 45. 12341: 12313: 12302:on 8 June 2020 12281: 12248: 12221: 12203:978-1570030635 12202: 12179: 12172: 12152: 12137: 12113: 12091: 12060: 12054:978-0774815437 12053: 12028: 12009: 11987: 11959: 11921:(2): 143–175. 11903: 11876:(4): 423–450. 11858: 11851: 11833: 11796: 11778:978-0765631497 11777: 11757: 11739:978-0198038849 11738: 11718: 11700:978-0742566859 11699: 11679: 11661:978-0810868052 11660: 11640: 11622:978-0774859554 11621: 11601: 11583:978-1555846725 11582: 11562: 11556:978-0700715725 11555: 11532: 11514:978-8120813700 11513: 11490: 11472:978-0415353854 11471: 11451: 11433:978-0810868052 11432: 11412: 11378: 11374:revisionists!' 11367: 11346: 11292: 11262:(4): 399–424. 11246: 11223:(3): 967–984. 11205: 11167: 11124: 11117: 11097: 11070: 11034: 10991: 10968: 10936: 10921:(in Chinese). 10905: 10898: 10880: 10849: 10815: 10779: 10740: 10725: 10717: 10699: 10692: 10672: 10639: 10614: 10587: 10562: 10555: 10528: 10501: 10494: 10474: 10448: 10441: 10421: 10401: 10394:(in Chinese). 10375: 10369:978-9627934097 10368: 10344: 10334: 10328:. p. 27. 10310: 10289: 10273: 10263:(in Chinese). 10244: 10238:978-1412814003 10237: 10214: 10204:(in Chinese). 10189: 10171: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10122: 10112: 10098: 10063:(173): 74–99. 10043: 10014: 9976: 9938: 9902: 9887: 9851: 9836: 9813: 9789: 9763: 9722: 9681: 9643: 9580: 9567:People's Daily 9549: 9542:(in Chinese). 9510: 9500: 9486:Chirot, Daniel 9477: 9452: 9421: 9396: 9368: 9347: 9321: 9308: 9291:People's Daily 9289:(in Chinese). 9274: 9227: 9201: 9167: 9149: 9142: 9112: 9106:978-1400858590 9105: 9070: 9063: 9040: 9013:(3): 263–303. 8997: 8965: 8940: 8918:People's Daily 8902: 8896:978-1482829617 8895: 8875: 8868: 8834: 8794: 8759:(3): 263–303. 8739: 8701: 8692: 8686:978-0804735292 8685: 8648: 8616: 8603:10.1086/729112 8577: 8570: 8550: 8544:978-1591397151 8543: 8523: 8492: 8474: 8451: 8413: 8394: 8369: 8350: 8321: 8302: 8279: 8264: 8240: 8225: 8201: 8186: 8162: 8147: 8116: 8101: 8074: 8049: 8024: 8009: 7986: 7935: 7914:10.1086/683125 7883: 7877:978-0824816957 7876: 7849: 7804: 7798:978-3030996871 7797: 7758: 7704: 7697: 7691:. p. 34. 7673: 7666: 7635: 7614:10.1086/683125 7588: 7557: 7550: 7519: 7501: 7470: 7443: 7410: 7375: 7368: 7335: 7328: 7304: 7282: 7250: 7219: 7213:978-1570035432 7212: 7179: 7172: 7142: 7135: 7111: 7081: 7066: 7033: 6998:(38): 92–119. 6977: 6954: 6913: 6906: 6707: 6692: 6685: 6644: 6626: 6596: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6504: 6491: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6407:International: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6327: 6313: 6299: 6283: 6280: 6205: 6202: 6184:In the 1970s, 6133:initiated the 6103: 6100: 6086: 6083: 6067: 6064: 6035:iron rice bowl 6000: 5997: 5953:historiography 5929:and engage in 5895:Main article: 5892: 5889: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5862: 5841: 5838: 5815:Central Africa 5767:Southeast Asia 5735: 5732: 5697: 5694: 5672:archaeological 5623: 5620: 5591:Albanian films 5586:of socialism. 5571:Chinese cinema 5566: 5563: 5495: 5492: 5443:Loyalty dances 5312:newborn things 5292: 5289: 5269:People's Daily 5221: 5218: 5117:Academics and 5086: 5083: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5024: 5021: 4948:Inner Mongolia 4905: 4902: 4795: 4792: 4775:class struggle 4760: 4757: 4687:Inner Mongolia 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4560:《建国以来历次政治运动事实》 4552: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4503: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4325: 4322: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4257: 4254: 4229:Main article: 4226: 4223: 4196: 4193: 4181:railway system 4149: 4146: 4083:Zhang Chunqiao 4072: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024:Main article: 4021: 4018: 3976:Main article: 3973: 3970: 3936:Main article: 3933: 3930: 3900: 3897: 3868:border clashes 3847: 3844: 3805: 3795: 3792: 3783:Main article: 3780: 3777: 3752:People's Daily 3731:People's Daily 3700:Main article: 3697: 3694: 3671: 3668: 3634: 3631: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3358:Zhang Chunqiao 3351:Wuhan Incident 3275:Rebel factions 3213: 3210: 3181: 3178: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3131: 3127:Yongle Emperor 3124: 3117: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3051:Main article: 3048: 3045: 3013:superstructure 2958:Main article: 2955: 2952: 2901:People's Daily 2885: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2799: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2755:People's Daily 2702:People's Daily 2688: 2685: 2671:People's Daily 2647:class struggle 2627:Main article: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2604: 2603:1966: Outbreak 2601: 2537:People's Daily 2532:Five Man Group 2453: 2450: 2414:United Nations 2379:Main article: 2376: 2373: 2351: 2343: 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2290:Main article: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277:of 1928–1931. 2265: 2262: 2171:Inner Mongolia 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1745:Italian states 1737: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1638:Tax resistance 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1539:Class conflict 1536: 1531: 1529:Civil disorder 1526: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1219:Supercomputing 1216: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1039:1992 consensus 1036: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 985: 984: 974: 969: 964: 957: 956: 954:Beijing Spring 951: 946: 941: 940: 939: 929: 928: 927: 917: 912: 907: 901: 896: 895: 892: 891: 888: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 822:Sufan movement 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 773: 768: 767: 764: 763: 755: 754: 742: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 726: 717: 716: 710: 709: 702: 693: 692: 686: 685: 675: 669: 668: 661: 655: 654: 652:Yue: Cantonese 648: 647: 640: 634: 633: 627: 626: 619: 613: 612: 606: 605: 595: 589: 588: 581: 575: 574: 561: 555: 554: 547: 541: 540: 533: 527: 526: 520: 519: 518:Transcriptions 511: 510: 507: 503: 502: 495: 489: 488: 479: 473: 472: 468: 467: 464: 463: 456: 447: 446: 440: 439: 432: 423: 422: 416: 415: 405: 399: 398: 391: 385: 384: 377: 371: 370: 368:Yue: Cantonese 364: 363: 356: 350: 349: 343: 342: 335: 329: 328: 322: 321: 311: 305: 304: 297: 291: 290: 281: 275: 274: 267: 261: 260: 253: 247: 246: 239: 233: 232: 226: 225: 224:Transcriptions 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 197: 191: 190: 187: 186: 178: 177: 167:Zhang Chunqiao 160: 156: 155: 142: 138: 137: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 74: 70: 69: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18634: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18519: 18517: 18504: 18499: 18492: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18474: 18471: 18468: 18465: 18462: 18459: 18456: 18453: 18450: 18447: 18444: 18441: 18438: 18435: 18432: 18429: 18426: 18423: 18420: 18417: 18414: 18411: 18408: 18405: 18402: 18399: 18396: 18393: 18390: 18387: 18384: 18381: 18378: 18375: 18370: 18367: 18364: 18361: 18358: 18355: 18354: 18352: 18351:Yugoslav Wars 18349: 18346: 18343: 18338: 18337:Big Excursion 18335: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18326: 18323: 18320: 18317: 18314: 18311: 18308: 18305: 18302: 18299: 18294: 18291: 18288: 18285: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18274: 18271: 18268: 18265: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18250: 18247: 18244: 18241: 18238: 18235: 18232: 18229: 18226: 18223: 18220: 18217: 18214: 18211: 18208: 18205: 18202: 18199: 18196: 18193: 18190: 18187: 18184: 18181: 18178: 18175: 18172: 18169: 18166: 18163: 18160: 18157: 18154: 18151: 18148: 18147:The Holocaust 18145: 18142: 18139: 18136: 18133: 18130: 18127: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18086: 18083: 18080: 18077: 18074: 18071: 18067: 18064: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18055: 18052: 18049: 18046: 18043: 18042:Dungan Revolt 18040: 18037: 18034: 18031: 18028: 18025: 18022: 18019: 18016: 18013: 18010: 18007: 18004: 18001: 17998: 17995: 17992: 17989: 17986: 17983: 17980: 17977: 17974: 17971: 17968: 17965: 17962: 17959: 17956: 17953: 17950: 17947: 17944: 17941: 17938: 17935: 17932: 17929: 17926: 17923: 17920: 17917: 17914: 17911: 17908: 17905: 17902: 17899: 17896: 17893: 17890: 17889: 17887: 17883: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17856:State atheism 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17751:Deprogramming 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17731: 17727: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17703:Protestantism 17701: 17699: 17696: 17692: 17689: 17688: 17687: 17684: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17659: 17658: 17655: 17654: 17653: 17650: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17618:LDS or Mormon 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17600: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17580: 17576: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17557: 17552: 17550: 17545: 17543: 17538: 17537: 17534: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17498: 17488: 17486: 17476: 17475: 17472: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17435: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17393: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17357: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17278: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17263: 17261: 17259:Organizations 17257: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17235:Two Whatevers 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17204: 17201: 17200: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17176:January Storm 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17163: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17093: 17090: 17089: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17078: 17069: 17066: 17061: 17058: 17053: 17050: 17045: 17042: 17037: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17016: 17011: 17008: 17003: 17000: 16995: 16992: 16987: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16973: 16971: 16967: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16905:Pierre Mulele 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16865:Harry Haywood 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16815:Afzal Bangash 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16771: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16739: 16737: 16733: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16681:New Democracy 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16616: 16614: 16610: 16606: 16599: 16594: 16592: 16587: 16585: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16564: 16556: 16555: 16552: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16525:Two Whatevers 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16479: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16385:Rebel Faction 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16372: 16371: 16368: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16319:Loyalty dance 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16239: 16238: 16234: 16232: 16231: 16227: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16213: 16211: 16210: 16206: 16204: 16203: 16199: 16197: 16196: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16185: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16118:Wang Dongxing 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16063:Deng Xiaoping 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15997: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15884:January Storm 15882: 15880: 15879:12-3 incident 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15860: 15852: 15849: 15848: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15812: 15808: 15801: 15796: 15794: 15789: 15787: 15782: 15781: 15778: 15771: 15770: 15765: 15761: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15738: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15707: 15698: 15697: 15692: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15680: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15661: 15657:Zhang Yimou, 15656: 15653: 15652: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15635: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15627:Hibiscus Town 15623: 15620: 15619: 15610: 15607:Lijia Zhang, 15606: 15603: 15599: 15596: 15595: 15590: 15587: 15584: 15583:Spider Eaters 15580: 15577: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15553: 15550: 15546: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15535: 15530: 15527: 15524: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15511: 15507: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15493: 15490: 15486: 15483: 15479: 15476: 15473: 15469: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15444: 15439: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15427: 15424: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15392: 15388: 15384: 15383: 15378: 15375: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15361: 15358: 15354: 15353: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15330: 15325: 15322: 15319: 15315: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15303: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15281: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15267: 15263: 15259: 15258: 15253: 15251: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15236: 15233: 15229: 15228: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15201: 15198: 15194: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15156: 15153: 15149: 15146: 15142: 15139: 15135: 15131: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15105: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15087: 15083: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15039: 15038: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15023: 15018: 15013: 14993: 14987: 14983: 14982: 14977: 14976:Ignatius, Adi 14972: 14968: 14962: 14958: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14927: 14923: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14901: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14870: 14866: 14860: 14856: 14851: 14844: 14840: 14834: 14827: 14826: 14820: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14797: 14793: 14789: 14784: 14780: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14753: 14749: 14748: 14734: 14730: 14726: 14720: 14716: 14715: 14707: 14700: 14699:Thurston 1988 14695: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14617: 14613: 14612: 14604: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14573: 14571: 14562: 14555: 14539: 14535: 14528: 14517: 14516: 14508: 14500: 14496: 14489: 14481: 14475: 14471: 14470: 14462: 14454: 14448: 14444: 14443: 14435: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14380: 14364: 14360: 14354: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14323: 14314: 14312: 14304: 14299: 14291: 14290: 14285: 14278: 14270: 14268:9783838219073 14264: 14260: 14256: 14249: 14242: 14237: 14231: 14226: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14198: 14194: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14173:. New Haven: 14172: 14168: 14162: 14160: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14110: 14094: 14090: 14083: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14061: 14058:. p. 7. 14057: 14053: 14052: 14044: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14011: 14007: 14001: 13999: 13982: 13978: 13977: 13972: 13966: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13943: 13935: 13931: 13924: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13904: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13879: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13849: 13847: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13810: 13805: 13798: 13790: 13784: 13780: 13779: 13771: 13755: 13751: 13745: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13727:9780231207058 13723: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13700: 13698: 13696: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13642: 13640: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13600: 13595: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13538: 13536: 13519: 13513: 13505: 13499: 13495: 13488: 13486: 13477: 13471: 13467: 13466: 13458: 13450: 13448:9781760462499 13444: 13440: 13436: 13429: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13412: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13391: 13389: 13380: 13374: 13370: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13350: 13344: 13340: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13298: 13297: 13289: 13274: 13268: 13264: 13259: 13258: 13249: 13233: 13229: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13210: 13194: 13190: 13184: 13180: 13179: 13171: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13141: 13140: 13132: 13116: 13112: 13106: 13102: 13101: 13093: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13056: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13023: 13007: 13003: 12997: 12993: 12992: 12984: 12982: 12980: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12948: 12940: 12938: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12842: 12834: 12832: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12805: 12804: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12781: 12775: 12771: 12764: 12756: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12725: 12720: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12661: 12658:(6): 119–36. 12657: 12653: 12649: 12642: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12620: 12616: 12609: 12607: 12598: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12579: 12571: 12569: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12478: 12462: 12458: 12452: 12448: 12447: 12439: 12431: 12429:9781501774157 12425: 12421: 12417: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12395: 12389: 12385: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12351: 12350:Ching, Pao-yu 12345: 12329: 12328: 12323: 12317: 12301: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12285: 12269: 12265: 12264: 12259: 12252: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12186: 12184: 12175: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12156: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12125: 12117: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12084: 12077: 12076: 12071: 12070:Larry Wortzel 12064: 12056: 12050: 12046: 12039: 12037: 12035: 12033: 12025: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11963: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11915: 11907: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11862: 11854: 11852:0-333-91287-X 11848: 11844: 11837: 11818: 11814: 11807: 11800: 11784: 11780: 11774: 11770: 11769: 11761: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11731: 11730: 11722: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11683: 11667: 11663: 11657: 11653: 11652: 11644: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11605: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11566: 11558: 11552: 11549:. Routledge. 11548: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11520: 11516: 11510: 11506: 11505: 11497: 11495: 11478: 11474: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11455: 11439: 11435: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11416: 11400: 11396: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11370: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11355:Lovell, Julia 11350: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11308: 11299: 11297: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11250: 11243: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11217: 11209: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11128: 11120: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11101: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11041: 11039: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11007:(2): 173–87. 11006: 11002: 11001:Asian Affairs 10995: 10984: 10975: 10973: 10956: 10952: 10947:Bai, Yintai. 10943: 10941: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10909: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10783: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10747: 10745: 10736: 10729: 10720: 10714: 10710: 10703: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10676: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10643: 10628: 10624: 10618: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10576: 10572: 10566: 10558: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10535: 10533: 10516: 10512: 10505: 10497: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10478: 10462: 10458: 10452: 10444: 10438: 10434: 10433: 10425: 10417: 10416: 10415:天地翻覆—中国文化大革命史 10411: 10410:Yang, Jisheng 10405: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10382: 10380: 10371: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10314: 10307: 10302: 10301: 10293: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10257:"文革的本质：一场大清洗" 10251: 10249: 10240: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10221: 10219: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10202:中國共產革命七十年 (下) 10199: 10198:Chen, Yung-fa 10193: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10162:Consensus Net 10159: 10155: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10134:(in Chinese). 10133: 10129: 10128:"文革死亡人数的一家之言" 10123: 10119: 10118:Open Magazine 10114: 10113: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9981: 9972: 9969:. Hong Kong. 9968: 9967:Open Magazine 9964: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9920: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9820: 9818: 9809: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9793: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9741: 9738:(in French). 9737: 9733: 9726: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9648: 9640: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9556: 9554: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9481: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9410: 9406: 9400: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9372: 9364: 9363:Wilson Center 9357: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9318: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9145: 9143:9781315494890 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9074: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8906: 8898: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8879: 8871: 8869:0-393-97351-4 8865: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8830: 8826: 8823:(2): 211–35. 8822: 8818: 8817: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714:The Economist 8711: 8710:"Yao Wenyuan" 8705: 8696: 8688: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8573: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8554: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8527: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8458: 8456: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8286: 8284: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8081: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7879: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7571:The Spectator 7568: 7561: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7536:. Routledge. 7535: 7534: 7526: 7524: 7515: 7511: 7510:"murdoch edu" 7505: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7475: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7371: 7369:9780231206273 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7270: 7262: 7254: 7239: 7238:Peking Review 7235: 7234: 7229: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7115: 7107: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6984: 6982: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6686:9781760462499 6682: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6641: 6638:. p. 2. 6637: 6630: 6615: 6614: 6606: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6529: 6508: 6501: 6500:head of state 6495: 6488: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:Neo-Stalinism 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6300: 6297: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6232:, writing in 6231: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6214:Andrew Walder 6209: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6190: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110:of Peru, the 6109: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6082: 6080: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6007: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5903: 5898: 5887: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5807:South Vietnam 5804: 5800: 5799:North Vietnam 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5740: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576:hong bao pian 5572: 5562: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5500: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5392:State Council 5388: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170:hydrogen bomb 5167: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5151:Zhao Jiuzhang 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5131:Xiong Qinglai 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119:intellectuals 5110: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5051: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967:ethnic Korean 4963: 4961: 4960:Uyghur people 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4788: 4787:Wuxuan County 4784: 4783:Zhuang people 4776: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4705:, as well as 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4675:Wuxuan County 4671: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4631:Vice Chairman 4628: 4627:Open Magazine 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347:Deng Xiaoping 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4306:Two Whatevers 4292: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4273:Wang Dongxing 4268: 4263: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4121:(center) and 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4057: 4046: 4037: 4027: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3979: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3905: 3896: 3894: 3893:Richard Nixon 3888: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3830: 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3007: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2937:Wang Guangmei 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2784: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2751:Deng Xiaoping 2748: 2742: 2738: 2737:revisionism. 2735: 2732:, authored a 2731: 2727: 2721: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2630: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2551:Wang Dongxing 2548: 2544: 2543:Yang Shangkun 2539: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:civil servant 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2446:North Vietnam 2443: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2336: 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After the 2130: 2099: 2054: 2050: 2048: 1899:People Power 1819: 1616:Disobedience 1309:Constitution 905:Gang of Four 874: 787:Proclamation 690:Southern Min 617:Romanization 531:Hanyu Pinyin 420:Southern Min 333:Romanization 237:Hanyu Pinyin 175:Wang Hongwen 111:Organized by 40: 18597:Politicides 18439:(2014–2017) 18427:(2014–2017) 18421:(2013–2016) 18359:(1992–1996) 18321:(1975–1979) 18315:(1975–1990) 18221:(1948–1980) 18167:(1945–1989) 18161:(1945–1989) 18155:(1941–1945) 18149:(1939–1945) 18137:(1936–1975) 18122:legislation 18087:(1917–1990) 18081:(1915–1923) 18075:(1914–1924) 18056:(1912–1913) 18044:(1862–1877) 18026:(1857–1858) 18020:(1789–1801) 18008:(1683–1922) 18002:(1673–1829) 17996:(1609–1614) 17990:(1562–1598) 17984:(1561–1812) 17978:(1526–1791) 17972:(1522–1712) 17966:(1500–1526) 17942:(1184–1908) 17940:Inquisition 17851:Segregation 17816:Intolerance 17756:Desecration 17698:Neopaganism 17691:Persecution 17657:Persecution 17640:Persecution 17603:Catholicism 17428:Nazi-Maoism 17055:(1965—1966) 16994:On Practice 16950:Yao Wenyuan 16850:Saroj Dutta 16800:Bob Avakian 16747:Mao-spontex 16329:Yiku sitian 16178:Ye Jianying 16173:Hua Guofeng 16168:Mao Yuanxin 16158:Chen Zaidao 16093:Peng Dehuai 16082:Yao Wenyuan 16036:Key figures 15909:Project 571 15737:photographs 15679:Zhang Yimou 15639:Red Sorghum 15634:Zhang Yimou 15371:Gladys Yang 15143:Anit Chan, 15110:28 November 15059:Ji-li Jiang 15040:Jack Chen, 14802:19 November 14614:. Durham : 14230:AsiaNews.it 14016:27 December 13858:"文革时期的荒诞外交" 13678:j.ctvnjbhrb 13399:. Seattle: 13257:Jazz Planet 12950:. Durham : 12844:. Durham : 12709:19 November 12666:12 November 12498:15 November 12334:23 February 12306:23 February 12258:"青海核武基地的劫难" 12241:23 February 11183:(2): 7–53. 11090:16 February 11063:30 December 10842:16 February 10808:16 February 10772:16 February 10665:29 November 10632:30 November 10607:15 February 10580:14 February 10539:Jian, Guo; 10467:27 December 9963:"最新版文革死亡人數" 9671:29 November 9465:Nikkei Asia 9389:19 November 9301:17 February 9215:Morning Sun 8516:28 February 8436:. Beijing. 7436:15 February 7312:Jian, Guo; 6705:, p. . 6619:28 November 6589:27 December 6578:Sciences Po 6487:Peng Dehuai 6422:July Theses 6336:Qin dynasty 6146:Enver Hoxha 5723:broadsheets 5612:reactionary 5494:Visual arts 5419:Zheng Junli 5299:The ballet 5285:Jiang Zemin 5147:Yao Tongbin 5094:Yao Tongbin 4878:During the 4615:Ye Jianying 4603:Ye Jianying 4447:Xi Zhongxun 4410:Zhao Ziyang 4349:became the 4318:Li Xiannian 4277:Li Xiannian 4214:Wen Hui Bao 4202:Hua Guofeng 4087:Yao Wenyuan 3938:Project 571 3932:Project 571 3877:Third Front 3595:Zhongnanhai 3583:in August. 3343:Chen Zaidao 3308:Tan Zhenlin 3300:Ye Jianying 3289:Pan Fusheng 3257:Chen Pixian 2718: [ 2651:Luo Ruiqing 2517:Yao Wenyuan 2472:Luo Ruiqing 2434:coup d'état 2408:, altering 2406:revisionist 2234:Hua Guofeng 2199:Peng Dehuai 2167:cannibalism 1961:Arab Spring 1559:Human chain 1549:Coup d'état 1458:Proletarian 1061:1998 floods 989:863 Program 870:Third Front 837:Canton Fair 714:Eastern Min 638:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ 471:Formal name 444:Eastern Min 354:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ 171:Yao Wenyuan 18582:Mao Zedong 18516:Categories 17936:(643–1526) 17811:Iconoclasm 17806:Hate crime 17736:Censorship 17630:Falun Gong 17450:Red Guards 17171:Red August 17141:Korean War 17099:Long March 16955:Akram Yari 16915:Nie Yuanzi 16885:Kang Sheng 16880:Jiang Qing 16795:Samir Amin 16785:Faiz Ahmad 16780:Mao Zedong 16498:Mango cult 16370:Red Guards 16163:Kang Sheng 16148:Qiu Huizuo 16128:Ji Dengkui 16072:Jiang Qing 16053:Zhou Enlai 16048:Liu Shaoqi 16043:Mao Zedong 15970:Red August 15646:Chen Kaige 15581:Rae Yang, 15572:Yang Jiang 15549:Red Sorrow 15543:1400096987 15534:Red Azalea 15529:Anchee Min 15504:Liu Ping, 15494:Ken Ling, 15478:Ji Xianlin 15457:Liang Heng 15452:0394555481 15438:Nien Cheng 15426:Jung Chang 15395:0765377063 15342:037541309X 15318:0805082077 15294:0030050634 15280:0805280693 15266:0670219185 15250:0850312086 15219:0701173459 15191:0804729220 15138:0812918657 14538:總統蔣公思想言論總集 14343:31 October 14303:Ewing 2011 14257:. Ibidem. 14209:1348572572 14099:30 October 13854:Huang, Hua 13524:31 January 13030:张晓风：我的父亲母亲 12928:1250021710 12892:. Durham: 12822:1325647379 12106:11 January 12019:1377558716 11980:20 January 11826:5 December 11242:destroyed. 10961:5 December 10929:13 January 10718:081332615X 10693:0679422714 10521:5 December 9897:1120781893 9846:1120781893 9782:12 October 9247:(1): 158. 8444:28 January 8274:1156439609 8254:. Durham: 8235:1156439609 8215:. Durham: 8196:1156439609 8176:. Durham: 8157:1156439609 8137:. Durham: 8111:1156439609 8091:. Durham: 8019:1120781893 7156:Tsou, Tang 7076:1156439609 7056:. Durham: 6964:1145096137 6519:References 6462:Iconoclasm 6171:Li Zicheng 6167:Huang Chao 6070:See also: 5979:After the 5938:Resolution 5927:Resolution 5923:Resolution 5884:See also: 5868:, the 2nd 5849:consulates 5830:Red Guards 5716:Red Guards 5665:Ming Tombs 5546:Feng Zikai 5385:Zhao Shuli 5137:, Wu Han, 5135:Jian Bozan 5102:Zhou Enlai 4990:Hui people 4986:Dai people 4908:See also: 4781:among the 4745:Dao County 4738:Hui people 4730:a massacre 4707:Red August 4451:Xi Jinping 4433:Death toll 4428:Atrocities 4366:Hu Yaobang 4328:See also: 4260:See also: 4123:Kang Sheng 4119:Zhou Enlai 4115:Jiang Qing 4091:Jiang Qing 3946:Lin's son 3733:, saying: 3706:See also: 3702:Mango cult 3649:Liu Shaoqi 3637:See also: 3611:dirty bomb 3524:Hui Muslim 3520:Kang Sheng 3216:See also: 2960:Red August 2892:Liu Shaoqi 2802:Liu Shaoqi 2726:Nie Yuanzi 2589:Kang Sheng 2513:Jiang Qing 2456:See also: 2327:See also: 2302:Republican 2281:Background 2191:Liu Shaoqi 2126:Red Guards 2118:Red August 2079:capitalist 2067:Mao Zedong 1983:Euromaidan 1931:Bolivarian 1879:Nicaraguan 1859:Guatemalan 1797:Young Turk 1777:Philippine 1606:Nonviolent 1601:Resistance 1576:Insurgency 1486:Nonviolent 1481:From above 1453:Democratic 1129:Shenzhou 5 982:Opposition 792:Korean War 777:Revolution 559:Wade–Giles 279:Wade–Giles 163:Jiang Qing 153:Ming tombs 84:1976-10-06 80:1966-05-16 57:Mao Zedong 18287:Four Olds 18000:Test Acts 17866:Terrorism 17708:Rastafari 17662:Ahmadiyya 17386:Guevarism 17124:1989–2002 17119:1976–1989 17114:1949–1976 16840:Chin Peng 16835:Chen Boda 16671:Mass line 16659:Four Olds 16644:Comprador 16254:Four Olds 16187:Documents 16143:Wu Faxian 16123:Xie Fuzhi 16113:Chen Boda 16103:Peng Zhen 15963:Massacres 15691:Jiang Wen 15672:Blue Kite 15377:Liu Cixin 15357:Mabel Lee 15334:Ina Rilke 15324:Dai Sijie 14733:503828045 14686:156609951 14634:503828045 14544:6 October 14472:. Gwulo. 14426:154770001 14410:0305-7410 14217:253067190 14150:235452119 14142:0305-7410 14074:881183403 13895:0140-0460 13886:The Times 13830:155036059 13686:241177426 13630:235452119 13622:0305-7410 13084:932368688 12970:503828045 12633:227930948 12533:Gao, Mobo 12229:Cao, Pu. 12147:881183403 11951:143436282 11935:0097-7004 11898:144491731 11890:0097-7004 11789:1 October 11633:1 October 11333:1324-9347 11276:1385-4879 11237:0309-1317 11197:1061-1932 11162:154681969 11029:153348414 11021:0306-8374 10950:"内人党"冤案前后 10837:0362-4331 10803:0261-3077 10767:0362-4331 10686:. Knopf. 10077:0305-7410 10009:143087356 9758:2070-3449 9705:0190-8286 9631:153730706 9615:0305-7410 9435:iPolitics 9261:0015-7120 9189:0362-4331 9035:143387271 8789:143387271 8773:0097-7004 8722:0013-0613 8611:1324-9347 8597:: 67–88. 8042:1 January 7981:145582720 7965:0305-7410 7930:146977237 7922:1324-9347 7832:1961-9898 7753:148920995 7745:0097-7004 7630:146977237 7622:1324-9347 7028:154449798 7012:0305-7410 6972:218936313 6524:Citations 6391:Stalinism 6250:bona fide 6148:began a " 6021:Shen Tong 5970:Liu Xinwu 5845:embassies 5823:Indonesia 5771:Indonesia 5680:Mawangdui 5456:Li Jinhui 5427:Wang Ying 5381:Yang Shuo 5202:Zhanjiang 5139:Rao Yutai 4832:, and in 4818:Chongqing 4722:Guangdong 4691:Guangdong 4665:Massacres 4522:Ding Shu 4295:Aftermath 3948:Lin Liguo 3914:Politburo 3627:Changchun 3619:Chongqing 3607:Changchun 3531:Zhengzhou 3501:Chongqing 3482:Guangzhou 3466:Chongqing 3402:Zhengzhou 3053:Four Olds 3037:Xie Fuzhi 2912:Red Guard 2806:President 2715:Cao Yi'ou 2707:Four Olds 2643:Politburo 2593:Chen Boda 2582:Lu Dingyi 2580:director 2574:political 2528:Peng Zhen 2484:cleansing 2452:Precursor 2264:Etymology 2187:Four Olds 2175:Guangdong 2071:his death 1936:Bulldozer 1889:Carnation 1884:Argentine 1827:1917–1923 1815:Communist 1760:Hungarian 1596:Rebellion 1534:Civil war 1496:Permanent 1443:Communist 1438:Bourgeois 1345:Geography 1340:Education 1214:Chang'e 3 1164:Expo 2010 499:無產階級文化大革命 484:无产阶级文化大革命 18503:Religion 18024:Utah War 17894:(64–313) 17871:Violence 17761:Domicide 17713:Yazidism 17635:Hinduism 17593:Buddhism 17574:By group 17443:Japanese 17433:New Left 17423:Naxalite 17381:Hoxhaism 16920:Qi Benyu 16895:Lin Biao 16890:Li Minqi 16870:Ted Hill 16830:Bo Xilai 16735:Variants 16612:Concepts 16563:Category 16247:Concepts 16138:Qi Benyu 16058:Lin Biao 15735:and the 15555:Emily Wu 15547:Nanchu, 14978:(2009). 14948:40022499 14910:(1999). 14888:(2008). 14757:AsiaNews 14587:Archived 14583:BBC News 14363:BBC News 14337:Archived 14093:Archived 14010:Archived 13835:19 March 13311:Archived 13232:Archived 13193:Archived 13154:Archived 13115:Archived 13039:Archived 13006:Archived 12864:63178961 12660:Archived 12535:(2008). 12492:Archived 12461:Archived 12364:Archived 12352:(2019). 12208:Archived 12072:(eds.). 11817:Archived 11783:Archived 11744:Archived 11705:Archived 11666:Archived 11627:Archived 11588:Archived 11519:Archived 11477:Archived 11438:Archived 11399:Archived 11284:24675396 10923:Archived 10723:, p. 198 10412:(2017). 10358:(2002). 10265:Archived 10200:(1998). 10158:胡耀邦史料信息网 10093:43671719 10085:20058959 10038:Archived 9971:Archived 9875:(2019). 9709:Archived 9665:Archived 9637:Ming Bao 9544:Archived 9488:(1996). 9439:Archived 9340:23 April 9269:20031879 9220:16 March 9194:16 March 8933:21 March 8927:Archived 8852:(1999). 8829:40022499 8726:Archived 8641:16 March 8635:Archived 8510:Archived 8480:archived 8438:Archived 8400:Archived 8356:Archived 8308:Archived 7997:(2019). 7842:25 April 7836:Archived 7818:(2011). 7488:Archived 7486:. 1984. 7430:Archived 7402:Archived 7389:(2001). 7158:(1988). 6583:Archived 6456:General: 6282:See also 6230:Mobo Gao 6192:In 2007 6112:Naxalite 6006:Xianyang 5944:and the 5857:and the 5834:Legation 5805:against 5775:Malaysia 5678:and the 5476:de facto 5369:Deng Tuo 5338:misogyny 5166:executed 4952:Xinjiang 4865:lynching 4607:3.42–20 4536:and the 4502:1.1–1.6 4489:Remarks 4281:Chen Yun 3556:Lianyuan 3450:Lianyuan 3434:Shanghai 3202:de facto 3091:Buddhism 2970:Lin Biao 2968:Mao and 2747:Hangzhou 2570:academic 2225:policy. 2093:and the 2057:, was a 1993:Sudanese 1971:Egyptian 1966:Tunisian 1919:Romanian 1820:Cultural 1806:Chinese 1781:Iranian 1750:February 1671:American 1666:Atlantic 1655:Examples 1628:Samizdat 1432:By class 1407:a series 1405:Part of 1350:Politics 1319:Shanghai 1239:Xiong'an 659:Jyutping 545:Bopomofo 389:Jyutping 251:Bopomofo 93:Location 82: – 73:Duration 18257:(1963) 18014:(1700s) 17729:Methods 17686:Judaism 17677:Sunnism 17667:Shi'ism 17583:Atheism 17438:Chinese 17080:History 16133:Wang Li 16108:Tao Zhu 15814:Prelude 15684:To Live 15622:Xie Jin 15405:To Live 15387:Ken Liu 15006:General 14744:Sources 14678:2158588 14593:1 April 14126:: 355. 13987:1 April 13868:1 April 13760:1 April 13606:: 367. 13317:27 June 13278:27 June 13238:27 June 13199:27 June 13160:27 June 13121:27 June 13012:27 June 12467:27 June 12274:14 July 12214:27 June 11943:3181306 11405:25 July 11341:3182405 11319:: 162. 10269:Note 12 9538:]. 9122:"China" 8067:10 June 7908:: 103. 7608:: 119. 7581:4 March 7494:27 June 7463:10 June 7275:2 March 7243:5 March 6142:Albania 6010:Shaanxi 5985:Li Peng 5866:Chen Yi 5801:in its 5787:Myanmar 5779:Vietnam 5526:dazibao 5522:dazibao 5509:dazibao 5470:" and " 5399:Hao Ran 5361:Lao She 5346:Mei Zhi 5162:Qinghai 5098:missile 5034:Suiming 4975:Yanbian 4965:In the 4891:Kunming 4830:Sichuan 4763:In the 4718:Guangxi 4683:Guangxi 4612:Marshal 4483:Source 4414:premier 4404:as its 4398:He Long 3965:Outline 3958:Outline 3870:on the 3765:Chengdu 3563:Wenzhou 3535:Kaifeng 3507:alone. 3505:Chengdu 3418:Kaifeng 3386:Wuzhong 3347:Wang Li 3323:Guizhou 3304:Chen Yi 3296:Tao Zhu 3170:Jiangxi 3143:Huineng 2566:Hai Rui 2562:Outline 2509:Hai Rui 2273:or the 2203:He Long 2114:Beijing 2061:in the 1924:Singing 1874:Rwandan 1849:Spanish 1844:Siamese 1832:Russian 1802:Mexican 1728:Belgian 1703:Serbian 1691:Haitian 1676:Brabant 1661:English 1591:Protest 1524:Boycott 1518:Methods 1491:Passive 1335:Economy 1330:Culture 1314:Beijing 697:Hokkien 568:ʻ 427:Hokkien 195:Chinese 159:Arrests 121:Outcome 78: ( 18486:(2024) 18475:(2023) 18469:(2020) 18463:(2019) 18457:(2019) 18415:(2011) 18397:(2002) 18391:(2001) 18385:(2000) 18379:(2000) 18371:(1999) 18365:(1995) 18347:(1990) 18339:(1989) 18327:(1984) 18303:(1971) 18295:(1966) 18289:(1966) 18275:(1963) 18269:(1963) 18263:(1963) 18251:(1955) 18239:(1950) 18215:(1948) 18191:(1947) 18185:(1946) 18179:(1946) 18173:(1946) 18143:(1933) 18131:(1924) 18050:(1909) 18038:(1864) 18032:(1860) 17948:(1191) 17930:(1099) 17924:(1096) 17885:Events 17821:Pogrom 17672:Sufism 17408:Nanjie 17071:(1983) 17063:(1966) 17047:(1964) 17039:(1960) 17031:(1957) 17021:(1956) 17013:(1938) 17005:(1937) 16997:(1937) 16989:(1937) 16981:(1927) 16825:Biplav 16773:People 16605:Maoism 16488:Maoism 16363:Groups 16098:Wu Han 15699:(1994) 15687:(1993) 15675:(1993) 15663:(1992) 15654:(1992) 15642:(1987) 15630:(1984) 15565: 15541: 15512: 15450: 15400:Yu Hua 15393: 15363:Gu Hua 15340: 15316: 15292: 15278: 15264: 15248: 15217: 15203:Xinran 15189: 15165: 15136: 15078: 15014:about 14988: 14963: 14946: 14918: 14896: 14861: 14835: 14775: 14731: 14721: 14684: 14676: 14632: 14622: 14476: 14449: 14424: 14418:655689 14416: 14408: 14369:18 May 14265: 14215: 14207: 14199: 14189: 14148: 14140: 14072: 14062: 13957:651980 13955: 13893: 13828: 13785: 13734: 13724: 13684: 13676: 13666: 13628: 13620: 13572: 13562: 13500: 13472: 13445: 13407: 13375: 13345: 13303: 13269: 13224: 13185: 13146: 13107: 13082: 13072: 12998: 12968: 12958: 12926: 12918: 12908: 12862: 12852: 12820: 12810: 12776: 12751: 12631: 12621: 12593: 12548: 12453: 12426: 12390: 12200: 12170: 12145: 12135: 12089: 12051: 12017: 12007: 11949: 11941: 11933: 11896: 11888: 11849: 11775: 11736: 11697: 11658: 11619: 11580: 11553: 11511: 11469: 11430: 11365: 11339: 11331: 11282: 11274: 11235: 11195: 11160: 11154:655646 11152: 11115: 11027: 11019: 10982:挖肃灾难实录 10896: 10835: 10801: 10765: 10715: 10690: 10553: 10492: 10439: 10366: 10332: 10235: 10206:Taipei 10091: 10083: 10075: 10007: 9895: 9885: 9844: 9834: 9756: 9703: 9629: 9623:653530 9621: 9613: 9498: 9470:20 May 9445:20 May 9414:20 May 9267: 9259: 9187: 9140: 9103: 9061: 9033: 9027:189334 9025: 8893: 8866: 8827: 8787: 8781:189334 8779: 8771: 8732:22 May 8720: 8683: 8609: 8568: 8541: 8472: 8392: 8348: 8300: 8272: 8262: 8233: 8223: 8194: 8184: 8155: 8145: 8109: 8099: 8017: 8007: 7979: 7973:651368 7971: 7963: 7928: 7920: 7874: 7830: 7795: 7751: 7743: 7695: 7664: 7628: 7620: 7548: 7366: 7326: 7210: 7170: 7133: 7074: 7064: 7026: 7020:652308 7018: 7010: 6970: 6962: 6952: 6904: 6683: 6366:Maoism 6098:rule. 6060:Utopia 5968:, and 5837:there. 5761:China 5670:Later 5637:feudal 5552:, and 5550:Shi Lu 5431:Xu Lai 5429:, and 5365:Fu Lei 5113:Line". 4982:Yunnan 4956:Qur'an 4857:Pufang 4834:Xuzhou 4806:, and 4734:Yunnan 4703:Ruijin 4701:, and 4695:Yunnan 4590:Laogai 4584:7.731 4551:1.728 4507:county 4336:, and 3998:Ye Qun 3858:parade 3625:, and 3623:Xiamen 3224:, and 2768:(July) 2560:. The 2495:Wu Han 2363:Soviet 2306:Taiwan 2201:, and 2181:, and 2179:Yunnan 2122:cadres 1976:Yemeni 1956:Kyrgyz 1946:Orange 1914:Velvet 1909:Yogurt 1854:August 1837:German 1810:Xinhai 1790:Second 1767:Eureka 1755:German 1686:French 1643:Terror 1586:Mutiny 1501:Social 1476:Colour 721:Fuzhou 451:Fuzhou 173:, and 129:Deaths 103:Motive 17918:(732) 17652:Islam 17392:Juche 15519:Ma Bo 14944:JSTOR 14846:(PDF) 14829:(PDF) 14682:S2CID 14674:JSTOR 14519:(PDF) 14422:S2CID 14414:JSTOR 14213:S2CID 14197:JSTOR 14146:S2CID 13953:JSTOR 13826:S2CID 13732:JSTOR 13682:S2CID 13674:JSTOR 13626:S2CID 13570:JSTOR 13045:3 May 12916:JSTOR 12559:(PDF) 12542:(PDF) 12100:(PDF) 12079:(PDF) 11947:S2CID 11939:JSTOR 11894:S2CID 11820:(PDF) 11809:(PDF) 11391:(PDF) 11337:JSTOR 11280:JSTOR 11158:S2CID 11150:JSTOR 11025:S2CID 10986:(PDF) 10089:S2CID 10081:JSTOR 10005:S2CID 9923:(PDF) 9742:(4). 9715:9 May 9627:S2CID 9619:JSTOR 9359:(PDF) 9265:JSTOR 9031:S2CID 9023:JSTOR 8990:7 May 8958:7 May 8825:JSTOR 8785:S2CID 8777:JSTOR 7977:S2CID 7969:JSTOR 7926:S2CID 7749:S2CID 7626:S2CID 7405:(PDF) 7394:(PDF) 7295:(PDF) 7104:[ 7024:S2CID 7016:JSTOR 6968:S2CID 6608:(PDF) 6473:Notes 5906:Mao." 5819:Ghana 5696:Media 5685:Kaogu 5373:Baren 5258:Anhui 4898:Hebei 4699:Hunan 4638:1979 4599:1982 4576:1991 4545:1996 4519:1999 4494:2014 4480:Time 4073:The " 3198:melee 3194:Taipa 3186:Macau 2722:] 2183:Hunan 2116:with 1951:Tulip 1869:Cuban 1785:First 1735:Texas 1708:Greek 1681:Liège 1611:Civil 1169:BRICS 631:Hakka 566:Wu-ch 347:Hakka 203:文化大革命 97:China 17565:and 15563:ISBN 15539:ISBN 15510:ISBN 15459:and 15448:ISBN 15391:ISBN 15338:ISBN 15314:ISBN 15290:ISBN 15276:ISBN 15262:ISBN 15246:ISBN 15215:ISBN 15187:ISBN 15163:ISBN 15134:ISBN 15112:2023 15076:ISBN 14986:ISBN 14961:ISBN 14916:ISBN 14894:ISBN 14859:ISBN 14833:ISBN 14804:2023 14773:ISBN 14729:OCLC 14719:ISBN 14630:OCLC 14620:ISBN 14595:2011 14546:2023 14474:ISBN 14447:ISBN 14406:ISSN 14371:2021 14345:2011 14317:Fong 14263:ISBN 14205:OCLC 14187:ISBN 14138:ISSN 14101:2011 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